Dmitri Dmitri BeliaevBeliaev & Alexander & Alexander SafronovSafronov

14th European Maya Conference (November 1314th European Maya Conference (November 13––14, 2009)14, 2009)

SaktzSaktz’’ii’’, , ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’

and and XukalnaahXukalnaah:: Reinterpreting the Political Geography Reinterpreting the Political Geography

of the Upper of the Upper UsumasintaUsumasinta RegionRegion

Maya areaMaya area

Western Maya LowlandsWestern Maya Lowlands

Upper Upper UsumasintaUsumasinta

BasinBasin

““Emblem GlyphsEmblem Glyphs””

of Bonampak areaof Bonampak area

kk’’uhuluhul ‘‘AkAk’’ee ajawajaw kk’’uhuluhul XukalnaahXukalnaah ajawajaw

LacanhaLacanha, panel 1 , panel 1

xu-ka-la-NAH - Xukalnaah - “House of …?”

(LACANHA)

Political structure of Political structure of UsumasintaUsumasinta

Valley Valley (after Peter Mathews)(after Peter Mathews)

Occurrence of Occurrence of ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’

and and XukalnaahXukalnaah

““Emblem GlyphsEmblem Glyphs”” on monument of on monument of ““Bonampak areaBonampak area””

26 monuments from 26 monuments from Bonampak areaBonampak area

‘‘AkAk’’ee’’ XukalnaahXukalnaah Double EGDouble EG

BONAMPAKBONAMPAK I IIII IIIINEIGHBORING NEIGHBORING

SITESSITESI I

UNPROVENANCE UNPROVENANCE MONUMENTSMONUMENTS

IIIIIIII IIIIEXTERNAL EXTERNAL MENTIONSMENTIONS

IIIII IIIIII

Place Names of Bonampak and Place Names of Bonampak and LacanhaLacanha

‘u-si-WITZ

(Temple I, Room 1)

xu-ka-la-NAH

‘u-’USIJ-WITZ (BPK:Ssc.4)

‘u-’USIJ-WITZ (BPK:Ssc.5)

‘a-’USIJ-WITZ (BPK:Lnt.1)

tu-KAB’-CH’EN ‘u-’USIJ-WITZ (BPK:Ssc.1)

‘Usijwitz“Vulture Hill”BONAMPAK

‘ Xukalnaah“House of …?”

LACANHA

Accession of Accession of XukalnaahXukalnaah

king in king in ‘‘UsijwitzUsijwitz (Bonampak, Sculptured Stone 4)(Bonampak, Sculptured Stone 4)

Accession of Accession of XukalnaahXukalnaah

king in king in ‘‘UsijwitzUsijwitz (Bonampak, Sculptured Stone 4)(Bonampak, Sculptured Stone 4)

Mentions of Mentions of XukalnaahXukalnaah in Yaxchilanin Yaxchilan (YAX:HS 3, step 1; YAX:St.18)(YAX:HS 3, step 1; YAX:St.18)

Caption o Xukalnaah

lord by Pa’chan

king ‘Itzam-…(PBD)-B’ahlam

III in 729

SaklakalSaklakal

Place Name in Bonampak areaPlace Name in Bonampak area

Yaxchilan, lintel 44:Capture of Saklakal sublord

in 689

Bonampak, Ssc.4:‘aj-payaal jukuub’

from Saklakal

Piedras

Negras, Pan.2:‘Aj Chak Jol,

from Saklakal.sublord

of

Xukalnaah

SAK-la-ka-la‘Saklalal

“Place of White Grasshoppers”

Bonampak orientationBonampak orientation

LacanhaLacanha

as the early capital of as the early capital of XukalnaahXukalnaah

Lacanha, stela

7Lacanha

(after Frans

Blom)

Early Early ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’

monumentsmonuments (Houston panel, (Houston panel, ““PoPo--Throne panelThrone panel””))

““Gravity modelGravity model””

and political structure and political structure of Upper of Upper UsumasintaUsumasinta

(after Armando Anaya)(after Armando Anaya)

SaktzSaktz’’ii’’

““Emblem GlyphEmblem Glyph””

kk’’uhuluhul ‘‘SaktzSaktz’’ii’’ ajawajaw

Piedras

Negras, stela

26 a.k.a. “Saktz’i’

panel”

‘‘AkAk’’ee’’

defeated by defeated by SaktzSaktz’’ii’’

in 693in 693 (Denver + Brussels panels a.k.a. (Denver + Brussels panels a.k.a. ““SaktzSaktz’’ii’’

panelpanel””))

ССhaha’’ ‘‘HulHul--OhlOhl huuxhuux Chan Chan chuhkajchuhkaj ‘‘EkEk’’ MoMo’’ ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’

‘‘ajawajaw yy--itajiitaji YabYab’’ KK’’awiilawiil ‘‘ajaj--KK’’anteante’’ll. Chan Cham . Chan Cham pehkajpehkaj YabYab’’ KK’’awiilawiil ‘‘ajaj--KK’’anteante’’ll ‘‘ajaj--KK’’inyahainyaha’’ ‘‘ajaj--

ChaktooChaktoo’’kk’’alal ‘‘ajaj--……us us ‘‘ajaj--PaniilPaniil ‘‘ajaj--‘‘AtuunAtuun ‘‘ajaj--‘‘AmuAmu’’aa

pehkajpehkaj yy--ichnalichnal KK’’abab’’ ChanteChante’’ SaktzSaktz’’ii’’ ‘‘ajawajaw

In the day of 2 In the day of 2 ‘‘HulHul--OhlOhl, 3 Chan (7.4.693) was , 3 Chan (7.4.693) was captured captured ‘‘EkEk’’

MoMo’’

king king ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’, he companied by , he companied by YabYab’’

KK’’awiilawiil, he from , he from KK’’anteante’’ll. In the day of 4 Cham . In the day of 4 Cham (8.4.693) were called (8.4.693) were called YabYab’’

KK’’awiilawiil, he from , he from KK’’anteante’’ll, , he from he from KK’’inyahainyaha’’, he from , he from ChaktooChaktoo’’kk’’alal, he from , he from ……us, he from us, he from PaniilPaniil, he from , he from ‘‘AtuunAtuun, he from , he from ‘‘AmuAmu’’aa

, they were called to the face of , they were called to the face of KK’’abab’’

ChanteChante’’, king of , king of SaktzSaktz’’ii’’..

Double Double ““Emblem GlyphEmblem Glyph””

of of SaktzSaktz’’ii’’

and and ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’ (Caracas panel and (Caracas panel and StendahlStendahl

panel)panel)

Saint Louis column, 715 A.D.Saint Louis column, 715 A.D.

““KnotKnot--eyeeye””--BB’’ahlamahlam

asas the ruler of the ruler of ‘‘AkAk’’ee’’ and and XukalnaahXukalnaah

Lacanha, panel 1

Bonampak, lintel 3

““KnotKnot--sitesite””

Place Name of Bonampak areaPlace Name of Bonampak area

‘aj-”KNOT” ‘aj-”KNOT” ‘aj-”KNOT”

k’uhul Xukalnaah ‘ajaw

El Chorro, altar 6

‘Ix-”TIED-HAIR”-la ‘ajaw

Bonampak murals,Room 2, caption 10

K’UH-”TIED-HAIR”-’AJAW-wa

Alliance of Alliance of XukalnaahXukalnaah

and and PaPa’’chanchan against against SaktzSaktz’’ii’’

Bonampak, lintel 1 Bonampak, lintel 2

Bonampak, Temple I murals

ToninaTonina

victory over victory over SaktzSaktz’’ii’’ (ca. 787(ca. 787--806)806)

Place Names of Place Names of XukalnaahXukalnaah kingdomkingdom

Usijwitz - “Vulture Hill” (BONAMPAK)

Xukalnaah - “House of …?” (LACANHA)

”KNOT-site” - ? (???)

Kij - “?” (???)

B’ub’ulha’ - “Throating water” (Ojo de Agua ?)

Saklakal - “Place of White Grasshoppers” (???)

Political structure of Upper Political structure of Upper UsumasintaUsumasinta (after Armando Anaya)(after Armando Anaya)

New reconstruction of political boundaries New reconstruction of political boundaries of of LacanhaLacanha

ValleyValley

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!!