Safety Performance

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Construction industry is notoriously known to be one of the dangerous industry.

There are many factors in construction industry that affects low safety performance on

construction site. Hence, it ultimately affects the quality of worker and duration of the

construction project.

The portion of health and safety in the construction industry is not a subject which can

be taken lightly. All times in every part of construction process should be put front of

mind because there are numerous danger and accident potential in the construction

industry. On the construction site consists of various element that give hazards among

the workers that is formed of construction materials, machinery equipments, tools and

also handling techniques have their own hazards level. Construction site occasionally

experienced accidents that causes death and injuries on the worker with involves site

vehicles, falls during work, collapse cases, and electric current contact with overhead

power line.

Most of the accident occur in the construction site can be avoided by implementing

higher safety performance and ensuring it to be constantly maintained and controlled.

Good safety performance level ensures the construction site has effective planning,

proper management designed and efficient uses safety techniques. There is merely no

excuse for jump up or cutting corners when operate the health and safety management

in construction industry.

Accidents and injuries always can happens on the construction workplace even through

there are various occupational safety and health requirement that’s because of the non-

enforcement to code of practice in the safety and health management. Contractors are

given the flexibility to choose their methods to carry out their operations safely. Hence,

there are different safety performance level as different practice were implemented on

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site. According to Zulu & Chileshe (2008), poor safety performance level of many local

contractors give a massive implications in which affecting of their competitiveness in

the construction industry.

1.2 Research Statements

The problems of accident at construction sites shows that Malaysian

construction industry is one of the high challenges sectors to involved that need a

recover and overhaul from the currect site safety practice. Construction industry sector

has been create a high number of injuries percentange on the construction workplace.

Construction workplace has high complexity level, where it need to be carried out with

involvement of large number organization and construction works commonly the

hazardous workplace in which contribute more hazards among the workers. Current

investigation from Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) has shown that

construction sites have the highest death toll among all the industries (DOSH,

2012). In addition, The construction industry is a high danger industry because there is a

high risk of accident occurrence. The reasons can be form of time, cost and quality that

are as the major element considered ahead of safety. Safety issues are always

considered secondary and take a back seat in construction. Actually, in the normal

situation most of the contractor were not implemented comprehensive accident

anticipation policies hovewer more concentrate on capitalize on profit. The organization

don’t highlight on safety and health cause they don’t know how the impact of accident

occurrance on contruction project to the actual cost spends (Abdul R. et al. 2008)

Safety performance aspect on the construction have always been given a great attention

from main contractor in the organizational for provided a decreases of injuries.

Nevertheless, safety problems on construction sites seem to be largely unresolved as the

fatality and injury records in construction continue to plague the industry across the

world. The lack of an effective system to interrupt and prevent the precursors and

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contributory factors on construction sites is argued to be the critical deficiency of

extant research and practice. (Wua W. et al. 2010).

According to Priyadarshani (2013), even the construction safety performance is a most

important thing in construction project. However, it is usually a secondary concern in a

market-driven society where the main concern is doing minimum total cost completing

project at the required quality and minimum time spent. Thus, safety issues are

considered only after an accident occurs at a construction site with follow up

measures to improve working conditions, especially in developing countries.

1.3 Aim And Objectives

The aim in the research study is to explore the factors that affect the safety performance

on construction site.To achieve this aim the following objective were classified :

Objectives:

1. To identify the safety performance measure on the construction site

2. To identify the factors affecting safety performance in construction site

1.4 Research Questions

The research question was designed troughout the topic to realize the objectives stated.

Objectives 1 : To identify the safety performance measure on construction site

I. What is a safety performance?

II. What are the purpose of safety performance measurement

III. How to measure safety performance?

IV. What are the information needed for safety performance evaluation?

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Objectives 2 : To identify the factors affecting safety performance in construction site

I. What are the factors influencing safety performance?

II. What are the recommendation to improve safety performance?

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The research topic is related to safety performance in which focuses on the

factors affecting safety performance on site. The expected respondance from contractor

class A in (PKK) or G7 in (CIDB) were focused by the researcher to conducted this

research for generate result as stated in questionnaire. The all information gathering will

be analyze to achieve the objective on the research topic. The researcher conduct the

case study in the middle and east of Malaysian, where the location on around Selangor

and Terengganu state only.

1.6 Significance of Research

Construction industry have been causing human losses and injuries and give a bad

impact on the construction occupational. The main intention for conduct this research is

for investigate the factors that affecting of low safety performance in the construction

site in order reasons for would be:

i. As a indicator to the contractor that if there factor need to be consider that

influence the safety performance in construction site

ii. As a precautions to contractors in the management of safety on construction

sites

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1.7 Research Methodology

The aim of this research is to explore the factor affecting safety performance on

site in which the information collected to achieve the objective of study throughout

quantitative questionnaire method and literature review as additional information to get

the objective of this study.

Collecting of the data and opinion by the questionnaire from the targeted respondents

in construction company ware selected as a main component as information for research

study. The design format set of questionnaire is use fixed-alternative question that is a

structure of the questionnaire that respondents have a limitation to answering the

question which are closer to them view. The researcher also use rating scale such the

‘Likert Scale’ measurement as drafted consent to targeted respondent for specify to the

level strongly agree or disagree with statement related in set of questionnaire. the

targeted respondent on the construction organization especially site manager, architect,

site engineer, safety officer, quantity surveyor and site supervisor will be given a set of

questionnaire.

The researcher will choose the targeted contruction companies based on the size

of projects to conduct the study with deliver sets of questionnaire which is located

around Shah Alam, Selangor. Researcher carry out the research to the contractor

companies which have class of A in (PKK) or G7 in (CIDB) as an selected respondent

in site organization. The quantities of the questionanaire was distribute for sixty set

questionnaire approximately to the selected respondent in which deliver onto the

construction company based on the population of G7 construction company especially

the companies with the running project around Shah Alam area. In the questionnaire

stage, the process of validation data also be carry out which is the answer on the

quantitative questionnaire will be analysis checked for the purpose accuracy and

suitability with this research topic. The flow of the research is viewed in figure 1.0

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Figure 1.0 : The Research Stage

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Aim and Objectives

Research question

Literature review

Questionnaire

Analyzes the data collection

Conclusion & recommendation

Introduction of research

Problem statement

1.8 Content Of Research

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter describes on the study topic which is going overview the elements of

introduction of the research topic, problem statements based on research ,drafted aim

and objectives, research question and methodology applied.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Through this chapter, the research commenced by reviewing the relevant literature on

construction safety performance by sources from academic journals. The exploratory

literature is concerns on safety performance definition, information needed in evaluation

and the methods measurement of safety performance. Besides, the researcher also will

exposed the factors influencing safety performance on site and continuous with

recommendation for improving safety performance on the construction site. The sources

also will be get based on data base from internet, reading from book, article and

newspaper. The researcher find literature review as his secondary resources with aim to

investigate the research topics.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

On this part shows the method used to find the exert information from several sources to

achieve the topics aim and objective. Quantitative questionnaire will deliver to the

selected respondents in order to find the data of the study.

Chapter 4: Research Finding

Research finding is a part of all research data collected from the methodology research

where the information is gathering before to analyze for the next stage.

Chapter 5: Analysis, Conclusion, And Recommendation

For the last chapter stated that all data collection would analyzed properly on the study

research based on the aim of the research topic to bring it to being relevant conclusion

and recommendation.

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1.9 Summary

Table 1.0 Summary Of Introduction Research

The Factors Affecting Of Low Safety Performance On Construction Sites

Aim Problem statements Objectives Research questions

The aim of

this research is

to explore the

factors that

affect the

safety

performance

on

construction

site

i. Current investigation from

Department of Safety and

Health (DOSH) has

shown that construction

sites have the highest

death toll among all the

industries

ii. Safety issues are always

considered secondary and

take a back seat in

construction

iii. The lack of an effective

system to interrupt and

prevent the precursors and

contributory factors on

construction sites

iv. safety issues are

considered only after an

accident occurs at a

construction site with

follow up measures to

improve working

conditions

To identify the

safety

performance

on construction

site

i. What is a safety

performance?

ii. How to measure safety

performance?

iii. What are the

information needed for

safety performance

evaluation?

To identify the

factors

affecting safety

performance in

construction

site

i. What are the factors

influencing safety

performance?

ii. What are the

recommendation to

improve safety

performance?

CHAPTER 2

8

LITERATURE REVIEW

(SAFETY PERFORMANCE IN CONTRUCTION INDUSTRY)

2.1 Introduction

The condition level of safety performance in the construction industry has been

improving over the years. Health and safety has been recognized as an important

business performance subject (Myers, 2003). In the construction industry the risk of a

fatality is five times more likely than in a manufacturing based industry, whilst the risk

of a major injury is two and a half time higher (Edwin Sawacha, 1999). In addition, the

incidence occur in contruction project is not only involves costruction workers who

suffer from accidents but, one member of the public people including children suffer the

lost and injuries.

Generally, accident at the construction industry can occur due to of lack supervision, or

lack of training and knowledge, or lack to carry out the work process safely, apathy,

carelessness, or downright reckless. In addition to these factors, the short term and

transitory nature of the construction industry, the lack of a controlled working

environment and the complexity and diversity of the size of organizations, all have an

effect on safety performance within the industry (Sawacha, 1999).

2.2 Definition of safety performance

According to previous researches by Bjorn N. and Henrik L. (2008), stated that

safety performance have two different condition where Safety performance

improvements in an organization can increase its resistance or robustness and lower the

risk of accidents. On the other hand, poor safety performance can increase the

organization’s vulnerability and hence increase the risk of accidents. The different

appearance of safety performance condition on site will influence the risk of accidents

among the workers. There is no common definition of safety performance. For instance

safety performance may include; safety organization and management, safety equipment

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and measures, accident statistics, safety training and evaluation, accident investigations

and safety training practice (Wu et al., 2008).

In this research, safety performance will be defined as the quality of safety and health

with related the whole project work in the construction site. Safety performance can be

considered as a subset of the total performance of an organization (Wu et al., 2008).

2.3 Purpose of safety performance measurement

There are several purpose by measuring the safety performance level in

organization.

1. Provide a information as strategies to control the risks

The main purpose in measurement of safety and health performance level is to

produce and prepare the information as strategies during process and activities

used by an organization to control the risks in safety and health. Performance

measurement also means of identifying the effectiveness of the performance

management system. The main reason in measure the safety performance is to

develop strategies that will eliminate future incidents (P. Carey Ryan, 2012).

Effective and good safety performance measurement provides information on

both condition which is level of performance and why the performance level is

as it is like a result. Measurement information controlling the operation and

development of the safety and health management system and control of risk by:

a) Producing information on how the system practice used

b) Providing part area in which remedial action is required

c) Determine a basis for continual improvement

d) Providing feedback and motivation

2. Provide decision making

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Productive performance measurement system can help to determine where an

organization is compared to where it want to be, the progress that is necessary

and reasonable, how progress can be achieved, and priorities and effective use of

resources (Mark G. B, 2013). The performance information provide decision

making and helps in deciding :

a) What program is needed in the certain circumstances

b) How the progress might be achieved against particular restraints such as

resources or time.

c) The ways progress might be achieved

d) Priorities and effective use of resources.

3. Addressing different information needs.

Information from safety and health performance measurement is needed in the

organization who have particular responsibilities within the safety and health

management system. The information getting will be used as a preparation to

improve the safety practice and control the safety performance.

4. Provide a complete picture of the organisation’s health and safety performance.

The effectiveness of the performance management system can be determining

by provides performance measurement means (HSE, 2001). That mean, the firm

can known the level of safety and health management level on their

organization. In addition, performance measurement as a basis for making

improvements that will enable objectives to be successes. Safety performance

measurement achieving the output of the occupational health and safety

management system related to the organization’s control of health and safety

risks, based on its OHS policies, objectives and targets.

II.4 Measurement Of Safety Performance

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Effectively planning system practice in safety management on construction

site is a part of foundation in good performance measurement, that is produce a

performance standard level for the risk control system and management

arrangement system. With that, dimension of the measurement process can be

produced. Researcher by Ng et. al, (2005) stated that improvements to contracting

organisations’ safety standards could inevitably be helped by continuous monitoring

and review of their safety performance. Health and safety risk need to be controlled

properly in order to accident prevention, reduce injuries or work-related health.

Safety management system need a structure for evaluate the safety performance of

construction as a guideline to improve the deficiency in safety and health system. A

effective safety performance evaluation (SPE) framework will also support to

determine potential hazards at an early process in which the unnecessary losses in

life and cost can be prevented from occurred (Ng et. al, 2005).

For the safety performance evaluation in the previous studies, safety performance

evaluation is a significance term in the literature context. For example the goal-

setting and feedback method, Experience Modification Rating (EMR), Incident Rate

(AR), and Score Card (SC) models have been proposed.

Most of this SPE approaches were used in the safety management system in

construction industry. However, The organization firm is able to choose a more

comprehensive SPE framework as their safety system which takes consideration of

factors election SPE to an organization.

Safety plan management process in an organization is part of measurement. Safety

and health management system as service management, production, or financial is

as part of measuring safety performance. Figure 2.0 shows where performance

measurement within the safety and health management system.

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Policy Policy development

Figure 2.0 : Performance measurement within the health and safety

management system

(Sources : books of A Guide To Measuring Health & Safety Performance)

II.4.1 Accident rate (AR)

Accident rate (AR) is a one comparison method to measuring the safety

performance which regarding with number of accidents occurred on the construction

site. According to (Ng et. al, 2005). Measuring performance based on the number of

accident occur on the construction site, contractor are responsible to reporting and

investigating the accidents to determine what are the factor distribute the potential

hazard onto the construction site.

K. Priyadarshani et. al, (2013) stated that Accident Rate (AR) can be like a applying the

concept of profiling where the organization need to prepare a corporate safety

performance in a certain standard level that are considered important by the client’

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Planning and implementing

Organising

Auditing

Reviewing performance

Measuring performance

Feedback to improve performance

project managers. Then, companies are then compared based on that standard level and

profile is developed.

Accident Rate (AR) can be a one of the simple method and can get a result with a short

period process but it can became unreliable. This is because the accuracy valuation by

using Accident Rate is depending on the honesty of contractor in reporting their

accidents and incidents (Sunindijo, 2013).

II.4.2 Incidence rate (IR)

The number of lost time cases is a particular term necessary to operate the

method of incidence rate (IR) measurement. The IR need to computed based on the

number of days lost for all lost time cases (Ng et. al, 2005). According to Edward J. et

al, (1996) stated that incidence rates method can be as indicator to the contractor how

they can compares to others and changes for the size of a project. The incidents can

incriminate the amount of lost time cases (lost time incident rate), the amount of days

lost for all time cases (severity rate or lost workday rate), and the number of fatalities,

injuries, and illnesses with and without lost workdays (recordable incidence rate). The

basic equations are as follows:

1. Lost time incidence rate = number of lost time incidents x 200,000 /

employee hours worked

2. Severity rate = number of days lost X 200,000 / employee hours worked

3. Recordable incident rate = number of fatalities and injuries and illnesses

with and without lost workdays X 200,000 / employee hours worked.

II.4.3 Experience modification rating (EMR)

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Claims paying due to accidents is concerned with worker’s compensation caused

of poor safety performance practice on site (Edward J. et al, 1996). There are many

number of factors can influence the base rate of worker’s compensation insurance either

increase or decrease. The major significant factor is the employer’s safety history.

Based on the S. Thomas Ng et. al, (2005) stated that The EMR reflects the cost

companies have to pay for workers’ compensation insurance. It is essentially the ratio

between actual claims filed an expected claims for a particular type of construction.

However, EMR formulae are relatively complex and different version of calculation

exist practice, EMR is not an appropriate value of safety performance for all type

companies. The method of EMR is based on running average results over several years,

this method cannot truly reflect the current safety performance of companies.

II.4.4 Score card (SC)

Score card is a method to maintain the level of safety performance on

construction project. The SC system as introduced by the Hong Kong Government

consists of six key aspects (works bureau, 2000). In the construction site, the lack of

safety management can be seeing by the provision process. There are more condition in

which need to consider to give high of provision such as provision of the plant, working

environment, instruction, training and implementation of safety work. The provision of

the item need to combine with the maintenance works. Other than that, the aspects of

employment of safety officer and supervisor also can be used in the score card method

to measuring the level of safety performance on site. That operatives are responsible

and implementation of safety and health management system. The evaluation of the

safety performance also can be analyzed by the site accident record.

The score card is designed as a tool to facilitate decision support. It provides an

overview of the process that was implemented for achieve of strategic objectives. The

quality of a scorecard comes primarily from its ability to inform the various actors in the

management system of the presence of deviant situations, and to facilitate decision

making in order to implement the necessary corrective actions. (Frederic et. al, 2011).

15

Greenstreet Berman (2006) provides a tool like a score card for implementation of

measurement health and safety performance on construction site. in their study

compares the level of occupational safety and health performance along two

dimensions: implementation (health and safety management, occupational health

programs) and results (injury rates, employee sickness absences, major incidents).

Every of these elements is rated where a weighting system is used to calculate an output

as overall level of occupational health and safety performance. The highest and lowest

values along the dimension of occupational health and safety performance is compared

to the performance of other construction companies from the same sector activities

involved.

2.5 Information Needed For Safety Performance Evaluation

Safety evaluation is a element in any process of safety management to give a

initiatives for additional improvement level in safety performance. If the safety

evaluation of the safety performance level is not implementing properly caused of

troublesome in the actual function of safety and health management. Besides, the

ineffectiveness of the safety evaluation in the organization avoid the operatives to

known how the condition of safety and health risk are controlled. The controlling and

provision of the safety performance level on site can reduce the number of accident or

work- related ill health.

According to Bottani et al. (2009) safety performance assessment can result to site

improvement with founded good safety management system. Beside, in the certain

viewed based on Evelyn (1995) cited, safety awareness may as a controlled to reduced

poor of obligation to safety management. Evaluation of the safety performance level

need the information based on measuring the hazard burden, measuring the health and

safety culture, measuring management arrangement and risk control system, and

measuring workplace precaution.

2.5.1 Measuring the hazard

1. Measuring the hazard

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Based on researches by Jimmie (2014) in measure of safety performance,

the records injuries in the past year in an organization from the Occupational

Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) need to indentified by the resercher.

The range of activities which carried out by an organization will create the

hazards, the controlling need to action to the hazard burden in which its can

influence the risks level. The hazard need to be avoid with cooperation of the

operatives on the organization either by the presentation of innately more secure

procedures or by no implementation of a particular activity. If the hazard burden

is decreasing and operation of the safety management system is remain

consistent, it give the result in lowest of risk and a consequent reduction in ill

health and injuries. For examples, the matter of hazardous component on the

work place might be removing so that safety risk can be reduced.

2. Measuring the health and safety management system

The information elements need to consider is:

a) Policy

The safety legislation and policies have a great impact upon the safety level

of a construction worksite (Evelyn, 2004). The safety performance can be

viewed by the implementation type of policy. The effective policy need to

provide in an organization to produce a good safety management system. The

safety and health policy statement should comply which ;

I. Based on legal requirements and good practices

II. Flexible

III. effective implementation.

b) Organising

The performance evaluation process need satisfied the level of adequacy,

existence and effectively implementation of arrangement to :

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I. Set up and retain the organization management controlled of safety and

health.

II. Establish collaboration and teamwork of relevant groups, safety

operatives, and individuals, therefore safety and health is a smoothly

effort.

III. Establish successful communication of information in the construction

firm.

IV. Securing the competency among the employees in the firm.

c) Planning and implementation

Implementation and planning in the safety management is measure in

term of adequancy, effectively, and sufficiency.

d) Measuring performance

The performance measuring process is an essential element of the safety

and health management sstem, so its operation stage will also should be

monitored.

e) Audit and review

In the final steps in the health and safety management control. The audit

and review adequancy and implementation should be included within the

measuring preocess.

2.5.2 Measuring the health and safety culture

To make sure the risk control in a good condition the factor of health and

safety culture need to be considered. The safety culture can affects the operation of

management safety and health with give a impact of their effectiveness management

system. The safety culture in an organization is dependent upon the safety

commitment of the management and workers towards its safety promotion and

campaigns (Evelyn, 2004). Organizational safety culture can be investigate by

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conducting the perception of the employee surveys to examine the usefulness of

safety programmes and to observe differences in their attitudes.

There are many part of the activity which support the implementation of a positive

safety culture should be measured ;

a) control

b) communication

c) co-operation

d) competence

Health and safety climate has been used to review the ouput of an organization’s

safety and health culture. Safety and health cimate is amenable to measurement and

health and safety evaluation has developed a safety and health climate survey tool to

allow organizations views of their employess on aspects of safety and health within

their organization. The safety and health culture can influencing safety and health

behaviour of individuals at all level of the organization and the behaviours can be

forming the culture in the organization. Behaviours which encourage a positive

safety and health culture and an effective safety and health management system

should be included within the measurement process (Contract Research Report on

behavioural safety).

2.5.3 Measuring management arrangements and risk control systems

Based on the standard form of contract P.W.D form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) section

10(b) states the contractor need to perform their works in a proper manner and in

accordance with good management practice. The contractor responsible to prepare all

necessary element in management arrangement and risk control system onto

construction site. Measurement process of management arrangements and risk control

system should cover aspects of ;

a. Capability

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The safety performance evaluation system, there are need to checking on

the arrangement that was designed in safety management like accident

investigation program and risk control system. Thats system to contol and

monitoring the contractor has the capability to create the required outcome. The

program can be collected by audit process in the system and arrangement which

are already taken into account.

b. Compliance

Compliance can be defined as a implementation of the tasks. Althought the

risk control system and management arrangement has a well design in the

organizations but it is never bring to required outcome if organizations don’t

complied or implemented with. Safety performance measurement process should

provide information to classified the rank of compliance with the risk control

system and management arrangement.

c. Deployment

Measurement of deployment are require for produce the information needs

to determine the safety and health management system elements are in place

properly and effectiveness operate across the organization.

Measuring of capability, compliance, and deployment are provide

information on dimension of the risk control system and management arrangement

illustrated in figure 2. 2. This approach prepared management to measure the

performance which the organization can applied that at the different levels. The aim

would be in the box area in according figure 2.2, ( high capability and high

compliance ) deployed across the organization. For the looking at specific

management arrangement can be in (example; competence) and risk control system

can be in (example; confined space entry).

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capability

High capability

Low compliance

High capability

high compliance

Low capability

Low compliance

low capability

high compliance

Figure 2.1 ; three dimensions of measurement

(Sources : books of A Guide To Measuring Health & Safety Performance)

2.5.4 Measuring workplace precaution

Workplace precaution is a important item need to provide by the

organization onto construction site. Workplace precaution is a requirement of the

contractor to produced a warning or instruction whether to the worker or public

surrounding. This requirement is a one of obligation of the contractor need to follow

up properly to make sure the surrounding of the site place in a proper safety

standard based on the standard form of contract P.W.D form 203A (Rev. 1/2010)

section 10 which is contractors are obligated to commission the works in accordance

with specification. The measurement need provide information to identify the

workplace precaution are followed by the rules in which it is must placing a true

area, have a good operating and give effect to the workers. Poorly defined rules or

rules with a few relevance to the work being performed can be indication that safety

is not important and too many rules make compliance with the them all difficult

(Richard , 1999).

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deployed

compliance

The purpose of the workplace precautions to provide for controlling a

specific risk in certain condition. The issues are take into account in evaluate the

workplace precaution are :

a) premises

b) plant and materials

c) procedures

d) people

2.6 The Factors Influencing Safety Performance

From the researches were conducted on the literature review there are many

factors elements that give the impact to the safety performance level. It is can be

identified with different items that are policy factor, process factor, personnel factor,

incentive factor, management activities factor and technical factor.

Figure 2.2 : Factors element affecting site safety

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2.6.1 Management Activities On Site Factors

According to Fang et al. (2004) there are five categories of element safety

management activities on construction site that is safety inspection, safety education,

safety communication, and safety regulation enforcement. The level of safety

performance can enhance effectively with implementation of the sufficient inspection

on the construction workplace with regular process safety meeting on construction site,

so all the safety issue on site can be properly reconciled (Ng et al., 2005).

In addition, Strict regulation enforcement on project site tend to effective governance of

safety management on sites. With the strict regulation enforcement on site, the workers

will comply with safety regulation if the safety management is carry out with fines for

safety non compliance and issuing warning operate. Failure of doing the effective

regulation enforcement on site will increasing the percentage of injuries as a impact of

non compliance of safety regulation on sites ( Probst and Estrada, 2010).

To certainly all the workers in the organization are care about the safety matter and

understanding with the fenomenon of working situation on sites, safety and health

management system should underscore on training and education aspect that will assist

the worker with safety expertise to avoid accidents occurrences (Tam et al., 2004).

Safety performance level can be improve in which participation problem solving

process in communication among the worker of the organization (Michael et al., 2006).

2.6.2 Policy Factor

A safety and health policy is sets of regulation with a arrangement to guide the

organization in the certain condition. It is a general approaches which has drafted and

placing for managing safety and health in organizations. Safety policy is a set of

documents included who does what, when need, and how to do. The policy is

commonly designed by three parts statement:

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a) A statement of intent which describes the needed action of the workers when

in the certain situation. A set of safety policy indicated commitments the

staff and workers in organization to health and safety.

b) A statement of organization details which describe the parties involved. It is

a part section name those who are responsibilities for safety and health

matter in construction organization.

c) A statement which describe the how the workers put a arrangement in place.

This part section describes the ways to organize the main hazards that have

been determined in risk assessment.

Health and safety management can be enforcement and controlled by create a

framework of policy and legislation forms (Evelyn, 2004). The safety performance level

in the construction workplace can be great affects with implementation of a effective

safety policy in organizations. Apart of the low level safety organization culture with

ill-defined safety roles, insufficiently safety procedure developed, and the poor of safety

policies give a result in low safety performance level on the construction site. the safety

in construction to a considerable extent affect by legislation and the enforcements

(Lingard et. Al 1994).

According to the Ng et. Al (2004) shows the level of safety performance can affected by

the more factors considered such as the development of safety system, safety procedure

and practice, controlling of safety compliance, implement of safety committees at site

level, communication of safety policies to site organization, and involved the

consultation with site staff and safety officer.

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2.6.3 Process Factor

Process factor can be described as a activities doing the work by the construction

workers that may eventually give a hazard element which can give a impact to their

safety and well-being. Unsafe act unknowingly while doing their works is a commonly

commended by a few member of organization. A most concern for supervise process

factors is the efficiency of organize over the huge numbers of sub-contractor on

construction workplace due to diversification of programs activities. Thus the large

number of subcontracting involve in the construction project give the opportunities of

increasing more numerous accident occurrence (Debrah, 2001).

Different construction method process used need to meet different standards level of

safety. The poor level of the safety and health is affecting by the unsafe condition on

construction site. Accidents occurred on site workplace can be reasoned by many

elements; uncomfortable working conditions at height, tripping over object or striking

against, stepping on, poor lighting conditions, collapse of scaffoldings, earth collapse

during doing excavation process, dangers in lifting operation, fire hazards,

electrocution, insufficient of proper accessibility and also not have adequate training.

Implementation of safety management system and participation in occupational health

and also safety management system (Teo, et al. 2005). During carrying work in the

construction site, safety and health management system influencing the process work in

construction whether it is effective management practice which will deliver to safe

safety condition or poor management practice which produce low safety conditions. So,

the process of the management controlling have a link with the safety performance on

the site place.

25

2.6.4 Personnel Factors

Personnel factor refer to issues of human aspect in the construction activities.

Personnel factor consists of three element that can influence the safety performance on

site such management attitude toward safety, supervisors and worker attitude toward

safety, and human errors. Personel factors is a one of elements factor point through the

safety behaviors of the management and workers within an organization (Evelyn, 2004).

The lack of behaviour and attitudes of the worker in the site work affecting of poor

safety condition where the workers tend to hazard condition.

Analysis of the result by Sawacha et al. (1999) has shown that in terms psychological,

procedural and technical aspects is are considered factors thats linked with the issues of

workers in the construction site which can affecting the level of site safety. The term of

psychological factor can be indicated as a safety behaviour of the organization member

with the obeying the safety and health management system.

Tam et al. (2004) performs a research to determine the component of poor construction

management in China country and as a finding on his study research the major factors

influencing safety perforamnce level consists of “poor safety awareness of top

management”, “lack of training”, “poor safety awareness of project managers”,

“reluctance to input resources to safety” and “reckless operation”.

2.6.5 Incentive Factors

Some studies in favour of the incentive scheme have verified that has reduction of

construction site injuries and accidents has been achieved but others studies showed that

safety level on the construction site did not affect even there are implemented of safety

incentives, some of the construction organization with no a particular issues of incentive

programs has indicated a better safety record than those with the incentive programs.

(Evelyn, 2004).

It has been argued that incentive may be function to increase the safety performance in

workplace hovewer the incentives programs need to design properly and how well the

incentives are being allocated. Teo et al (2005) recommended that incentives programs

26

can be obtain of three main elements thats is monetary issue , non monetary issue, and

disciplinary action.

At certain contractor who consent with the elements of incentives are common in favour

of monetory incentives over other categories of incentives conducted. Monetory

incentive are either used for giving monetory return for supervisory safety incentives

plan and for safety performance of personal (Hinze, 2000).

The result also showed that there was a strong relationship between productivity bonus

pay and safety performance (Sawacha et al. 1999). The Bonus payments given to the

operatives can lead them to achieve the higher production through performing unsafely

at the site. The factor of incentive pay to the worker for carrying the task faster than is

usually the case and the process, therefore the unsafe method is carried on the worplace.

2.6.6 Technical Factors

Technical factors can be comprises machineries and equipment on site, layout of

work, degree of automation, maintenance aspects, design of work environment, risk

control and emergency control and also personal proctective equipment (Sgourou et al.,

2010). Effective technicalities on the construction site that will give systematic and

make better ways as complexity of construction works to obstructive any unsafe

behaviors and condition. Adequate and proper technicalities organize on construction

site will enhance safety performance level.

Procedural and technical factors is a elements affecting the safety performance level.

Procedural and techinical factors are related with provision of training and handling of

safety equipment on site. The lack of provision of training and handling equipment

among the worker give more probability to create hazards which can increase the

accident and injuries in the workplace.

27

2.7 The Recommendation To Improve Safety Performance

There are most important in enhancing site safety condition especially for

humanitarian aspects reasons and caused of increasing spent of workers compensation

issues and occupational safety and health administration fines. Therefore, many

strategies for improving the level of safety performance by investigate of numerical

level of safety performance in the construction organization and projects.

2.7.1 Improve Top Management Role

In the researches Levitt and Parker (1988) was related to good top management

role give high safety performance level on construction site. Top management in

organization such company managers’ should take awareness of safety problem on the

construction site. In addition, the workers were perform better, quicker and more safely

when managers obtained on detailed work planning such as materials, equipments, and

safety requirement before starts the tasks.

2.7.2 Employing Experienced Workers

Safety performance level increases when the organization hold on to their

employees working for more than one year and it is a additional safety advantage when

their employees are work for even longer periods of time (Hinze,1978). Good safer

practice construction companies retain employment of workers for a longer period of

duration (Hinze and Pannullo, 1978). The longer duration period of workers in an

organization have more experience onto their job, therefore the probabilities of incident

can be reduced.

28

2.7.3 Improve Supervision Of Superintendent And Supervisor

Competency of the supervisor on the construction site is one of the elements that

reducing the rate of hazards and risks. Inadequate supervision could lead to fatalities

and injuries and can results of hazards. For the example not compliance of guardrails

specification on the work surfaces or workers not wearing the required personel

protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, insulation sut, vest, and others safety

protection equipment. Commonly, in the construction site applied two types of

supervisors those who supervise the entire projects like superintendents and those

supervise some parts of the workplace or group workers like forepersons. The

supervisors must ensure workers are complying with the rules that have been organized.

According to section 25(2)(c) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, a supervisor

must be a “competent person” that someone who is qualified because of knowledge,

training and experience to organize the work and its performance, familiars and knows

with the act and regulation that apply to the work and has a knowledge of any potential

or actual danger to health or safety in the workplace .

Supervisors are the employer's representative on a construction project and they

are hold the important responsibilities to the organizational according to OHSA Section

27, which ensuring workers work in compliance with required protective devices,

measures and procedures, ensuring workers use or wear any equipment, protective

device or clothing required by the employer, and advising workers of any potential or

actual health or safety danger known by the supervisor.

2.7.4 Trains Safety Program Practices

According to the researches by Hinze and Harrison (1981) as his recommended to

improve the safety performance is the field safety directors trained their subordinate

workers . commonly in the construction site organization, the safety officer, is a human

who are responsible to give trains and information about the safety and health

managements. All the task during construction process need follows all safety

specification requirement to maintain the level safety performance. In addition, hinze

29

and Harrison (1981) also stated a key factors associated with safety success that is a

Safety awards were given to workers. The competition of the worker to achieve the

lowest accident occur in the construction site need to give award either in the forms of

monetary or other service.

2.7.5 Increases Occupational Safety And Health Cost Expenses

Implementation of safety and health system involves the cost need to be expenses by the

contractor to provide all the necessary equipment to prevent the risk in the construction

site. The rate of cost budget expenses for safety and health system on the construction

site can influencing accidents rate and enhancing safety performance system efficiency.

According to Hinze (1988) safety is an important issue, but many people do not feel it is

vital to the success of projects. Research by Tang (1997) into the injuries on 18

construction projects suggested that the higher the investment in safety, the better the

safety performance. Hinze (1988) has found that injury rate tends to be higher on those

projects that were competitively bid. It is common practice for contractors to discount

their jobs just to win the tender, as a result OHS often suffers.

Safety is sometimes found to be the first item to face cost cutting as the employers who

often believe that implementing a safety system will cost more. In addition, managerial

focus tends to concentrate on production and safety does not help production therefore it

suffers when a project runs over budget.

According to the researches by the Richard (1999) the cost of an effective safety and

health program is reported to be about 0.9% of total project costs. The cost in the safety

program estimate included in the elements of:

a) salaries for safety, medical, and clerical personnel

b) safety meeting

c) inspections of tool and equipment

d) orientation training and site inspections

e) personal protective equipment and health programs

30

2.8 Summary

Table 2.0 : Summary Of Literature Review

no Definition of safety performance

Purpose of safety performance measurement

Measurement Of Safety Performance

Information Needed For Safety Performance Evaluation

The Factors Influencing Safety Performance

The Recommendation To Improve Safety Performance

1 According to previous researches by Bjorn N. and Henrik L. (2008), stated that safety performance have two different condition where Safety performance improvements in an organization can increase its resistance or robustness and lower the risk of accidents. On the other hand, poor safety performance can increase the organization’s vulnerability and hence increase the risk of accidents.

Produce the information as strategies to control the risks

Accident rate (AR)

Measuring the hazard burden

Management activities on site factors

Improve Top management role

2 Provide decision making

Incidence rate (IR)

Measuring the health and safety culture

Policy factor Employing experienced workers3

Process factor

4Addressing different information needs who have particular responsibilities

Experience modification rating (EMR)

Measuring management arrangements and risk control systems

Personnel factors

Improve Supervision of superintendent and supervisor

5 safety performance may include; safety organization and management, safety equipment and measures, accident statistics, safety training and evaluation, accident investigations and safety training practice (Wu et al., 2008).

Incentive factors

Trains Safety program practices

6 Provide a complete picture of the organisation’s health and safety performance.

Score card (SC)

Measuring workplace precaution Technical

factors

Increases occupational safety and health cost expenses

31

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Research methodology can be describe a ways of process that used by the

researcher to finds, collects, analysis data and lastly to give as output of the research

based on observation on the data collects. In this methodology research, the proper

planning for research methodology is making as a guidance in order to get the research

objectives. In this part are further talk about the research flow methods starting from

ways the data is get till how the next processed and analysis to achieve the research

objectives of the study.

In the part chapter have elaborated the process to achieve the finding research. The

methodological process is including several stage which is literature review process,

interview session, and preparation of quantitative questionnaire.

3.2 Research Methodology

In this part of research would give attention on the procedure and process to be

used as a main guide to reach the aim of this dissertation research. With that, all the

information evaluate be sufficient and significant to the topic of research. There are four

process stage have been implement on this study to gathering together with the relevant

data collected. The data collected are operate by using a quantitative method where the

set of questionnaire will be distribute to the selected respondents. The quantitative

method was chosen by researches because it is a best method in collecting data

information from the respondent. Research methodology have several stage method;

a) Literature review

b) questionnaire

c) Data analysis

d) Summary

32

3.2.1 Literature Review

Literature review is a secondary data on this research methodology and it is an

important part in the study research in order to gathering relevant information from the

books, journal, conference paper, data internet and unpublished materials. Through this

chapter, the research commenced by reviewing the relevant literature on construction

safety performance by sources from academic journals.

The exploratory literature is concerns on safety performance definition and information

needed in evaluation of safety performance. Besides, the researcher also will exposed

the characteristics of low safety performance with continuous with factors influencing

safety performance with on site. Literature review commonly is a previous researches

which is done provide information as a guideline in order to enhance understanding of

the study topic. Elimination a lot of information that were previous done by researches

can provide a good guideline to pointed out what part needed to be more focused in this

study research.

3.2.2 Questionnaire

Questionnaire is a set preparation of pre-formulated that the researches need to

writing down on the set of paper to deliver written question to the certain responded

expected and record their answers data collected. all question on the set of quantitative

questionnaire should be understandable, clear, no ambiguity obtained. Therefore, the

respondents can fullil the questions with their desirable anwers.

The researcher will choose the targeted contruction companies based on the size

of projects to conduct the study with deliver sets of questionnaire which is located

around Shah Alam, Selangor. Researcher carry out the research to the contractor

companies which have class of A in (PKK) or G7 in (CIDB) as an selected respondent

in site organization. The quantities of the questionanaire was distribute for sixty set

questionnaire approximately to the selected respondent in which deliver onto the

construction company based on the population of G7 construction company especially

the companies with the running project around Shah Alam area. In the questionnaire

33

stage, the process of validation data also be carry out which is the answer on the

quantitative questionnaire will be analysis checked for the purpose accuracy and

suitability with this research topic.

3.2.2.1 Sampling Data

There were about sixty sets of copy questionnaire be distributed to the expected

respondents in the certain contractor company. The targeted respondent for delivering

this questionnaire in this research are consisted of site manager, architect, site engineer,

safety officer, quantity surveyor and site supervisor in the certain contractor

construction company. This selected respondents were choose by researcher because

they are persons have experience on the construction industry and have knowledge

about management on the construction site.

Quantitative questionnaire is an approach to determine the factor effecting safety

performance on the project site in Malaysian construction industry. Sampling data of

quantitative questionnaire was drafted and corroborate with information needed in the

literature reviews. The process of the delivery of the questionnaire set survey done by

the methods :

a) By email and returned via email though online service internet

b) By conforming communication on telephone calls and asks the questionnaire

question.

c) By hand to hand for selected respondents.

3.2.2.2 The design of questionnaire

The limitation of these questionnaire method is that about the cooperation and

willingness of the respondent in completing the set of questionnaire given. So that, the

forms of quantitative questionnaire is design as straight forward as possible to obtain

information based on the objectives study.

34

The framework structure of these questionnaire as a arts of asking questions which is

need to deliver to targeted respondent for answer the questions. The design format set of

questionnaire is use fixed-alternative question that is a structure of the questionnaire

that respondents have a limitation to answering the question which are closer to them

view with choose one answer only.

The researcher also use rating scale such the ‘Likert Scale’ measurement as drafted

consent to targeted respondent for specify to the level strongly agree or disagree with

statement related in set of questionnaire.

5 4 3 2 1

Strongly agree Agreed Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Example of ‘ Likert Scale’ forms for rating scales measurement

The questionnaire structure consisted of three part such as a, b, c which in section A is a

general information of respondent, section B includes purpose of safety performance

measurement, measurement of safety performance method and information needed for

safety performance evaluation, and section C is a factors influencing safety performance

and recommendation to improve safety performance The information gathered was as

follows:

Section A ;

General information of the targeted respondent

a) Name of respondent

b) Profesion

c) Position

d) Working experience

35

Section B ;

Reasons for implementing safety performance measures

a) Produce the information as strategies to control the risks

b) Provide decision making

c) Addressing different information needs who have particular responsibilities

d) Provide a complete picture of the organisation’s health and safety performance.

The most common method used in measurement of safety performance

a) Accident rate (AR)

b) Incidence rate (IR)

c) Experience modification rating (EMR)

d) Score card (SC)

Common information needed for safety performance evaluation

a) Measuring the hazard burden

b) Measuring the health and safety culture

c) Measuring management arrangements and risk control systems

d) Measuring workplace precaution

Section C ;

Factors affecting safety performance on site

a) Management activities on site factors

b) Policy factor

c) Process factor

d) Personnel factors

e) Incentive factors

f) Technical factors

36

Recommendation to improve safety performance

a) Top management role

b) Workers experience

c) Supervision of superintendent and supervisor

d) Safety program practices

e) Improve supervision of superintendent and supervisor

3.2.4 Data Analysis

All the data and information collected through literature review, questionnaires,

and interviews will need to be gathered, summarized and analyzed. For the data from

the quantitative questionnaire will compile with using average index method.

Information that will be analyzed is Information needed in safety performance

evaluation, factors affecting safety performance on site, and recommendation to

improve safety performance. Then, The results will analyzed by using descriptive

statistic method and the result from the finding will be show in the form of graphs such

as pie chart and histogram.

37

3.2.4.1 Average index

The average index can be assess by used formula:

Average index = Ʃ aixi

Ʃ xi

Where;

ai = constant expressing the weight given to i

xi = variable expressing the frequency of respondent, for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

the categories of scales are ;

1 = strongly disagree 1.00 ≤ min index < 1.50

2 = disagree 1.50 ≤ min index < 2.50

3 = neutral 2.50 ≤ min index < 3.50

4 = agree 3.50 ≤ min index < 4.50

5 = strongly agree 4.50 ≤ min index < 5.50

38

3.6 Summary

This chapter describes in detail the flow by flow of the study research from the

initial stage to the end in achieve the objectives of this research. The researcher show

the method used to get data from several method which is primary data and secondary

data. The result collected either from questionnaire and interview session will gathered

data of the study. Lastly, the percentage analysis are used to summarize the data

collected for create the result of research

Table 3.0 summary of methodology

No Research objective

Research question Research method

Components of questionnaire

respondents

1To identify

the safety

performance

on site

I. What is a safety

performance?

II. How to measure

safety

performance?

III. What are the

information needed

for safety

performance

evaluation?

Questionnaires

Literature review

Section A ; General

information of the

targeted respondent

Section B ;

identification of

safety performance

on site

Safety officer

Site manager

Site supervisor

2To identify

the factors

affecting low

safety

performance

in

construction

site

I. What are the

factors influencing

safety

performance?

II. What are the

recommendation to

improve safety

performance?

Section C ; factors

affecting safety

performance on site

Section D ;

recommendation to

improve safety

performance

39

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter is a stage to analyses the data collected that was carried out from

the quantitative questionnaire. In the process of data collected, the researcher was using

Microsoft Excel to establish the pie chart and bar chart for indicate the data result from

the analyzed of the quantitative questionnaire. Beside, the result of the average index

also will be show in the table with arrangement from the high score to below.

In this part, the data collected are presented based on arrangement from the

questionnaire content in which was separated in three section,. Section A is on personal

background, section B includes the purpose of safety performance measurement,

measurement of safety performance method and information needed for safety

performance evaluation. For the last section C includes the factors influencing safety

performance and recommendation to improve safety performance. In the process of

collecting data, the researcher prepared about sixty set of questionnaire for distribute to

the selected respondents who are involved in construction site work. The questionnaire

was deliver to the respondents through visit the construction site and distribute to the

organization site worker. The researcher also take the alternative to search the company

head office for sending the questionnaire.

From the sixty copies of questionnaire was given to the respondents, forty one copies

were received to the researcher. It is can be presented in 68.33% get the return from the

selected respondents to the researcher.

40

4.2 Data analysis and finding for section A (Personel Background)

4.2.1 Respondent position

Respondent background in the section A was analyzed based on five personel

categories designed in the questionnaire set there are type of firm, job position,

academic qualification, field expertise and working experience.

97%

3%

Type of Firm

constructionconsultancy

Figure 4.0 : Type of Firm

Based on the initiated analyses, most of respondents from this researches are

from the construction company firm and only one respondent from them is from

consultancy firm. 97% percent out of 41 copies useable questionnaires were from

contractors, which represent the largest groups of response in this research. Contractors

provide valuable information as they are those who deal with the front line of the

construction. They are those who face problems and make decision when have a trouble

in safety aspect on the construction site. Therefore, the result from these respondents

would give a clear overview of safety and health management in the construction

workplace.

41

From the questionnaire designed, the job position of respondents was analyzed in

position of project manager, engineer, quantity surveyor, safety officer, and supervisor.

The numbers of respondents position involved in the research was compute according to

figure 4.1.

5%

35%

10%

24%

26%

Respondents position

project managerengineerquantity surveyorsafety officersite supervisor

Figure 4.1: Job Position Of Respondents

Based on figure 4.1, there were five type of position of the respondents involved in

research. Based on the analysis that has been done, the highest percentage of 35%

respondent work as an engineer with frequency of 14 person. Many of profesional

workers involved on the construction site on Shah Alam comes from the engineer

profesion. They have more knowledge about the environment on the construction site

and also liable to maintain and control the construction work.

The second highest are supervisors of 26% with frequency of 11 respondents. The

supervisor are responsible to supervise and monitor the activities of the workers and

also liable to take care the safety of their workers during construction process. The third

42

highest involved are safety officer of 24% with frequency of 10 respondents follow by

quantity surveyor with ten percent with frequency of four respondents. The last is

project manager with five percent only with frequency of two respondent that get

feedback to the questionnaire given.

4.2.2 Respondents academic qualification

27%

62%

11%

academic qualification

diplomadegreemasterPHD

Figure 4.2: Academic Qualification Of Respondents

According to figure 4.2, it indicate the academic qualification of the respondents

in this research. The highest percentages in reference to academic qualification is 62%

which represent degree qualification. This is because the demand of the degree

qualification for the construction work is high. Degree holders have high level of

academic knowledge depend on the diploma qualification holder. Therefore, their

opinions are very useful and provide true insights to the research questions. The second

highest are consists of respondents who are graduated from diploma level where it

represented of 27% with frequency of 11 respondents. The lowest are master level with

10% which is 4 respondent.

43

4.2.3 Respondents Working Experience

61%

31%

8%

working experience

1-5 years5-10 years> 10 years

Figure 4.3: Working Experience Of Respondents

Based on figure 4.3 show that the experience of the selected respondents

involved in questionnaire research. More than half from the respondents have 1-5 years

working experience on the construction site where it represented of 61% with frequency

of 25 number of respondents. This show that many of the respondents have a little

experience on the construction industry because most of them were fresh graduates.

Respondents who are have 5-10 years working experience is about 31% with total

frequency of 13 respondent. Most of them have more experience and knowledge

adapted from the work and also known how to conduct the works efficiently. Lastly,

three of the respondents involved have more than 10 years of working experience in the

construction industry. They are two project manager and one safety officer.

44

4.3 Data analysis and finding for section B

This section designed in way to know the purpose for implementing safety

performance measurement and the most common method used in measurement of safety

performance and also information needed for safety performance evaluation.

Respondents are required to fulfill the answer on the questionnaire with rating scale

based on their knowledge and experience on construction industry. Table 4.1 shows the

rating scale form that was used by the researcher.

Table 4.1 : Rating scale

RATING SCALE

Strongly agree 5

Agree 4

Neutral 3

Disagree 2

Strongly disagree 1

the categories of scales are ;

1 = strongly disagree 1.00 ≤ min index < 1.50

2 = disagree 1.50 ≤ min index < 2.50

3 = neutral 2.50 ≤ min index < 3.50

4 = agree 3.50 ≤ min index < 4.50

5 = strongly agree 4.50 ≤ min index < 5.50

45

4.3.1 Reasons for implementing safety performance measure in firm

This part were designed in order to know about the purpose for implementing

safety performance measurement in construction project. It is also a way to determine

the number frequency of the different types of purpose implementation of safety

performance measurement.

0

5

10

15

20

25

17

1315

17

2223

20 20

1

4 4

11 1 13

0 0 1 0

strongly agreeagreeneutraldisagreestrongly disagree

Figure 4.4 : Reason Why Implementing Safety Performance Measure In Firm

46

Table 4.2 : Purpose Of Safety Performance Measurement

Purpose 1 2 3 4 5 Avearge

index

Rank

Produce the information as

strategies to control the risks

- 1 1 22 17 4.34 1

Provide decision making - 1 4 23 13 4.17 3

Addressing different information

needs who have particular

responsibilities

1 1 4 20 15 4.12 4

Provide a complete picture of the

organisation’s health and safety

performance.

- 3 1 20 17 4.24 2

Based on figure 4.4, it shows the purpose of safety performance measurement

need to be carry out on the construction site. From the questionnaire survey analysis, the

results shows that all the reasons stated are important reasons for implementation of

safety performance measurement on the construction firm. That can be proved with high

level of average index output from the questionnaire analysis for each element reasons.

Produce the information as strategies to control the risks is a reasons that get a highest

level of average index 4.34. Most of respondents are agreed on that reason, so that it is

became a very important reason for implementing safety performance measure on

construction firm because suitable information getting from the safety performance

measurement can be applying to control the safety risk. The safety and health on the

construction can be improve when get the information toward weakness of the safety

practice and known recommended area on the site in which remedial action is required.

47

The second reason why implementing safety performance measurement is to provide a

complete picture of the organization’s health & safety performance with 4.24 average

index. Most of respondents are agree on that reason because safety performance

measurement can produce a result of safety condition on the firm. Result can be form by

either the level condition of the safety is on standard requirement or need to take others

requirement action.

For the third purpose of safety performance measures is to provide decision making

with 4.17 average index. Therefore, it showed that safety performance measures can

helps in deciding what program is needed in the certain circumstances. Lastly, the

lowest average index is about 4.12, that reason is a addressing different information

needs who have particular responsibilities in the construction organization. This because

among of workers in the construction organization there are only one position who are

have particular responsibilities on the Safety and health, that is a safety officer.

Table 4.2 shows the analysis of respondents choose the answer in five frequency

analysis where stated from number one to five as like as strongly disagree to strongly

agree. From the table that, the result can be conclude with the number of ranks where

the most important purpose for implementing safety performance measurement is to

produce the information as strategies to control the risks. The second purpose is to

provide a complete picture of the organization’s health and safety performance on the

company firm. The third purpose is to provide decision making in the certain

circumstances and addressing different information needs who have particulars

responsibilities.

48

4.3.2 Common method used in measurement of safety performance

02468

101214161820

9

6 5 6

20

15 14

17

11

1719

13

0 1 1 11 1 1 2 strongly agreeagreeneutraldisagreestrongly disagree

Figure 4.5 : Methods Used In Measurement Of Safety Performance

Table 4.3 : analysis for method used in measurement of safety performance

Method 1 2 3 4 5Average

index

rank

Accident rate (AR) 1 - 11 20 9 3.88 1

Incidence rate (IR) 1 1 17 15 6 3.51 3

Experience modification rating

(EMR)1 1 19 14 5

3.44 4

Score card (SC) 2 1 13 17 7 3.56 2

49

Based on the figure 4.5 shows the methos used in measurement of safety

performance there are Accident Rate (AR), Incidence Rate (IR), Experince Modification

Rating (EMR), Score Card (SC). From the questionnaire survey analysis Accident Rate

(AR) have a highest average index of 3.88. That shows most of respondents was choose

Accidents Rate (AR) as the most common method used in measurement safety

performance. This is because Accident Rate (AR) is a simple method and the safety

performance result can be produced with a short period process but it can became

unreliable. Accident Rate (AR) is a method where use the comparison of the number

accidents occurred on the construction site

The second common method used is Score Card (SC) with 3.56 average index, based on

the analyzed have been done, Score Card (SC) was ranged in second common method

used for safety performance measurement. This because Score Card (SC) involved a

specific provision where there are consists of six key aspect such as provision of the

plant, working environment, instruction, training and implementation of safety work. In

the construction site, the lack of safety management can be seeing by the provision

process.

For the Incidence Rate (IR) method, it was ranged in the third common method used for

measurement safety performance. This because Incidence Rate (IR) method are not too

compatible among the respondents caused the IR need to computed based on the

number of days lost for all lost time cases occurred and also involved the calculation

process.

The lowest method used is Experience Modification Rating (EMR) with 3.44 average

index. Most of the respondents were neutral with that method, Experience modification

rating (EMR) is method used based on reflects the cost company have to pay for

worker’s compensation insurance. This because EMR formulae are relatively complex

and different version of calculation exist practice, EMR is not an appropriate measure of

safety performance for all type companies. In addition, as the EMR is based on running

average results over several years, this method cannot truly reflect the current safety

performance of companies.

50

4.3.3 Common information needed for safety performance evaluation

05

10152025

18 1821 22

19 1815 15

2 2 2 10 1 2 31 1 1 0


Figure 4.6 : information needed in safety performance evaluation

Table 4.4 : Elements Of Information Needed For Evaluation Of Safety

Performance

Information Needed 1 2 3 4 5Average

index

rank

Measuring the hazard burden 1 - 2 19 18 4.22 3

Measuring the health and safety

culture1 1 2 18 18

4.17 4

Measuring management arrangements

and risk control systems1 2 2 15 21

4.29 2

Measuring workplace precaution - 3 1 15 22 4.37 1

51

According to the figure 4.6 shows that information needed for safety

performance evaluation. There are four element need to be consider during the process

of safety performance evaluation, there are measuring the hazard burden, measuring the

health and safety culture, measuring management arrangement and risk control systems

and measuring workplace precaution. All this information can be indentify in one of

construction projects company caused when a construction project is running there are

involved more management and processes to complete the construction.

In the construction safety and health, workplace precaution is a important issue need to

measure by the worker especially safety officer in order for evaluate safety performance

on the construction site. It can be proved that respondents were agreed with highest

average index of 4.37. Measuring workplace precaution is a most common information

needed for evaluation caused it have been in number one ranked among others element.

Therefore, workplace precaution need to be take high consideration when designing the

safety plan.

The second common information needed in safety performance evaluation is measuring

management arrangements and risks control system with average index of 4.29. It

showed that, most of the respondent were agreed where contractors responsible to

prepare all necessary element in management arrangement and risk control system onto

construction site. That element should be satisfied properly to ensure evaluation of the

safety performance in a good condition level.

Beside, measuring the hazard burden also have a high level of average index 4.22

however it is a third choice information that’s respondents need for safety performance

evaluation. The respondent were agree measuring hazard burden are important element

need to satisfied. This is because construction site involved more hazard burden need to

take care to reduce the risks on the construction site. Hazard burden could be in any

components such as materials, machineries or environments stated on the surrounding

of the site.

The last element result from the respondents survey that information needed for safety

performance evaluation is to known the health and safety culture with 4.17 average

52

index. It showed that respondent are agree measuring the health and safety culture need

to executed. This is because the safety culture can affects the operation of management

safety and health with give a impact of their effectiveness management system. The

rank of the most information needed for making value of the safety performance can

refer the table 4.4. From the analysis all the information elements is a important matter

need to measuring and record in order to determine the level of each elements, its can be

proved by high score of average index result from the questionnaire survey.

4.4 Data analysis and finding for section C

For the section C, data analysis and finding includes of the factors influencing

safety performance and recommendation to improve safety performance

4.4.1 Common factors that influencing safety performance on site

0

5

10

15

20

25 22

13

19 20

13

22

1417

1518

20

12

2

10

63 4 43

0 1 0

4

00 1 0 0 03

strongly agree

agree

neutral

disagree

strongly disagree

Figure 4.7 : Factors Influencing Safety Performance

53

Table 4.5 : data analysis of factors affecting safety performance

Factors 1 2 3 4 5Average

index

rank

Management activities on site

factor- 3 2 14 22

4.34 2

Policy factor 1 - 10 17 13 4.00 6

Process factor - 1 6 15 19 4.12 4

Personnel factors - - 3 18 20 4.41 1

Incentive factors - 4 4 20 13 4.02 5

Technical factors 3 - 4 12 22 4.22 3

The factors affecting the safety performance on construction site are as discussed

in figure 4.7. There are six categories of factors as pointed on the figure that and each of

the categories has its own rank stated on table 4.5. From the research survey of the

respondents, all the factors are contribute to the affecting toward safety performane on

site. From the analyzed the data collected that personnel factors is a number one ranked

among others factors. So that, the most factors influencing that is personnel factors with

average index of 4.41. Personnel factors related on the human issues means that involve

the construction workers on the organization. Personnel factor can be consists of

management attitude toward safety, supervision and worker attitude toward safety, and

human errors. The respondents were stated the attitude of humans is a element that give

more impact to the safety performance on site. The poor behaviour of the worker were

give a impact on their task such as personel protection equipment (PPE) uses. Other

than that, the lack of awareness among the workers also contribute to the risk and

injuries occurred. The human error and a little experience on the construction

environment also influencing the safety and health on site.

Management activities on site is a second common factors affecting safety performance

with 4.34 average index and represent of number two in ranked. Management activities

54

on site means that how the worker planning their work activities on the workplace, that

includes during the design of the site layout until the maintenance of the building.

management activities on site effecting safety performance because the risks can arise

on the construction site when the lack of management conducted.

Next issue of affecting safety performance is a technical factors with 4.22 average

index. Based on analyzed, respondents were agreed that factor contributing to the

affecting of safety performance. This is because Effective technicalities on the

construction site will produce systematic process and make better ways as complexity

of construction works to obstructive any unsafe behaviors and condition

The factors in number four in ranked is a process factors with average index of 4.12.

Based on the analysis have been done, respondents were believe process factor can

influencing safety performance on the construction site. The process factors is a

activities during the construction that effect the safety and health. It can be from lack of

method statements, equipments, and skill during do the task can influencing the safety

on construction site

Next factors is number five in ranked, that is a incentive factors with average index of

4.02. Most of the respondents were agreed with that factor which can affecting the

safety performance on site. Incentive factor is common related to the budget issues for

preparation safety and health requirement. That mean, the poor of budget recommended

on the safety and health designed can influencing the safety system on the construction

site. For the last ranked factor is about policy in which a safety and health policy sets

regulation with a arrangement to guide the organization in the certain condition. Most of

the respondents also agree with average index of 4.00. That show policy can also

influencing the safety performance because policy is a set of regulation where can

organizing the safety system on the construction site.

55

IV.4.2 The recommendations in improving safety performance.

Improve Top management

role

Employing experienced

workers

Improve Supervision

Trains Safety program practices

Increases OSHA cost expenses

0

5

10

15

20

25

18

15

2123

14

1112

1113

15

119

5

2

8

12

13

113 3

0

3


Figure 4.8 : Recommendations For Increasing Safety Performance Level

Table 4.6 : Data Analysis For Recommendation To Improve Safety Performance

Recommendation 1 2 3 4 5Average

index

rank

Improve Top management role 1 1 11 11 18 4.15 2

Employing experienced workers 3 2 9 12 15 3.83 5

Improve Supervision of superintendent and

supervisor3 1 5 11 21

4.12 3

Train Safety program practices 0 3 2 13 23 4.37 1

Increases occupational safety and health cost

expenses3 1 8 15 14

3.88 4

56

Figure 4.8 indicated some of the possible ways to enhance safety performance

level on the construction site. Based on the result of questionnaire surveys, the

respondents were agreed with the trains safety program practices should be executed

and give more attentioned on the organization’s firm. That can be proved with highest

average index presented of 4.37. That mean, the worker who are regularly involved to

the construction working should to attend the safety training or any safety practice

program to increace the level of knowledge about the safety requirement in the certain

standard.

The second ways for increasing safety performance level with improve top management

role with average index of 4.15. Respondents were agreed that top management role can

increase safety performance level on construction site where need some improvement

for the top management role toward safety and health practices. The awareness of the

workers especially the manager is a important things to give a high attention about the

health and safety aspects.

The third ways recommendation is to improve supervision of superintendent and

supervisor. Respondents were agreed that particular recommendation with average

index of 4.12. That mean, respondents believe with adequate supervision could lead to

awareness and caution of the workers during construction process for take care any

safety requirement to avoid any penalty action. The fourth selected technique from the

analysis for improving safety performance level is employing experienced workers to

carry out the tasks on the workplace. It can be proved with average index of 3.88. That

mean, most of respondents believe that the firm also can hold on their employees

working for longer periods of time in their organization to preserve their knowledge and

experience about safety and health.

The last ways as a recommendation to improve safety performance level on the

construction site by increase occupational safety and health cost expenses with 3.83

average index. There were represented that respondents were agreed for that

recommendation. That mean, respondents believe that contractor need to consider the

budget expense for safety and health in the construction to prepare all the safety

equipment and requirement. The good budget allocated can enhancing safety

performance system efficiency.

57

4.5 Summary

Table 4.7 : summary of the data analysis

Question Result

Reasons for implementing safety

performance measure in firm

Produce the information as strategies to control

the get a highest level of average index 4.34.

Common method used in

measurement of safety

performance

Accident Rate (AR) have a highest average index

3.88

Common information needed for

safety performance evaluation

Measuring workplace precaution have a highest

average index 4.37

Common factors that influencing

safety performance on site

Most important factors influencing that is

personnel factors with average index 4.41.

The recommendations in

improving safety performance

Trains safety program practices have a highest

percentages average index 4.37

As a summary of chapter four, the question was filled by respondents then get

the result from the data analysis have been done. From the result that, Produce the

information as strategies to control the risks is a reasons that get a highest level of

average index 4.34. Most of respondents are agree on that reason, so that it is became a

very important reason for implementing safety performance measure on construction

firm. besides, Accident Rate (AR) have a highest average index of 3.88. That shows

most of respondents was choose Accidents Rate (AR) as the most common method used

in measurement safety performance.

Next, Measuring workplace precaution is a most common information needed for

evaluation caused it have been in number one ranked among others element. Other than

that, all the factors are contribute to the affecting toward safety performane on site

however the most factors influencing that is personnel factors with average index of

4.41. Based on the result of questionnaire surveys, the respondents were agreed with the

trains safety program practices should be executed and give more attentioned on the

organization’s firm. That can be proved with highest average index presented of 4.37.

58

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter have conclusion and recommendation from the research topic. In

the conclusion part, there have discussion about the finding that have been gathered

based on objectives research. Then, recommendation of this research will be stated and

recommendation for future study also will be written on this chapter as a enhancement

for the research.

5.1 Conclusions

This aim of the research is to explore the factors that affect the safety

performance on construction site. The purpose of this chapter is to conclude all the

findings that have been collected from data analysis on the chapter four. The two

research objectives stated on the research topic have been successfully achieved and the

findings are conclude based on the objectives of the topic as follows;

5.1.1 Objectives 1 : To identify the safety performance measurement on the

construction site

This objectives is to identify the safety performance measurement on the

construction site. From the result on the questionnaire, Accident Rate (AR) is a common

method used to identify the safety performance on the construction site than others

method. This because (AR) method is a simple ways to measure the level of safety

performance on site. In addition, on the literature review, Accident Rate (AR) can be a

one of the simply method and can get a result with a short period process but it can

became unreliable. This is because the accuracy valuation by using Accident Rate is

depending on the honesty of contractor in reporting their accidents and incidents.

59

Besides, workplace precaution is a important issue need to measure by the worker

especially safety officer in order to get information needed for identify safety

performance on the construction site. The common reasons for implementing safety

performance measurement is to produce the information as strategic to control the risk

on the construction site.

5.1.2 Objectives 2 : To identify the factors affecting safety performance on the

construction site

The factors influencing safety performance on the construction site is mainly due

to personnel factor. The respondents were agreed that attitude of humans is a element

that give more impact to the safety performance on site. In the literature review also

inform that Personel factors is a one of elements factor point through the safety

behaviors of the management and workers within an organization. The lack of

behaviour and attitudes of the worker on the workplace affecting of poor safety

condition where the workers tend to hazard condition. However, respondents also

agreed with others factors that are contribute to the affecting toward safety performane

on site. There are management activities on site factor, technical factor, process factor,

incentive factor, and policy factor.

5.2 Recommendation

This finding of the study provides an recommendation to improve safety

performance on the construction site. The researcher found some initiatives to increases

the level of safety performance that can be used to conduct safety and health

management system. There are produce trains safety program practices for the workers

in the organization, improve top management role, and improve supervision of

superintendent and supervisor. Other than that, the firm also can increases occupational

safety and health cost expenses and also employing experienced workers to involve on

the construction site. The respondents also recommend the implementation of Behavior

60

Based Safety (BBS) to improve safety awareness in the construction site. For some

foreign workers, respondents recommend to provide health screen system for checking

the foreign workers. This is because some of the foreign workers were bring the critical

illness from their country like TIBI, HIV/AID, Influenza A H1N1, H5N1, malaria,

hepatitis and others virus illness.

5.2.1 Recommendation for future research

This research study gives an element factors affecting safety performance on the

construction site. Nonetheless, there are still some part of safety performance research

that can be look into for conduct further studies and further improvement can be made.

The following recommendation can be considered as a guide for future research :

1. To study the safety elements need to consider during implementation of

Accident Rate (AR) method for safety performance measurement

2. Improvement for focusing on certain factor that influencing safety performance

level

3. To identify criteria for standard safety performance requirement on the

construction site

4. To identify the implication of poor safety performance applied on the

construction site

61

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65

APPENDICES

66

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