Rural-urban land use changes in peri-urban Hanoi

Tran Duc Vien Nguyen Vinh Quang Nguyen Van Dung

Rural-urban land use changes in peri-urban Hanoi

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RURAL-URBAN LAND USE CHANGES IN PERI-URBAN HANOI Tran Duc Vien Nguyen Vinh Quang Nguyen Van Dung Hanoi, The Hague, February 2005 This report is a co-production of Centre for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Hanoi Agricultural University Wageningen University and Research Centre

Project background The urban growth in East and Southeast Asia is often faster than what governments and city planners

can manage. Consequently, the developments in the urban fringe are hard to control, resulting in chaotic

patterns of land use. Spatial and agro-ecological motivations hardly play a role in decision-making about

the form and the direction of urban expansion. To improve this situation an integrated approach is needed

which brings researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders in city planning, waste management, food

production, food safety and marketing together. For that purpose, a consortium of research institutions

from the Netherlands, Portugal, China and Vietnam started in November 2002 a project with the title:

“Seeking Synergy between Urban Growth, Horticulture and Environment in Asian Metropolises”

(SEARUSYN). The objective of the project is:

To contribute to the synergy between urban growth and agricultural development in the urban fringes of

Hanoi and Nanjing, to improve the welfare of rural and urban communities.

The project activities are divided in three phases of about one year each.

2003/04: City level analyses:

Platform building and pilot area selection: analyses at municipality level, identification of

major stakeholders, selection of pilot study areas

2004/05: Local level analyses:

Collecting and analysing relevant aspects of spatial, socio-economic and environmental

developments in the selected pilot study areas.

2005/06: Integration:

Formulating scenarios for sustainable horticulture in the pilot study areas.

The project is funded by the International Co-operation programme (INCO) of the European Union (EU-

RTD programme "Cooperation with third countries and international organizations") and the International

Co-operation Program of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.

Detailed information on project activities and outputs can be found at the project website:

www.searusyn.org

Project partners

www.lei.nl

Mr. Ben Kamphuis (Project co-ordinator) Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI) P.O. Box 29703 2502 LS the Hague,The Netherlands Tel: (+31) (0)70 3358329 Fax: (+31) (0)70 3615624 E-mail: [email protected]

www.alterra.nl

Dr. Leo van den Berg Alterra Green World Research P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Tel: +31 317 474435 Fax: + 31 317 42 4988 E-mail: [email protected]

www.plant.nl

Dr. Eefje den Belder Plant Research International P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: +31 317 47 57 92 Fax: +31 317 41 80 94 E-mail: [email protected]

www.unl.pt

Prof. Ana Firmino Center of Studies for Geography and Regional Planning, New University of Lisbon Av. De Berna, 26-c 1069-061, Lisbon, Portugal Tel: 351-21-7933519 Fax: 351-21-7977759 E-mail: [email protected]

www.njau.edu.cn

Prof Qu Futian, China project team leader Dr. Guo Zhongxing, China project co-ordinator College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University TongWei Road no. 6, Weigang 1 210095 Nanjing, China Tel: 86-25-4395078 / 4396531 Fax: 86-25-43976531 / 4395078 E-mail: [email protected]

www.hau1.edu.vn

Dr. Tran Duc Vien, Vietnam project team leader Mr. Nguyen Vinh QUANG, Vietnam project co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES) , Hanoi Agricultural University (HAU) Gia Lam Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: +84 (4) 8765607 Fax: +84 (4) 8766642 / 8634612 E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Trinh Luan Institute of Sociology Tran Xuan Soan, 27 Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: 84 4 9727970 Fax: 84 4 9784631 E-mail: [email protected]

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CONTENTS

1. HANOI GENERAL INFORMATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.1 Population Feature----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.2 Hanoi Geography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 1.3 Hanoi Climate Condition---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.4 Economic Feature------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

2. HANOI'S LANDUSE AND LANDUSE CHANGES-------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.1 Historical Landuse Change ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.2 New Urban District Establishment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.3 Agricultural Landuse Situation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.4 Unused Land ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 2.5 Landuse of Farmers --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.6 Hanoi Landuse for Agricultural Production of Some Main Crops------------------------------------- 6 2.6.1 Landuse for Grain Crops (1996-2002) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.6.2 Landuse for Vegetable Cultivation (1996-2002) ---------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.6.3 Landuse for Fruit Cultivation (1997-2002) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.7 Land Use in the Future ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.7.1 Urban Land by 2010------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.7.2 Special-use Land by 2010 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Seeking East Asian Rural Urban Synergy ICA4-CT2002-10025

SEARUSYN Hanoi Landuse

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1. HANOI GENERAL INFORMATION Hanoi--the second largest city in terms of population and the capital of Vietnam--is situated in the fertile Red River Delta (RRD), Northern region of the country.1) Hanoi is bounded by Thai Nguyen province to the north; Bac Ninh and Bac Giang to the east, Ha Tay to the southern west, and Vinh Phuc to the west (see Figure 1.1). The average elevation of Hanoi is from 5 to 6 meters. The maximum elevation is 400 meters at the North of Soc Son district (Red colour in Figure 1.1). The elevation decreases from the North to the South. Hanoi is 50 km long vertically and 30 km wide horizontally.

Source: http://home.vnn.vn/english/map, 2002.

Source: Hanoi Atlas 2002.

FIGURE 1.1 HANOI GEOGRAPHIC MAP

1.1 Population Feature Population of Hanoi has increased more than 40 times from the late 1910s to the early 2000s. It was only 70 thousand people in 1918 but increased to 2,875 thousand by 2002. The rate of growth in urban population of Hanoi remained higher than peri-urban, and the difference is increasing overtime. The higher urban population growth of Hanoi is mainly because of the expansion of the urban boundary of the city to the peri-urban periphery and migration from peri-urban and other provinces to urban areas. Therefore, the proportion of total population living in urban Hanoi is continuously increasing. The urban and peri-urban ratio of 31:69 in 1978 has changed to 54:46 in 2001 (see Table 1.1). 1) Nine provinces in the Red River Delta are Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ha Tay, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, and Ninh Binh.



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TABLE 1.1 TRENDS OF POPULATION GROWTH IN HANOI

Year Population ('000 persons) Annual growth rate (%)

Urban Peri-urban Entire Hanoi

Urban area In % of

total Urban Peri-urban Entire Hanoi

1918 - - 70.0 20.0 - - -1955 160.0 370.0 530.0 30.2 - - 5.61978 769.7 1,692.3 2,462.0 31.3 7.1 6.8 6.91996 1,150.3 1,247.3 2,397.6 48.0 4.3 2.0 2.82001 1,506.3 1,305.8 2,812.1 53.6 5.5 0.9 3.22002 - - 2,875.0 - - - -

Source: Calculated from the Hanoi Atlas, 2002 and Report on Hanoi Landuse Planning 2001-2010, 2001. By 2002, the population of Hanoi was 2,875 thousand people, and urban citizens occupied 53.43% in the total population. The average population density was 3,122 people/km2, but it is quite different from that between urban and peri-urban areas: The urban was 18,220 people/km2 (especially in Dong Da district: 35,341 people/km2) while peri-urban area was only 1,600 people/km2 (the highest place-Tu Liem district: only 2,841 people/km2) (see Table 1.2). In November 2003, two new urban districts named Hoang Mai and Long Bien of Hanoi were established. The two districts are splited from parts of Thanh Tri, Gia Lam peri-urban districts, and Hai Ba Trung urban district (vnexpress online 2003). The population and land areas of those districts—Long Bien, Hoang Mai, Thanh Tri, Gia Lam, and Hai Ba Trung—have changed accordingly. The more details of this will be discussed in a next section. TABLE 1.2 AREA AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN HANOI Districts Area

(km2) Population

(1000 people)

Population density

(people/km2)

Birth rate (%o)

Death rate (%o)

Natural increase rate (%)

Whole Hanoi 920.97 2,875 3,122 14.64 4.19 10.45 I. Urban 84.30 1,536 18,220 13.79 4.16 9.631. Ba Dinh 9.25 213 23,027 13.79 4.21 9.582. Tay Ho 24.00 100 4,167 13.57 4.32 9.253. Hoan Kiem 5.29 173 32,703 14.66 5.38 9.284. Hai Ba Trung 14.65 378 25,802 12.83 3.65 9.185. Dong Da 9.96 352 35,341 13.63 4.22 9.416. Thanh Xuan 9.11 173 18,990 14.34 3.69 10.657. Cau Giay 12.04 147 12,209 13.73 3.65 10.08 II. Suburb 836.67 1,339 1,600 15.83 4.28 11.591. Soc Son 306.51 254 829 16.66 4.27 12.392. Dong Anh 182.30 270 1481 16.06 4.10 11.963. Gia Lam 174.32 360 2,065 15.07 4.19 10.884. Tu Liem 75.32 214 2,841 15.21 4.04 11.175. Thanh Tri 98.22 241 2,454 16.18 4.64 11.54

Source: Hanoi Statistical Yearbook 2002. 1.2 Hanoi Geography Hanoi is divided into two exclusive areas, which are hill area and delta area. The hill area consists of 10% of natural areas; it covers the north of Soc Son district. The area is planned for forest growing. The delta area, on the other hand, occupies the rest (i.e. 90%) of the total natural area of Hanoi, which covers both urban and peri-urban places. The area is categorised into 3 different sub-areas:



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- Sub-area 1: This is at the north of the city and gradually changes from the mountain/hill to the delta (from Soc Son to Dong Anh). It is an area that has degraded soil and is generally dry. The groundwater in the area is quite deep.

- Sub-area 2: This is the largest area covering almost all of the Hanoi's area. The elevation of the area changes from 3 to 10 m.

- Sub-area 3: This is land lying outside the banks of the biggest rivers: Red, Duong, and Ca Lo River. The elevation of this area ranges from 4 to 8 m. This alluvial area is fertilised almost every year after the rainy season.

1.3 Hanoi Climate Condition The climate of Hanoi is typical of the RRD and is favourable to agricultural development: sunny and tropical weather along with monsoons that provide a considerable amount of rain. Climate, however, strongly affects the production as well as the supply schedule of the agricultural outputs. In northern Vietnam where Hanoi is located, for instance, cultivation of vegetables is concentrated in the last quarter of the calendar year, and harvested during the early quarter of the year. This has created seasonality in vegetable prices during the later half of the year (Ali 2002 cited in (*)). The average temperature of Hanoi is around 230C. January is usually the coldest: around 160C, while June is the hottest time with the average temperature of 290C. Humidity is relatively high in Hanoi. The lowest level of humidity is during the dry season, between October and December, while March, April, and August are the most humid months of a year. Although the climate of Hanoi is suitable for year-round vegetable production, it still has limitations: - Overabundant water in rainy season and shortage of water for irrigation in dry season. - During June-July, day temperature goes as high as 290C, but night temperature rarely exceeds

240C, it's not a good condition for most upland crops, especially vegetables and flowers. - High humidity (normally more than 75 percent even during the dry season) makes difficult for

crop cultivation. 1.4 Economic Feature The Hanoi's economy has been rapidly developed during 1991-2000 mainly because of a much higher growth rate in GDP of the industrial and service sectors as compared with the agricultural sector. The growth in industrial and service sectors in Hanoi is higher than the country's average (see Table 1.3). TABLE 1.3 AVERAGE GDP GROWTH (%) OF HANOI DURING 1991-2000 Sectors 1991-2000Vietnam 7.5Hanoi 11.6in which - Industry 13.8 - Services 11.0 - Agriculture including forestry 4.5

Source: Planning of Socio-economic Development in Hanoi Area During 2001-2010 (General Report). With the potentials of large population number as well as rapid economic development, Hanoi will be a promising city in the near future. The promising situation, however, will then lead to other issues needing to be seriously considered: loss of agricultural land owing to urbanisation and industrial zone expansion drives land-lost farmers to change their traditional livelihoods and habitats; and city development makes more problems for the environment.



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2. HANOI'S LANDUSE AND LANDUSE CHANGES 2.1 Historical Landuse Change Historically, Hanoi has been the capital of the Dai Co Viet, the former name of present-day Vietnam, since the Ly Dynasty (1000-1214). At that time, Hanoi was named Thang Long. It was then renamed Dong Do by the Le Dynasty in 1428. In 1805 King Gia Long renamed it again as Thang Long. In 1831 King Minh Mang established the province of Hanoi which included the ancient Thang Long Citadel and 4 other districts. In 1888, French established Hanoi City. Its land area has been increasing, caused by urbanisation, over time. In 1942, the land area of Hanoi was 13,000ha. In 1945, Hanoi became the Capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with 5 wards (Lang Bac, Dong Da, Me Linh, Dai La and De Tham) and 120 suburban villages. In 1954, Hanoi was liberated from the French Colonial Regime. It had 4 urban districts and 4 peri-urban ones (46 villages) with an area of 15,200ha at that time. In 1960 Hanoi was expanded to 58,613ha including 4 urban districts (Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, and Hai Ba Trung) and 4 suburban districts (Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri and Tu Liem). In 1978 Hanoi's area increased to 212,300ha as there were 7 districts and one more town added to Hanoi's territory: Soc Son, Me Linh, Ba Vi, Phuc Tho (taken from Vinh Phu province) and Thach That, Dan Phuong, Hoai Duc and Son Tay town (taken from Ha Tay province). In 1991, due to the slow development of urbanisation, which was caused by unpredictable difficulties that Vietnam was facing after the war, the land size of Hanoi was reduced. It was adjusted to only 91,380ha (from the earlier 212,300ha) with 4 urban districts (Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, and Hai Ba Trung) and only 5 suburban or peri-urban districts (Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri, Tu Liem, and Soc Son). A little later, after rearranging with Hung Yen province, Hanoi's land area pegged at 92,097ha. In 1995-1997 Hanoi has expanded its urban area further to Tay Ho—an area of Tu Liem peri-urban district, and Thanh Tri and Tu Liem peri-urban districts. Tay Ho and Thanh Xuan new urban districts, thus, were established. The Hanoi's urban area, then, was 6,215ha. In 1998 Hanoi converted part of Tu Liem peri-urban district to make up Cau Giay urban district. It brought the urban area to 7,519ha. In 2000 Hanoi has taken more land of Tu Liem and Thanh Tri peri-urban districts to make urban area. It made the urban area some 8,430ha. 2.2 New Urban District Establishment In November 2003, two new urban districts named Hoang Mai and Long Bien were established. The new Hoang Mai urban district was formed by land of Thanh Tri peri-urban district (of communes of Dinh Cong, Dai Kim, Hoang Liet, Thinh Liet, Thanh Tri, Vinh Tuy, Linh Nam, Tran Phu, Yen So, and Tu Hiep) and 4 wards of Hai Ba Trung urban district (Mai Dong, Tuong Mai, Giap Bat and Hoang Van Thu). While the new Long Bien urban district was formed by part of Gia Lam district's territory (the communes of Thuong Thanh, Giang Bien, Ngoc Thuy, Viet Hung, Hoi Xa, Gia Thuy, Bo De, Long Bien, Thach Ban, Cu Khoi; and three towns of Gia Lam, Duc Giang and Sai Dong). The land area of Hoang Mai is 4,104.1ha with a population of 187,332 people; while Long Bien is 6,038.24ha and a population of 170,706 (vnexpress online, 8 Nov. 2003). All in all, then, the urban area of Hanoi comprises 9 urban districts covering 18,572ha.



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TABLE 2.1 THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF HANOI OVER TIME Urban district Peri-urban district Year

No. of districts

Name Land area (ha)

No. of districts

Name Land area (ha)

Total land area (ha)

1942 - Thang Long Citadel - 4 - - 13,000

1954 4 - - 4 - - 15,200

1960 4 Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, Hai Ba Trung

- 4 Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri, Tu Liem - 58,613


- 12

Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri, Tu Liem, Soc Son, Me Linh, Ba Vi, Phuc Tho; Thach That, Dan Phuong, Hoai Duc, Son Tay town

- 212,300


- 5 Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri, Tu Liem, Soc Son

- 91,380


4,722 5 Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri, Tu Liem, Soc Son

87,085 91,807

1996 5

Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, Hai Ba Trung, Tay Ho


86,014 92,739

1997 7

Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, Hai Ba Trung, Tay Ho, Thanh Xuan, Cau Giay


84,461 92,739

1998 7



84,578 92,739

2000 7



83,667 92,097

2003 9

Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, Hai Ba Trung, Tay Ho, Thanh Xuan, Cau Giay, Hoang Mai, Long Bien


73,525 92,097

Source: Hanoi statistical Yearbook 1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 2000; 2002; and 2003.



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FIGURE 2.1 HANOI ADMINISTRATIVE MAP IN 1992

FIGURE 2.2 HANOI ADMINISTRATIVE MAP IN

1998

FIGURE 2.3 HANOI ADMINISTRATIVE MAP IN 2003

Source: Hanoi Atlas, 2002.



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In sum, from 1991 up to now 5 more urban districts have been established, which are Tay Ho, Thanh Xuan, Cau Giay, Long Bien and Hoang Mai. Those are mostly formed from taking land of peri-urban districts: Tu Liem, Thanh Tri and Gia Lam. Therefore, at the present Hanoi have 9 inner/urban districts. The number of urban districts of Hanoi has increased more than twice since 1995 with the land area increased nearly 4 times (from 4,722 ha in 1995 to 18,572ha in 2003). Moreover, it is important to note that one of the 9 urban districts--the Long Bien district--is located in the North bank of the Red River—the first urban district ever located on this side. This affirms a fact that the plan for Hanoi development will be toward both banks of the Red River; and the urbanisation process takes place in Hanoi very fast. This change also leads to the changes in landuse purposes in Hanoi especially on the Hanoi fringe where the expansion or urbanisation is intensively taking place. In terms of landuse change, among 5 types of land, the agricultural land has lost the largest area, especially the sown paddy land. This happened most in the period of 1995-2000. The agricultural area decreased some 2,123ha for construction and transportation purposes. Additionally in 2002, the construction area increased 435ha more. The land taken from agriculture has been almost all used for 14 industrial zones in the city and to build/expand roads (Hanoi Cadastral Office, 2000) (Figures 2.4; 2.5; and 2.6).

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FIGURE 2.4 HANOI LANDUSE CHANGES

Agricultrual land, 42539

Forestry land, 6628

Special use land,

21690

Resident land,

11786

Unused land, 9455

FIGURE 2.5 LANDUSE OF HANOI 2002

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FIGURE 2.6 MAP OF HANOI INDUSTRIAL ZONES Source: Hanoi Atlas, 2002.

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4

2.3 Agricultural Landuse Situation By 2002, agricultural land of Hanoi is 42,539ha and is almost all located in the peri-urban districts. This land occupies 42.19% of natural total area of Hanoi. Compared with 1995, the annual area decrease has been 2,104.66ha and paddy land has reduced by 2,251.31ha, it is changed to other annual area (146.65ha). The predicted loss of the agricultural land will be larger in the coming few years, when the urbanisation of Hanoi will be intensive. TABLE 2.3 STRUCTURE OF HANOI AGRICULTURAL LAND

1995 2002 Ha (%) ha (%)

Compared with 1995

Agricultural land 43865.00 100.00 42539.04 100.00 -1325.961. Annual area 40087.00 91.39 37982.34 89.29 -2104.661.1. Paddy field 34941.00 79.66 32689.69 76.85 -2251.31 - Three crops/year 5130.02 11.70 6506.42 15.30 1376.40 - Two crops/year 25671.94 58.52 22599.13 53.13 -3072.81 - One crop/year 3120.99 7.11 3016.89 7.09 -104.10 - Land seed 1018.05 2.32 567.25 1.33 -450.801.2. Other annual area 5146.00 11.73 5292.65 12.44 146.65 - Other cereals Industrial crops 3957.98 9.02 3282.98 7.72 -675.00 - Vegetable land 990.98 2.26 1394.88 3.28 403.90 - Other annual land 197.04 0.45 614.79 1.45 417.752. Garden 524.00 1.19 500.49 1.18 -23.513. Perennial crops 266.00 0.61 772.91 1.82 506.91 - Industrial perennial crops 46.00 0.10 0.62 0.00 -45.38 - Fruit land 193.03 0.44 756.23 1.78 563.20 - Other perennial land 20.01 0.05 7.4 0.02 -12.61 - Cultivate seedlings 6.96 0.02 8.66 0.02 1.704. Glass land 88.00 0.20 100.36 0.24 12.365. Land for aquaculture production 2900.00 6.61 3182.94 7.48 282.94

Source: Hanoi Cadastral Office, 2003. Of the agricultural land, annual cultivation area occupies a big proportion: 89.29%, of which 76.8% is sown paddy land, and the other annual land occupies 12.44%. Compared to that of the year 1995, the sown land of other industrial crop land has decreased 675ha and the vegetable land increased 403.9ha. Total agricultural land of the 5 peri-urban districts occupies 96.95% of the whole agricultural land of the Hanoi. This area of the seven urban districts is 1,296ha (see Figure 2.7a) occupied 3.05% and the area will be changed for the special use land in the future.2) By 2002, agricultural land of Thanh Tri is 12%; Gia Lam: 21%; Dong Anh: 23%; Soc Son: 30%; and Tu Liem: 10%. Soc Son has the largest size of agricultural land compared to other districts (Figure 2.7b). While the sown lands of paddy in Dong Anh and Soc Son are larger than others: about 8,414 ha and 11,318 ha, respectively (Figure 2.8). In addition, the urbanisation and growth of the industrial area and transportation land that the sown land of paddy from 1995 to 2000 of the five districts decreased. Gia Lam decreased 299ha, Dong Anh 430ha and Tu Liem 1,153ha. These lands of the districts are used for new/expanding industrial areas and new urban areas (Hanoi DARD, 2002). As well, the vegetable area increases day by day. In 2002, this area increased 144%. That means, the change progress of production is good and product value will be increase (Hanoi DARD, 2002).

2) Although the two new urban districts have been established, the specific information of how much land in these two districts is used for agricultural, housing, or other purposes, is not accessible at the moment.



5

Agricultural area, 42539

Peri_urban, 41243

Urban, 1296

0

5000

1000015000

20000

25000

3000035000

40000

45000

Agricultural area Urban Peri_urban

Agr

icul

tura

l are

a (h

a)

FIGURE 2.7a RURAL-URBAN AGRICULTURAL LAND DISTRIBUTION

12%

21%

23%

30%

10%

3%

Thanhtri

Gialam

Donganh

Socson

Tuliem

urban

5975

8414

11318

30663891

-1153-249-430-322-144

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Than

htri

Gialam

Donga

nh

Socs

on

Tulie

m

Area

(ha)

Sow n land of paddySow n land of paddy decreased from 1995 to 2000

FIGURE 2.7b AGRICULTURAL AREA DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 2.8 PADDY SOWN LAND 2.4 Unused Land Of the total land area, the unused land of Hanoi is 3,485ha. This land is almost all in peri-urban districts and 3 urban ones: Tay Ho, Cau Giay, and Thanh Xuan (see Table 2.4) (Hanoi Cadastral Department, 2003). TABLE 2.4 HANOI UNUSED LAND AND ITS LOCATION Size (ha) Location Plan to use Total 3,485 1. Flat unused land 979.49 Along Red and Duong Rivers of Gia Lam, Thanh Tri and

Dong Anh Dry crops and sown land of annual cereals 2. Hill unused land 1,115.76 Soc Son Eucalyptus plantation 3. Other unused land 493.85 3. Water-surface unused area 896.00 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation

3.1. Thanh Tri 106.9 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation 3.2. Tu Liem 77.7 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation 3.3. Dong Anh 388.8 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation 3.4. Soc Son 135.5 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation 3.5. Gia Lam 157.3 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation 3.6. Urban districts 29.8 Fish raising, watered vegetable cultivation

Note: The lands categorised in sections V.4-6 of Table 2.2 are included here.



6

2.5 Landuse of Farmers The agricultural land use in Vietnam in general and in Hanoi in particular is basically governed by the government's Instruction 100-CT/TW (issued on 13 January 1991) and the Decree 64/CP (issued on 27 September 1993). At the present, farmers are allotted pieces of land. In the Red river delta an adult is entitled from 200-900 m2 and in Hanoi is 200-400 m2, and the size of agricultural land in each farm household depends on the number of family members who are already adults. Because of different land quality in different fields, each household usually receives several plots from different fields (to ensure an equal share of land with different quality). On average, therefore, each household normally has 5-8 plots. In special cases, a household may have as many as 15 plots. In terms of crop pattern, the diversity of crops in a household depends on its financial and labour availability. 2.6 Hanoi Landuse for Agricultural Production of Some Main Crops

2.6.1 Landuse for Grain Crops (1996-2002)

Figure 2.9 describes changes in area of four main crops which are rice, maize, cassava, and sweet potato in the period of 1996-2002. Again, the area of paddy of the Hanoi decreased from 54,795 to 52,354ha. Tu Liem is one of the 5 districts that have area of paddy field decreased the biggest amount (from 6,880 to 4,594ha) (Hanoi DARD, 2003).

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

nCita

del

Rice

Ara

ble

area

(ha)

1996

1997

2000

2001

2002

02000

40006000

800010000

1200014000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

nCita

del

Corn

Arab

le a

rea

(ha)

1996

19972000

20012002

050

100150200250300350400450

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

nCita

del

Cassava

Ara

ble

area

(ha)

1996

1997

2000

2001

2002

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Than

htri

Tulie

m

Socs

on

Citade

l

Sweet potato

Ara

ble

area

(ha)

1996

1997

2000

2001

2002

FIGURE 2.9 CHANGE OF GRAIN CROP AREA IN HANOI

Source: Hanoi DARD 2003.



7

The area of maize in Dong Anh district also significantly decreased from 2,774 to 1,783ha. Some of the area has been converted from paddy to vegetable fields and other annual crops. In Gia Lam and Soc Son, the maize area decreased only a little because these districts have a large area located out side the Duong and Red riverbanks (about 3,100ha) and on hilly land (some 4,071ha) (Hanoi DARD, 2003). The areas for cultivating cassava in Soc Son are 290ha, most areas are slopping land and difficult to cultivate intensively. The sweet potato is planted almost only in Soc Son (2,100ha) and Dong Anh (Hanoi DARD, 2003). 2.6.2 Landuse for Vegetable Cultivation (1996-2002)

Vegetable area of the whole city from 1996 to 2002 is slightly changed. It is around 8,000ha. But from 2000 to now, the safe vegetable area increases from 632 to 1,442ha. The safe vegetable areas of Dong Anh and Gia Lam are the biggest compared to other districts: 518 and 490, respectively (Figure 2.10).

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1996

1997

2000

2000

. safe.

vege

table

2001

2001

. safe

vege

table 2002

2002

. safe

vege

table

Are

as

Total Donganh Gialam Thanhtri Tuliem Socson

FIGURE 2.10 CHANGE OF VEGETABLE CULTIVATION AREA IN HANOI

Source: Hanoi DARD, 2003. In terms of main vegetables (7 types: potato, kohlrabi, cabbage, onion, squash, tomato, and spinach), according to geographic conditions and production custom of farmers, different places cultivate different vegetables (Figure 2.11). In fact each district only specialises in one or two vegetables, but the vegetable areas as well change over time.

FIGURE 2.11 VEGETABLE CROPS IN HANOI

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Potato

Arab

le a

rea

(ha)

19961997200020012002

0100200300400500600700800900

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Than

htri

Tulie

m

Socs

on

Citade

l

Cabable

Ara

ble

area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002



8

0100200300400500600700800

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Citade

l

KohlrabiAr

able

are

a (h

a)1997

2000

2001

2002

0100200300400500

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Onion

Arab

le a

rea

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0100200300400500600

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Citade

l

Squash

Are

able

are

a (h

a)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0

100

200

300

400

500

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Citade

l

Tomato

Ara

ble

area

(ha)

1997200020012002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Spinach

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Other vegetable

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

FIGURE 2.11 VEGETABLE CROPS IN HANOI Source: Hanoi DARD, 2003.

Potato: Total potato area of the whole city decreased from 1,571ha in 1996 to 727ha in 2002. Dong

Anh and Soc Son have bigger area cultivating potato than other districts. Farmers in Tu Liem have changed this area to other vegetables and fruits since 2001.

Cabbage: Total area of the whole city is 775ha and slowly decreased to 560ha. Dong Anh had around 240ha, while Gia Lam had only a little.

Kohlrabi: The whole Hanoi has some 540ha, in which Dong Anh has biggest and is stable area of 370ha (in the period 1996-2002). Gia Lam has the second biggest area (85ha).

Onion: The area cultivated onion of the whole city is around 400ha in which the large area is in Gia Lam.

Tomato: The whole Hanoi has 358ha in which Dong Anh has the biggest area with 227ha. Spinach: The area of spinach in the whole Hanoi slowly increased: from 1,409ha in 1997 to 1,866ha in

2002. Currently Thanh Tri occupies 775ha, and Tu Liem is 386ha. Green squash: Because of marketing demand, the area cultivating green squash increased from

178ha in 1997 to 487ha in 2002. The biggest area belongs to Dong Anh district with area of 292ha in 2002. Thanh Tri and Soc Son have about 70-80 ha each.

Others: Other vegetables such as cucumber, cabbage, flowers also are planted in Hanoi (Hanoi DARD, 2003).



9

2.6.3 Landuse for Fruit Cultivation (1997-2002)

Six main kinds of fruit are planted in Hanoi, they are orange, bananas, pomelo, sapodilla, longan, and apple) and the area for one fruit in each district is around 120-170 ha (Figure 2.12) and total of fruit land around is 2,000 ha in 2002. This area included fruit land categorised in Table 2.3 and the fruit-planted areas in parks, along roads/streets and even in school yards/playing grounds.

0

50

100150

200

250

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Orange

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0100200300400500

Total

Dongan

h

Gialam

Thanhtr

i

Tuliem

Socso

n

Bananas

Are

a (h

a)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0

100

200

300

400

500

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Pomelo

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0

50

100

150

200

250

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

SapodilaAr

ea (h

a)

1997

2000

2001

2002

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Longan

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

050

100150200250

300350

Total

Donga

nh

Gialam

Thanh

tri

Tuliem

Socso

n

Apple

Area

(ha)

1997

2000

2001

2002

FIGURE 2.12 FRUIT AREA IN HANOI Source: Hanoi DARD, 2003.

2.7 Land Use in the Future According to estimates, by 2010 Hanoi’s population will be some 3.2 million people in which the urban population will be 2.08 million (about 65% in total), and gross domestic product (GDP) will be from 2.4 to 2.7 times compared to 2000. These must influence to the landuse planning of Hanoi. As shown in the Hanoi Landuse Planning Report (2001), by 2010 Hanoi agricultural land and unused land will be decreased 9,093ha and 2,070ha, respectively. Those lands will be converted to special-use land (land for construction: 4,592 ha, land for traffic/ communication: 3,131 ha) and residential land—in other words, urban land (Figure 2.13).



10

05000

1000015000200002500030000350004000045000

Agricu

ltural

land

Forest

land

Specia

l use

land

Resident

land

Urban l

and

Unused l

and

Ha

20022010

FIGURE 2.13 HANOI LANDUSE CHANGE 2002-2010

Specifically, due to the urbanisation progress, the landuse pattern of Hanoi will be as shown in Figure 2.14 below.

Land use-2002

46.19%

7.20%23.55%

12.80%

3.17%

10.27%Agricultural lanForest landSpecial use lanResident landUrban landUnused land

Land use 2010

36.32%

8.36%32.33%

14.97%

6.38%

8.02%Agricultural landForest landSpecial use landResident landUrban landUnused land

FIGURE 2.14 LANDUSE CHANGE BETWEEN 2002 AND 2010

The agricultural land will decrease from 46% (2002) to 36% (2010); while special-use land will increase from 23.55% (2002) to 32.33% (2010). 2.7.1 Urban Land by 2010

It is obvious that Hanoi will have some 2.08 million citizens living in its urban districts by 2010 (an increase of 531,600 people compared to 2000). To be able to provide enough housing for this added number of people, Hanoi government has decided to expand the city as follows. Thus, urban area will expand 12,981ha more by 2010. The urban area (22,807ha) is divided to different districts as shown in Figure 2.15.



11

TABLE 2.5 CHANGE OF RESIDENTIAL AREA BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010 Area Current land use 2000 Planning land use 20103

Urban land Urban residential land

Urban land Urban residential land

1. 7 urban districts 8,430 2,442 8,430 2,485 2. Tu Liem District 213 49 2,026 754 3. Thanh Tri District - - 1,002 337 4. Bac Thang Long new urban area - - 2,640 406 5. Gia Lam District 558 213 3,506 602 6. Co Loa new urban area - - 300 100 7. Dong Anh new urban area 453 109 1,300 374 8. Trau Quy new urban area - - 409 98 9. Van Dien-Tu Hiep new urban area 90 32 230 88 10. Soc Son new urban area 82 27 2,964 631

Total 9,826 2,872 22,807 5,875 Source: Hanoi Landuse Planning 2001-2010, 2001. Note: Urban land includes such kinds of land as: agricultural land, forest land, special use land, resident land and unused land. Residential land are areas only used for house construction and house-yards. 2.7.2 Special-use Land by 2010

Land for Construction By the year 2010, the land for construction such as new and expanded industrial zones, new and/or expanded roads, stadium building, and the like will take an additional 4,592ha compared to 2002. Land used for industrial zones, for instance, is shown in Table 2.6 below.

Urban, 36.96%

Gialam, 17.17%

Donganh, 18.59%

Socson, 13.00%

Tuliem, 8.88%

Thanhtri, 5.40%

FIGURE 2.15 LAND BECOMING URBAN AREA

IN 5 PERIURBAN DISTRICTS BY 2010

3) Of the new urban land belonging to "7 urban districts," "Thanh Tri periurban district," and "Gia Lam periurban district," part of the land has been transferred to form the two new urban districts namely Long Bien and Hoang Mai, as mentioned in an earlier section.



12

TABLE 2.6 THE ADDED AREAS TO THE EXISTING AND NEW HANOI INDUSTRIAL ZONES Name of industrial zone Additional amount of land (ha)1. Van Dien-Phap Van 11.0 2. Cau Buou 39.6 3. Cau Dien-Mai Dich 50.0 4. Duc Giang 42.0 5. Bac Thang Long 305.0 6. Noi Bai 330.0 7. Gia Lam 467.0 8. Nam Thang Long 260.0 9. Dong Anh 155.0 10. Thanh Tri 20.0 11. Tu Liem 25.0 12. Soc Son 61.5 Total 1,766.1 Source: Hanoi Landuse Planning 2001-2010, 2001. In addition, the area used for the trade and services will be 117.9ha and for other purpose will be another 479ha. The area going to be taken for construction in one district is different from another. In terms of percentage, however, Gia Lam and Dong Anh districts will lose most: the largest amount: 43.28% and 39.11% respectively (Hanoi Landuse Planning 2001-2010, 2001) (see Figure 2.16).

Land for construction

Thanhtri, 6.00%

Gialam, 43.28%

Donganh, 39.11%

Tuliem, 6.38%Socson,

5.23%

Land for traffic

34.43%

24.46%

6.58%

9.06%

16.63% DonganhGialam

Tuliem

Thanhtri

Socson

FIGURE 2.16 LAND GOING TO BE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AND TRAFFIC BY 2010

Land for Transportation Routes To improve infrastructure for Hanoi's and the country's economic development, some national highways will be built. If compared with 2002, the land for the transportation system will increase 3,131ha by 2010, of which 630ha is for national highways (Hanoi Landuse Planning 2001-2010, 2001). Figure 2.16 shows the percentage of land taken from different peri-urban districts in the total of 3,131ha for transportation routes. Thus, because of urbanisation and demand for economic development, agricultural land and unused land will be converted to be lands for urban purposes, new/expanded industrial zones, the transportation system, and the like. The overall change is shown on the landuse maps for the year 2000 and the proposed map for 2010 (Figure 2.17 and 2.18).



13

FIGURE 2.17 MAP OF HANOI LANDUSE IN 2000 and 2010

Source: Hanoi's People Committee, 2002.

FIGURE 2.18 – HANOI LANDUSE STRUCTURE IN 2010 Source: Hanoi's People Committee, 2002.



14

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Rural-urban land use changes in peri-urban Hanoi

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