Edward Henry Scott

I N

GREAT BRITAINAPPLIED TO ILLUSTRATE THE HISTORY OF

FAMILIES, MANNERS, HABITS, and ARTS,

AT THE DIFFERENT PERIODS

from THE NORMAN CONQJJEST to the SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

WITH

INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.

PART I.

CONTAINING THE FOUR FIRST CENTURIES.

La Sculpture peut aufli fournir les Monumens en quantite : laplupartfur les tombeaux.

Montfaucon.

LONDON,PRINTED BY J. NICHOLS, FOR THE AUTHOR;

AND SOLD BY T. PAYNE AND SON.M DCC LXXXVI.

PREFACE.WHEN Pere Montfaucon firft undertook his inimitable Work,

“ Les Monumens de la Monarchic Fra^oife,” he profeffed to give the

Monuments of the refpeiftive reigns detached and unconnected. But apprehend-

ing there would be too many vacant intervals to pafs over, and more books to

he confulted by his readers to fill them up, he was induced to take on himfelf

the trouble of fupplying this void. His intimate acquaintance with the hiftory

of his country enabled him to do this properly. The innumerable monumentseither actually exifting or preferved in drawings in the cabinets of the curious

demanded fuch connection.

His work contains, in five volumes folio, the Hiftory of P rance, with all themonuments relative to her fovereigns, princes of the blood, nobility, the king’s

houfhold, and the great officers of the crown. He intended to add four morevolumes : two of ecclefiaftical monuments, and two of private life, coinage,

military matters, and funerals, on the fame plan; with a fupplement at the end,

of all that had efcaped his obfervation, or been difcovered fince.

Such was the extent of this learned Antiquary’s views. Whether his life or

his encouragement proved unequal to the complete execution of them does notappear. His defignhas been in part refumed by Monf. le Grand Auffy

; who hasfo fully illuftrated the hiftory of the private life of the French, from the earlieft

period to the prefent time. The three volumes already publiffied in oc-

tavo comprize a very fmall portion of his extenfive plan, only what concerns the

table, and its various appendages and pleafures; in which hulbandry, garden-

ing, hunting, 8cc. are included; but he promifes, from his valuable collection

of drawings, copied from tombs, painted windows and fronts of churches, andother antient monuments, a complete hiftory of dreftes and faffiions in all

parts, and among all orders and ranks in Franks. And it is only from thefe

fources that we can deduce fuch parts of the hiftory of paft times, and our ac-

quaintance with thofe who lived before us.

The plan of thefe two writers includes the whole of what among us hasbeen divided into different parts, and attempted by different perfons.

How

How much rauft we regret the failure of that well-concerted plan, which

would, under the direction of its firft promoter, have furniftied a body of monu-

ments of Englifli Monarchy. Mr. Walpole cannot be difpleafed at the circulation

of his own moft laudable intention, as I find it in a letter addrefled by him to the

late Mr. Cole of Milton, in 1769.

“ With regard to an Hiftory ofGothic Archi tedture, in which Mr. Eflex de-

fires my advice, the plan I think fliould be in a very fimple compafs. Was I

to execute it, it fliould be thus : I would give a feries of plates, even from the

conclufion of Saxon architedlure, beginning with the round Roman arch,and

going on to fhew how they plaiftered and zigzaged it, and then how better or-

naments crept in, till the beautiful Gothic was arrived at its perfection ; then

how it declined in Henry VlII’s reign;

archbiflhop Warham's tomb at Canter-

bury being, I believe, the laft example of unbaftardized Gothic. A very few

plates more would demonftrate its change. Hans Holbein embroidered it with

fome morfels of true architecture ; in queen Elizabeth’s reign there was fcarce

any architecture at all; I mean no pillars, or feldom

; buildings then becoming

quite plain. Under James a barbarous compofition fucceeded. A fingle plate

of fomething of Inigo Jones in his heavieft and worft ftyle fliould terminate

the work ; for he foon ftepped into the true and perfect Grecian.

“ The next part Mr. Eflex can do better than any body, and is perhaps the

only man that can do it. This fliould confift of obfervations on the art, pro-

portion, and method of building, and the reafons obferved by the Gothic Ar-

chitects for what they did. This would fliew what great men they were,

and how they raifed fuch aerial and itupenduus maflcs, though unaflifted by

half the lights now enjoyed by their fucceflors.

“ The prices and the wages of workmen, and the comparative value of

money at the feveral periods, fliould be ftated, as far as it is poflible to get

materials.

il The laft part (I don’t know whether it fliould not be the firft part) nobody

can do fo well as yourfelf. This muft be to afcertain the chronologic part of

each building;and not only of each building, but of each tomb that fliall be

exhibited; for you know the great delicacy and richnefs of Gothic ornaments

was exhibited on fmall chapels, oratories, and tombs. For my own part, I

fliould have wiflied to have added detached famples of the various patterns ofornaments, which would not be a great many, as, excepting pinnacles, there is

fcarce one which does not branch 'from the trefoil, quatrefoil, and cinqfoil,

being but various modifications of it. I believe almoft all the ramifications

of windows are fo, and of them there fliould be fome famples too. Thiswork you fee could not be executed by one hand. Mr. Tyfon could give greatafliftarice. I wifli the plan was drawn out and better digefted. This is a veryrude Iketch, ar.d firft thought. I fliould be very glad to contribute what little

I knew, and to the expence too, which would be confiderable; but I am

fure

fure we could get affiftance, and it had better not be undertaken than executed

fuperficially.

“ Mr. Tyfon’s Hiftory of fafhions and drefles would make a valuable part of

the work, as in elder times efpecially much muft be depended on Tombs for

drefles. Pray talk this over with Mr. Tyfon and Mr. Effex. It is an idea worth

purfuing.”

Mr. Strutt firft among us attempted any thing like refuming Pere Mont-faucon’s plan, and, with little affiftance but his own application, gave us, from

our antient MSS. a curious fele<5tion of portraits, habits, manners, and hiftoric

fails. He has fucceeded beft in his “ Regal and Ecclefiaftical Antiquities but

has not, in his “.ftopba Angel-cynnan,” fufficiently difcriminated the fubjeCts of

the different periods, nor the correCt and original one of each.

Mr.Granger has difcriminated ftill lefs, and has tranfgrefled the very argumenthe alledges 1

for a collection of portraits “ that is principally ufeful, as the moreiC important direction and fettlement of the ideas upon the true form and fea-

“ tures of any worthy and famous perfon reprefented.” For he has throwntogether every picture of every perfon that deferved or pretended to any con-

nection with Great Britain, and has omitted the beft collection of luch pic-

tures, the original portraits themfelves, which he might have traced in their

galleries, from whence many of them are now for ever disjoined. We fmile

when he refers us for the improvement in the knowledge of perfonal hiftory

to the coins engraved in Speed’s Chronicle, or in moft books of coins. Tofuch perfonification, even if it could be depended on, few collectors or engrav-

ers have attended.

It would not be altogether impoffible to draw up a lift of pictures, including

thofe enumerated by Mr. Walpole, in his Anecdotes of Painting, relating to

the Hiftory and Antiquities of England, in the manner of Montfaucon, fromthe Conqueft to the prefent time, beginning with the Tapeftry at Bayeux, of

which it is a reproach to us, as a nation, that we have not procured moft accu-

rate drawings and illuftrations, but have left the latter to Monf. Lancelot, and

are content with the former on the fmall fcale in which he has given them, for

the larger in Montfaucon take in a very fmall part; nor is it clear to me, that

the whole has been copied. The late Smart Lethieullier drew up a long account

of this tapeftry different from Lancelot’s, which was in the hands of Mr. Tindal

of DoCtors Commons, and printed at the end of Dr. Ducarel’s <s Norman Anti-

quities.” The difficulty of completing fuch a lift has been confiderably increafed

by the difperfion of fo many private collections, and by the inattention of ourAntiquaries in tracing what remains : fo that in a few years more we fhall

Mr. Granger, I. jo. gives a whole length of Philippa by Faber, which he fays was engraved from a painting at

Queen s College,. Oxford, and the face of an antient ftone head of her over the back gate of that College. My copy ofthe print fays it is e cenotaph, inmonajt. Wcjhnon. It is curious to hear Hearne obferve, that the ftatuaries made Edwardthe Third’s queen, Philippa

,and the moft beautiful lady models for the Virgin Mary. GlolT. to P. Langtoft,

P* 549 » 5 S°» Warton, Hift. of Eng. Poetr. I. p. 255. He Ihould have faid, Henry Ill’s queen Eleanor, of whom fee

Langtoft, 1.213.

have

[ 4 ]

have no foundation left for fuch a work. The two ftatues of Henry I. and his

queen, on the Weft door of Rochefter cathedral, are crumbling away without

having been drawn. The picture fuppofed of the Crufades in Canterbury

cathedral has been whited over, and the arras in the antechamber of the

Houfe of Lords has never been examined with fufficient care to determine whether

its fubjeCt be the fame \

But without appearing to leffen the merit of preceding attempts to fill up the

great Plan of National Hiftory, let me explain the defign of the prefent work,

which concerns that part of it relative to Sepulchral Monuments, from which

Montfaucon derived fo much affiftance.

Shall I then borrow the lively pen of the author beforementioned, who is

engaged in the fame undertaking at this time in France, and fay : It is not an His-

tory of England that is here prefented to the public. After the number of

hiftories already in print, what profpeCt of finding readers of a new one ? I have

neither the object, the plan, nor the method of an Hiftorian. Our materials

are different, and my plan adopts only what his excludes. Great events, great

perfonages, great characters, good or bad, are all that he brings upon his

ftage.

I talk of graves, of worms, of epitaphs,

And that fmall portion of the barren earth

That ferves as pafte and cover to our bones !

Here is a ftay

That fiiakes the rotten carcafe of old death

Out of his rags.

Mine are fubjeCts rejected by the hiftorian to the end of each reign, among

the prodigies that diftinguifli it. Yet is this detail not uninterefting. It is a

picture of private mixed with public life ; a fubjeCt in which my countrymen

have been anticipated by their neighbours ; and if it is here treated without

the patronage of religious or literary focieties, it wanted not the encouragement

of friends who have left the feene before the completion of a work which they

fome years ago pointed out and would have affifted. I avail myfelf of their

friendlhip and their hints, as well- as of what has been already publiflied

abroad on a fimilar fubjeCt.

A feries of excursions to gratify an innate curiofity after our national Anti-

quities furnifhed the variety of obfervations and materials, which yielded re-

newed Satisfaction in reducing them to order, and thus travelling the groundtwice over, when memory was relieved and refrefiied by the obfervations of

others, and my library Supplied what a Solitary traveller had wanted on the Spot.

* Henr>' In - Ordered thi. Hiftory to be painted in the garden-chamber or fummer-houfe at his palace at Weftmin-r, near what m the writ is called the King’s Jewry, perhaps his rreafury for receiving the fums levied on the Jews,

he ordered to be thenceforward called thuAnliocb Chamber,originally, probably, what is now ftyled the

Walp. I. tr.

A

and which

Jerufalem Chainbi

m

As opportunity offered I have travelled the ground over actually a third time i

and what wonder if I have feen with different eyes ! At an interval of that

leifure which is my inheritance} I formed the bold defign of a new edition of

Camden’s Britannia;in the progrefs of which unexpected aifittances have

arifen. Coieval with this prefented itfelf the idea of illuftrating the Sepul-chral Monuments of this kingdom from the occafional minutes of myexcurlions. I loon found thefe outlines were to be filled up from booksj

and the obfervations of others. What a bufmefs is that of a compiler ! His

induitry is eftimated at little ; but he deferves better fate than he often meets

with. I took courage, and in time brought my materials into fome regular

arrangement. Under this diftribution new matter was eafily introduced in the

additions, improvements, and new difpofitions which every day fuggefted.

The drynefs of the fubjeCt and the fcantinefs of the materials required

decoration and anecdote to fet them off. A trait of liiftory, a pertinent digref-

iion, due comparifon of one age with another, and of antient with modemtimes, are all required to compofe One general and pleaftng piaure. Thefe are

the difficulties to be furmounted. In endeavouring to furmount them I have the

fatisfaaion of refteaing that I have deferibed little befide what my own eyes, or

thofe of judicious friends have examined, or what has been brought home to

all by faithful reprefentations. Perhaps after traverfing more ground, prying

into more churches, and engraving more monuments, curiofity once awakenedwould have been inquifitive for more. Unbounded as the plan is, I claim the

merit of having executed it within certain limits.

Should the fcantinefs of materials be objected, I tauft apply to myfelf, with

due alteration, the anfwer of Pere Montfaucon, in the preface to his third vo-

lume :li The monuments of England are fo few in the eleventh and twelfth

centuries, and even in the thirteenth, that after the molt diligent fearch there

are periods which do not furnifh any. The reigns of Henry III. and the twofirft Edwards afford no fmall number, but it was under Edward HI. andRichard II. that they multiplied fo fail that new ones are continually prefent-

ing themfelves, and the number increafes as we come nearer our owntimes.”

Notwithftanding the diflolution of the religious houfes when fo many feries

of family monuments were involved in the deftruCtion of the monaftic churchwhich their family had founded

; notwithftanding the devaftation of falfe zeal

and fanaticifm 3 in the two laft centuries; the depredations of time, caprice,

ignorance, intereff, and falfe tafte, and a variety of accidents for above a cen-tury fince ; we have a fufficiency of monuments left to illuftrate our liiftory onthe plan here propofed. It is perhaps too weak a hope that this defign mayinduce more attention in future to preferve what remains from immediate ruin,

the defacement of the whitewafher’s brufli, the rude hands of fchool-boys and the

vulgar, and various other unfavourable circumftances; or that this work fhould be

Whoever requires a fpeclmen of thefe ravages let them read the atchievementi of Dowfmg, in the county of Suffolk,

Juft publiflied.

B taken

C 6 ]

taken up and improved by abler hands. It may be enough if it furvives the

national tafte for fuch purfuits. Then indeed might one fay with the poet

:

Exegi monumentum asre perennius,

Regalique fitu pyramidum altius;

Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens

Poffit diruere, aut innumerabilis

Annorum feries, et fuga temporum.

Since the tombs afligned by every fexton, and, on no better credit, by Tome

antiquaries and defcribers of counties, to Lucius,Etbelward

, Ofric, Ina, Gutbrum,

Aldhelm,Aldred

, Alfred king of Northumberland,Redowald, Anna and his fon

Fh minus, a daughter of Canute,Harold

,and more that might be named, if

really belonging to them, are certainly not of their age, and the number of fuch

whofe genuinefs we may depend upon isfo fmall in the preceding centuries; one

may date the sera of authentic fepulchral monuments in Great Britain at the

Nop.man Conquest, and from thence to the Seventeenth Century deduce

a feries from whence may be derived to the knowledge of the Antiquities of

this kingdom no mean acceflion to the labor of Genealogifts and Epitaph

collectors, no little degree of light on our manners, habits, arts, national tafte,

and ftyle of Architecture, no contemptible catalogue of Britilh worthies.

It is not forgotten how many fpecimens of monuments have been drawn bydifferent perfons on the feveral vifitation-books in the Heralds’ College, and

others engraved by our country hiftorians, many of them by the mafterly

hand of Hollar. Of the former I cannot praife many for fidelity, and it will

be noi reproach to Hollar that the drawings which he engraved are extremely

incorreCt. He worked as modern engravers for publilhers, and was obliged to

take up with fuch draughts as were put into his hands : Suffice it to compare

thofe in Sandford with fome in this work. Neither likenefs, proportion, nor

any kind of truth, has been obferved in many of them. Hollar was more ex-

cusable than Scbynvoet, who has erred unpardonably in the monuments of

Canterbury, which he drew to be engraved by Cole, who has not been more

faithful in, thofe at Weftminfter. Thofe at Ely are not on afeale favourable to

exaCtnefs. If we look at the foreign monuments that have been engraved,

not one of them which has come under my obfervation has fo good a title to

xaCtnefs. Thofe in Montfaucon, where fo much was to be expeCted, are very

inferior. Thofe in the “ Theatre facre de Brabant” are worfe. Reyher’s “ Mo-numenta Landgraviorum Thuringia? et Marchionum Mifnite the « Nobilitas

Danias ex monumentis curante T. de Klevenfeld,” as well as thofe of the “ Vi-truve Suede,” are not more faithful. Thofe in Lobineau’s “ Hiftoire de Bre-tagne,” and a few other topical works publifhed in France, muft be excepted.

And it is to be remembered, that I am fpeaking of the monuments properlycalled Gothic, which reach nearly to the reign of Elizabeth. I fhould pay avery indifferent compliment to Mr. Basire if I gave fuch foils to his engravings,which may ferve as models for thefe works, and as incitements to patronage,

while

while the times are favourable; before the caprice, or the avarice, or the indif-

ference, or falfe tafte * of Deans and Chapters, fuffers and authorizes a havock,lefs rapid it may be, but not lefs ruinous, than that which with the axes andhammers of Reformation brake down the carved work of antient aft 5

, andbefore a variety of other circumftances confpire to lelfen the number of thefe

Valuable records of antient ftory.

But as fome may think indifferent reprefentations, even thofe in the Hiftory

of Northumberland and the Antiquarian Repertory, better than none at all

(though I mult ever beg leave to hold a different opinion), and they may not be

difpleafed with verbal defcriptions, it may be worth while to fupply the great

deficiency Of fuch defcriptions, and to fuggeft certain rules and examples for

this method of preferving monuments Not to guard againft the romanticanachrontfm of honeft Lydgate, who reprefents Heitor buried in a Gothic ca-

thedral in a chapel and tomb of the 12 th century; or the inexperience of one

modern author’, who miftook two angels at a lady’s feet for two cherub like babes-,

or the barbarifm * of another, who cliriftened a pilgrim Jupiter Tonitruans or

Silenus ; and a lion at a knight’s feet a water curled dog • ; or the miftaken fancy

of a third '% who fpeaks of two fitters kneeling hand in hand before a crofs ; or

that of a fourth", who talks of monkifh pleureurs, as the parifh clerk of St,

Mary’s church at Warwick does of weepers, at the iides of tombs; or of Dr.

Salmon, who did not diftihguifli cenfers in the hands of angels fromfi/h'mg nets "

;

or a leopard and hedgehog from a cat and a rat or the tradition of the goodpeople of Kirkby Stephen miftaking the Wharton creft for a vanquifhed devil

errors lefs pardonable than that of Dr. Plot' 5

,who, in the laft age, miftook a cairn

of ftone for a natural production; or the German ", who made the fame blunder

about urns ; or the Scot in the Weftern Ifles, who thought fand hills could be

fixed by art. • Such inaccuracy alfo leaves the habit of the times and a knight

of the holy voyage without further light. But to point out the general cha-

4 Witnefs the choirs of Weftminfler and Salifbury, and let the prattice of antiquity be pleaded if it can* The aft of 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 10. was probably the ruin of many of out fepulchfal as well as other ecclefiaftical

monuments, though the former were exprefsly excepted, where the parties had not been reputedfaints. All images andpaintings taken out of or Handing in churches and chapels, as well as Popifli fervice books (which many perfons doubt-lei's would extend to the MS records of religious houfes) are ftriftly enjoined to be deftroyed. under penalty of toy. for

the firft; £. 4. for the fecond; and for the third offence imprifonment at the king’s will. Hence the infeription under

a Bible placed by bifliop Beauchamp in a niche in St. George’s Chapel at Windfor for public reading was eagerlydefaced, with the fame eagernefs as the painting of the laft judgement on the oppofite pillar : and oratepro anima hatchtout of brafles as the name of a Pope or Bccket was erafed out of Millais and Primers.

6 So inattentive arc the refulent defcriberS of our monuments that archdeacon Batteley miftook for archbifhop Idip’s in

the nave at Canterbury an altar tomb or flab, robbed of its brafles, which reprefented a man and wife. Goftling

p. 205.

Maitland fays, the duke of Exeter’s monument at St. Katherine’s, near the Tower, is one of the antienteft in London,except thofe in the Temple-church ; forgetting that that of Rahcre in St. Bartholomew’s church by Smithfield is mucholder : unlcfs he difputes the date of its ere&ion.

* Antiquities of Northumberland, II. 335. * View of Northumberland, I. 97. » lb. II. 313.*" Margate Sketches. ** Tourin Wales, I. 286. “ Hertfordfhire, p. 47. « lb. 20g 4

14 Burn’s Weftmorland, I. J40.

Montfaucon (Diar. It. c. 21.) mentions, in the chapel of St. Erafmus at Gaieta a figure under whofe head is aneagle, at the feet a dog, and at the fame place a fnake rolled up, as they commonly reprefent jEfculapius. I have mydoubts if this be not a Gothic monument, perhaps like that at Pelham in Hertfordfhire, mentioned p. lxxxviii. and as

tfiuch mifunderflood by Chauncy and Salmon. Mabillon himfelf was milled, by not diftinguilhing the right or left

band, or the tpijlle and gofpelfide of a church or altar. Defer, de la haute Normandie, II. 259.“ Staftordlhire, p. 403. Munfter Cofmogr. III. c. 49. p. 698.

rafter

C S ]

rafter of figures as to expreffion, attitude, and habit ; or of tombs, as to ftyle

and ornament;or of epitaphs, as to turn and language ; or of letters, as to

cut and form ; or of heraldry, as to fhields or bearings;whereby to form a

common llandard, approaching fomewhat nearer to accuracy and comprehen-

fion that feems to have been yet unattended to, and to fix certain criteria that

may prevent us from confounding the aeras and owners of our fepulchral

monuments, and falling into the abfurdities of that marvellous colleftion of

family monuments made by Mr. Camden’s friend John lord Lumlev, fromLiulphus, the founder of the family, to John the third lord in the reign of

Elizabeth.

I have elfewhere obferved, that “ fepulchral monuments have their feveral

aeras from the coffin-fafliioned tomb, with no figure at all, or only a crofier,

and feldom infcribed, to the mol ornamented canopy or chapel, which endedat the Reformation, and funk in the next reign into the univerfal difguife ofarchitefture Mr. Tate wrote, or intended to write* of the Antiquity oftombsin England What he left unfinilhed was done by Maurice Johnfon thefounder of the Spalding Society, whole memoir is here inferted at large, andmore flightly by Smart Lethieullier, whofe notes are allb borrowed from theArchteologia.

The learned Montfaucon, though he has given the monuments, aflignedthem their dates, and detailed the hiftory of their proprietors, has not madefo material life of them for illuflrating national manners or modes, as mighthave been expefted, or as he probably would have done, had he completed hisdefign : nor has he entered into any comparifon of one monument or figurewith another, or thofe of one age with thofe of another

; nor laid down anyrules for judging by. Not that the falhion of one age does not in this, aswell as in other points, extend itfelf into the fucceeding, fo as frequently tocreate a difficulty in the inquiry; or the ftyle of the 8th or 9th centuries maybe borrowed by the 13th or 14th, to give an air of antiquity for a particularpurpofe. But ftill the chance is that the copy betrays its originality, anddifcovers fome internal marks of premeditation and fraud. Such are our mo-numents of Saxon times, and the Lumley feries beforementioned, and amongour neighbours the fucceffion of regal monuments before St. Louis.

The age of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth was the sera of the reftoration of thepolite arts in Europe. Italy began to be decorated with a fpecies of funeral mo-numents unknown to Heathen or Chriftian Rome before the houfe of Medicigave a candidate for St. Peter’s chair. From that time one may date the influx offepulchral vanity which contrived monuments without appropriating maufolea,and crouded our churches without regard to proportion or propriety, lavilhingthe wealth of commerce on pofthumous pride, thrufting out filent merit and

Preface to Britidi Topography, p. xxxv.

p.

°f H'“‘ < “>• *»*' «- Hearn,'. Cion.

Ample

I 9 ]

Ample tafte for opulent elegance and falfe panegyric : memorials rather offurviving pride than of departed merit. A Angle monument was now equal to

a family chapel : a laboured cenotaph of more value than a grave. Hence the

coftly funeral chapels of bilhops Weft and Alcoclt at Ely, and of their fove-

reign at Weltminfter, compared to which the Maufoleum of Auguftus, the

Moles Adriani, the Pyramid of Ceftius, the tower-like tomb of Metella, andmany more in antient Rome were maffive piles built for immortality, while the

more modern monuments can hardly find an artift capable of repairing the

fmalleft frafture, or by replacing a key ftone, faving the whole from inftant

ruin. Hence we find the Cecil monuments executed by Florentines, as thofe

of our fovereigns had been ages before, and we may trace the vanity or Ikill

of toreign artifts far back in fome of the more accomplilhed performances of

their kind.

After the impeachment here brought againft moft of the draughts of monu-ments now exifting, which may be extended to moft copies of infcriptions,

whether by fac fimile or otherwife, the public will not be difpleafed to have a

fet of prints, epitaphs, and defcriptions, intirely new laid before them. Whereit is abfolutely necefiary to touch on others, the fubjefls already publilhed andengraved are referred to. But the greater part of the monuments and epitaphs

are fuch as it is believed have not been generally, if at all, noticed before

;

and of which I have procured or been favoured with faithful copies. The lowed;

merit fuch a work can pretend to is, to be deemed a fupplement to Weever.

Far am I from being infenfible of the difficulty of procuring accurate draw-ings of monuments at a diftance from the capital. This I have experienced

too often when I have been obliged to borrow an inferior pencil, and havefrequently been left without any help at all : where, had a Venue, a Grimm,a Carter, or a Bajire, affifted, the monuments of diftant cathedrals might havebeen rendered as familiar as thofe of Weftminfter. Nor is it only the diftance

of draughtfmen from the fpot, but the little pradtice of the fubjedt. Thewalk of fame for modern artifts is not fufficiently enlarged. Emulous of ex-

celling in Hiftory, Portrait, or Landfcape, they overlook the unprofitable,

though not lefs tafteful, walk of Antiquity, or, in Grecian and Roman forget

Gothic and more domeftic monuments. The unfrequency of the purfuit en-

hances the price. I mull except from this reproach my friend BAS I RE, whofepraife it is to be faithful in his tranlcripts and modeft in his prices, thoughit is almoft a perverlion of his burin, which Ihines fo much in living por-traits, to employ it on Gothic ones.

Nor muft I forget how many fpecimens are contributed to this colledtion byMr. John Carter, whofe rifing talents I had hailed with predidtive applaufe,

and to whofe merit I am always ready to do juftice.

It would be the higheft ingratitude not to acknowledge what obligations

this work is under to the hand of friendfliip. To Mr. Tyson I am indebted

C for

for fevcral drawings, ahd had he lived to enjoy his long wiflied for retreat,

I fhould have received many more. To the exertions of Craven Ord, efq.

are owing the impreflions of fome of the fineft brafles, as well as many

valuable defcriptive hints. I am happy alfo in teftifying my acknowledgements

to Mr. Kerrich for feveral highly-finilhed drawings ; and for many ufeful par-

ticulars to the late Sir John Cullum (0 ft fata afpera rumpas /) who

lived not to lee the fuccefs of his labours and thofe of his excellent coadjutor

in my behalf. The hon. Horace Walpole, with that readinefs of communi-

cation which marks his character, indulged me with the free life of a number

of drawings by Mr. Vertue or Sir Charles Frederick, which he purchafed

among a vaft fund of others at Mr. Lethieullier’s fale. And Ihould this work

attraCl the notice of the curious enough to induce any perfon of tafte and libe-

rality to communicate correCt drawings of fuch monuments in this period as

have efcaped or been omitted by me, I lhall be ready to engrave them for a

new edition or a fupplement.

Since I firft conceived the prefent defign fome events have happened which

render the candour of the public of very ferious concern to me. The Society

of Antiquaries have publifhed engravings of five monuments in Weftminfter

abbey, with ap accurate defcription by the Montfaucon of England, the late Sir

Joseph Ayloffe. When I reflect on his intimate acquaintance with every part of

that venerable ftruCture, and the opportunities he had for purfuing his enquiries

there, I am at a lofs whether to lament his reluctance to continue what he

had fo happily begun, or my own prefumption in attempting to fupply his know-ledge by vague conjectures. He clofed a life devoted to the ftudy of our national

antiquities before three Iheets of this work had palled the prefs ; and it can only

pay a tribute to his abilities. Had my ingenious friend Mr. Tyfon been living,

his tafte in drawing, and his knowledge of thefe fubjedts, would have corrected

innumerable errors which now obtrude themfelves. It is enough for me to

bewail my lofs by his death, and to add to it, and the inftances of mortality

I am here contemplating, thofe of our common friend Mr. James Eflex, and the

Rev. Sir John Cullum, bart. Deprived of thefe aids,

Ferimur per opaca locorum,

Et me quem dudum non ulla injecta movebant

Tela, neque adverfo glomerati ex agmine Graium,

Nunc omnes terrent aura; /onus excitat omnis,

Sufpenfum,et pariter comitique onerique timentem.

LIST

rvvvv^

[ ii 3

LIST of PLATES.Coffins, Sec. in Lincoln minfter, to front p. lii;Chalices,

lxix.Crofles pi. I. II.

cviii.

III. IV.

Brafs plate in Norton Difney churchcix.

exxii.Swords

cxlvii.Antient bifhops in Ely minfter

clvi.

Head Piece, Gundrf.das’ Monument,Page

1

Plate

Westminster Abbots,j

*

Head Piece ; three coffin-fafhioned tombs, 1 5ii Monument of Robert Fitzhaimon, x 5ii of IngelricA,

hi* of Bifhops Raynelm and Losinga, 18hi of Peterborough Abbots,Iv of Bifhops of Salisbury, aov Monuments in the Temple Church, 24v*Monument of Robert Fitzharding at Brijlol

\ 28VI FitzWALTERS atBunmow, and$T. CLEREsat Banbury

, 30vn Matilda Fitzwalter at Dunmow, 31

Tail Piece, Aubrey de Vere,Head Piece, Bifhop Aquablanc,

^3ix Monument of Abbot Alan at Tewkejbury

, and Veres at Earl's Coin, 36

- XI of Sir Hugh Bardolf,-of Robert de Vere,

1

3439

ot Pnor Philip and Bifhop Poore, 36*xni of William Longspee Earl of Salisbury, John

Lord Montacute, and Bifhop Poore at Sarum, 4r

XIV Nevilles at Coverbam, Sir Henry de Bathe,

and a Monument at Beaulieu Abbey, 42

xiv* of Berkeleys in Brijlol Cathedral, 44xv of Bifhop Bingham at Salifbury, 4q

XVI of Bifhop Grostete,4^

xviii of Henry the Third’s Children, 4 gxix Monuments in the Temple Church, coxvii Monument of Bifhop Bridport, -

xx 8c xxi of Henry the Third,xxii Portrait of Henry III. ^

Infcription on Bifhop Gravesend,xxii"- Monuments of Bifhops St. Martin

; andlNGLETHORPE oX. RocheJler. 60xxiii Monument of Queen Eleanor 6xxhi*

P

ortrait of ditto, J*

03Monument of Prior Basing,

xxiv Robert deVere, 6 gxxvj

xxvi /Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancajler

, §51Should be 36.

XXVII

[ 1*1

PlatePaS=

ixvii Monument of William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 75

Head Piece, Sir Robert du Bois, 79

xxviii Monuments of Eifhops Langton and Pateshull at Lichfield, 84

XXIXj Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 85

XXX J

XXXI,XXXII] ^XXXIIlJ

— John of Eltham,

• Blanche de la Tour and William of Windsor,

. Bifhop and Lord Burghersh,

- Bifhop Thomas Charlton,

xxxiv

xxxvXXXV*- —

Infcription on Abbot Sutton,

xxxvi* Monuments of Robert Egglesfield and Robert Atelathe,

Infcription on William Rothwell,

xxxvii Monument of Bifhop Heath,

Lady Montacute and Robert Hungerford,

Ladies of the Cobham Family,

Bifhop Treleque, and Sir Robert de Grey,

Philip Peletot,

Robert de Buers,

Robert Braunch and Wives,

Sir Miles Stapylton,

Sir Brian Stapylton,

Berkeleys at Berkeley,

Sir William de la Pole,

Bifhop Lewis Charlton,

Queen Philippa,

xlix Portrait of ditto,

l&li Monument of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick,

lii Thomas Vere, Earl of Oxford,

lii — . — Wimbish of Nocton, and NichoiAs Lord

liii .

liv .

lv .

Cantalupe at Lincoln,

Edward Lord Despencer,

Sir Richard Pembridge,

• Edward III.

lvi Portrait of Edward III.

lvii Monument of Sir John de Creke and Lady,

lvi 1 1 Sir John Harsick,

lix , Sir John Hawkwood,lx Eleanor de bohun,

LXI

LXII

LXIII

-Richard II. and his Queen Anne,Portrait of Richard II.

lxiv Portrait of Queen Anne,

Small Plates in Letter Prefs.

Wareham urn, /j.xIv. Brafs of Sir John Maltravers,

Crofs, 8cc. Ixvii.

Ring, lxviii.

Two plates of the infcription onthe Confeflor’s monument, 3

Arms on a tomb at Tewfkbury, 46

95

9696

97101

102

103103105106in

11 3

115

119

119

114

122

123

124124127130

130

133

135

*39*39142

14*531 59

163

165

I67

p. ii 7at Campfey, 143Rufford, 182Hinton St. George, 200St. Alban’s, vrOWatton, 209

CON-

[ '3 3

CONTENTS of the INTRODUCTION.

BARROWS in general p. -i ; in Greece and

Afia x—4 ; in Britain 4, with Skeletons and

Urns 4, 5 ; their form 5 ; double 5 ;materials 5 ;

of Kings and Druids b. ; Coffins and other arti-

cles found in them 7—9; Cairns 9; heaps of ftones

10; barrows how long in ufe 10; Skeletons in

unufual poftures 18— 19; Kijlvaen it ; Giant’s

grave, 11, 19; circles ofJlones ir, 13 ; Jlone cof-

fins under tumuli 13, 19, 23, 24; Tumuli in Ork-

ney 11— 14.

Monumental Pillars 14.

Skeletons 14, 15 ; with a copper ring 15,

68; with a fword 15; a fibula ibid. ; Sculls 15;Roman Skeleton? 15, 16.

Burning the dead 16; Urns in Fairwell and

Yoxhall churches 16; Kiftvaen 16; containing

bones 17; containing urns, ibid. ; Cairns 18; co-

vering 3 vaults 18.

Coffins of Clay 19; Roman 19, 21, 22, 23;Etrufcan 20 ; of Numa 20 ; at Chriftchurch 21 ;

ofTyles2$; of Brick 26: Chriftian 26; at Rep-

ton 28 ; firft introduced at St. Alban’s 28 ; near

Alhford 28 ; Chefter 29 ; Wales 29 ; their

proportions ibid.;query about their general ufe

29, 35; infiances of, 30, 31, 37, 38; the cele-

brated collection of at Civaux in Poiftou 31—35;others in France 35 ; crosses on the lids 35, 36;whence derived 36; with Templars’ croffes 36;inftances of the late ufe of Jlone coffins 37 ;

leaden

coffins 39, 40—44, 63 ; coffins of gold 44, 63 ;

glafs 44, 45 ,wood 45—

4

s -

Materials in which bodies were Jhrouded 48 ; lea-

ther 48—53 ; their proper habits 50, 62; pontifi-

calia 50—55, 66 ;regalia 55, 56 ; embalming

56, 57, 60, 61, 81; of an Egyptian mummy 57,

58; at WratifiaW59 ;in honey and wax 60 ; in clay

60; crowns 61 ; remains of Childeric I. 61, 62,

63, 65 ; of Childeric II. 65.

Animals buried with their owners 64 ; horfe-

Jhoes 64; horfe-furniture ibid. ; arms 67 ;urns

and coins ibid. ; Guinever’s tomb examined 66 ;

ring round limbs of Jkeletons 68;fetters 69 ; a

bird cage ibid.;paten and chalice 69, 71 ;

earthen

pots 71, 72.

Hearts and Bowels 72, 73, 74.

Heads 75.

Bones of birds or beajls 75.Extraordinary Preservation 76, 82; Ethel-

dritha, Richard and Alice Hackney, bp. Bray-

broke, 76 ; William Parr, marquis of Northamp-

ton, Dr. Caius, Thomas Lychefeld at Bath, 77;bodies in St. Margaret’s church, Weftminfter,

and St. Martin’s in the Fields, Staverton 78;in mofles and moors of England and Scotland,

mnmmies at Stroma 79 ; Teneriffe 80;Otaheitei

Kiow 81 ; Palermo 82.

Hair, inftances of long, 82.

Maurice Johnson’s memoir on SepulchrAIJMonuments with additional notes 83—88.

ift form, of tombs ; ftone coffins 83.

2d form, prifmatic and carved at top 83.

3d form, tables with effigies or fculpture 84.

4th form, tombs with tellers or arches 85.

5th form, chapel burying places 86, 87.6th form, inlaid with brafs 86.

7th form, mural 87.

8th form, detached buildings 88.

Smart LETHiEULLrER. on funeral monumentswith additional notes 88.

Founders’ tombs, one at Burnt Pelham, 88 ;fe-

pulchral monuments before the conqueft doubtfull

89—92 ; King Sebert, Ailwin, Brithnoth, 92

;

bilhops at Ely, Arthur 93.Sepulchral Monuments after the Conqueft 24.

Crosslegged figures 94—97.

Table tomb with figures cumbent on it 97.Effigies on tombs, whether portraits ? 97

;

recumbent figures on Greek and Roman monu-ments 98 ; materials of monuments 98.Wooden figures 93.Brafs or copper and filver figures 99.Figures of fmaller proportion than ordinary 59^

100.

Flat grave-Jlones inlaid with brafs 100—103,106.

Figures cut in ftone flabs in lines, plain or

blacked 103.

Infcriptions in French 104.

Gothic architecture of tombs 104.Sepulchral chapel 105.

Ufe of arms, devices, rebufes, &c. ibid.

Antiquity of coats of arms on monuments 105;inodes of bearing and quartering, 105, 106.

Crofiers 107 ;croffes 107—109, with 4 plates.

Skeleton 110— 1 12.

Souls conveyed to heaven by angels 1 12.

Attitudes 112—113; wife at hulband’s right

hand 113 ; children 114.

Foreign artifts employed on ancient monuments114.

Rules for fepulchral monuments 115, 116.

Place for incumbents and founders of churches

H7-Burial in the church porch 118 ; in the chapter

houfe 1 1 8 ; in a wall 1 19.

Polyandrium 118 ; Folia 119 ; woman buried be-

fore the high altar 119 ; tombs reverfed in fixa-

tion 119 ; fate of braffes 120; of flabs 122; of

D altar

iltar ftones ibid. • of other monuments: preferva-

tion and care of monuments 123.F

&c ' at fect °f sS“ra ‘23-125 ; dogs

Cumbent pofture 125.Habits 126.

Illuminations and Paintings 126 note.

Py&tjSt*’3011 hair I28' “*

13?,™'™ 130—13 1; ai»"‘to‘3‘, ‘66; Iceptres

Coronets 133 ; chaplets 134.Koyal Habits 134 ; and funeral apparel 13 cArmol-r mail and plated 140, 142, 143, , g2lt!!

b,‘rk I4

°.jGambcjfon 140-1 ; MMflirt Lr.

Wambafim, G.pcn, 142, fnrcoat 142, . W ’

20,,ry on tt t+s, 143 , Gonfannm o7Penml i4 ,Armour mi-partie 144.™

b,^“f7'J."Zr°ns

;

""" ibid.. Kn« ptces"'"'46°

r

Greaves, Sabatons* foot armour 146.’

spurs 146.

Shields 146.

Jr*;?7, 148 ; dagstr- W'wd'.b'surd.

Reft 149.Mace 149.Horfe caparifon 149.

of c^e Clergy 150, m In . r«t.e^-**4 .slj’aS;rail 151 • gown emblazoned 141.b

Habit of Monks 152.

aSnXVr* ‘ biZ 8‘oraa"d jb»els

nitres ,

h,"

d ,hc benediflion1 33

.

mures 153 croficrs and padoral ftaff 1553

Abbots habit 154, i$5.

Archbifliops of Houen 'turn faces toEaft ree-Beaumont btlhop of Durham ibid.; Jarf n?bs‘55 . btfhops funereal drefs ibid.S b

Cenfing angels 155.Sonl conveyed to heaven tee.lamongs, ancient, of bilhops at Elv trfiPricfls (gures in parilh churches 137.

7 56 *

[ ‘4 ]

Habits of Students or Graduates to - PaRtstt Clerks ibid.; Laymen, Burgesses andMerchants of the Staple 158.’

V?‘}?Ce H9,- gipciere or purfe 159, j6 2 , j6 3Habit of the Knight's Son u 9 ; Physician

. bid; Jopoe l6 Seroeany, aIL’rman I,*?

F™res«“T6’i

R“’E’ l6 ' i F™',6l: raW' Cm‘n. cw

Coats 163; lleeves 162. i6a- har is.or bonets 164; boot and (hoe 164.

Ca^S

whenV”d &“r' ,hrfe ePPellR'ions

fanmSe d^”? SlfTA'Letters embroidered on cloatbs, i6«J; Jacks 166Fa ft ions and drefs mifreprefented 167/Cuftions under head 169 ; mat or matrafs 160

MortKf r

K-

byimghtS and ladies 1

6

9 -

9 *

^Monktfhhabtt affumedby the laity of both fexes

Rings 169 1 prelatical and abbatial 160

Habits of LadieS i 72; Coeffeure 172.

head drefs°r73 Thigh \74.* 77 ; reiicu,ated

Beeves, of? V ,8 :

”ill deligned 182 • *>,/. !gj? !- °f *c times

‘841 IkecionsJt',I'?’ tt lV C"dm

and mitten Beeves 184, ,85.6 '^.mittens

Habit of and nuns 183, 186.Silk 186, 187; Aurifrajtum, Orfrays 187

I™rf?s'o7’,oo

S: diat>" work >8°! Satdn i8s ;

? nt e% ,!>?- ‘S’ 1 ; Miniver too.

3

drefs°oTm“?JrCfS ">' *9«. colli,

in thc ' 5*

INTRO.

3tonibts upon tabctnatles, tplbe opon lofte,

©ottfeb (n Iiornts Ijarbt fet abouten

Of armco alabauttre, tlab for tfje nones,

spaas opott inarbtl in man? manner ttpfe,

©npglitcs <n tljcr com'fance clan for tljc nones,

2lUe ft fetneb fcpntcs pfacreb opon ertlje

2fnb lobelp labtes pibiougljt lepen bp Ijcr fpbes

fn manp sap garnemens tljat lbeven golb beten.

Piers Plowman’s Crede.

T HE fepulchral memorials ereded to eminent men in every -age andnation have made no inconiiderable objefls of curiofity and inquiry.

Taite and Vanity have been competitors for perpetuating their votaries in theTemple of Fame—from the Druid tumulus on the Wiltlhire drnyns to the latefttenant of Weftminfter abbey or a village church-yard. Dr. Stukeley’s dif-covery of a fkeleton on the top of Stlbury hill

1 proves that we have ourpyramids as well as our Irifh neighbours at New Grange

; and fuch is everybarrow in the world—whether of Patroclus at Troy, of Halyates in Ionia,of the Scythians on the Borystbenes % or the Tartars their fucceffors intheir great deferts \ or the many unknown chiefs and bards in Sweden, Denmark,and Britain 4

.

Barrows are the moft antient fepulchral monuments in the world : but theircontents are as various as the different people that occupied the globe, or thedifferent circumftances of thofe people.

Homer is very particular in deferring that of Patroclus. It was firfl markedout with a circle ; the foundations were then laid round the very fpot wherethe pile was itill fmoaking, and earth was thfown up over them:

To^vmxvjo <Je ai)fj.x, rs zrgoSxXovJo

AfAipt efictg Jg yyjxv £ni yxixv eyevxv*

XevxfleG k to an^x, zrxhiv xiov . Ia. ¥* 255 257.

The remains of the body were collefted in a golden urn, which was not lodgedunder this barrow.

Among the diftinguifhed barrows of Greece may be ranked that of Epytus inArcadia, which Paufanias deferibes as not very large, and furrounded by amargin of Hone : r>j? yu/M a psyx, y.grinih ev xvxhu GysgieyoiAEvov 5

. whichHomer admired, as not having feen a finer

6. That of Icarus was a fmall one,

on a headland where he was call away 7. That of Achilles' was in a fimilar

lituation :

Ax]rj eni £7T£/ ©Aa7£i EAAjjtnrovju

x£v TYitecpavw £x •crovjocpiv avtyxaiv nyj

Tois 01 vvv yeyxxm xou 01 ^(joniakv £aoJ\xi *.

The brothers Amphion and Zethus lay under one common barrow, ey xoiyu

yns yupxTt 8 fttyx ’.

1John Fowler told him that in digging there he found at top buck, 1 horns, a human jaw and teeth, all very rotten*Roman coins, an iron knife with an handle. Stukeley, MS. pen. me.

, -4* rciy rouen,

4 Mr0

?0t

nMeJP^ene

*. 7 ‘-^ . .

* See Archxol. II. 2IJ . Mcmoires de Tott, P. II. p. ?0 .Mr. Forfler (Obfervations, p. 569.) met with but one tumulus in the South Seas. This was in New OaieHnniu „,he fc.-0.oi. four feet high, furrounded by an inclofnre of flick., and on it other flick, ,ei,h tnrbio” on thl D,

P ’ * °f fcP"kr* 1 ‘ind “ ,h' *>*»' “ "-'Nortb

5 S. Bkoi. e. ...

' “ °“ T”y -

Memnon’s

Memnon’s tomb feems to have been a great barrow ; for Paufanias fays the

birds Memnonides fwept and watered with their wings that part of it on which

no bullies or grafs grew ;onoacv ts [xvn[xx]o; fevtyuv e?tv yj wcxq tpiXov

It was an antient cuftom at Athens from the time of Cecrops to fow the

fpot where the body was buried with corn \

The lovers of Hippodamin, who loft their lives with their race, had a higb.

barrow (yuftx tnJ'flXov) near the ruins of Harpinia, and afterwards Pelops

erecfted a monument (//,v»j]W.a) to them, on which he folemnized yeaily 3.

The Meffenian pentathlete Lycus had a tomb of earth;yup.x yri;

4; fuch alfo

was that of Lycurgus the father of Opheltes s.

Dr. Chandler, p. 24. mifreprefents the tomb of Euripides on the road from

the port of Phalerum to Athens, as a barrow of earth ; for Paulanias exprefsly

calls it only /awj/xa6

. Paufanias carefully diftinguiflies between yupx a barrow',

7c«pc; a tomb, and fjwipx a monument. That of Euripides was of the latter

kind, and it was without his allies ; xsvov prjjMa, a cenotaph. Mr. Chandler,

by the fame mifapprehenlion, points out a large barrow by the fide of this road,

as the cenotaph of Euripides. Hero; tapof in Euripides as cited by Mr. Williams,

Phil. Tranf. 458. p. 471, may be an altar tomb; alfo tv[j£o; faro;. What the

Greeks called tv^o; Cicero 7 explains bujlutn.

The flain in fome battles were buried under cairns, cugoi AiQxv ; which had no

infcriptions to diftinguifh them 8. Thefe are the 'Xximai T&oxyufioiai of Euripi-

des, as cited by Mr. Williams 9. The altars by barrows or tombs, not in temples,

were fo many cromlechs.

Laius and his fervant were buried under cairns, AcyaJff cr£au^£voy,£voiio

.

That of the fons of Iphitus, at Anticyra, feems to have been of the fame

kind, waoiSoppvov ?u()oi£ toiq mljvyiswv imt^x

And fuch was Amphion’s, faid to have had a circle of flones round it, rough

hewn ; txz(>x A\xpovoe (Avripx Affloi xoljwfev vnoS^rjlxi, p.ri\£ aAAwj £icyxap,£voi to

axp&rotlov, faid to have been drawn thither by his lyre Such alfo was

Heitor’s

:

AnJ^a <J £ s xo&Yjv xxnijov deaav* ccvjotg vnsgQe

Uvxvomv Xoi£(Tai xflKogEaav p.£yx\oitji

Xevaflec Se to otj/aas uxKiv xiov. II. H. 797. 801.

Homer makes Priam call this tv[a£oc- lb. 666.

Under this were depofited the burnt bones in a golden cafe, ygvc£ir) haovccZ.

Jacob fet a pillar on Rachel’s grave ,3.

Three great (tones marked the grave of Tydeus ,4.

Pittacus forbad the placing on the tumulus any thing but a little pillar, three

cubits high, or a table (menfa) or a little veffel {clabeHum ,5r)

Solon forbad adorning graves opere teilorioy or letting Hernia on them ,6. Dr.

Potter 11 underftands this properly enough of the ftatues of Hermes ; but Mr.

D’Ancarville‘ 8

ftrangely of heaps of ftones. As Solon further decreed, that

no tomb (hould be made of more work than ten men could do in three days,

he had refpeil to limplicity, that monuments (hould not be fet off with arched

roofs, like buildings or inclofures, or with figures of Mercury, like way polls.

The roads to Athens were lined with tombs of heroes and illullrious perfons

intermixed with temples. Paufanias 19 enumerates a long lift, including thofe of

Thrafybulus, Pericles, Chabrias, Phormio, and other citizens who had fallen in

battle for their country, eminent artifts, See. with infcriptions on pillars, fetting

forth their name and tribe. This was the Weftminfter abbey of Athens; but

violence and the plough have levelled all diftin&ion.

1 Paufan. Phoc. 31.1

Cic. de Legib. IX 175. Ed. Davies.1 Corinth. 15. Chandler’s Travels in Greece, p.233.* Paufan. Arc. 13. 9 Ubi fup. Phoc. 5.

11

** Paufan. Batot. 18. 15 Cic. dc Leg. II. j6.** Recherches, II. 160. ‘ 9 Att. I, 39.

3 Paufan. Eliac. II,

6Attic. 2. 1

Phoc, 36-11

Batot. 1716 Cicero, lb.

. 3i. 4 Corinth. 7.

Ubi fup. p. 178.13 Gen. xxxv. 20.

V II. 334-

The

The monument of Mardonius was fhewn by the road fide near Platea, and

near the entrance of that city the tombs of thofe who fell fighting againft the

Perfians ;the reft of the Greeks had a common monument, but the Lacede-

monians and Athenians diftindt ones, infcribed with elegies by Simonidesu In gentili Domitiorum monumento folium porphyretici marmoris fuperftante

“ Lunenfi ara circumfeptum eft lapide Thafio fays Suetonius, fpeaking of the

fepulchre of Nero *. Is this an altar tomb ?

Trajan’s pillar was the only inftance of a fepulchral monument within the

walls of the city before the enlargement of Rome by Aurelian. “ Solulque intra

“ urbem fepultus eft 3 .”

The work on farcophagi is leldom or ever good, becaufe the ufe of them was

difcontinued at Sylla, and not revived till after the Antonines. During this in-

terval was the rife and fall of fine fculpture. Alexander Severus and Julia Mam-mcea are faid to have been among the firft exceptions to the cuftom of burning*

They were buried in a farcophagus, which remains to this day in the capitol 4.

How can this be, when the Barberini vale was fuppofed to contain the Emperor’s

afhes ? But D’Ancarville calls it the tomb of his father Varius.

The connexion between fepulchres and places of worfhip is of the remoteft

antiquity in three quarters of the globe. The Afiatics feem to have adopted the

Jewifh mode of burying.

Inftances of tombs near and in temples are not unfrequent among the Greeks.

The tomb of the fons of Medea was not far from the temple of Minerva Cha-linuns at Corinth 5

.

That of Areas, near Juno’s altar, at Mantinea, on a fpot called the altars of

the fun 6.

That of Trygon, the nurfe of Efculapius, was in his temple 7.

The two daughters of Antipasnus were buried in Diana’s temple at Thebes,

becaufe they died for their country s.

That of Cecrops was near, and Eredtheus was buried in, the temple of

Minerva Polias in the citadel at Athens

That of Epimenides was before a temple of Minerva at Argos ,0.

That of Hypermneftra and her husband Lynceus had an altar near it

Paufanias mentions one before the gate of a temple; another juft on coming

out of a temple **.

That of Epopeus was before the altar in the temple of Minerva at Corinth IJ.

That of Eacus under an altar in a fquare inclofure called Eaceum at Egina,

and the barrow of Phocus near it'4

. It was furrounded by a fence, and had onit a rough ftone. Dr. Chandler thinks he faw it on the coaft of Egina ' 5

.

The bones of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, after his body was burnt, were buried

in the temple of Ceres, at Argos ,5.

That of Demofthenes in the court of the temple of Neptune at Calaurea ' 7.

Tliat of Tyndarus before the temple of Jupiter at Sparta‘ 8

.

That of Anchifes near the temple of Venus near mount Anchifes in Arcadia 1’.

Hyacinthus was buried in the pedeftal of Apollo’s ftatue at Amyclas I0.

Agamemnon’s monument was faid to be in the temple of Alexandria or Caf-

fandra there ”,

Certain beautiful pillars in the temple of Ceres, •ors^Kpxvsig ezi

to which they turned as they fung the praifes of Aras, were fuppofed to be his

children’s tomb

* Paufan. Bxot.2. * Nero, c. 53.3 Eutrop. in Traj. Viaggiana, p, 63.

4 SeeNieuportde rit. Rom. 376. Viaggiana 71.

“ Un tombeau qu’on decouvrit dans Hercnlanium etoit decore exterieurement de piedeftaux d’un bon genre; l’inte-

rieur eioit un caveau de briques ayant 12 pieds fur 9 de large, avec des urnes funeraires ; tout etoit refle fen plane aupoint que la brique meme pofee fur chaque urne n’etoit pas derangee : la cendre y- avoit cependant penetre & tout

rempli.” Voyage en Italic, 1765-6. VII. 106.

5 paufanias, Cor. 4.6 Arcad. 9. 7 lb. 25. * Bsot. 7. 9 Chandler’s Greece, p. 53.

10 Paufan, Cor. 21.11

lb.14

lb. 22. 13lb. 11.

14lb. 29.

* s P. 15.16 Pauf. lb. at,

17 lb. 33.** Lac. 17,

‘9 Arc. 1 a. *° lb. 19. ** lb, a‘ Cor. 12.

What

[ iv ]

What are thefe but fo many prototypes of the difpofition of monuments in

Chriftian churches r As Chriftians had family chapels, fo the pagans (ricast

f/tv^xlot) heroic monuments had altars, where they paid honours to the memoryof the deceafed So Paufanias defcribes the heroic monument (.npuov) of Aratus %ofPerfeus 3

,and even of women, as of Hymetho 4

; Andromache 5; Iphigenia,

at Megara 6. The tomb of Opheltes, at Nemea, flood in an inclolure of ilone,

dgiyFog mQxv, with feveral altars \

Epaminondas was buried on the field of the battle of Mantinea, and a pil-

lar (jwwv) with a fliield, bearing a dragon, denoting him to be of the family

of the Sparta, was immediately fet over his grave. There were alfo remaining

on it in Paufanias’s time two pillars (oj^a/) one antient with an infcription

in the Boeotian dialed, the other with an infcription fet up by the emperor

Adrian 8.

The ta<pof of Thyeftes had on it a marble ram 9.

One of white marble, with paintings on it, by Minas, juft without Triti

a

The monument of the flain in the battle of Marathon was a ra^of, terminated

with pillars (?•»*«) inferibed with their names and tribes; another for the Platce-

ans, and a third for the flaves, who were infilled on this critical occafion. Mil-

tiades had a monument ( )alone ", which Count Caylus had engraved " from

a monaftery at Athens, VI. xlviii. 3. A trophy of white marble was eredted onthe fpot. The Perfians were alfo carefully buried, but Paufanias could find not for them

; no ^op:, nor any other token; whence he concludes

they were call into the firft pit After this minute defeription of a traveller

ion the fpot fifteen centuries nearer the event, how is one to account for Dr.Chandler tranfiating Paufanias’s loupo; a barrow

; and adding, that “ it is likely“ it ftill towers above the level of the plain, being of light fine earth, and having“•a bufli or two growing on it? At a fmall diftance Northward is a fquare bafe of“ white marble, perhaps part of the trophy.” The other barrows mentioned byPaufanias are probably among thofe extant near Brauron now Vronna

, where areone large and three fmaller, and another a little out of the line, opened for afurnace or lime kiln : a lofty barrow, nearer the fea, was in view ’4

. The bar-row of Iphigenia which Dr. Chandler furmifed here was an nguov at Megara ‘

5.

Before we enter upon the monumental appendages of our anceftors, it maynot be amifs to premife a few words on the modes of fepulture, which have pre-vailed among them.

Barrows were alfo their oldeft tombs. But their contents in this ifland differat different periods.

Urn burial was a druidical and antient BritiHi fafliion ; but not univer-fally: for we find many Ikeletons under barrows, without urns; and in manyinftances both. In this laft cafe the parties were probably Hain in battle

; orwere Danes or Saxons. See Borlafe’s Antiquities of Cornwall, 2d edit. p. 220. 234,235. Wright’s Doutbiana, b. III. p. 12. though the Dodlor inclines to referthe Ikeletons to the Saxons and Danes, p. 221. as Camden 15

does the barrowsround Dorcheller. See alfo Hutchins’s Dorfet, II. 499. additions; where thehuman bones are probably remains of fome battle. A Ikeleton and urn werefound together with a fpear-head under a barrow, at Durnford near Salif-hury, 1732 ,7

. By the road fide near Breech-down, Kent, lay feveral Ikeletonsone of which had round the neck a ftring of beads of various forms and

Gedoyn’s Paufanias, vol. I. p. 53. n.

Att. 43. 7 Cor. 15.Cor. 18. 10 Ach.ai.

1 And another Grecian cippus (as he calls it} i

3 Att. 31. 14 161—156.7 -Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries.

* Cor. 8. 3

1 Biot. c. a.1

Attic. 31.

a more finifhed Ityle,

!5 p. 43.

Ib. PI. lix. r.

“ Dorfet.

fizes

[ V ]

fizes, from a pigeon’s egg to a pea; and by his fide a fword, dagger, and

fpear; the reft lay in good order, without any thing to diftinguilh them 1

Ina barrow opened at Muckleford was found a fkeleton that had been interred inan eredt pollute *. In thofe a mile from Bradford Peverel are found urns, alhesburnt bones anil leather money ». Five urns were found under a barrow ;nKemaes, in the laft century Some human bones were found near Abury templewithout a barrow s

. Seventeen urns, with bones and allies, in one barrowcm Farnham down, Dorfet, were in a cell of flints, perhaps the principal \Bodies often lay on the furface, and not under the level of barrows, at High-crofs, Leicefterfhire 7

.

6

Thole opened at Stevenage have been found to contain only bits. of wood andgravel, and therefore are concluded to be rather boundary marks. Thefeven hills, as they are called, on the road from Bury to Thetford, about fixmiles from the former, may he of the fame kind, though the number ofbarrows about Burybefpeaks them fepulchral’: “ monticuli illi ex egeila terra con-globati,” as Leland elegantly defcribes the barrow on Salilbury plain ». Hubbathe Dane was buried in Devonfhire, under a cumulus

, called HubbeloweIn a round barrow removed to ereS fort George at Ardefcroon point in Scotland,

1750, was found a fkeleton, and a brafs fpear head 14 inches by 3. One neara camp in Dorletlhire contained four human fkeletons A large one on Char-borough-down, in the fame county, had two fculls, and other human bones, notburnt **.

The great number of barrows on the Downs near Woodyates led Mr. Aubreyto a lingular conjecture, that Weftward of the rampart and ditch near Weft Wood-yates had been a terrible fight. There are but a little within the line nineteenbarrows, and fome of them very large. Here are alfo two or three circulartrenches, with a tump or two, which, in all probability, were places fro com-bujlione cadaverum. There are many barrows between this and Pentridge, andin the chace is a coppice, called Barrow-coppice. One may plainly fee here thechace of the viftory was Weftward. He obferved at leaft 100 barrows fparfimon the downs and in the enclofures from Woodyates towards Blandford, andthence to Dorchefter feveral ' 3

.

Still lefs will the form of the barrow afeertain to which people it belongs Itis either long and ridged, or flat, campaniform, pyriform, or round

; withor without a cavity at top ; of different heights

; Angle or furrounded by aditch

; or fet round with ftones; or difpofed in rows, in groupes, or feveral within

one common ditch *. Some have a fmall circle of ftones at the top, others roundthe bafe ’ 5

.

One of the double barrows fouth of Stonehenge being opened i 7 a 2 wasfound to he compofed of good earth quite through, except a coat of chalk,ot about two feet thick, covering it quite over under the turf. At the topor centre, not above three feet below the furface, was the Ikeleton, perfedl, ofa reafonable fize, the head lying toward Stonehenge, or Northward. Anotherdouble barrow North of Stonehenge, confided of a layer of chalk, as beforeunder the turf, then fine garden mould, then a layer of flints about a footthick on a layer of foft mould another foot in thicknefs, in which was in.

Mon. AnJ. II. 8£ though the word "notT7h“b,S£ ^Sce HutchTn^Dorf^! L^^ m°nafte'7

Williams, Phil. Tranf. N 458. Three ditcht barrows by the camp on Warren-hill, by Ickingham.

bclofed

[ Vi ]

doled an urn full of bones, made of unbaked clay, of a dark reddifh colour

crumbled to pieces. It had been rudely wrought with fmall mouldings ronnd

the verge, and other circular channels on the outfide, with feveral indentures

bet .Veen made with a pointed tool. The bones had been burnt, and crowded

all together in a little heap, not fo much as a hat-crown would contain;and,

by the female ornaments, appeared to have belonged to a young girl of four-

teen years old. There were beads of all forts, and in great numbers, of glafs of

divers colours, mod yellow, one black. Many Angle, many in long pieces,

notched between, fo as to referable a firing of beads, and thefe were generally

of a blue colour. There were many of amber, of all fliapcs and fizes, flat

fquare, long fquare, round, oblong, great and little. Many of earth, many

large and flattifh like a button, others like a pulley. But all had holes to run

a firing through, either through their diameter or fides. Many of the button

fort feern to have been covered with metal, there being a rim worked in them

wherein to turn the edge of the covering. One of thefe was covered with a

thin film of pure gold. All had undergone the fire, fo that what would eafily

confume fell to pieces as foon as handled. Much of the amber was burnt half

through. If this perfon was a female fhe was a heroine; for there was a

brafs fpear head, having at bottom tvyo holes for the pins that fattened it to

the ftaff. There was alfo a fliarp bodkin, round at one end, fquare at the

other, where it went into a handle. The next barrow to this, within the fame

ditch, contained, at fourteen inches deep of mould, mixed with chalk, the

entire fkeleton of a man, lying North and South, the fkull and all the bones

exceedingly rotten- and perifhed;

this Dr. Stukeley fuppofed the hufband or

father of the former, and the barrow of the latett fort '. Weftward, among a

groupe of barrows, whence Stonehenge bear3 E. N. E. was a large barrow,

ditched about, but of an antient make. On the fide next Stonehenge are ten

letter, fmall, and as it were crowded together. Eaft of the great one another

larger than thofe in the groupe, but not equaling the firft. It would feem that a

man and his wife were buried in the two larger, and that the reft were of their

children or dependents. In one of the fmall ones a child’s body appeared

to have been burnt, and covered up in the centre, where was a little hole

cut. From three feet deep they found much wood alhes, foft and black, fome

little bits of an urn, and black and red earth, very rotten, fome fmall lumps of

earth, red as vermilion, and fome flints burnt through. Towards the bottom

a great quantity of allies and burnt bones. From this place could be counted

148 barrows in fight. One of thofe, which Dr. Stukeley calls Druid’s barrows,

being opened, he found in the centre a fquarilh hole cut in the folid chalk, three

feet and a half by two feet, pointing diredtly to Stonehenge, covered with artificial

earth, not above a foot thick from the furface, containing all the burnt bones

of a man, but no figns of an urn. The bank of the circular ditch was on the

outfide. In another barrow of like dimenfions was found a burnt body in a hole

in the chalk. In fome others large burnt bones of horfes and dogs along with

human ;alfo, as feemed, of other animals, as fowl, hares, boars, deer, goats, &c.

In a great and very flat old fafliioned barrow Weft from Stonehenge, among fuch

matters, bits of red and blue marble, chippings of the ftones of the temple, fromwhich the Do6lor concluded the deceafed was one of the builders. Homer tells us

Achilles flew horfes and dogs at the funeral of his friend Patroclus \Dr. Stukeley 3 defcribes the barrows of kings as of different fhapes, and

fome fet round with ftones. The long barrows he refers to the arch-druids

* Stonehenge, p. 44, 45.

7

3 Abury, 5.

from

from their paucity Wormius feems to give the long barrows, like fliips re-verft, to kings. Such are Shipton hill, Dorfet, 749 feet long, i 5 o which is

more than Silbury j Shipley hill, in Leiceilerfhire Others in Suflex, on theDowns near Aldfrifton. One near Pimpern, c. Dorfet, called Long Barrow is

234 feet in length, and 10 feet perpendicular 1. Perhaps that defcribed by

Mr. Pennant in Denbighfhire, called The Giants Grave, may be another in-ftance 4

.

A great tumulus 63 paces from the Roman camp at Oldborough 42 feet highand 14 perpendicular, and 250 in circumference, called the King's Burial Place

,con lifted of different ftrata of clay and clods, with roots of fern and heath,and at the bottom bones of an ox, and wood allies, but neither urns, burntbones, nor coins s

.

At the bottom of one at Otterbourne, Northumberland, 1729, they founda rude (lone, like a grave ftone, and feveral fmaller wedged in wherethere were any interfaces. Under this a grave, fix feet by four, andnear four deep. At the top lay fine mould for two feet, and then fumeallies laid on fine white fand for above two feet, and with them mixed whatwere taken for fmall pieces of burnt bone, very black, and burnt wood likecharcoal \

In a low or barrow near Elford in Staffordfhire, opened 16S0, was foundlevel with the furface of the ground about it a moift biackifh fort of earth,without any mixture of gravel or ltones, about two yards diameter, an I afoot and a half deep in the middle, lying^ much in the fame form with the tumu-lus ttfelf, on the edge whereof were aflws and charcoal in their true colours, andin the middle of it feveral pieces of bones fo friable that they would crumblebetwixt the fingers. The low itfelf, which covered thefe allies and black earth,being made with gravel mixed with pebbles, as the foil itfelf thereabouts is, andfo it was alfo under the black earth \

In cutting through the larged of thofe on Sandford-moor. Weftmoreland1766, at a confiderable depth below the furface they found a fhort broadfword, fragments of another, and a helmet, two fpear heads, umbo of a Ihieldbones, charcoal, and a mafs of fuch mofs as grew on the outfide of theftones laid over the above articles

8.

Ill fome cafes the body lay near the top as at Silbury, where Dr. Stukeleywas beforehand, and the late difcoveries produced only fome rotten wood anda rufty knile or fword.

BiOiop Lyttelton Ihewed the Society of Antiquaries, 1768, a piece of networkcompofed of ringlets of iron fcarce fLths of an inch diameter, each ring rivettedand foldered, and feemingly whitened with tin : to thefe were affixed here andthere feveral other ringlets of brafs of the fame fize, fuppofed for ornament,being fattened to the other net work by their bafes, as triangles. It was foundin a barrow in Dorfetfhire, and is perhaps the only inftance of the kind ’

Under Bartlow hills were found a ftone coffin, containing two bodies, onelying with the head to the others feet ; two other ftone coffins, with pieces ofbones in them, and many chains of iron, like thofe of horfes bits, or perhapslinks of mail 1

In the largeftof the barrows on Winftre common, c. Derby, were found twoglafs veffels, eight or ten inches high, with wide round mouths, and containing

3 Hutchins, in Gent. Mag. 176S. p. 113.

1Stukeley, Abury, p. 44.

1Stukeley, Itin. I. ioj.

\Wales

> r- 38 4- 5 Arch. II. 56.Horfley to R. Gale, A. S. min. and among Gale’s Letters, p. aco.

^

Plot 5 Staffordfhire, p. 405. 8 a. S. min.r

’AS Min X 66,0Holhnfhed, p. 176. Letter to the compiler of Magna Britannia, I. 670. Mora’nt, Effex’ II. 539.

about

[ viii ]

about a pint of clear greenifti water ;a filver bracelet, about two inches in

breadth, and an ornament of filigrain work, gold or filver gilt, with red glafs

beads, and remains of a wooden box, and clafps and hinges

In the Gentleman’s Magazine, September, 1752, p. 408. is an account of a has

relief in alabafter, of the Virgin Mary, Trinity, and angels, found in a barrow

on Salilbury plain, and fixed over an alehoufe-chimney at Shrawton ; which

is more likely to have come from the religious houle at Ambrefbury.

One of the tumuli on the fide of the Icening-ftreet leading over Hogmagog-

hills being levelled in the fummer of 1778, there were found in it feveral

bodies laid from N. to S. and one perpendicular to them, like a T, with fix

tops \ Thefe Mr. Weft of Furnefs conjectured to be Roman, differing from the

others as that of the Megarenfians from the Athenians, by which Solon deter-

mined the ifland of Salamis to have belonged to the latter ab origine 3.

In the pariih of Llanarmon are abundance of tumuli. Mr. Pennant was present

at opening one, which was compofed of loofe ftones and earth, covered with a

layer of foil about two feet thick, and over that a coat of turf. In the middle

were feveral urns of a fun-burnt clay, of a reddifh colour on the outfide, black

within, being ftained by the afhes they contained. Each was placed with the

mouth downwards, on a flat ftone, another lying on it, to keep off the weight

above. Mixed with the loofe ftones were numerous fragments of bones of the

thigh and arm, and even a fcull 4.

Mr. Freebairn, who difcovered two Roman forts not hitherto noticed in the

country from Duntocher Weftward, faw an unufual mode of burying. Onopening a tumulus for the high road they found on the level of the furface ofthe ground 1 2 urns, fix and fix, parallel to each other, made of unburnt clay,

1 3 inches deep, and part of a fruftrated cone, feven inches diameter, at the

mouth, four and a half at the bottom, full of burnt bones and pieces of the

native ftone of the country, about two inches long, one inch broad, half aninch thick, with a notch thus,

tis if for tying a firing round the middle; the notch was the only femblance

of art in them. The urns were all inverted, upon a flat ftone of the famekind, being a greyifh freeftone, full of talc, not hard. Immediately underthefe urns was a ftone cheft, of the fame fort of flaggs, conftrudted for a per-fon in a fitting pofture, on opening which a human ikeleton appeared inthat pofture, whofe bones were exceeding large

; but he faw none entire, ex-cept the Os Ifchium, which indeed feemed double the fize of any ikeleton heever faw, and none of the bones appeared to have fuffered fire. It was faid

the workmen found a piece of gold; but it could not be traced 5

.

The downs about Aldfrifton, c. Suflex, are covered with barrows : the chiefpart are of a bell fafhion, fome Angle, fome double, and others treble, and afew of the long kind. One at Aldfrifton is fifty-five yards long, with threefinks, one at each end, and one in the middle, with a deep ditch on each fide,

with another added of another nation, whofe fepulchral pofition differed as muchOn opening one of the circular barrows, 1763? the ikeleton of a man wasfound lying on its fide in a contracted form with the head to the weft, the

* H1* 2U ' 1 Exinf°rm - M - Tyfon. 3 Plutarch in Solone.Wale«, I. 381. See more, lb. 383. ‘ Letter to Mr. G. Paton, dated Freeport, in 11 a, May rS, 1778.

bones

CO

t ]

taones very hard and firm, owing to the nature of the ground on which theylay, which was a bed of chalk. During the courfe of digging were found ten

knives of different make, iron fpikes, charcoal, a thin piece of yellow metal,

bones of beafts, 8cc. In the middle, tinder a pyramid of flints, an urn, of un-baked clay, the verge rudely adorned; holding about a gallon, full of burntbones and afhes, carefully placed in the chalk rock, with about four feet ofearth over it *.

Dr. Knight, in a letter to the Society of Antiquaries, deferibed barfocVs on a

heath bordering Eaft of Ipfvvich; three or four rhiles Off, in Walton; a mem-ber of Clare-priory ; one larger in the middle, the reft in a circle round it.

Here are ruins of an abbey, and an old crofs, with a date, 612,' cut on it,

but fufpicious. Some diftance Eaft of the town are ruins of a round wall onthe ridge of a cliff next the fea, between Landgtiard fort and YVoodbridge river,

or Bavvdfey-haven. It is 100 yards long, five feet high above ground, twelvebroad at each end, turned with an angle, and compofed of pebbles and redbricks, in three courfes : fuppofed to be one of the Romarl fortifications built

on the coaft againft the Saxons in the time of the lower empire. All roundare fdotfteps of buildings, and feveral large pieces of wall eaft down on theftrand, by the fea’s undermining the cliff, all which have red brick at low watermark. Very much of the like is vifible at fome diftance in the fea. Thereare two entire pillars with balls; the cliff is 100 feet high.

Mr. Pownal mentioned a glafs urn found in a barrow Eaft of Lincoln, onthe Roman road, which was in the poffeffion of the late Dr. Primrofe, after-

in his, and given to Mr. Folkes. Another of curious make, of red earth, withletters, and a flag on it.

Many tumuli are fcattered all over the ifle of Purbeck. The nine barrowsnear Corfe are probably Britifli. Thofe round Pool and Studland-bay Danilh.Some in other parts of the ifland may be Roman. They are generally fomeround, fome fingle, fome in groups ; moftly on hills, riling ground, or longridges on the heath 2

. On the downs to the N. E. of Bincomb are a great num-ber, of different dimenfions, fome in groups, and fome fingle

;fo that here

feems to have been the feene of fome remarkable aCtion 3.

Barrows lie by dozens and fcores all the way between Everly and Ambrefbury.Above this laft are feven, and feven on Mendip hill, feven in Burghclere parifli.

In three in Winterburn-ftoke Mr. Holland found nothing : the biggeft there-abouts had eighteen inches under the furface a fingle body. They are compofedof pure earth, or chalk, without ftones

; but fome have ftones. Some are 100feet diameter. Lord Winchelfea on opening fome Roman burying places foundfometimes an urn by the neck of the body. In the very old barrow faid tobe Ambrofius’s grave on the left hand, was found a large brafs weapon of near20 pound weight, like a pole-axi. In another a brafs fword; and in a thirda celt 4

.

In moft parts of Wales and the Highlands, and fometimes in Cornwall,Northumberland, and Scotland, the barrows are heaps of ftones of all lizesthrown together in a round form. Thefe are called Karneu

,Karnedbeu

, Cairns.Though often applied to cover the bodies of malefactors as a mark of contemptand notoriety, they are generally the burial places of the country, of the remoteftantiquity : for Mr. Llwyd fays HeCtor had a Cairn for his tomb. He adds

* Gent. Mag. rol. XXXIII. p. 396.4 Stukeley, Stonehenge, p. 46.

* Hutchins, I. 17a. s lb. 336.

C one

One or tWb inftances, in which thefe contained near their fiimmit a rude Hone

coffin or cheft The great barrow at New Grange is made of pebbles or

togle Hones \

The heaps of Hones were often furmounted by erodes, to which they ferved

as a bafe, and confequcntly were rather facred than infamous. See Llwyd in

Gibfon’s Camden, Glamorganfhire, Margam : one at Lilford, c. Northumberland.

I reckon among Cairns certain concentric circles in the Orkneys deferibed by

Mr. Lowe 3,compofed of an outer ring of loofe Hones, and three within it of

earth, furrounding a nucleus, or mound raifed of earth, fometimes furiounded

by Hones; and the whole diameter from 20 to 50 feet. Tradition indeed

affigns no life to thefe monuments ; but it is hard to form any other con-

jecture than that they were fepulchral.

An entire fkeleton was found between flags of proportionable fize, near Lla-

narmon parifh ; as was another in one of the Orknies, and others in the fliiie

of Murray;and with one of the laH an urn, with allies, and feveral pieces

of charcoal 4.

A barrow opened by Mr. Williams, on St. Auflle Downs, had a fmall circle

of Hones on the top, four feet high and fifteen broad at bottom ; the body wascompofed of adventitious earth, and near the centre was a pit a foot deep andWide, dug out of the natural foil, and having two flat Hones on it. In another

fimilar one was a cylindrical pit, two feet broad and one and a half deep, co-

vered with three Hones fet edgeways. In the centre of another barrow was a

layer of flat Hones covering a large heap of others, as thofe did more laid

in a conical form, and covering a cylindrical pit two feet broad and two and a

half deep, whofe fides were lined with flat Hones, under which was blackunCtuous matter about an inch thick. A fourth, furrounded by two inches ofHones, had in its centre an oblong fquare pit one foot and a half deep, twobroad, and five long, whofe bottom had the fame black greafy matter. Theoutermofl circle, or heap of Hones, concealed an urn Handing in a pit on aflat Hone, and covered by two other flat Hones, and wedged in by many fmallHones. This urn was thirteen inches high, diameter eleven inches, of hardburnt earth, half an inch thick, very black within, having four little ears

or handles, and containing feven quarts of burnt bones and allies s. See an urn

in a barrow in Anglefea \ Dr. Stukeley 7 has indulged a Hrange chimera, fromDr. Plot

8

, about a tumulus of earth converted into aheap of Hones, and of for-tifications become folid cliff on St. Vincent’s rock near Briflol. This is of apiece with his conjectures, that a quarry of Hone in Lincolnfhire and Norfolk,where many Britifh fkeletons were found, was once mould.

Barrows continued in ufe to the 1 2th century. The plain about Fornham inSuffolk is covered with thofe thrown up over the Flemings flain under Robertearl of Leicefler, 19 Henry II. Seven of them being larger than the refl, andprobably covering the bodies of officers, are Hill known by the name of theSeven Hills, on the road from Thetford to Bury 9

.

I might add, that the officers and private men flain at the battle of Cullodenare laid under two feparate and fimilar barrows, near the Frith of Forth river.Yet I doubt if the many that overfpread the field of battle fought at Otter-burne in 1488, are of that late date.

1Britannia, Radnorfhire.

1 MS. Hil’t. 'of Orkney.s Phil. Tranf. 4,58.* OiJordihirc.

sArchaeol. II. 2 50.

4 Pennant’s Wales, I. 387, 388. Mr. Lowe, ubi fup.Rowland, p. 49. ift edit. 7

Phil. Tranf. N“ 360. p. 966.* Blomefield’s Norfolk, I. p. 3.

t xi j

fn one layer of the barrows near Kingfgate the Ikeletons were founddoubled together in graves cut in the folid chalk, together with urns, alhes-and bones. Thefe two barrows are fiippofed to contain only the officers’mod of the common men having been call into the fea from the cliffs, eitherin the battle or when ilain.

Mr. Davis of Anglefea defcribed to Mr. Barrington a Kiftvaen he few inLlangaed parifh, difcovered by the plow. It was in the dear two feet nineinches by one foot nine, and three feet deep, compofed of four rude ilabs ofgrey marble or lime ftone, and covered by a fifth, three feet nine inches bythree feet five inches. It lay near North and South, the fcull at the North end.The body being fo difproportioned to the coffin, it was queftioned how it couldbe laid ftrait in it, unlefs it was put in fome time after death, at the period whenthe limbs recover their flexibility again. He l'ent him another account of avery extraordinary catacomb difcovered in the neighbourhood of Sir N BayleyIn a vault on Muckleford Down, Dorfet, was opened a barrow, containing aikeleton, that appeared to be interred erect

6

In one of the tumuli opened clofe by Stromnefs was found the entire bodyof a man mclofed in a ftone coffin, about four feet and a half long. The bodyhad been placed in a fitting pofture, and when the cheft was found was fallendown between the thigh bones : the other bones fupported each other fo asto ihew the original pofition. In another coffin difcovered in the feme hillockthe body had been laid on its fide, the knees to the breaft, and the hands tothe cheeks. At a fmall diftance another hillock was opened, in which was firftdifcovered a fmall ftone cheft about a foot fquare, containing a fmall quantity ofGifcoloured earth. Nearer the centre a large coffin in which was an urn wraptup in leather with a fmall ftone cover containing alhes and bits of bones Theurn was made of a very gritty clay much difcoloured, and fplit from near the topto the bottom. This, with all its contents, is now in the poffeffion ofmy roodfriend Mr. George Paton of Edinburgh.

In the ifland of Shernefs, or Sail a, without the dykes ofHarnna, is the Giant'sGrave, a monument of Handing ftones, originally three, one now muchlhortened of its original dimenfions, another broken ftiort off at the ground. Tra-dition is quite filent about it. The ftones have been brought from the neighbour-lng fea rocks. °

Mr. Lowe * imagines the range of ftones and ditch marked the facred groundand the hdlocks nearly correfponding with the four points might be for thealtars, as the neighbouring ftones might have fupported a table, though this isnow gone, for preparing the fecrifice

; all particulars neceffary about a heathentemple. Probably their ffiape may be of ufe in pointing out their intention, andgive us to underftand that in the circle was performed the worlliip in honourot the Sun confeffedly an idol of the Germans 1

; while the femicircle was de-dicated to the moon. If this is the cafe, and it is very probable, as they areboth excellently fituated in the openeft and plaineft fpot in the mainland, wherethe fulled view of thefe bodies could be had from their riling to their fetingthefe> certainly are the circles of Loda, and the moffy ftones of power mentionedby Offian in his Carrifthura

;but alas the echoing woods “ bending along thecoaly are now no more. Near the circle is a feries of tumuli of a much lefs

fize than the four abovementioned, being entirely fepulchral; many of them

have been fearched into, and poffibly it has been here Wallace’s fibula; werefound.

1

Hutchins, I. 445.5 MS. Hift. of Orkney, 3 Verftegan, p. 75, 76.

Near

Neaf Termifton is a vaft tumulus, probably fepulchral ; but this is not afcef*

tained ; for though Lord Morton caufed feveral people to dig in it, they gave

over too foon, before they came within a great way of the centre or the

bottom. Among the arable land of Ireland in this parifh, we obferve a cir-

cular fpace, furrounded by a deep ditch, but without ftones;

the like is to be

feen at Weftbufter in Sandwich parifh. Thefe perhaps may have been the

places of juftice in antient times ; and if they have ever been furrounded with

Hones, thefe muft have been fmall, and carried off for building.

In the mofs of Kennefs numbers of corpfes are dug up, fuppofed to be Cath-

neffinen, killed at the battle of Summerdale, which was fought between the

earl of Cathnefs and lord Sinclair on the one fide, and Edward Sinclair of

Strome, who commanded the Orkneymen, on the other.

In the links of Skail the tumuli are compofed either of ftones furrounding the

coffins, and covered with fand, or of entire fand ; fome cf them contain one,

fome more coffins, even to fix placed in rows, one above another. The bodies

are all naked, though in fome which Mr. Lowe had feen opened, coarfe bags

full of bones were found placed at the feet of the principal fkeleton. Beads of

ftone and a fpecies of Lithanthrax were found in one, with feveral other little

particulars, but no arms; which may hint to us that there were the graves of

thofe who died at home. In one was found the body of a child of about

feven years of age, as the fecond crop of teeth were beginning to maketheir appearance. In another an old man with the teeth worn down to the

gums, the flumps full of tartar, with a woman’s bones put up in a bag at his

feet. On the hard and dry brakes we fee numbers of tumuli placed for the moftpart either clofe by the highways or common ftiles. In the conftrudtion of thefe

the coffin was firft fet upon the live earth, and heaped round with ftones andearth to the l ulk they defigned it

;and as fome of them are very large, Mr. Lowe

imagines the whole community might join, as we know in time of war thewhole army did, to make up the hills raifed over the fiain. If at any time theyhad occafion to bury in the fame tumulus, they opened the fide of it, andplaced a leffer coffin, in which are laid bones or leffer bodies. They feemnever to have ftretched their corpfes to their full length, as we never fee any ofthe coffins above four feet and an half long, and many lefs ; the body with theknees to the breaft, and the legs along the thighs. We fee yet another fpeciesof tumulus in this parifh, which is entirely without a coffin or urn. Here how-ever the body has been burnt, and that in a very fierce fire, and the whole almoftvitrified, fomething like the clamps thrown out of forges. In one which Mr. Loweopened, the whole cover of the tumulus was compofed of fuch clamps, with piecesof human bones unburnt, and flicking in them, the matter hard congealed aboutthem. In one lump was half a jawbone, in others bones of horfes ', and dogs,which had been confumed in the funeral pile, together with their mafter. Thetumulus here, he imagines, has been raifed immediately over the funeral pile, asmany of the lumps that are hollow are much difcoloured, as if they had beenco\cred while yet fmoaking. In many of thefe ftone coffins we obferve a prettylarge quantity of animal humus

, efpecially about the bones of the thighs. Thebags for enclofing the bones before taken notice of feem to have been made ofrufiies. One of thefe was full of a fmall beetle, called Dermeftes, both the bagand beetles intirely black and rotten. Some of thefe tumuli on the moors arefurrounded with ftones ; others, and by far the greater part plain.

Mr. Lowe, in his way over the hills of South Ronaldsha, faw feveral tu-muli, which the old men call Em Couligs, but which they could not explain.

* So BaIder w3s burie(li Saxo Gram. j 3 . A. See alfo Northern Ant-quitiei, p. 344.

A few

[ xlii]

A few tumuli have been dug up in Forfar parllh in Kirkwall, and fomeplam urns found in them, made of a very fandy kind of clay, rather dried thanburnt.

Several circles without ftones, or with very low ones in the Orkney ifles, mayhave been tings or courts of antient times. Several tumuli are fcattered up anddown Rendale, to which tradition has handed down names, which is feldom thecafe. One is called Enerow, another Dijherow, both no doubt corrupted fromthe original words.

In one of the tumuli opened clofe by Stromnefs, was found the entire bodyof a man inclofed in a ftone coffin.

InBirfa, at the Eaft end of the hill called Kev£, near fome large tumuli, arethree upright ftones at unequal diftances, in a ftrait line. Tumuli are fcattered allover the moors, which plainly fliew this fide of the country to have been wellinhabited from the earlieit time. In one of them, called Stone Randy, are flonesfet upright on the top, which is uncommon, and ihews that Randy, or perhapsRandolj, was a perfon of no mean note among his countrymen. This tumulushad been dug up long ago.

Sanda on every fandy point difcovers antient graves, all of them ftone cof-fins under tumuli. In the fandy grounds of Stronza where they are blown,particularly about Roufholm links, graves have been difcovered. Thefe are alltumuli, and contain ftone coffins, wherein are depofited the bodies entire.

In Dunrofnefs parifii in the mainland of Shetland the blowing of the fanddifcovers tumuli, which are very rare in Shetland. Mr. Lowe opened one inwhich he found no leis than nine fculls, or their remains, but the corpfes hadnot been laid in any order, but thrown together as chance direfted, which feemsto confirm the tradition of Foula, that they are the Lewi/men's graves,

The ftnfting of the fands in Weftram has laid open antient burying places,which in fome places were above twenty feet under ground, and are either offtones and rubbifti, or the grave limply fet round with a tire of fmall ftones onend. The laft are generally in clutters, and even with the fand. In examiningthe latter ,ve find, befides the bones of men, thofe of cows, horfes, dogs, andffieep, befides warlike inftruments of all kinds then in life, as battle-axes, twohanded fwords, broadfwords, helmets, fwords made of the jawbone of a whale,daggers, &c. knives, combs, beads, broches, and chains, a round flat pieceof marble about two inches and half diameter, feveral ftones fhaped like whet-ftones, bur no marks of fuch ufe, a very fmall iron veil'd like a head-piece, only four inches and a half in the hollow, much wounded, as if by a fwordor ax. In one was a metal fpoon, and a neat glafs cup, fo rafted that it now appearsoi a pearl colour, and may contain about two gills Scots, or half a pintEnghlh In another a great number of ftones formed into fuch whirls as inSc°

.

were form(:r'y ufed to turn a fpindle. In another a gold ring encirclinga thigh bone. Q- How put on. Whence arife fuch differences in the tumuli ofthe fame nation, and in the fame ifland? The Wellh Highlanders, at a certain rera,ufed the tumulus, but it feems to have been after the Norwegians fettled amongthem

; for in Offian’s poems we find four ftones rifing on the grave of CathbarWe find them buried with their arms, dogs, and deers’ horns, as fymbols of ahunter. The tumuli may be memorials of the many battles between the Ork-neymen and the Highlanders, and may be graves of invaders in very early airasfrom the Weftern ifles. A ftratum of clay covers the bones, as the tranflator ofOlhan obferves, that “ the bottom of the grave was lined with fine clay, whereonthey laid the deceafed, if a warrior, with his fword and the heads of arrows byhis fide; if a hunter, a deer’s horn; covering the whole with fine mould, andfour ftones on end, to mark the extent of the grave.” As to the number of

* Mr. Lowe ubi flip,

^ ftones

m

it ]

{tones they do not feem to be fixed, as we fee the graves marked fometimes

with one, fometimes with two, and oftimes, no doubt, with more than four

grey ftones. I fhould be very far from placing the asra of thefe graves fo far

back as OOian’s time, though we learn that his father made feme vifits to Inif-

tore ;but if we confider the pertinacioufnefs of the Weftern Highlanders to old

cuftoms, we need not wonder to fee them adhering to thefe.

<< The dead were interred at fome diftance from the houfes called Pidtifh in

Caithnefs fhire. The cemiteries were of two kinds. In fome the deceafed were

placed within great circles of ftones of ioo feet diameter, and the corpfes

covered with gravel. In others they were interred in cairns of a fugar loaf

form. Sometimes bones have been found in them, fometimes urns with afhes.

Sometimes the corroded remains of iron weapons, and in one a brafs fpear nine

inches long’.

Dr. Stukeley, perhaps too haftily, concluded that a piece of ground juft

without the old city wall at Cirencefter, which goes by the name of the

Suerns or Kairns,full of heaps of ftones now by length of time covered with

herbage, among which large monumental ftones have certainly been dug up,

was the comman burying place of the antient Corinium. Mr. Rudder rather inclines

to think them heaps of rubbifh made by digging of ftone for the purpofe of

building \

Pillars (ojta/, cippi) were fometimes contemporary with barrows. Jacob fet a

pillar on Rachel’s grave; and we have feen fome inftances among the Greeks in

Paulanias. Thefe were either rude ftones, or inferibed with fret work, figures

of men and beafts, or crofles. This laft circumftance befpeaks them Chriftian,

which their being in churchyards alone would imply. But they are not con-

fined to churchyards. They ferved on fields of battle, both as trophies and

tombftones ; as at Forres, and elfewhere in Scotland.

On a monument called Mikneint, in Merionethfhire, Mr. Llwyd deferibes

30 graves, about two yards long, and each diftinguifht by four fquare pillars,

about two or three feet high, and nine inches broad at the corners, fuppofed

to be ereCted after a battle One Mr. Vaughan opened one of them, but found

no marks of human interment 4.

At Chedworth, c. Gloucefter, on a hill a little above the fite of a Roman

hypocauft, about a mile on the North Weft of the Fofiway, is a large tumu-

lus, which had a huge rough ftone fet upright on its top, fuppofed to have

been raifed by the Britons or Saxons. Not long fince fome of the farmers

removed the ftone with a double team of oxen, and fo expofed great quanti-

ties of human bones lying near the top of the barrow s.

On the top of Silbury-hill Dr. Stukely found a fkeleton, with the fragments

of a bridle.

The pyramid of earth at New Grange contained two human fkeletons, as

Molyneux, or, as major Valiancy, one, laid on a large ftone in the middle, and

black afhes in three cells.

At Chatteris, in the ifle of Ely, 1757, was found, two feet and half under

the turf, a fkeleton, with a fword at the right fide, fpear at left, and umbo of

fhield on bread ; at the head a large urn of black earth unbaked, containing

probably the wife’s afhes, and a glafs vafe of fingular pipe-like projections6.

On Barham downs was found, 1759, a fkeleton with a fword and fpear,

and round the neck a firing of glafs beads 7. Dr. Stukeley pronounces all thefe

Britifh.

* Pennant’s 2d tour, Apx. p. 29.3 Gibfon’s Camden, 791.* Rudder, p. 334.

* Gent. Mag. March, 1766.

‘ Rudder’s Hid. of Gloucefterfltire, p. 349.* Wyndham’s Tour in Wales, p. 131.

Lord

S3

[ xv j

Lord Harley digging a canal at Wimple, near the Ermine-ftreet, found fix-teen bodies, moftly laid in heaps on each other, but fome fingle : near themwere feveral pieces of rufty iron, which feemed to have been fragments offwords, or other weapons

At Holkham in Norfolk, on digging one fide of a hill, 1722, were foundmany corpfes, with many beads, like amber, as big as a hafel nut, more of thefize of a pea, pierced through in order to be ftrung

; fome iron fpear-heads,fome pieces of brafs, 8cc. Thefe were thought Britifli. Mr. Hare brought tothe Society of Antiquaries that year feveral brafs fibulas, curioufly wrought,wafhed with gold, found at Holkham, fuppofed Danifir *.

Dr. Knight gave the Society of Antiquaries an account of a large fkeleton foundnear Chippenham, c. Cambridge, with maffy chains and fetters dug up near him1 7

3* Mr, Henry Johnfon fhewed them, 1750, a large fpear-head a foot

long, with the rivets that fattened it to the faff, found at Weft Mead, Hants,within a ftone circular wall, on the eftate of Henry FoXcroft, efq. within whichcircle fifty yards diameter were found feveral bones of men and horfes, andadjoining are three hillocks of earth, fuppofed Daniih burying places ’.

A copper ring was found round the arm of a human (keleton at Drutoo, nearCave, in the Eaft Riding of Yorkthire. It was quite black and bright, and notin the leaft corroded except a little in the infide where it touched the arm.

At Lidden, near Canterbury, two men, July, 1760, grubbed up a verylarge a(h, above fifty feet round at the root. In the centre were two fkeletonsalmoft entire, of large proportions, and by them lay a dagger. Their headslay very near together, but the bodies one to the Eaft and the other to the S.E.and each had a head-ftone \

Some labourers digging chalk in a bank thirty feet high, near the N. E:corner of the glebe and yard of St. John’s church at Lewes, which had formerlybeen a fort againft the Danes, and is furrounded with natural banks andditches, the former here lowed: and moll acceffible from the water, which for-merly brought up the Daniih boats clofe under this fort at every fpring tide,

though now dry, except in land-floods, found a brafs fibula, of a circularform, which had been gilt and lludded. It was compofed of two thin plates ofbrafs fomewhat more than —ths of an inch broad, united by a fmall concavehoop, the upper circular plate lefs than the under, which is i-Lths diameter:The ftuds were cut off to come at the infcription, which is in old Englilhcharacters, on the upper circle, and appears to be “ Ave Maria gracia plen.”About 1 5 feet to the right of the fpot where the fibula was found, but withinfive feet of the top of the bank, was found a human lkeleton, whofe fcullthe labourers carried away, and it is now in the hands of Mr. Puxty of Bright-helmftone 6

.

In digging a vault or cellar near Gold court, in Wareham, 1753, were dugup above 30 fculls, but other bones fcarce proportionable to three or fourbodies. Thefe fculls, except three or four, were placed with the face down-wards, the top ol the head to the Eaft, and inclofed between flat ftones fet onedge. Thefe might be Danes, perhaps thus diftinguifhed from Chriftians, asSt. Ambrofe diftinguifhed the Arians from the Orthodox, after a battle atMilan 7

.

At Ripatranfona, the antienf Cupra of the Picenfes, was found 1727, anantient monument, containing the bodies of two foldiers, and round about themvarious earthen lamps, and other veffels : they had bracelets on their arms,

* Stukely, A. S. Min. sA. S. Min. 3

lb. « Ib>4 Newberry’s Defcription of England, V. 75.6 A. S. Min. XV. 217.’ Hutchins, Hift. ofDorfet.- I. 36. Sec another inftance in the fame Volume, p. 574. KeyOer’s Travels, I. 346.

1little

little chains or links, phaleras, bullae, fibulae, helmets, and fpearheads The

author of this account underfiands Virgil's defcription of Mifenus’s tomb % that

the arms, oar, and trumpet were put into, and not upon it : and mentions a

fword and other fingular weapons found in an antient fepulcre at Fiefole.

There were found fkeletons in the Pavillia vault at Cuma 3.

“ At Northburne, Kent, was the palace of Edbald, Ethelbert’s fon, and a few

“ years fyns in brakng the wall of the lir.il were found two children’s bones that

“ had been mured up as yn buriall yn tyme of Paganite of the Saxons. Among“ one of the children’s bones was found a ftiff pin of laten 4.”

“ a glafle with bones in a fepulcnre found by Dodington churche in the

“ high way. Pottes exceeding fine nelid and floryfhed in the Romanes tyme

“ diggid out of groundes in the fields of Dodington. A yerthen pot with Ro-

“ mayne coines found in Dodington felde 5 .”

The cuftom of burning the dead obtained among the Northern nations from

the remoteft period 6. The Danes diftinguifhed by this a particular period,

called Roj'o/d or Brende tiide,which feems to have ceafed with Paganifm. Of

courfe the Danes, being latefl converted, retained it longefl. Among us, when

the Britons laid it afide the Saxons took it up. The Hoigold or Hoilfe tiid was

the Danilh sera of barrows, under which the corpfe was placed entire, with all

its ornaments, arms, horfe, and even wealth and plunder \ The laft period of

interment in Denmark was called Cbri/lendom's old, w’hen Chriftianity introduced

the prefent mode.

Yet on rebuilding, 1747, Fairwell church, in Staffordlhire, fuppofed to be

the chapel of the nunnery founded there by Roger Clinton, bifhop of Litch-

field, 1142, they found in the South wall, about fix feet from the ground,

three ranges of coarfe earthen veflels of different fizes, and unglazed, the

largefl capable of containing two, the fmaller one quart : the larger were four

inches and a half over at the mouth, twenty-four round, and near a foot high :

the fmall ones three inches one-eighth at the mouth, fixteen and a quarter round,

and fix and a quarter high. They lay on the fides, in one diredlion, their

mouths placed, towards the inner fide of the church, and flopped with a thin coat

of plaifier \

At Yoxall, c. Staffordfhire, were found, near Mr. Wright’s houfe, near forty

urns of coarfe brown loft earth, almoil full of allies, and fragments of humanbones 9

.

1 he Kiflvaen, or coffin compofed of rough Hones fet edgeways at the fides

and ends, and covered with one or more flat Hones, was another receptacle ofthe dead antiently ufed in Britain, and may be called the early altar monu-ment. 1 hele are frequent in Wales

; but feldom found to contain fkeletons,

or remains of bodies in them. See Dr. Stukeley’s Abury, p. 13, of one on abarrow at Rowldrich

; another, p. 49, fimilar in Monkton-field, near Abury.I wo that were found in Purbeck, on making a turnpike road to Corfe, hadfkeletons in them ,0

. Thefe one may venture to pronounce Britifli. Thofe

‘ Sagg« di Diflertationi di Cortona, tom. T. diff. V. p. c6, tav. I. n.* Acn. VI. 23,.

* *

3 Phil. Tranf. XLIX. art. 66. Gent. Mag. 1756. 555.* Leland. It. VII. 127. » Leland. It. VI. 7?.Tac. de mor. Germ. c. 27. Mela III. 2.

7 Mela, lb. Wnrmius Mon. Dan. 40. Bartholin. Antiq. Dan. 438.

! ^lr - Gr

se/n

>Gtnt - Feb - * 77 '- P- 59 - BP- Lyttelton, in A. S. Min. t 747 .

' Gent. Mag. Aug. 1774. p. 358.10

Mr. Hutchins’s Letter to biflmp Lyttelton, 1768.

Hone

f xvii]

ftorle cells which gave name to Kerigy Druidbion, in Denbighlhire, hut are nowheraoved, were of the fame kind. Some of thefe rude fepulchral receptaclesMr. Pegge has feen in Derbylhire, and others may be found defcribed inCamden .

Of this earlier kind and date were the rude ftone chefts under barrows in Ork-ney, which contained entire bodies 1

. In one of thefe Mr. Lowe found with thebody a bag of fome cdarfe vegetable fluff laid at the feet and containing thebones of a younger perfon, which feemed to have been a woman L This bagmight be the tttlga, which Lucilius defcribes as the all of the perfon he fatirizes ?

Cum bulga coenat, dormit, lavit; omnis in unau Spes hominis bulga.”

and hence Macaulay ! derives the nairie of Firtolg, the old Irifh having fcafceany thing more defirable than their bag.

s

On the field of Loncarty, where the Hays beat the Danes, are feveral tumuliwherein are found bones depofited in loofe ftones in form of a coffin 6

.

’

On a farm called Hondre,

in Miline parifli, Pembrokefliire, fome labourershedging came to a number of ftones of different fizes, fome thrown togetherpromifcuoufly, but the uppermoft lying over one another, like tiles on a roofAt about nine feet depth they came to a very large ftone, about feven feet longfour or five broad, and twenty inches thick. At its Eaft and Weft end wetepiaced two ftones on edge, and others under the fides and in the middle was acavny of about two, or two feet and a half high, and of the length of theftone, containing only a little black earth. Over the whole the foil had beenfomewhat raffed in a circular form as a barrow

; but the field having beenin conftant tillage had much reduced its height. In the fame or neighbouringpanih, on a high mountain, called, from its fugar-loaf form, Voel dri ram,are three cairns of loofe ftones, very near each other, and on the fame moun-tain veftiges of a camp double ditched, and the files of the tents hollowed outvery vifible \

On Eglwys Ilan common, two miles from Caerphyli, feveral tumuli were

of flat' ftonif*

When bUmt b°neS " ere f°Und ‘n UrnS’ind°fed “ a {qmre cavi'y

Rrygy Bern in Trelech parifli, c. Caernarvon, is a Karned of ftones, coveredwi h turf, circular at bottom about fixty paces, height about fix yards, rilingw, h an eafy after,t, and a hollow at top. In the centre of this cavity was a val

flat oval ftone, three yards long, five feet over where broadeft, and about ten ortwelve inches thick. Mr. William Lewis of Lhwyn Dern having caufed it tobe opened, found, after removing a large quantity of ftones, that it covered akiftvaen, or ftone cheft, about four feet and a half long, and three broad, nar-roweft at the Eaft end, compofed of feven ftones, viz. the cover, two at eachfide and end, and one behind each of the end ftones to keep them up, allequally rude, and about the fame thicknefs, except the two laft, which werevery confiderably thicker. They found both within and without the cheft fomerude pieces of bnck or burnt ftone, and wrought pieces of ftone

; and fomepieces of bones, which they imagined had been brought thither by foxes, butthey did not go to the bottom of the cheft. Confidering the labor and ftrengthemployed about this rude monument Mr. Lluyd thinks it belonged to (ome

Camden, col. 707. 7S0. 751. 753. 773.

3 !hC

,

Ta.

rta

1

'''an barrows have abfolute ftone vaults under them. Archsol. II. 222Archatol. III. 277. qaf vt . „* Mr. Pennant, ift Tour, p. 79.

' * Voyage to St. Kilda, p. 52.1 Re.. Mr. Howel’i taler Sep,. 6, ,m . Mr . Harrili A„hi p ^

Britifh

[xviii 1

fritilli prince before the Roman conqueft, deriving the name Dm from 0**,

ori on,, iv the fame with ?>«,»«« ' Dr. S.ukelcy » me.mons feveral barrows as

coma.ibng coffins formed of feveral ftones, and feme arched, and Aubrey men-

tion, one of three Hones eleven fee, long. The monument called le P.erre coU-

ver/e near S,runner, in Bretagne, engraved by Count Caylus, VI. PI. cxvu

fcctn rather like the above than a Cromlech. In PI. exx he gives tombs of

fmgle or feveral ftones, cairns, and cromlehs intcrrmxt at Locbmanaker, the

antient Dariorigum. .

In Bamflhire Mr. Pennant deferibes a large cairn of ftones, which covered

a coffin of flags, containing a perfeft human Ikeleton, and a deers horn; in

two other fuch coffins an urn and charcoal ;in a fourth coffin were three urns,

and one of them contained a fourth, befides flint arrowheads ;and all thefe

near two circles of ltones 3.

Near a' farm houfe at Weft Matfen, in Northumberland, was a tumulus of

earth and coarfe rag ftone, in the centre of which were found two ftone coffins,

formed of flags, fet on edge with a ftone bottom and cover containing affies like

white duft >. Near it, a ftone nine feet high, three by one and half fquare.

At Otterburne was a large cairn of ftones under which was a large rough

ftone like a grave ftone, with fmaller ftones wedged in between it and the

ground, and under it in the ground a cavity in form of a grave, two yards long

and four feet broad. About one feet and half deep was feme very fine mould,

then fome allies laid in fine white fand, above two feet thick, the whole cavity

of the grave being near four feet. With the allies were mixed what they took

for fmall pieces of burnt bones, very black, but none entire, and fome pieces

of burnt wood like charcoal 5.

How can Mr. Hutchinfon take the numerous tumuli round this place for me-

morials of the battle fought there 1388.

In a tumulus at Over, in the parilh of Almondfbury, c. Gloucefter, were dug

up, 1650, two fkeletous. One of them was of uncommon fize, exceeding the

ufual proportion, by above three feet, inclofed in a ftone coffin, fo artificially

cemented together that the joints were not difcernable. The ftone that covered

the coffin was very ponderous, of a greyilh colour without, hut leddifli and

ftudded with a fluffing fparry fubftance within. In the coffin were found two

coins, one of which bore the impreffion of a falcon6

,as the writer among Mr.

Wantner’s MS. papers exprefles himfelf. And on the other was a head, which

he fnppofed that of Claudius Caefar, but no infeription is mentioned. .. The

corpfe was buried fitting ,of which we have given an inftance before, p. xi. and

which Drexelius fays was the cuftomary manner of burying kings and princes,

as an emblem of eternity. This pofture is not eafily accounted for in the

depth commonly given to ftone coffins. Tradition makes this tumulus the

burying place of king Offkj to whom it aferibes the adjoining camp on the

brow of a hill over-hanging the Severn : but it is more generally believed,

on the authority of Matthew of Weftminfter, and other meffidfh writers, that

he was buried near Bedford 7.

About the fame time feveral ftone coffins containing human bones were dug

out of the barrows near a circular camp called Old Abbey, in Alvefton

parifli, in the fame county, overhanging the Severn 8.

At Leyterton, in Boxwell parifli, in the fame county, in a large tumulus, called

Weft barrow, were found three vaults, arched over like ovens, and at the

entrance of each an earthen urn, wherein were many affies and burnt bones, the

fkulls and thigh bones whole 9.

‘ Oil.Con’s Camden, CaermarthenACtre. * Abury, 45.

V.’.«lbf's Northumberland, II. 141. Hutchinfon, T. 136.1 Horfey’s Letter to Roger Gale, 1729 in Hutchinfon’s Northumberland, p 196.

* Probably an eagle. 7 Rudder’s Gloc. p. 322.1lb. *a6 .

Tour, 1769. p. 139, 140.

About

C xlx ]

About the year 1772 Tome perfons employed to dig materials for repairing the

t-oads in Titherington parifti, in the fame county, found a large ftone like aftep

not far below the furface of the ground, and then another fiich ltonc, andfearching further difeovered two perfect lkeletons, inclofed in ftone coffins,

lying North and South : whence fome perfons have concluded, that thel'e corpfes

were placed here before the general eftablifhment of Chriftianity in this coun-try. One of the lkeletons was fix feet and a half long, as a gentleman whomeafured it allured Mr. Rudder, but they both fell to pieces on being {lightly

touched, and no coin* armour, or any thing that could determine the time ofinterment, or the people to whom the bodies belonged were found '. j

An imitation of thefe rude coffins in Chriftian times may be found in the

Giant's grave,

as called in Penrith church-yard, four fimilar ftones, miftakenfor hoars, for no other reafon than that their ridges are round, and notcht

like briftles, and becaufe tradition fays Sir Owen Cafarius flew a mOnftrouSboar. Others, with as little pretence, have found on them fculptures of horfe-

men, like the Scotch monuments. 1 call them Chriftian,becaufe the crofs has

been on the pillars, and becaufe they are in a churchyard, which I fuppofe to

be coeval with them. This is conceived by fome to have been the tomb ofErvain king of Cumberland, defeated by Athelftan A. D. 9 28 \ Mr. Pennant 3

diftinguilhes the cera of the tumuli round Maen Achwynfan in Flintfliire, fromthat of the ftone, referring the one to pagan* the other to Chriftian times. Maywe not fuppofe the crofs had an after-reference to the tumuli, and its namefrom the field of battle ?

The three ftone coffins found at Chriftchurch, in Hampfliire, 1777, whichare fomewhat more artificial, appear to be a degree of improvement on the

former ; and there is a circumftance or two attending them, which make themhighly worthy of notice. They are compofed not of one block, formed by ex-cavation, as the ftone coffins often, and very antiently, were, but of various,

not fewer than ten or eleven pieces ; and there does not appear to have been anyftone underneath for the body interred to lie upon.

As to the firft particular, it may be doubted whether the parties con-cerned could find any ftones for their fervice in the neighbourhood of Chrift-

church, fo they had recourfe to Normandy for them (for the ftones are apparent-

ly French from about Caen), where they either could not obtain a fingle ftone ofa competent fize, or were not then poflefled of the idea of making ufe of fuchan one, and fo tranfported a number of fmaller ones. And this may be anargument of the antiquity of thefe coffins, fince, in later ages, the ftone coffins

have always been found compofed of one piece, with a lid or cover. I knownot whether this might not have been in imitation of the Romans, for thoughthis people at laft applied the fingle ftone, as we {hall fee hereafter, yet

Mr. Thorelby tells us, “ There was digged up in the Roman burying ground“ at York a fort of coffin made of clay ; I have by me, fays he, part of the“ bottom, which (for the convenience of baking I prefume) was divided into“ feveral fuch parts

;this is entire as firft moulded by the Romans, is 14-I inches

<c long, and almoft 1 1 broad at the narrower end, and nigh 1 2'j at the broader,“ &c 4.” He adds, that there were in his Mufeum u fragments alfo of fuch a“ coffin found at Burgdurum.” All which feems to {hew, that at firft theftone coffins, both among the Britons and Romans, confided of a number ofparts, and that the cutting them out of a fingle block was a later improvement

;

thofe at Chriftchurch are confequently of the more antique kind.

* Rudder, ubi fup. 766. 1Hutchinfon’s Northumberland, I. 261. * Wales I. 10,

* Tborelby, Mul'. p. 561.

The

The next and laft improvement of the ftone coffin, was by forming them of &

tingle tlone with mallet and tool;and this Mr. Fegge afcribes to the Romans ; fof

he apprehends that during the general prevalency of the cuftoms of cremation

and urn-burial among the Romans, they had not always recourfe to the funeral

pile, but that bodies were fometimes interred whole, and in their natural

Hate. He has the fuffrages of Kirchman ’, Ainfworth % and Drake 3;and this

is agreeable alfo to appearances here. Mr. Thomas Beckwith of York informed

him, that hearing of two ftone coffins, difcovered anno 1776, in the new in-

clofures at Acomb near York, he had the curiofity to go and view them, and

faw them lying in the very place where they were found. He thinks they are

Roman ; and the obfervations on which he grounds his opinion are fo juft and

forcible that I ftiall give the fubftance of them here.

“ The coffins were of the coarfe grit, the fame as that at Plumpton, near

Knarefborough, which the Romans appear to have been fond of, as many of

their works in York are of that ftone. The coffins were 2j inches thick on the

lides, and the lids (which had a fillet, raifed about | of an inch, running downthe middle) fomething thicker.

“ They lay, one for a youth of 12 or 14 years of age, with the feet point-

ing nearly South ; and the other, for a grown perfon, to the South-Weft ; di-

rections and politions fo unufual in Chriftian burial, that one muft conclude the

coffins belonged to Pagans, and were more ancient than the converfion of the

Romans and Britons in thefe parts.

“ There is no account of any church, or religious houfe, either at, or near,

this place ;no foundations of any buildings found in plowing. It is about a

mile N. W. from Acomb, where it is faid the body of the emperor Severus wasburnt : and when the lids were on the coffins they could not be more than onequarter of a yard beneath the furface of the earth.” The man who found the

coffins told Mr. Beckwith, that on their being firft opened there appeared

fomething like an human body;but as foon as it was touched it loft its form,

falling down and mixing with the water at the bottom of the coffins.

Thefe reafons taken together may feem fufficient to inforce a belief, that

thefe bodies were interred during the Pagan government here. “ Quae cum ita

“ lint,” fays Mr. Ainfworth, “ non compertum videtur omnes Lilas areas, quae“ multis locis effofiae apud nos fuerunt, efle Anglo-Saxonum, ut vulgo perhiben-“ tur. Sunt enim, quas etfi populi iftius efie non abnegaverim, Romanis tamen“ abjudicare non aufim.” He concludes, “ Haec obiter dicenda judicavimus, ne“ quis cremationem unicam et perpetuam fepulturae fuifle confuetudinem apud“ Romanos putaret 4.”

Of the ftone coffins of the Etrufcans fee Adami (Storia de Volfena, I. 30.)who, fpeaking of the ufe of Greek chara&ers by that people, has this paflage :

“ Molte iferizioni in quefto carattere per la Tofcana tutta fi ritrovano; ma par-

“ ticolariffima, cred’ io, che fia quella che apprefio di me fi vede in marmo“ fcolpita, e guari non e che diflepolta fu in Volfeno mia patria, la quale frap-“ P0fta era tra due fepolcri in piana terra coperti colle tegole de creta cotta,“ ovp eran feppelliti due corpi, come fpeflefiate fi legge in alcune lapidi fe-“ polcrali con quefta parolo BISOMATOS, chb viene dal Greco, anzi e puro“ Greco, e vuol dir di due corpi

,fe pero dice AI e non BI.”

Nurna dire&ed his body, contrary to the general cuftom of his time, to beburied in a ftone coffin, and his books in another. Both were difcovered aftera violent rain 400 years after

; but the firft contained no remains of the corpfe s.

He tfas laid near the altar, which he had ere&ed to the nymph Egeria ; for fo I

underhand ad fontis aras of Cicero de Legib. II. 22.

r. 5:;. * Monum. Kemp, p.170.

[ ]

In regard to the circumftance of the corps in the Chrift-church coffins lyingon the ground without any ftones under them, bodies were depofited much inthe fame manner in the kiftvaens

; and from this circumllance thefe coffins ap-pear to be the produftion of a rude and very unpoliihed age. They muli beof the 4th century at leaft, and amount to a ftrong additional proof thatTwyn-ham was a place very antiently fettled, of which Mr. Pegge conceived the dis-

covering of the birds bones in a grave under a large marble flab was no incon-fiderable argument.

Infummer, 178a, in making Mr. Brander’s hothoufe, at Chriftchurch, theydug up two ftone coffins, compofed of Several ftones, with a niche for thehead, in which was found a Scull, with fine light long hair ', completely at-

tired, and highly drefled. The boys coming at the inftant out of the free-School pulled it preiently to pieces, and the Scull bone was replaced in the coffin,

and both buried again in the Same place.

In clearing the foundation of old St. Paul’s Sir Chriftopher Wren found thatthe North fide had been antiently a great burying place : for under the gravesof thefe latter ages he found in a row the graves of the Saxons, who cafed theirdead in chalk ftones, though perfons of great eminence were buried in ftonecoffins : below thefe were the graves of the antierit Britons, as was manifeft fromthe great number of ivory and wooden pins among the mouldered duft; forit was their method only to pin the corpfe in woollen fhrouds, and lay themin the ground, and this covering being confumed the pins remained entire.

At a Still greater depth he found Roman potfherds and coins ‘.

That the Romans made their coffins of Several ftones appears from the fol-

lowing circumftance. In 1731, Some labourers digging for ftone in a quarry at

a field about half a mile eaft from the cathedral discovered lying north by weftand South by eaft an antient Sepulchre covered by two rough ftones about onefoot and an half or two feet below the Surface, about four feet by five each, laidone at the end of the other. Four more Set edgeways at the Sides werenine feet two inches long by three feet one ; the end ftones of the fame width ;

all Set together without mortar. In the north end a very thick fcull (the teethgone) and fome pieces of thigh bones, and many iron Spikes full fix inches long,thick as the little finger, but confumed by ruft, broken at the ends. Probably thecorps was cafed in a thick cheft, of which were no remains except what ftuck tothe nail heads. About the middle towards the weft was a fine red clay urnbroken among the nails and mouldy earth with a little Scroll round it : it was fiveinches deep, and might have held a quart. Near a yard South from the feet ofthe tomb and at the fame depth a heap of black ftrong Smelling allies. Next daythey found a Similar ftone coffin, the cover of one ftone, and the infide of theeaft fide ftone hewn Smooth not So long as the other, and in it only a piece of fculland bones. Many bones have been dug up in different parts of the hill as ifthrown in from a field of battle : and in this quarry was found the brafs armillamentioned by Dr. Stukeley ! in the poffeffion of Mr. Pownall*.

In 1766 a coffin hewn out of a rock was discovered in digging near theRoman ftation at Rutchelter, about 1 2 feet by four feet two inches deep

; ahole dole to the bottom at one end : many decayed bones, teeth, and vertebra;in it, Suppoled by their Ihape and Size to be the remains of fome animal, Sa-crificed perhaps to Hercules >. I Should doubt the bones belonging to beads.

1 Some of this hair, in my poffeffion, befpeaks it to belong to a young lady,* Parentalia. 3 j. p> g6.

4 Mr. Pownall’s letter to Mr. Gale. Gale’s letters, p. 165.1 Wallis, Northumberland, II. 168.

f The

[xxii ]

The Romans feem to have ufed ftone coffins for interment, as well as for

cenotaphs.

Near Glanton pike have been difcovered feveral ftone chefts, three feet long

and two broad, with urns of ordinary pottery, containing allies, charcoal, and

remains of fcorched human bones, and not far diftant was lately found a

celt

In a place called the Deerftreet, by Glanton Weftfield, a mafon digging for

ftone 1716 found a ftone cheft upwards of three feet long and two broad,

with a ftone cover, and empty ;but as his fon, now living, was working down

an uneven piece of ground, he difcovered three more fuch chefts, with covers,

containing fine earth, and two urns in each, wfith fome charcoal and burnt

bones, carrying the marks of fire. Near them were t.vo more urns, one large,

the other very fmall. On being expofed to the air they all fell to pieces. Theywere of very ordinary patterns \

Leland delcribes fepulchres ex feblo lapide, found at Cirencefter; in one a round

leaden veil'd, with allies and bones 3.

“ Deux tombeaux, ce font des auges de pierres, dont un de 6 pieds de longueur,

et 1 de largeur ala tde : il a 1 8 pouces de hauteur a la t&te et 15 aux pieds,

ce qui forme un pyramidal tronque, dont deux faces font plus larges que les deux

autrcs. L’autre de 5j pieds eft plus foible dans fes dimenfions. 11s font creufes de

faqon que le corps du tombeau n’a que deux pouces d'epaifleur; le fond eft perce

fous la tete d’un trou de deux pouces pour ecouler la liqueur putride provenant

de la diflolution du cadavre. Ces tombeaux 6toient reconverts, l’un d’une

pierre creufee de deux a trois pouces en deffous, l’autre d’une pierre plate ayant

pour toute infcription M. a* manibus diis. Les lettres font groffi^rement gravees,

m£me le D eft forme & contrefens. L’on doit obferver que la coupe du c6te de la

tete de ces tombeaux eft coupee fur un arc, dont le rayon eft form6 par la longeur

totale du creux, et la c6te des pieds eft taille fur une ligne perpendiculaire; ce

qui feroit croire que l’on prenoit la mefure jufte du mort pour qu’il n’y ait

point d’efpace vuide entre les furfaces interieures du tombeau et les extremites

du cadavre. Dans le plus grand tombeau etoient renfermes deux cadavres, l’un

d’un homme pofe au fond, et l’autre d’un adulte de 1 3 it 1 4 ans, dont la tete etoit

fur la poitrine de celui de ddfous. II y a lieu de prefumer que ces deux cada-

vres etoient ceux du pere et de fon fils. II s’eft trouve dans ce tombeau plufieurs

medailles de Conftantin le Grand, Sc un couteau k deux mains tres court et

fort arque. Comme c’etoit la coutume des Romains de graver fur les tombeaux la

figure des inftruments de la profeffion du defunt, ou d’inhumer avec lui les

outils de fon metier, ce couteau defigne ici la fepulture d’un charron entirefous Conftantin 4.”

Two Roman tombs were found by the quarries half a mile out of Lincoln,

on the Horncaftle road; four great ftones fet together like a coffin, and one

on the top. There were in them the bones of a man, with urns, lacrymatories,

and coins s.

A brafs fpear head was found in a ftone coffin at Chute : a horfe buriedabout three yards from it. Mens bones found in Bloodfield there. Harodon-hill,a beacon-hill, juft by. Roman coins found thereabout in great plenty 6

.

* Hutchinfon’s Northumberland, p. 234.Wallis, ubi fup. II. 49+.

4Defcription de la haute Normandie.

1 Stukelcy Itin. I. p. 81. 2d edit.* Stukelcy, MS. pen. me.

[ xxiii ]

In a ground called Wolcomb, in Tineham parifh, Dorfet, was found, 1709Ja large marble coffin, containing a large fkeleton, the bones of an infant, and along fword

Three very antient ftone coffins (one infcribed with four or five Latin wordsin uncial letters) were found in the churchyard of St. Germain's, at Rouen, fup-poicd to have been the common burial place of the city from the Romantimes

In 172 5 they found an archt vault, fourteen feet deep, in St. Botolph’s church-yard, Biffiopfgate, paved with large equilateral Roman bricks, in it two fkele-tons, perfect. Dr. Stukeley proved this a Roman burial place after Chriffianitywas eftablifhed. He faw there, 1726, a Roman grave, made of great tiles, orbricks, twenty-one inches long, which kept the earth from the body 3

.

hi digging near the fide of the high road, near Chefterton, c. Hunt. 1754,was found a coffin of a yellowiffi hard ftone., fix feet two inches long, coveredwith a flat lid, which had on the under fide an edging let quite downabout one inch and a half or two inches deep, coinciding with the edges ofthe chelt, and containing an entire fkeleton near fix feet long, the teeth foundand firm, the ribs fallen from the back bone, the right leg broken in the middleand repaired by a callus : alfo three glafs lacrymatories, of which that whichwas entire contained a corrupted fungous fubftance, mixed with water, andof an aromatic fmell on firft opening) a fmall brafs feal with this mark

three 01 four pins like ebony or agate, one of brafs; feveral defaced coins, oneof Fauftina, and one filver of Gordian, and fcraps of white wood, infcribed,

AAUITT VTERE TA FELIX.

The fubftance of nine or ten other fkeletons was found near the cheft, andall of them only at the depth of one foot 4

.

Caylus mentions feveral fkeletons found lying on their faces, juft below thefurface of the earth, and one of a child in a brick tomb, at the village ofAnieres, on the Seine. Moft of thefe fkeletons had between their iegs emptyearthen urns. It feemed that the fpot had ferved as a burying place for a longperiod of time. Many of the articles found here he thinks of different ages.The few medals turned up could not be made out. The moft confiderabfear-ticles were two perfedt bronze fibulae; one infcribed domine marti vivas

; theother vtere. felex. The title of Dominus belongs to the fourth or fifth cen-tury. Tradition fays, that one of the Dagoberts, kings of France of the firftrace, had a country houfe here. Several tombs of ftone, difcovered in the clofeof the year 1760, at Gourvieux, a village not far from Chantilli, contained fke-letons, medals, fword-hilts, lamps, and earthen veffels of different fhapes, thelatter placed between the legs of the bodies, contrary to the moft ufual cuftomof placing them, either at the heads or feet s

.

In 17 48 were found, in making the kitchen garden at Choifi, two ftone tombswithout any infcription

; and in 1751 a third fimilar near them, four feetfeveninches long, lying like the others

;and with it were dug up fome thin copper

rings, fome glafs beads (boutons) of various fhapes and fizes, white, black, andblue, fome yellow, others not pierced, fome ftudded, other bits of glafs, andfome pieces of glafs like nails without heads, two wooden pins, furmounted

* Hutchins, I. 211.* Voyage iiturgique de France, p. 417.3 Stukeley, MS. pen. me.4 Mr. Manning, in A. S. Min.5 Recueil d’Antiq. I. 257, 258.

by

by rude buffs, a fmall club, pin, and hatchet, all of bronze, each about three

inches long, and a fmall earthen patera. Thefe feveral trinkets are fuppofed

by Count Caylus 1to belong to fome child here buried. Near the fame tomb

were found a quantity of bones, and in the middle of them a little glafs vefiel

like a lacrymatory.

A ftone coffin five feet long, and not very wide, found in the parifli of Vig-

neux, on the banks of the Seine, 1746, contained to appearance only an urn of

earth, three inches high and four wide;

all the reft being turned to dirt \

In Barking parifh was found, about 1724, a great ftone coffin, with the

body of a man entire : at the feet a heap of glafs, probably a lacrymatory 3.

Another containing allies, and a lacrymatory, dug up in the porch of St. Mar-

tin’s in the Fields, 172^, four feet under ground;

the urn was in Sir H. Sloane’s

colledtion 4.

In the year 1768, the workmen employed to enlarge the fortifications at

Strafburg, found near the White Tower gate twenty ftone coffins, in which were

a number of veflels of earth and glafs of various fizes ;the glafs containing a

liquor like water, together with urns and pater® of hard earth, like ftone ; the

liras contained allies. One of the coffins had by it a ftone broken, infcribed,

L. L1CINIVS L. F. CLAVD. MAXIMVS. AEQVO. F. CV 5.

contained two urns filled with allies, two bulls of ftone, two patence of red

earth, two glafs veflels filled with clean water, having a fmall quantity of oil

floating on its furface, and two earthen lamps. The various veflels are fuppofed

by Mr. Schcepflin 6to have contained the wine and milk poured on the bones

after burning, or as offerings to the dii manes, in allufion to which lafl:

cuftom the Romans annually, in February, the laft month of the year, celebrated

the Feralia or Parentalia.

In a corn field near Ongar was found in land-ditching, Auguft, 1767,three feet under ground, a large white free ftone cheft, fix feet four inches long,

twenty-two inches wide, three inches and a half thick, thirteen inches three

quarters deep, in which was one human ikeleton of the common proportion,

the head and feet lying Eaft and Weft. The lid of the cheft ftrongly cementedto it had a kind of ridge in the middle, where it was fix inches thick, in otherparts four. After numbers of people had fatisfied their curiofity, Mr. Kingthe tenant caufed it to be re-buried a foot deeper. It was again uncoveredSept. 26, at the defire of Dr. Gower, Mr. Bramfton, and myfelf, when thebones were found broken, and in great confufion, and much earth fallen in

among them. The lid rotten and broken. At the time of the firft difcovering,

in digging a ditch at the lower end of the field, they had opened another buryingplace, which they followed into the next field, in an oblique direftion, andfound five intire fkeletons lying at the feet of each other, and covered withfuch kind of tiles as Thorefby delcribes to have been found at Bootham bar, andwhich he had in his mufeum. They have a ledge at the fides to receive thetiles which formed the fides of the coffin, and this ledge ceafes about an inchfrom the end, to admit the next tile to lie on the other, to which it was pro-bably faftened by a pin

; for one found here had a hole as for that purpofe,like our prefent plain tiles, and another had half an 8, like thole at York 7

. Thefield was covered with fragments of urns and bones : fome of the urns had orna-ments, ftriated or indented : one peice had near the top thefe lines \Z\A/\

1 Rccueil d’Antiq. I. p. T97. 1lb. p. 198.

5 Mr. Lethieullier, in A. S. Min. 4Id. Ib.

5i. e. L. Licinius L. F. Claudia tribu, Maximus, Aequo cppido ortus, fieri vel faciendum curav'it.

tou’n of Dalmatia, and Licinius a common name at Stralburg.6

Alfatia Illuftrata, p. 508. ’ Thoreiby, p. 561.

Aequum was a

of

of a black colour, burnt in : moll: of them were of a dirty flinty fand. There wasone large brick eleven inches wide, the length imperfedt, thicknefs one inch anda half. The field where the ftone cheft lay is called Great Stocking

;the next

to it, of five or fix acres, Little Stockling, q. d. the Station or Place mead

; thatabove them has the name of Sbeepling wood. There feems little doubt that thiswas the cemetery of the Roman ftation whofc earthworks are fo vilible roundOngar.

Such coffins have been found without the walls of York, I76r, containingikeletons firm and entire, and laid in lime

°

This tile fepulchre was another mode of burial ufed by the Romansand introduced into their provinces, of which Dr. Burton defcribes aninftance difcovered at York, 1768, on a piece of ground between thatcity and Severus’s hills, about 250 yards from the walls. North ofthe prefent road to Burroughbridge and Aldborough, near Severus’s hill.This tomb was in form of an oblong room, with a ridged roof, coveredwith hollow Roman tiles, like our ridge tiles. Each fide confided of threelarge tiles, if they may be fo called, of a beautiful red, each 1 foot,81 inches long, 141 inches broad, if inch thick. The projedtion of theedges of each tile 2 inches ^ths, not quite flat, but bent a little forward,the curve being from about the middle toward the top, by which the upper endof thefe tiles were nearer to each other at the top than at the bottom. Fromthe top of thefe the roof was covered in form of a ridge with hollow tiles.Each end of the fepulchre was enclofed with a tile of the fame dimenfions asthofe of the fides, and on each of the end tiles was towards the top this in-fcnption, LEG. IX. HIS. very fair, made with a ftamp. The edges of thefefide and end tiles were turned fquare, near two inches broad, and projectingforward, to make them clofe the nearer. Over thefe were alfo ridge tiles, tokeep out the water. Sideways they were narrower than on the ridge. Thistomb was about three feet and a half long within, and contained feveral urns,wherein were fome allies and earth, all Handing on a tiled pavement. Part ofthe Os humeri and the lower jaw-bone, with all its teeth perfedl, were likewifefound. At a little diftance from this tomb, on the fame piece of ground, wasfound a coin of Vefpafian

; rev. PAX. AVG. S. C. and another of Domitianrev. FIDEI PVBLICAE. S. C. Dr. Burton fuppofed this tomb belonged to fomeperfon of confequence, perhaps of the Legio nona Hi/panica, which was inBritain before Hadrian’s, and perhaps from Julius Casfar’s time *. Several fuchtombs were found 1703, 1721 and 1763, at Stralburgh, formed of four and fixtiles, each 1 foot 9i inches, by 16J inches, and one inch thick, with a ridgeat their two extremes, and each infcribed LEG. VIII. AVG. inclofing an urnwith bones, fome glafs and earthen lacrymatories and lamps : one of the glafsveffels had on the foot a figure of Victory holding a palm branch and crownof laurel between V. P. with the legend, VICTORIA AUGUSTORVM.Mr. Schcepflin underftands thefe Augujli to be Marcus Aurelius and AureliusVerus, to whofe time he fixes thefe tombs belonging to the VIII Legio Augufta,which, according to Ptolomy, gave its name to Argentoratum or Stralburg. Hefuppofes this the mode of burying the common foldiers of the legions, in twoof thefe tombs were found the bodies. The ends do not appear to have been clofedup at all K Thefe kind of tombs are in fome infcriptions called Obrendaria «, or,

1F. Drake, in A. S, Min. * Archa:oI. II. p. 177—180.

* Schcepflin Alfatia Illuft. p. S to, 511. 513. Mem. de 1’acad. des Infc. X. p. 457. 4 to.Fabretti Infc. p. 15. Gruter, p.607. Gutherius dejure manium, II. 34. p.338.

as Rigaltitis1 and Gori

fcription in Gruter \

[ xxvi ]

1 conjecture, Obruendaria s

,thus mentioned in an in-

D. M.

L. POMPONIVS. CLADVS.ET CLAVDIA PARHESlA.

FECERVNTSIBI ET SVIS POSTERISQVE

EORVM ETM. QVINTINO CLAVDIANOOLLARVM N XII AB IMO.

IN SVMMO CVMOBRENDARIO

That the Romans ufed brick coffins, or farcophagi, in their earliefl periods,

\vill appear by the following paflage of Pliny, N. H. XXXV. c. 46. “ Quin“ & defunCti fefe multi fiCtilibus foliis condi maluere; ficut M. Varro Pythago-

“ rico more in myrti 8c olete atque populi nigri foliis.” F. Hardouin explains

folia mobiles arces five farcophagi in quibus corpus integrum condebatur. See

Florus IV. c. 11. of Cleopatra’s death. Curtius X. c. 1 8c 10. Suet. Ner. 50.

An infcription in Gruter dcvii. 1. contains a lingular petition from one man to

another about the difpofition of himfelf and family after death. CUM. ANTE.HOS. DIES. CONJUGEM. ET. FILIUM. AMISERIM. ET. PRESSUS. NECES-SITATE. CORPORA. EORUM. FICTILI. SARCOPHAGO. COMMENDA-VERIM. DONECUM. LOCUS. QUEM. EMERAM. AEDIFICARETUR.ROGO. DOMINE. PERMITTAS. MIHI. IN. EODEM. LOCO. IN. MARMO-REO. SARCOPHAGO. QUEM. MIHI. MODO. COMPARAVI. EA. CORPO-RA. COLLIGERE. UT. QUANDONE. EGO. ESSE. DESIER. PARITER. CUM.EIS. PONAR. Another infcription in the fame collection, dcccciii. 12 .

runs, OSSA. L. BACCHII. L. F. FICTILIARII. SARCOPH. HEIC. POSITA.SVNT. Liberti epilt. ad Elium Severum ap Schcepflin. Alfatia. Illuft. p. 1 1. “ cum“ corpora eorum fiCtili farcophago commendaverim.”

In the celebrated family vault of the freedmen of Auguftus and Livia, dif-

covered by the fide of the Appian way, about a mile out of Rome, 1725,among a few marble farcophagi were two of baked earth

,made to contain the

body whole. Thefe are thus defcribed by Bianchini s,

“ Caffa di creta“ cotta, lunga piedi 6}, larga 1 e once 7, fenza infcrizione. La forma interiore“ di quefta calfa, che in altre ancora d’altri fepolcri ho veduta, e ftata offervata“ avere da una parte un relievo della ifteffa materia di terra cotta, come fi dovelfeu al defonto fervire di guanciale, non piu alto pero ne piu largo di once 6 con“ pertugi che fembiano fatti per ricevere qualche liquore come fe putrefacen-“ dofi il celabro doveffe in quei buchi fcolare l’acqui che ne deriva. L’ufb pero de“ quefto guanciale e de quei forami non fi comprende fin’ora.” This exaCtlycorrefponds with the ftone coffins among us ufed by Chriftians. Gori defcribesone of thefe earthen coffins as covered with tiles laid on its flat edge, whereasanother had an inner ledge, on which the tiles were laid. Thefe tiles he fup-pofes are the munitura farcophagi in an infcription in Gruter 6

, and the namesof the deceafed were frequently infcribed on them. Three more brick tombsweie worked up into the walls of this vault, in order, as Gori imagines, to beat fome future time replaced with marble ones 7

.

1 Not. ad Auft. Rei Agrar. p. 296,’ Gori, Columbarium libert. & fervor. Livia;. Flor. 1727. p.3 So Seneca: “Alios terra oh ml; alios flamma confumfit'

And again, “Attu combuftus, at tu obr

lapis ofla redditurus inclufit.” De remed. For-tu inclufus,—at tu traditus lapidi qui te paulatiin edat Ic

16. See alfo Fabretti, I. rj. who gives a.‘ Camera ed infcriz. fep. de’ liberti, &c. d’Augufto, p 17 Ubi lup. p. 38, 39. Tab. viii.

infcription “ hie obrit

’ dxc. 7.

Another

Another of thefe earthen coffins in this vault was covered with two tiles

inlaid with mofaic, reprefenting two great Affi, and two birds picking at fruit.

Gori has engraved them, PL XIX. A. B. but calls them pieces of teflelated

pavement

Without Bootham bar at York waS digged up a fort of coffin made of clay,

of which Mr. Thorefby had part of the bottom, which, for the convenience of

baking, he luppofed was divided into feveral fuch parts. This was entire, as

juft moulded by the Romans, fourteen inches and a half long, and almoft

eleven broad at the narrower end, and was twelve and a half at the broader.

This was the loweft part, for the feet ; the reft were proportionably broader to the

fhoulder. It was an inch thick, befides the ledges, which were two inches in

thicknefs and one in breadth, and extended from the narrower edge to within three

inches of the broader, where it was flat from edge to edge, and fomewhat

thinner, for the next to lie upon it. The feveral parts leemed to have been joined

together by a pin;for at the end of each tile is a hole that would receive a

common flate pin. The ledges were wrought a little hollow, to receive the fides,

and at the feet were two contrary notches to fallen the end piece This bottom

Mr. Thorefby would have concluded to have confifted of eight fuch parts from

a character like 8 impreft on the clay before baking, but that he doubted the

introduction of Arabic numerals fo early 2.

I come now to the ftone-coffin as ufed by Chriftians. After cremation

ceafed, on the introduction of Chriftianity fuppofe 3

, the believing Romans

would generally betake themfelves to the ufe of farcophagi, and of various kinds,

ftone, marble, lead, &c. The Romanized and Converted Britons would na-

turally do the fame, and place the bodies Eaft and Weft. As for the Saxons,

they, as fucceffors of the Britons, would incline from the firft to adopt their

practices ;and then, after that important event, the arrival of Auguftine the

monk, A. D. 596, and the converfion of the nation thereupon, coffins would

univerfally take place, as likewife the mode of placing the body with the feet

to the Eaft. Thus very foon after this we find St. Etheldreda of Ely tranflated

from a wooden into a marble coffin ; for Sexburga, abbefs of Ely, intending

to remove the body of her After Etheldreda into the church, directed fome of

the brethren to feek for a ftone “ de quo locellum in hoc facere pojjent.” They,

finding no ftone proper for the purpofe in the ifle, came to Grantacefter, “ et

“ mox invenerunt juxta muros civitatis locellum de marmore albo pulcberrime

“ fadlum,operculo quoque Amilis lapidis aptiffime teCtum 4.” The Saxons were

now greatly improved in ftone-cutting, and as this receptacle was found ready

prepared 5, one is obliged to conclude, that the cuftom of making ftone-coffins

had prevailed there fome time before. A circumftance which would lead us to

afcribe this to the Saxons, though it feems to have efcaped Mr. Pegge, is thus ex-

prefled in Bede, “ Mirum in modum ita aptum corpori virginis farcophagum<c inventum eft ac A ei fpecialiter prceparatum fuiflet, 8c locus quoque capiti feor-

“fum fabrefadlus ad incifuram capitis illius aptiffime flguratus apparuit.” Theplace for the head might feem to be peculiar to the ftone coffins of Chriftians

were it not for the infcription D. M. on fuch a coffin before defcribed, p. xxii.

This is the oldeft inftance Mr. Pegge met with amongft the Saxons 6; however,

from this time downward, ftone-coffins have been difcovered all over Eng-

land.

* Ubi fup. p. 5.a

P. 561. 3 Ainfworth, Monum. Kemp. p. 175. Thorefby, Muf. p. 560. Kirchman, p. 13.4 Bede, lib. iv. c. 19.

5 Bede would have it underftood as a miracle;but be this as it will, a ftone we fee was to be fought to make a

coffin of.

* It was A. D. 695. Etheldreda died 679, and this was 169 years after. Bede, 1. c.

Mr.

[ xxviii ]

Mr. Pegge traces them among us from the ninth century to the reign of

Henry III. and in fome cafes to that of Henry VIII '. The patron faints at

Arles were buried in Roman farcophagi finely carved \ Dart fays, ftone coffins

were rarely ufed in the 1 4th century.

Repton abbey, in Derbyfhire, on the Trent, founded before A. D. 666, wasthe burial place of the royal family of Mercia, whofe chief feat was at Tam-worth in Staffordffiire. In the clofe of the laft century Thomas Walker a la-

bourer cutting hillocks near the furface met with an old ftone wall, which, onclearing further, he found to be a fquare enclofure of fifteen feet. It had beencovered, but the top was decayed and fallen-in, being only fupported bywooden joifts. In this he found a ftone coffin

; and with difficulty removingthe cover, faw a human lkeleton nine feet long. Round it lay 100 humanlkeletons, with their feet pointing to the ftone coffin. They feemed to be ofthe ordinary fize. The head of the great lkeleton he gave to Mr. Bowers,mafter of the freefehool, whofe fon, one of the matters in 1728, rememberedit in his father’s clofet, though fince loft, and had often heard his father men-tion this gigantic corps, and believed the Ikull was in proportion to a body ofthat ftature. The bottom of this dormitory was paved with broad flat ftones,and in the wall was a door cafe, with fteps to go down to it, whofe entrance was40 yards off, near the church and river. The fteps were ftone, and muchworn. It was in a clofe, on the North fide of the church, and over this repo-fitory grows a fycamore, planted by the old man, when he filled on the earth.The owner, when Mr. Degge, who gave this account to the Royal Society,1726, faw it, would not fuffer it to be opened, the lady of the manor havingforbidden it. This was attefted by feveral old people, who had likewife feenand meafured the lkeleton 3

.

In the Norman times it was the cuftom to bury monts in the bare groundWarin, twentieth abbot of St. Albans, who died i igj, ordered that they ihouldbe buried in ftone coffins, as more decent. M. Paris charges him with innova-tions in eftablilhed cuftoms to pleafe the multitude 4

.

In 1759, in making a turnpike road through Wardlow village, near AJbforion opening a heap of ftones 32 yards diameter, and about five feet high wasfound a monument to the memory of feventeen perfons who had been ’thereinterred. The bodies appeared to have been laid on the furface of the groundon long flat ftones feven feet and a half long, and their heads and breafts pro-tected trom the incumbent weight of ftone by fmall walls [or rather cheftslmade round them, with a flat ftone on the top, excepting the two principalones, which were completely inclofed in two ftone chefts, about two feet highand feven feet long. On removing the rubbilh many jaw bones and teeth werefound undecayed, but none of the larger bones. The ftones of which thefecoffins were compofed appeared plainly to have been taken from a quarry abouta quarter of an inch diftance. Near half the circle was vacant, which mightbe owing to accidental difturbance, by laying near the road, or inattention onthe firft opening. The Rev. Mr. Evatt of Aflrford, who communicated the ac-count and drawing to the Royal Society, 1761, fuppofed the circle later than thefence wall above, which interfered with part of it, and therefore referred it tothe flam in the wars between the houfes of York and Lancafter

; but it is muchmore probable that it was a family burial place of the fame kind with that

p'-- it,™

Japideis fepulchris. M. Paris, v. ab. Alb. p. 95.P nb” fe^tiwmbus, quod ei videbatuv honeihus, reconderentur in

before

[ XXlX ]

before deferred at Repton, in the fame county '. Mr. Bray thinks it more iiteivthat they would carry the wall ftrait (efpecially as the ftones removed fornifhedmaterials for it) than that the monument fliould be thrown up oh both Tides offuch a wall, and be interfe&ed by it \

Some labourers digging in a quarry between Kaer Leon and Chriftciiurchhear a place called Porth Sini Grin, difeovered a large freeftone coffin, in whichvyas a ffieet of lead wrapt about an iron frame, curioufly wrought and in it aUeleton. Near the coffin lay a gilded alabafter ftatue, in a coat of mail, hold-ing in the right hand a fhort fword, and in the left a balance. In the right fcalewas a female bull, outweighing a globe in the left fcale. Capt. Mathias Birdwho was on the fpot, gave the ftatue to the Afhmolean Mufeum. The feet rio-hjarm, and feales, have been f.nce broken off; but the reft is in tolerable preferva-tion, and feme of the gilding remains in the interftices of the armor. EilhopGibfon thought it reprefented Alfrea =. It is rather St. Michael weighing thedevil again ft a foul, as on Glaftonbury tower, and may have belonged to aChnftian tomb, and been found on the file of an antient church. See°it in theMarmora Oxonienfia, PI. CXXVI1I.

In the churchyard at Deernefs, in the Mainland of Orkney, is a coffin-fafhion-cd ftone, en dos d’ane, fix feet long; one fide plain, the other adorned withwhat the heralds call Vaire in five rows. Such another in Rendale church-yardtwenty miles from Deernefs, is called the 2,ieen of Morocco's graveftone

; and’they tell a long legend about her arrival and death here 4

.

In digging a cellar ill an outhoufe belonging to the chanter at Lincoln, front-ing the Weft end of the Minfter, they found two or three ftone coffins, probablylaid there fmee the diflolution of the antient pariflr church of St Mary Magdalento make way tor the cathedral, and ten or twelve feet lower was found a Romannypocauft.

Two bodies were found depofited in coffin-ftiaped cavities in the live rock inthe Anchoritage, near St. John’s church yard at Chefter’, by which it fliouldfeem hermits were frequently buried in their retirements. A hermit had achapel on the fite of Red Caftle, an oval camp near Thetford, ami Mr. Martindigging found a very fine ftone coffin, with bones in it, juft where it is fuppofedthe hermit's chapel ltood, at the North Eaft corner •. And the coffin lid witha croft in relief on it lying oppofite or near to St. Robert’s cave on the bank of theN.d at Knarefborough confirms this. The antient hermits dug their own coffinsm the rocks where they part their lives 7

.

Coffin-falhioned ftones were always covers to coffins of the fame materialsanti thus anfwered the double purpofe of receptacle and memorial.

It is worth enquiry Whether ftone coffins were always confined to perfons ofenunen or allowed to the religious and laity of every rank. I think inftancesmay be produced of both. In religious houfes they were probably for the prin-cipal religious and nobility

; but in parifii churches for the incumbents or matrons. Perhaps in both cafes they were for all who would go to the ex-pence. I mis to give a few examples out of many, the ftone coffin now lying inthe veftry at Stone in Kent, and at Soame in Cambridgefhire, in the latter inftance,and in the forme, thofe of St. Albans, where, in digging a vault, 1782, for ai-de! mail Nichols, below the fteps within the great Weft door, they found aftone coffin, covered up but filled with dirt and gravel. It now Hands emptyby the fpot. They difeovered the feet of another, which they did not difturbA third has long flood behind the high altar.

‘ Ph'I- Tranf. vol. Lll. part II. p. 544.* Gibfon’s Camden, Monmouthfliire, p. 721;.5 Pennant, Wales, I. 187.‘ Blomfield, I. 378. Marlin’s Hilt, of Thetford, p. t0- Vita: I’atrum, c. 20. 1 . de S.Leobardo reclufo.

h In

* Todr, p. 185. 2d edit.4 Mr. Lowe’s MS.

C XX* ]

In linking a well by the townhall anti by the Filh done at Spalding, where

probably had Hood the church of Holycrofs, at four feet deep was taken up

a done coffin in which was a corpfe looking frelh, and another corpfe covered

with a plank

Empty done coffins have been dug up in the fite of the now entirely demo-

lifhed chapel of the Wake family adjoining to the North tide of the chancel of

Market Deping church.

In St. Mary’s church yard, Thetford, have been found done coffins of different

dzes, fuppofed for a father, mother, and two children. Two lids in the chan-

cel flooV are afcrifoed to the larger, which were found under the pavement

without lids ;and one' of them, which rings like a bell, lies in the tower. The

lid of a fmaller makes a headdone in the churchyard, near the original fpot

:

the other larger, by the vedry, reverd, covers Edward Clarke late clerk,’ by his

own defire \ This makes it probable that originally thefe coffins lay level

with the pavement, of which the lid, fometimes infcribed, made part. Suchmay have been theJbpMchrum parytilum Juper tsrramfitum e rufticiori formatuni

tapide,defcribed by Gregory of Tours 3

,in the church of St. Venerand, at Clar-

mont, in Auvergne, among a number of fplendid tombs of Parian marble.

A done coffin found in the chancel of Purton, Wilts, had a piece of board

at bottom, covered by the earth, Which might have been a cover, or part of a

wooden coffin 4, or have been thrown in on fome former opening.

At St. Mary’s, the priory church at Wareham, are fome done coffins, in whichthe priors might have been interred

;for Mr. Woo'd fays, that in Durham cathe-

dral mod of the priors were buried in coffins of done or marble covered withanother large done which lay level with the pavement, it being an antient cuf--

tom to bury perfons of note no deeper. Not long ago was dug up in the church-yard a flat done which covered a done coffin : on it is carved a long narrowfhield which takes up the whole length, and is divided in the middle by an em-btiffed line as efcutcheons are ufually parted per fefs : on the upper part is a lion

rampant, and on the lower fix fleurs de lis. It is thought to be two coats im-paled, this being a very antient manner of empalement 5

.

On the North fide of the altar in Abbotfbury church was a very antient cof-

fin of coarfe black marble, with a cover of the fame. It is fuppofed to havecontained the bones of Orcus, deward to king Canute, and his wife, who found-ed this abbey, and to have been removed hither at the diffolution out of theconventual church ; but, as prefent tradition fays, out of the vicarage houfe.It was four feet and half long, by two broad, and one and a half deep; and in

1750 was depofited under ground near the place where it once dood, therebeing no convenient place to receive it

6. “ The bones of the founder Orcus,

inclofed in a daintie marbill coffin, which I have often feene, were removed to“ the adjoining parifh church 7.”

A laige done coffin, fmaller at the feet than at the head, forms the groundfill of the large Wed door of Dundaple church, on which the very door cafeis founded. But who was here interred no infeription doth certify

s. The

fite of the Ead end of the church was dug in for done, and coffins with boneswere found and buried again, by the late Mr. Crawley, who owned it about35 years ago. Mr. Willis informed the Society of Antiquaries, 1745, that abouttwo feet under ground, and above three feet from a fide wall of this part, and

1Spalding Society’s Minutes.

* Hid. of Thetford, p. 73.s Hutchins’s Dorfet, J. 36.' Hid. of Dundaple, p. *07.

7 • the

3 De Gloria ConfefT. c. 36. * Gent. Mag. March, 1761. p. 125.Ib. I. 339. 1 Coker’s Dorfet, p. 3 1

.

[ xkxi j

the feet clofe to a croft wall was found a ftone coffin, the lid tompofeil of fotiPftones, the piece at the foot a feparate one ; the head, fides, and bottom, ofOne ftone ; under the head an eminence inftead of a pillow, in a hollow orniche correfponding to the head. The fkeleton was intire, except the ribs}which had fallen in

;the head inclined to the left. Between the upper bone

of the left arm and the back bone was a glafs urn fallen down, and the lid off,

ftained with deep brown on the inner fide of that part which lay over theftone. About the feet were pieces of leather, very rotten, which by the holesappeared to have been fewed together

On removing the ftone covers in the upper North tranfept of Lincoln minfter,July 10, 1783, I found nothing but earth

; a very few fragments of humanbones in one, as if they had been filled up originally, or on the diffolution, orfome repair or new laying of the pavement. One of thefe was the blue flabcovered with the very rude relief in the North tranfept under the paintings ofthe four firft bifhops of this fee, one of whom it may be fuppofed to have co-vered, as the three others might have been covered by the three contiguousblueilh coffin-falhioned flabs. The coffin under the carved ftone here men-tioned confifted of more pieces than one, which is an argument of its antiquity.A blue flab coffin-fafllioned, with a femi-rircular ftone at the head, on whichthe epitaph, now worn out, was infcribed in old capitals, prefented the fameappearance in the upper South tranfept.

Mr. Blomfield, 1734, digging acrofs the choir at Caftle Acre} at more thantwenty feet from the Eaft wall found the pavement whole and untouched,compofed of tiles of fine hard red earth, glazed, and not above half an inchthick, five inches fquare, laid in a chequer, white, black, yellow) green,and other colours, laid right in the middle, and exactly twenty feet from theEaft wall, at the laft ftep to the altar. About fix inches below the pavementlay a ftone coffin, four inches thick, fix feet one inch long within, nineteeninches wide at the fhoulders, and only feven at the feet, the hollow for the headbeing nine inches over ; had a hole through the middle at bottom, to drain thebody when laid in. The coffin was full of mould, the free ftone with which it

was covered having been broken by the fall of the walls had let in the rub-bifli. In it were the bones of a man complete

; and at the feet of the coffin wasanother fcull, and feven or eight leg bones laid in a heap ; which led Mr.Blomfield to conjedfure that at the reformation, before the demolition of thischurch, they pulled away the ftone or monument that was over it, and it lying-uncovered they put in what bones they happened on elfewhere, and filled it

with mould, and then pulled down the walls : fo that Mr. Blomfield dug a gooddepth through the rubbifir before he came to it. He fuppofed it the tomb ofPhilip de Mortemer, who was prior 1 203, and is faid to be buried ante majusaltare. He caufed the bones to be put into the coffin at the head, and filled it upagain, leaving it in the fame place, not having ftirred the coffin at all. Thefides were much broken, probably by the fall of the walls ‘.

France affords a moft extraordinary inftance of the general and extenfive ufeof ftone coffins. In the village of Civaux, on the river Vienne, fix leagues fromPoitiers, by the fide of the high road from that city, at the entrance of the vil-lage is a fpaceof 3071 toifes fquare, full of ftone coffins, moft of them levelwith the furface, fome a little below it, and a few above it. This fpot is dividedinto two, and the fmaller half is inclofed for a yard to the parilh church witha fence made of the lids of thefe coffins J the other remains open, level with theroad and the furrounding fields. By the fide of this churchyard is a down 504

W*' °f Dunflaple, J. iBj, 184. * MS. HiJ. of Norfolk, port. mo.

of

[ xxxii ]

toifes fquare, where they formerly buried, and where ftill remain about twenty

tombs. Forty or fifty more are to be feen in a little fpot, in the centre of the

village, furrounding the church, to which it ferved as a burying ground, till for-

bidden to be ufed by the then bifhop of Poitiers about fifty years ago. Clofe to

this, behind the prefbytery, is a little open fpace, and by the fide of it a fpacious

field hedged in. In the former fpot are about twenty tombs. Though there are

faid to have been fome in the latter, none are now to be found at the depth of

three or four feet. Towards the centre of a great ploughed field of fix acres

by the fide of the high road to Luflac- and Lemoges, 200 paces from the village,

were found, in two days fearch, at confiderable diftances, about twenty-five cof-

fins, moft of them empty, and without lids Some have pretended to find thefe

coffins in the river;but it appears that the ftones in its bed had been miftaken

for them, though it is not improbable that the water might have waflied awaythe earth which covered fome, or by other accidents they might have foundtheir way into it. The general Shape of thefe coffins is that of our modemwooden ones, fome few excepted, which are lefs contracted at one end, and ap-

proach nearer a long fquare. Two in particular were like cradles, little fhallow

niches, hollowed for children in the level furface of a plane convex block,

three feet by fifteen or eighteen inches. The reft were of all fizes, from three

feet to fix feet two or three inches. The general fize is fix feet by two or three at

the larger end, and one and a half or 20 inches deep : a very few were broader anddeeper. Each was covered with a large ftone, commonly flat, fometimes convexon the upper fide, two feet five or fix inches broad, by fix feet fix or feven inches

long, and about two inches thick at the edges, always overhanging the coffin. Onethird of thefe lids had no mark : but by far the greater number had a crofs reach-ing the whole length and breadth of the furface. Thefe croffes were not raifed

above three or four lines : their flerider Ihaft was crofted by three broad tranfverfe

pieces, one at each end, and the third in the middle, fomewhat like thofe com-monly called the Lorrain Crofs. All thefe tombs were of rough coarfe work-manship'

;not one exhibited the fmalleft fign of fculpture or tafte : not an in-

scription or figure to fliew that the dead whom they contained were at all abovethe common rank. On one of thefe lids were fome characters half effaced, onwhich the only letters that could be made out feemed to form the word Dominus.On the infide of another lid was carved, in a tolerable ftyle and relief, a work-man with his hammer, probably a reprefentation of one of the workmen in theneighbouring quarries, carved by himfelf, or fome of his partners. Of about 150of thefe coffins which lay in ground not ufed for cemetries, fome were foundempty, others full of earth and bones mixed together, others under the earthwhich filled them up had a complete ikeleton in its natural order, of a yellowcolour, and ready to fall in pieces on the firft touch. In feveral were two Ske-letons, lying fide by fide, and in fome larger than the reft were three. In feveralunder the Skeletons were fculls, whole and broken bones mixed with the earth,with which they feemed always to have filled up the coffin after depofiting thebody in it. I lie longeft Skeletons were of the common proportion, five feet nineor ten inches

; and of theSe not more than three or four were found, the majo-rity being under fix feet and a half. At the bottom of one of thefe coffins werefound, wrapt up in a fort of paper, and ftuck together by ruft, a dozen doubletournois, one ot 1636, half a wooden comb, with a row of clofe and anotherof open teeth, and two or three pieces of a kind of dark brown ferge. In ano-ther was found a filver filegrain ring, with a collet of the fame. In another apiece of bafe filver, not fo large or thick as a French fol, ftampt on one fidewith a Shield furmounted by a crown, the figures indiftindt, and round it an

imperfedt

[ xxxiii j

Imperfedt elate, 159 . Some perfons of credit affirmed, that in fome of thefe

coffins ftone bottles were found by the fide of the deceafed ; and it has been faid,

that antient medals have been difeovered among them. A little before the latt

fearch the curate of the place fent M. le Nain governor of Poitiers, by whole

order the fearch was made* feven medals, which he allured him were taken out

of different tombs. They were middle brafs, of Claudius; Nero. rev. an altar*

under which, ARA PACIS; a large brafs, too much defaced to be known ; fmall

brafs of Gallienus, rev. AETERN 1TAS AVG. of Aurelian, rev. VICTORIAAVG. two of Conftantinus Crifpus and junior. Beyond the river Vienne, half

a quarter of a league higher up than Civaux, is an immenfe quarry, in which

may be diftinguifhed the beds whence many of thefe coffins have been cut, being

of the fame grain.

Thefe particulars are extracted from the account given by the jefuit Ruth

of the grand fearch into this collection of ftone coffins made about 1738. Thefather has thoroughly canvaft the fubjedt, and has determined them indifputably

to belong to Chriftians, and the fpot where they are found to have been a public

Chriftian burying ground; Perhaps the croffes were the ftrongeft evidence of

this ; for we have produced a variety of inftances that make againft the conclu-

fion, that “ monuments where the corpfe is preferved entire are neceffarily

“ Chriftian works.”

The quarter of St. Hilary at Poitiers is full of ftone coffins, which chance

brings to light continually in cellars and gardens. The abbe d’Armagnac, trea-

furer to the chapter of St. Hilary, digging in his garden in the winter 1736found twelve or fifteen ;

one of them was feven feet long, and contained bones

of very large proportions. He has difeovered them in his cellar under the

foundations of old thick walls : and he is not the only perfon who has made

thefe difeoveries in this quarter. In enlarging and completing the high road

from Poitiers to Chauvigny, about 1730, they found in the rifing ground which

commands the city on the fide of St. Cyprian and the gate of Pont-a-Joubert,

a large ftone coffin, which was left on the lands by the road fide. Boucher,

who was born before 1480, obferves, in his Hiftory of Poitou, that in this

quarter, above the abbey of St. Cyprian, was an old burying ground, named the

Burying ground of St. Gregory. The cuftom of burying out of cities fubfifted

a long while after the Romans, who firft enadted it as a law. The towns

and villages near the Vienne from St. Gervais two leagues, below Chatelle*

rault to Luffac four leagues above Chauvignd, at St. Gervais, Ingrande, Cenon,

Bonimatour, Vouneuil, Archigny, Chauvigne, Civaux, Queaux, Luffac, are

all full of the fame kind of tombs. We find at all thefe different places

fields not quite fo large as that at Civaux full of ftone coffins and covers

marked with croffes, and fome of rough ftone without any marks. Thefe

circumftances, the vicinity of thefe burying grounds to churches, and the

Gothic ftone croffes fet up at the entrance, or in the centre of thefe

places, denote that they are Chriftian ; and the quarries before mentioned, or

others near the fame river, furnifhed the materials. Montmorillon, a little town

of Poitou, on the Gartempe, four or five leagues from Civaux, where is nowthe church of the Auguftines, contains a great number of thefe coffins, which

have been taken up to make doors and chimney pieces to the monaftery. Thefpot was walled round for near a century, and is ufed as a burial ground.

Saulgd, a village on the Gartempe, has a great many. Joumet, four leagues

from the river, ftill'more. Benet, a village near the head of the Glain, is full

of them, and molt of the houfes there are built of them. One is to be feen in a

lone houfe near Tranquart : and it is no uncommon fight in many other parts

i of

[ xxxiv ]

of Poitou, where there are now no traces of thefe antient burial grounds. Twenty

were found in digging in a garden of a priory-cure two. leagues from Leccon.

A conliderable quantity are to be feen at the priory of St. John de Loudun.

Lower Poitou abounds with them, and there are few parts of the reft of PoitoU

where they are not talked of. But thefe Angularities are not confined to this

province. The abbey of Notre Dame de la Tenaille, at Saintonge, feven leagues

above Salutes, towards Blaye, (landing alone in the midft of a wood, has a kind

of burial ground almoft as confiderable as that of Civaux, full of the fame kind

of (tone coffins, which have been found to contain entire (keletons, as there

;

and in fome of them (tone bottles placed by the fide of the bodies. The like

may be feen in Touraine, at Baleme near la Haye, at Brayes near Richelieu,

and many other places in the fame parts. About 1728 the canons of the caftle

at Bruges opening a road near their church difeovered a great number of (lone

coffins. M. Dodart, governor of Berry, fays they are very common in that

province, that the curates of many pariffies ufed them for horfe-troughs; and

he had feen many at the abbey of Foncombaud, in the diocefe of Bruges, near

Blanc. M. Catherinot, well known for his refearches into the antiquities of

Bourges and Berry, in his “ Bourges fouterrain,” tells us, that the Capuchins

of Bourges trenching their garden in 1640, found feveral (tone coffins, which

the antients properly called bieres,from the Latin petra ; and in 1684 another

at the foot of a tree which they had cut down in their great walk. This houfe

is near the canons of the caftle, and both are out of the town; circumftances

which ferve to prove this to have been an antient burial ground. Traces of

this antient cuftom have been found in the provinces moft diftant from Poitou.

Near a Benedi<5line abbey out of Arles is a large field full of tombs of the fame(hape, and difpofed in the fame manner as at Civaux. The conclufion is ob-

vious, that all thefe were the burial grounds of the Chriftians of Gaul.

If the number of coffins, or of bodies in them, when the dimenfions fcarce

allow of more than one, or the rank of the parties buried, and the finding ofheathen coin in Chriftian graves be objected ; the anfwer to the firft is, we are not

to expeft a calculation correfpondent to extent of ground to people the burial

ground of a village of only 600 perfons. Public burial grounds do not feemto have been forbidden to Chriftians in the moft furious perfections, and Chrif-

tians affefted common places of burial. The ufe of (lone coffins may be carried

back in Poitou to the third century, and probably continued to the end of the

1 3th ; confequently the burial ground of fuch a village as Civaux was ten cen-turies at lead in filling. Allowing fixteen deaths, one year with another, this

period would give 16,000 dead bodies, and an equal number of tombs. Thedrifted allowance of coffins to the ground all round the town would not producethe whole number

; and all the accidents of plague, famine, and war, will

never bring the number of tombs to 13,000.Civaux was certainly however a very antient parifli, and as there were for

feveral centuries but two cemeteries at Poitiers, it is not unlikely numbers wouldbe carried to a fpot fo convenient for this heavy mode of interment. The tracesof fuch a mode would fooner difappear in populous cities, where (lone waswanted for buildings both public and private. Many towers and battlementsof the walls of Poitiers are lined with fuch ftones. One in particular is chargedwith a crofs, an infeription in Gothic charafters at top ; on the right of the crofsis a chalice well cut, and to the left an E. oppofite to and on the fame levelwith it. When the coffins contained more than one corpfe which was infome inftances lefs than the other, they may have been thofe of hufband andwife, children or friends, or corpfes of different periods, or which funk under

fome

[ XXXV 3

fomc epidemical diforder; or, laftly, were buried in later periods, aftef thismode of inhumation ceaft, as feems probable from the coins of 1636, and theremains of clothes. This is confirmed by the recollection, that where there weremore bodies than one in a coffin, fome were reduced to a (hull or a few bones :

not to infift on anatomical difquiiitions, whether the corpfe of a peafant occupieslefs room than that of a rich citizen. The Roman medals found here are fewand doubtful. As to the objedlion drawn from the expence of thefe ftone cof-fins, it fhotild be confidered, that as they were near at hand, and would fervemore than once ’, the mode was more frugal than at firit fight appears *.

1 have been the more full in this extraft, as the inftances here produced areconclufive in favour of the promifcuous ul'e of ftone coffins, and as I believe thebook whence it is taken is not in every body’s hands.

1 Dans le nef de leglife de St. Martin a Angers il y a trois anciens cercueilsde pierre dans lequels ont etf: mis trois perfonnes, Sc non en terre

“ 11 y a dans le nef de l’eglife de St. Pierre dans la meme ville deux cercueils depierre fort anciens, enchaffez dans le mur a la hauteur de trois pieds audeffus duterre 4.”

“ Au bas du collateral dans la derniere chapelle du cote de l’Evangile paroit unCercueil de pierre en dos d’ane 8c a fleur de terre, qui eft peutetre la fepulture deGeoffroi premier abbe de cette maifon.” Valmont abbey, founded about 1 r 69 s.

The like ftone coffin in the North wall of the nave (which is all that remains)of the abbey church at Dunmow, and is afcribed to Juga Baynard the foundrefs,may be only of an abbot 6

. Leland defcribes fuch a crofs on the tomb of HenryDoilli, Ton of the foundrefs at Ofeney 7

.

Coffins of this form are fuppofed to be the oldeft of the fort, a coffin and amonument united. That they were not always confined to religious perfonseven though the ridge be charged with a crofs, may be prefumed, if 1 am rightin my application of that in the Temple church to William Plantagenet fifthfon of Henry il. in the Xlllth century. Niger biffiop of London, who died1241, had one in old St. Paul’s

s. .Somewhat fimilar coffins, and both alike

ornamented with arches, and therefore moft probably,made at the fame periodtogether contained the remains of kings Sebba and Etheldred there. Such werealfo thofe that are afcribed to archbidiop Theobald at Canterbury, and to bilhopGlanville at Rochefter. The conformity of thefe ftone monuments to the gene-ral form of our antient fhrines would incline me to believe the two in Kent weredepofitories of reliques (the latter perhaps of thofe of St. Paulinus) as well as thetwo in London. In the floor of the nave of St. Alban’s abbey church are twoplain (tones, with a rounder ridge 9

.

Crofles were very antiently fixed or carved on monuments and graveftones.Among the laws of Kenneth king of Scotland, about S40, we meet with this,“ Efteem every fepulchre or gravertone facretl, and adorn it with the fign of the“ crofs > which take care you do not fo much as tread on.” But the fathers, forthat very reafon, forbid it to be placed on any graveftones lo

.

' The Salic law,, however, of the antient Frank, forbid burying twice in the fame coffin, either ofwood or tone undern heavy penalty. S. quit rnortuum hominem ant in mfi an. in p„re „« vafa en ufn fircophagi dienntur / „rahum mijertt, ,mmd denanos qui facium folidos lxu 5: dimidium culpabilis judicatur.”J *

maniere d’inhumcr les anciens a rnrmfinn do. romknai,v a- 0:... . ^ Foitou Par le R Perc

! Recherches fur la maniere d’inhumer les anciens a l’occafion des tombeaux de CivauxB. R. Pretre de la Compagnie de Jcfus; Poitiers. 1738.

^ Moleon, Voyage liturgiquede France, p. 81.5 Defcrip. de la haute Norm. I. i6j.• See it in the head-piece to Century XU. fig.

is one in the South chancel at Gillingham church,' Dugdale’s St. Paul’s. Montfaucon mentions

4 lb. p. 105.

Graveftones have been hewn it

tar Rochefter, dated 1637.

......,

large tomb in St. Lawrence’s church at Milan, which by ithe judged to be of the firft ages of the church, but he gives no defcription of it, Diar. Ital. c. 2.» “ Des tombes de pierre tn btjjiou des tombes plates” are mentioned for perfons “ qui ne font morts qu’au quator.“ zeme fiecle.” Defc. de la haute Normandie, II. 334.’ 4

10filomf. Norf. I. 483.

this form in later times. Thci

s fhape

Hearne

t xxJcvi ]

kearne derives both the (tone coffin and the croffes on it from the Holy Lantl,

at the crufadcs He feetas to appropriate the coffin-fa(hioned lids to abbots %

•which may be doubted.

In the church of Weting All Saints, c. Norfolk, lies an old grave Hone with a

crofs flory in a circle on the fummit of a ftaff, in memory, molt likely, of fome

reflor ;and near the South wall at the Eaft end of the chancel is another old

graveftone, with a crofs patee cut on the head of a ftaff, probably in memory (it

being the infignia) of a knight templar K

At the Weft end of the nave at Narford lies a graveftone having a crofs patee

carved on the fummit of a ftaff, the infignia of fome knight templar'.

In the chancel under the North wall, with an arch raifed over it, lies a marble

ftone, with a large crofs floral carved on it, in memory of the founder, no doubt

fome religious, probably fome reSlor or vicar of the church >t

In the middle of the chancel of Great Carbrook lie two very antient coffin

ftoncs, with a crofs patee on each, to (hew they belonged to the Templars, and

two imperfect circumfcriptions on them in capitals, which feem to be added long

fince they were firft laid, and moft probably when they were replaced after the

rebuilding the church. Mr. Blomfield ‘ took that moft North to be the fepulchre of

Maud countels of Clare, their foundrefs ;and the other oil her right hand, or

moft South, to be one of her younger fonS, that might probably be the firft com-

mander of this houfe. They lie exaftly in the place where he fays the founders

of religious places were generally buried; as Herbert founder of Norwich cathe-

dral. By the croffes they were of the order; by their place of interment perfons

ofdiftiniftion; by the remains of the infeription, mother and fan, and of Hag. Clare

family. Now though, adds he, I do not meet with their names, Vincent on Brook’

fays (he had by Boger de Clare her hulband, Richard earl of Clare and Hertford,

and others. Dugdale ", telling us where he was buried, (hews plainly this was

not his fepulchre, elfe I (lrould have thought fo, by reafon of his confirming of

his father’s and mother’s benefaftions to this houfe, to which he was alfo a bene-

fator. It is plain from the infeription that he was a knight of the order, and had

been at Jerufalem, and fo was qualified to be a commander of the houfe, and

mud be of great note, his name being not mentioned.

On the Firft,

MATER. CLARENSIS. GENEROSO. M1LITE. CLARA.MA HIC. TUM. . . VE. .

On the Second.

A. DEXTRIS. NATUS. REQUIESCIT. MATRIS. HUMATUS.HUNC. PETIIT. PORTUM. PROPRIUM. REVOLUTUS. IN. ORTUM.

I muft beg leave to differ from Mr. Blomefield, both as to the date of the in-

feriptions, their import, and the lady. I fuppofe the inferiptions are cut in the

Saxon capitals, and (hew that Jhe was a Clare rather by birth than marriage,and

that be might be a younger fon of earl Roger.

1Pref. to G. Neubrig. p. Ixriii.

3 Blomf. Norf. I. 483,* lb.

* Roper’s Life of Mprec* lb. III. 534.6

lb. I. 603,

[ xxxvii j

** In the churchyard at Balfham, c. Cambridge, at the Eaft end of the chafi*

cel, are four freeftone coffin monuments, very old, and much alike, eachhaving three croffes flore on their tops. That moft North was opened fomeyears ago, and a ftone coffin with a fkeleton found in it

;and in 1744, when

the gentlemen of the Charter-houfe were on their circuit, Dr. Baffet had that

moft South opened, which was found filled with gravel, being bricked on the

tides and bottom, where lay a fkeleton of a perl'on who had never been in a

coffin. I find this was a common way of burial for perfons of diftin£lion in the

time of Edward II. and III. when fome chofe rather to have their bodies com-mitted to the earth without a ftone coffin than with it. At Thorndon in Suf-

folk the redtor opened for me a monument of this kind, which had alfo a crofs

flore on the top of an efcalop fhell, to denote his having been a pilgrimage to

St. James at Compoftella. By its being joined to the South chancel wall on the

churchyard fide it appears to have been the monument of the builder of the

church, fuppofed to be Nicholas de Bokland retftor there, who was inifituted

Aug. 1 333, at the prefentation of John of Cornwall, lecond fon to Edward II.

The grave was fitted up with a ftone flab on each fide, and one at each end. Thebody was laid at bottom with nothing but the common earth under the coffin,

which was of very thick oak. It was filled up with earth and gravel, and thenlarge flint ftones, and fo one above another to the furface of the earth, andthe whole monument above was folid mafon’s work. I mention this as in fomemeafure fhewing about what time thefe antient monuments that now remain in

many places, were likely to be placed there

In opening a grave, covered with glazed tiles, on the right hand of the choir

by the veftry door at Tewksbury, 1776, was found a ftone coffin without a lid,

and in it a fkeleton, whofe teeth were entire, alfo the fpurs and part of the lea-

ther, in which it had been wrapt.

In repairing the foundations of the garden wall at the North Eaft comer ofthe fite of St. Catherine’s Priory, Lincoln, the workmen opened a ftone coffin,

in which lay a human fkeleton without a fcull *.

The inftances of ftone coffins, after the introduction of Chriftianity, in ourreligious houfes are too numerous to be recited. There is hardly a fite of fuchfoundation in which there does not appear one or more defecrated for watertroughs or worfe ufes.

In the South aile of Pelham Furneux church, Herts, juft where it opens into

the chapel, Dr. Salmon 3 deferibes an altar-tomb of cemented ftone, which washollow, and a ftone coffin, with its lid even with the floor. This was fmoothat the top, and had no brafs upon it, but probably an infeription below, becaufeWeever 4 has preferved a part of it, “ . . . . Johannes de Lee, 8c Johannes“ uxor ” which the Do&or took for a daughter of Sir Simon Fur-neus and Sir John de la Lee, temp. Edward I. The tomb is now fo coveredwith pews that I could barely (Sept. 30, 1783) fee that both it and its lid hadfeveral mouldings, like that in Eaftwick church in the fame county, on whichlies a beautiful figure of a crofs-legged knight. On the floor of the chapel aretwo old ftones which are but lids to ftone coffins, the coffins remaining belowthe furface. The infeription remaining on one in Gothic capitals,

“ Simon de Furneus Alius.”

1 Blomf. ColIeCt. Cantab, p. 199.1 Mr. Symplon's MS. colle&ion,3 Salmon’s Herts, p. 287.4 Fun, Mon. p. 548.

isk

[xkxviii ]

is remarkable for not reaching to the end of the ftone, as in general fuch in-

fcriptions do.

Thefe coffins were fuppofed older than the chapel, or indeed the church,

and to have been replaced there on rebuilding. The bones were entire. In one

of them, on taking it up to build a vault, were found fome beads, of what

ufe is hard to fay, for the method of praying by them is hardly fo antient.

The tomb of archbifhop Langton, at Canterbury, 1238, is a large ftone

cheft, with a crofs carved on its lid, encbajje dans le muraiUe, as the French would

call iti

In taking down the decayed South chapel at Weft Harling in the fame

county, the body of the founder, Sir Nicholas de Beaufo, who died in the

beginning of the 13th century, appeared to be laid in a ftone coffin in-

clofed in the fouth wall, which, by order of the patron, Sir Bafil Gawdy, was

preferved as it was found, and being covered with bricks, now lies undifturbed.

Mr. Blomfield was told a fmall thing like a candle-ftick was found in the coffin,

but rather thought it to have been a crucifix '. I am furprifed he did not fuf-

pecft it was the ffiaft of a chalice, or perhaps an entire chalice, and this the coffin

of fome religious.

The coffin in which Lewellin the laft prince of Wales was buried in Conway-

abbey, and on the diflolution removed into Llanrwft church, is a cheft of

granite, four inches and a half thick, feven feet in the clear, the outfide carved

w’ith quatrefoils in relief. It has, like the Roman one before defcribed at

Chefterton, p. xxiii, a ledge within, to receive the thicknefs of the lid, which

is now wanting 1.

Weever fays 3, the alabafter effigies of Richard Lucy Lord Chief Juftice of

England lay on a flat marble ftone, that ftone on a trough or coffin of white

afhler ftone, when it was dug up in the ruins of Lefnes abbey, which hefounded 1178. In like manner one fees the figures of abbots, bilhops,

knights, and other perfonages, carved on the very ftone which ferved as a lid

to their coffin. A difgufting imitation of this mode retained in the laft cen-

tury may be feen in the figure of William Curie, efq. 1617, lying on his fide in

the South aile of Hatfield church, in Hertfordffiire.

There is an odd fort of ftone coffin lid formed en dos d’ane, where the upperhalf is charged with a half-figure, with its hands joined. Such are two tombsin the church-yard at Brandon, Suffolk, where the infcriptions are almoft wornout by weather : a lady of the Dilney family, at Norton Difney, c. Lincoln, and a

prieft in Appleby church, c. Weftmorland. In Kingfbury church, co. Warwick,is a coffin-fafhion lid, on which a female head peeps out of a quatrefoil 4

.

In many churchyards in Lincoln and Huntingdonfhires the grave ftones are

cut coffin-fafhioned, whether raifed or laid flat, and when accompanied withfomething like a fliield for more than half their length, I have frequently

been deceived by their firft appearance to afcribe antiquity to them. In theruined nave of Croyland church ftill ufed a^ a cemetery key ftones of archeshave been perverted to this ufe. In the church yard at Potton are two ftone

coffins of different fizes, fliaped nearly as our prefent wooden ones.

Sir William Dugdale and his lady were buried in ftone coffins, each made intwo parts s

.

Mr. Ames, 1759, was buried eight feet deep, in virgin earth, in the churchof St. George, Leicefter, in a ftone coffin, on whofe lid his epitaph was in-fcribed, as alfo on both fides of a flat ftone.

1 Norf. I. xog.* Sec it in Mr. Pennant’s Supplementary Plates, PI. IV.* Fun. Mon. p. 777. 4 Dugdale’s Wanvickfli. to6t. ad edit.* lb. 1046. Ath. Ox. II. 690.

[ XXXIX ]

The life of leaden coffins was not unknown to the Romans. “ When Chfiktianity encreafed the cuftom of burning the dead began to ceafe, and was littlepradtifed by any in the later times of the Antonines, though the fame place withoutBoutham bar, at York, was continued for their fepulture

; as appears by hu-man bones that have never paired the fire digged up there. Thefe were interredat the depth of nine feet, whereof fix were ftiff clay, and three a black earthThe lead coffin, which was about feven feel long, was enclofed in a prodigiousftrong one made of oik planks two inches and a half thick, which, befides therivetings, were tacked together with brags or great iron nails four inches longthe heads not die-wife, as the large nails now are, but perfeflly flat and aninch broad, except one, which was half an inch broad, and thefe fom’ewhat inthe form of a wedge, and the head not round, as the other, but fomewbat likethe modern draw nails ; but the reft of the old ones are fquare, the four fides ofequal breadth. Many of them were almoft coufumed with ruft, and fo was theoutride of the planks, but the heart of oak was firm, and the lead frelli andpliable; whereas one found in 1 7 o I was brittle, and almoft wholly confirmedhaving no planks to guard it. The bones were very light, though entire- but thedouble coffins required a team of horfes to draw them outThe Romans buried both in wood and lead *.

Morant deferibes a leaden coffin found out of Colchefter near a Romanurn >. Narfes’ leaden coffin was robbed of a vaft quantity of treaffire by theemperor Tiberius t.

7

On plowing in Water Newton Lane, c. Lincoln, 1732, they found a largeleaden coffin, containing an entire ikeleton, and feveral finall urns and fmallcoins, filver and brafs, of Vefpafian and Severus

; alfo a ftone coffin, in whichwas another Ikeleton, very perfeft, and in order, which plainly appeared tohave beer, a woman with child, there being within it the fmall bones of a feetusin regular order, but fallen together, and near this an urn with afhes s

A leaden coffin fix feet long, full of bones, was found at Padua, in the fameplace where was found the infeription ufually aferibed to Livy, but byOrfati 6

to Lucius Halys freedman of Livia, fourth daughter of Titus’ Livius. Thiscoffin is ft ill preferved in the hall of Juftice there \An antient chronicle cited by Du Chefne, vol. III. p. 641. fays, thatioca.

was found at Marfeilles a human body entire and embalmed, in a leaden coffinenclofed in a white marble tomb, which being fuppofed the corps of the ernlperor Maximinian, one of the perfecutors oftheChriftians, who died A D ,10Rainchild, archbilhop of Arles, caufed it, with both its coffins, to be toffe’d intothe fea

1. It is much more probable that it belonged to fome Chriftian prince

or prelate of a later age. *

AtSturry, near Canterbury, 1755, was found, five feet deep in the eartha large broad ftone, covering a ftone coffin, fix feet four inches, inclofing aleaden one, five feet eight inches, in which was a human body almoft decayedthough the teeth were perfedt in the jaws. The lead, which was much wafted’as well as the ftone coffin, Teemed to be put together in fix pieces without folder’and each piece fuppofed to weigh thirty pounds. An earthen quart jug neJit crumbled to pieces on handling 9

.J °

1Thorelby, Ducatus Leod. p. 560.

* Kirkman, 44.1. Thorelby, 429.3 Hift. of Colchefter, p. 183.* P. Diac. ap, Kirkman, p. 389,5 A. S. Min. XV. 23. Seep. 81.6 Monumi. Antiq. f. 141. 7 Mem. de Petrarqiie, III. u#,* Univ. Hift. XV. p. 547. Le Beau Hift. du Bas Empire, I. 06,* Newberry’s Defcription of England, V. 75.

Near

i *1 ]

frear ilchefter was found fome bones in a leaden cafe as big as a band box

in a hollowed ftoue, and near it, under a tree, was a vault of Hone, where a

body was found lying at full length

Carew fpeaks of Orgar, he means Cadoc, being found in a leaden coffin, in

St. Stephen’s church, near Trematons, Cornwall \

Hearne mentions a body in a leaden coffin in Cornwall, which had continued

there from the Saxon times, and when touched fell to pieces 3.

<£ Many yeres fince men fought for treafbr at a place called the Dungen [at

« Canterbury] wher Bamhale’s houfe now is, and ther yn digging thei fownd a

“ coarfe clofed in lead V’

St.. Alban’s relics were found, 1257, in repairing his church, in leaden lheets,

with an infcription on a leaden plate s.

Eadburga abbefs of Repton, c. Derby, daughter of Adulph, king of the Eaft

Angles, who died A. D. 714, fent Guthlac a leaden coffin, farcopbagum plutn-

beum 6. This was the bell prefent that could be made by an abbefs who lived

in the centre of fome of the principal and perhaps oldeft lead mines in the

kingdom.

St. Dunftan, who died A. D. 988, was buried in linen, in a double coffin of

lead, the outermoft more ornamented 7. Mr. Somner 8 gives the account of

the difcovery as “ a pretty relation, and worth reading.” It is fo long and cir-

Cumrtantial that I ffiall content myfelf with an abftratft of it. April 10, 150S,

by order Of the archbiffiop and prior, three or four of the fraternity, men of

diftinguiffied abilities and of more fervent zeal 9 for the work, went about it in

the evening, after the church doors were fliut up, that none of the laity might

interfere, and before day-light difcovered in the ftonework of the ffirine on

the South fide of the high altar a wooden cheft, equal in length to the ftone-

work of the fhrine, which was feven feet, and about one foot and a half broad,

lined and covered with lead fattened with nails, diftant about a hand’s breadth

from each other, and ftrongly bound round with iron bands. They got no

further the firft night ; but the next returning to their fearch, fix of the

brethren, with other affiftance, had much difficulty to lift the coffin out of

the ftone work. They then, with no lefs difficulty, got open the front of the

coffin!0

,by breaking part of a board on the upper part ". This difcovered to

their view a leaden coffin, not made of fmooth lead, but wrought in folds in a

moft beautiful manner ", containing another leaden coffin almoft periffied,

which was fuppofed to be that in which he was firft buried. Between thefe

two leaden coffins they found a fmall leaden plate lying on the breaft of the

body, infcribed with thefe words in Roman letters‘ 3

:

HIG REQUIESC1T SANCTUS DUNSTANUS ARCHIEPISCOPUS.

They next found a fair linen cloth, perfectly found, laid over the body.

On removing this the faint appeared in his pontifical habit, for the moft part

1Stukeley, It. Cur. I. 147. * P. in.

3 Hearne Spicil. ad Gul. Nubrig. p. 790.* Leland. It. VII. 1 44.5 M. Paris, p. 942. Uffer. Ant. Eccl. Brit. 77.* Lcl. Coll. il. 590. It. IV. 13 1. and Pegge, Archatolog V. 373.I

See the certificate of the difcovery of his body, Ang. Sac. II. 228, 229.* Antiq. of Cantab. Appendix, N° 38.* Ad ejufmcdi opus options tsf fcrvcntiores.*° Anteriorem partem area.** Partem afferis quo in fuperiori parte area claudcbalur effringerent.II Falla non ex piano plumbo fed arte quadam pukherrimefabrieata tA plkata.li Lite/ is Romanis.

confumed

t sli ]

tonfumed by time. They faw his bald crown T

,and ali iiis bones hi ofcJefy

with pieces of his flefli. They took part of his crown, which they lodged

among their reliques, and then clofed up all the feveral coffins in the ftrongeft

manner.

The duft of St. John of Beverly was found, 1664, under a thick marble flab,

in the middle of Beverley choir, near the entrance into the choir, in a flieet oflead four feet long, in a vault of fquared free ftone five feet long, two feet

broad at the head, and one and a half at the feet. A leaden box lay acrofs it

containing fome of his bones mixed with duft. With it were fix beads, three

of which were cornelian, the other crumbled to duft. There were in it alio

three great brafs pins, and four iron nails. Upon this flieet of lead was fixed a

plate of lead, with this infcription :

“ Anno ab inc3rnatione domini mclxxxyiiI combufta fuit htec ecclefia ini( menfe Sept, in fequenti node poll feftum fandi Mathaei apoftoli & in annou mcxcvii. vi. id. Martii fada fuit inquilitio reliquiarum beati Johannis in hocu loco, & inventa funt hsec offa in oriental

iparte fepulchri, 8c hie recondita, 8c

“ pulvis cemento mixtus ibidem inventus 8c reconditus.”

Thefe had been fo depofited after the chapel was burnt, 1188 s

} but this

leaden box was rather for his ftirine and bones, being but three quarters of a yard

long, and marked with a crofs in a ftone coffin fix feet and a half long.

The remains of St. William, who died archbifhop of York, 1 154, were lodged

in a fquare leaden box three quarters of a yard long, about eight inches diameter

at top, and gradually decreafing at bottom clofely foldered up. They were de-

pofited thus on his canonization in the reign of Edward I. by archbifhop

Wickwane, who removed them from the place where they firft lay into the naveof his cathedral, and built a moft coftly Ihrine over them. On laying the newpavement, 1732, Mr. Drake fearcht for them, and difcovered them about a

yard below the furface, under a long flab of fpotted marble, which had been in-

verted, and by the mouldings round the edge was fuppofed to have been an altar

ftone. The leaden box, much decayed, and having on its top a fmall plain

crofs, made of two pieces of lead of equal bignefs, and at the end a piece offluff which mouldered upon touching, lay within a ftone coffin fix feet fix inches

long, the lid arched, on which was a crofs the length of the coffins. There wasno infcription, either within or without the box, or on the altar ftone. Butall circumftances put together, the matter feemed to Mr. Drake indifputable. Thefmaller bones, and thofe of the fcull, which were broken, were wrapt in a

piece of farcenet double, which had acquired the colour of the bones it con-tained, and fome of which, for curiofity fake, was taken out. The larger boneswere put down to the bottom of the box, and by meafuring a thigh bone entire

our prelate appears to have been about five feet fix inches high. The re-

mains of this once famous prelate were carefully repofited in the coffin, that

clofed, and the grave filled up. Mr. Drake has given a print of the coffin andbox 3

.

Geoffry Magnaville, who died under fentence of excommunication in thehabit of the Templars, was carried by them to the Old Temple in London, whereputting him into a pipe of lead (canaliculo) they hanged him on a tree 4

. Theywould not be wanting in refpedl to a founder and endower of monafteries. Theydurft not bury him for fear of the pope

;fo they wrapped him in lead, and de-

pofited him like Mahomet, between heaven and earth. The dangling pofture was

* Tejla capitis.a Life of Wood, 192. 2d, edit.

* Ebor. p. 420.

^ Mon. Ang, I. 448,

1 not

t 1

hot over decent. If this had been done by an enemy or indifferent perfon it had

looked like fpite or contempt *.

“ Rofamunde’s tumbe, at Godeftowe nunnery, was taken up a late ; it is a

“ ftone with this infcription : Tumba Rofamundas. Her bones were clofid in lede,

« anti withyn that the bones were clofed in lether. When it was opened there

*t was a very fwete fmell cam owt of it This account, given by the accurate

Leland is fufficient to prove, that the double ftone coffin ffiewn in the ruins of

Godftow nunnery for Rofamund’s 3 did not belong to her. This is however a

fingle inftance I believe of coffins thus divided into two compartments, and feems

to be now deftroyed 4. Hearne, in his account of fome antiquities in and about

Oxford, at the end of Leland’s Itinerary II. 132. does not defcribe it as divided,

but as two ftone coffins, reported to have belonged to Rofamond, and her keeper,

which deftination he laughs at as a vulgar notion, and refers the coffins to two

nuns, or two other perfons here buried. The imperfedt infcription given by

Hentzner as on Rofamond’s tomb of ftone, was really, as we learn from Leland,

on a crofs near Godftow. It was a precatory form for her foul, and not, as

Mr. Grofe conceived, an addrefs to her as a faint*.

Roger archbifliop of York, who died 1281, was buried in the wall of his

church, where his leaden coffin may be knocked againft with a flick, through

the openings of the fret work 6. His fucceffor Melton was interred in a leaden

coffin, within a very ftrong one of oak \

King John is fuppofed to lie in a leaden coffin, which was difcovered, but

not opened, under his monument 8.

Prince Henry, fon of Henry I. was done up in lead and bull’s hides 9.

Fitzpiers buried at Winborn minfter five hundred years ago was found in

leadIO

,by the fexton, who cut part of it in digging a grave clofe by it.

Biffiop Bitton, at Exeter, who died 1307, appears to have been been buried in

a leaden coffin of modern ffiape, with rings to it ”.

Biffiop Dalderby, who died 1319, lay at Lincoln in a kind of ftone vault lined

With lead

Biffiop Grofthead, in the fame cathedral, had only a ffieet of lead laid over

the top of his ftone coffin on three iron bars ' 3.

The Black Prince was embalmed, and done up in lead, 1376 *4.

The Duke of Exeter was buried at St. Edmund’s Bury, 1426, in lead and

pickle.

The Delapoles at Hull were fo buried in the Carthufian monaftery at Hull

;

and at the fupprefling of it were found diverfe troughs of lead with bones in

a vault under the high altar there ,5.

So the Hungerfords at Farley. Sir Jofeph Ayloffe told me he cut one with a

Couteau, and let out a horrid ftench.

* Salmon, Herts, p. 99.* Leland in Mon. Angl. I. 528.9 Mr. Grofe’s account under his view of it.

* It is not mentioned iil the account of Godftow nunnery, Gent, Mag. rol, LIIL p. 46]. 178}** —— Adorent

;

Utque tibi detur requies, Rofamunda, prccamur.

Or, as Leland,

Qui meat hue oret, lignum falutis adoret,

Utque fibi detur requies, Rofamunda, precetur.

St. Hugh bilhop of Lincoln caufed her body to be digged up in the conventual church, and laid in the publre

burying ground, plcbeit more, 1191. Walter Coventrenfis in Lei. Coll. I. 357. fays, “ Rofamunda tranflata e celebri“ tumulo ad incelebrem per Hugonem epifeopum Lincoln.” Hoveden (Chron. p. 495.) adds, her tomb flood in themidft of the choir, and was covered with filk, and furrounded with lamps and tapers before this removal. It wa#again difturbed, as above, at the Reformation.

* See p. 37. • Hoveden, p. 354,See p. 84, See p. 47.

* Drake, Ebor. p. 410.*° Hutchins, Dorfet, II. 91.14 Sandford, p. 187.

lb. p. 433.11 Seep. 81.“ Lei. It. I. 57.

[ 3dm ]

So the Ratcliffes at Boreham, 1583. 1593. This was fitted to the body like scerecloth, and Ihewed the features of the face, and had the name, title, and datein Roman letters.

Thomas Grey marquis of Dorfet, who died 1532, was found on pullingdown his chapel at Aftley, c. Warwick, done up in cerecloth and lead, andquite perfect and found, after 78 years interment, in a large and long woodencoffin

Sir Gerard Braybroke’s bones lying in a coffin of lead covered with wood weredigged up at the Eaft end of the South aile of the choir at St. Paul’s, in the reignof Edward VI *»

Prince Henry, 1612, was wrapped in lead, according to the proportion ofhis body ; his heart inclofed in lead upon his breaft, in the form thereof, underwhich are the figures 1 6 c 2, and under that the prince’s device and motto, witha rofe and a thiftle, fubfcribed with the letters H. P. all emboffed 3

.

In the South aile of Lichfield cathedral was found, 1751, a ftrong leadencoffin, with feveral large iron rings fattened to the fides s the lid, which wasbanded acrofs with ftrong leaded ribs, lay loofe on the coffin, which was verymuch corroded. In it was a fkeleton, with a dry friable fubftance, whichfparkled by candlelight, and like fait mixed with earth, fcattered among thebones, as alfo feveral folds of fine linen flicking clofely together, and fomepieces of broad lace, fuppofed filver, by their blacknefs, which probably madepart of fome pontificalia 4

.

A fkeleton, wrapt in red leather, covered with lead, and a fort of coronet onits head, was found a foot under ground, in Moulton church, Lincolnfhire, onnew paving the choir 5

.

Mr. Vertue, Dr. Rawlinfon, and Mr. Umfreville, faw at the end of Hotterlane, Weft Smithfield, where they were digging deep for a fewer, in frefh

clayifh gravel, a leaden chett, much decayed, four feet by twenty-one inches,

and eighteen inches deep, lying towards the antient timber houfes behind St.

Sepulchre’s church, and containing bones and fculls, the fize uncertain. It

might have been a receptacle for many bones, a few lay loofe near it ; the lead

much decayed, adorned with a crofs on greeces, and four leaves at the marginin low emboft work, but no date or infcription. The old inhabitants faid St. Se-pulchre’s churchyard reached further this way. About the fame place humanbones were dug up 6

.

A leaden coffin was dug up in the Black Friars, Oxford, about 40 years be-fore 1658. When it was opened they found the fkeleton of a man with a candelin his hand, and a filver penny hanging about his neck, and five gold rings uponhis finger. About 30 years ago another leaden coffin was dug up at the upperend of Robinfon’s lane in St. Ebb’s parifh without the town wall 7

.

In Odtober, 1783, fome perfons digging for gravel in a yard in Humber-flone-gate at Leicefter, at the depth of about two yards came to a leadencoffin, a parallelogram, five feet four inches long, eighteen inches broad on theoutfide, half an inch thick, and weighing an hundred weight. The lid wasfupported on the infide by iron refts acrofs, about an inch broad, and of acompetent thicknefs, but through ruft eafily broken, forked and bent at the

1Burton's Leicefterfliire, p. 51, Dugdale’s Warwick(hire, p. 113. Pugdalc add* the Uai. which i* not men-

tioned by Burton, an eye-witnefs.1 Dugdale, St. Pauls, p. 45.3 Sand ford, p, 562. Dart. II. 50.4 Mr. Green, Gent. Mag. 1751. p. 398.* Spalding Society’s Minutes.• A. S. Min. VI. 1749.1 Wood’* Notes about Oxford, Liber Niger, II. 573.

extremities

extremities fo as ftrongiy to fuftain the lid and under part. Within the coflltl

was a complete lkeleton, the bones in their natural order, the head lying Eaft,

inclining to the left llioulder, the teeth perfeft, the under jaw fallen on the

breaft. On the right fide near the middle of the coffin within were feveral

dark balls lying together as if ftrung, which might have been held by the

right hand ;none an inch diameter, and all to appearance of equal fize. On

the outfide toward the feet flood an earthen vafe : there were alfo fix or feven

fmall urns, all plain, and of red clay, not glazed. In the fame yard have been

found human and other bones, and many ox horns

Sir Robert Cotton told Weever of a cheft of lead found in Radcliffe-field, in

Stepney parifli : the upper part garniflied with fcallop fliells and a crotifter

border. At the head and foot of the coffin flood two jars three feet long, and

on the fides a number of bottles of glittering red earth, fome painted, and

many great phials of glafs, fome fix, fome eight fquare, having a whitilh liquor

in them. Within the cheft was the body of a woman, as the furgeons judged

by the fcull. On either fide of her were two fceptres of ivory, eighteen inches

long, and on her breaft a little figure of Cupid neatly cut in white ftone. And

among the bones were two pointed pieces of jet with round heads in form of

nails three inches long 2 *

About the year 1720, in the grounds of the widow Giles, near Clifton,

was found a leaden coffin, with the dull and bones of a corpfe in it : as alfo

another of oak two inches and a half thick, covered with lead, in which were

the remains of mortality. Whether this might have been a place of interment

to St. Magdalen’s chapel we cannot fay, though we may reafonably conjecture,

that before York was encompaffed with walls it reached to a much greater ex-

tent in the fuburbs ;and being then more populous, might have different

burial places. In December, 1729, were likewife found, in another part of

the ground, feveral urns, containing bones and duft, as alfo Roman coins, pro-

mifcuoufly buried in the earth. The like about the fame time were found in

Mr. Roberts’s ground, which is contiguous to the faid widow’s 3.

Mrs. Babington, who died under fentence of excommunication in the reign

of Charles II. was buried in a cave hewn in the rocks of Harnham, below

the foundations of the caftle, where her remains now lie in a leaden coffin 4.

Alexander the Great was buried at Alexandria, by his fucceffor Ptolomey, in

a coffin of gold,which, before the time of Auguftus, had been changed for one

of glafs 5. In this that Emperor viewed his body, after caufing it to be brought

out of the vault. Caligula took his breaft-plate out of his vault, and wore it6

,

or at leaft pretended to do fo 7.

Some labourers employed in repairing the road between Walnsford and King’s-

cliff, Northampton, about a mile Weft of the former, within thirty yards of a

large wood, in Rockingham foreft, ftruck upon a glafs coffin, about two feet

three inches long, containing the bones of a child much decayed. It was fhaped

like the prefent coffins, was of fine tranfparent glafs, of a beautiful aquamarine

colour, clear, and ornamented with five concentric raifed circles, the diameter

of the outermoft five inches three quarters. There was no appearance of a place

of fepulture hereabouts ; but on diligent fearch feveral human bones were found

* Gent. Mag. Vol. LlII. p. 920. * Weever, Fun. Mon. p. 30. * Gent’s Hid. of York. Additions.4 Hutchinfon’sNorthumb. I. 219.7 To fi ffowB rtf AXi xojttraf o ItToXiuaio? ixri&ivai II th AXi

£

av^«a ova tvi *1* Xfiltti a pvt ly Tfl aolij arutXar, uaXiyt) ya au]i), (XMvog

h n xtur” *a!»f>««y Strabo, XVII. p. 546. Sueton. Aug. 18. The fpot where Alexander was buried and probably had a

maufoleum was called Soma, or Serna, Achilles Tatius V. init. Suetonius fays the corps was brought out

of a vault, penetrate, and in Calig. c. 52. he calls it conditorhtm. Strabo’s word is any kind of trough.* Sueton. Calig. c. ja. 7 Dio LJX. p. 653.

between

[ xlv ]

between the road and the wood, but all without coffins. It was fuppofed that

this coffin contained the body in pickle, as none of the bones in it or in the

field appeared to have been burnt. Mr. Wills gave the Society of Antiquaries

a piece of the glafs containing the five circles, Nov. 14, 1776. and conjedtured,

that this interment happened in the reign of Henry VI. at which time an idea

prevailed that human bodies might be preferved by fome liquid preparation.

Another piece of plate glafs was lent me from the Roman Ration of Duntocher,

in Scotland, which I exhibited to the fame fociety. I have fince feen, in the

hands of Mr. Shepperd of Chefterford, c. Effex, two pieces of thick glafs, which

may have been fepulchral. The late Dr. Barnard of Wethersfield gave the So-

ciety a drawing of a large glafs urn found there.

The oldeft inftance of wooden coffins bn record among us is that of king

Arthur, which was an intire trunk of oak hollowed, quercus cavata ', which

the monk of Glaftenbury calls farcophagus ligneus,and Leland will have to be

an alder([alnus

)

as fitted to laft in wet 2. This example was imitated by Sir

Edward Deering, who died in Ireland, and was brought over and buried at

Pluckley in Kent.

Between Wormleighton and Stanton, c. Warwick, was found in a pit a trunk

of a tree hewn into a coffin with bones in it, and many coins particularly of

Conftantine 3.

The body found under Kingbarrow, near Wareham, 1767, was depofited in an

oak trunk, whofe outer diameter was four feet, and its inner three feet. The body

was wrapt in pieces of deer-Ikins, with the hair on, curioufly Hitched together,

and appeared to have been paffed feveral times round the body, and in fome parrs

adhered to the wood. In the middle of the wrapper the bones were compreffed

together in a lump, and cemented together with a glutinous matter, perhaps the

moifture of the body and (kins, and on opening yielded a vault-like fmell. Apiece of what was thought gold lace, four inches long and two and a half broad,

very much decayed, ftuck on the infide of the wrapper. Bits of wire plainly

appeared on it. The bones found were one arm, two thigh and blade-bones,

the head of the humerus, part of the pelvis, and feveral of the ribs. Thefe laft

would twift round the finger; but no figns of the fcull. Near the South Eaft

end was found a fmall wooden veflel, much broken and compreft, hatcht

with irregular lines, three inches by two diameter, two deep, arid two tenths of

an inch thick 4.

* Giraldus Cambr. in Speculo ecclefiaftico.1

AlTert. Artur, p. 45,3 Stukcley, Itin. II. 21.4 Hutchins’s Dorfet, I. 25. One of Sir Chriftopher Wren’s anceftors found in an old wall at Binchelter, the Roman

ftation, an earthen urn, incloling a wooden one. Pref. to Parentalia.

m This,

[ xlvi ]

This, with a large portion of the wrapper, is in my ppfTeflion. There is nopretence for this having been the body of Edward the martyr, A. D. 97b. but

it is highly probable that it belonged to fome petty prince or chieftain of the

Saxon or Daniih times.

King Edmund the martyr was found frelli in a wooden coffin many years

after his death, and a fragment of it kept at Thetford This however hemight get by fome prior tranflation.

Oiana lifter of king Olred had, in Hoveden church, Yorkfhire, a tomb ofwood, tumka lignea infedis modum fuper aram eminens \

We have already feen that archbifhop Dunftan was found in a wooden coffin

covered with lead within and without, and within this two leaden ones theinnermoft fuppofed the original almoft perifhed. He died about 988.

Erafmus deferibes Becket’s fhrine as a coffin of wood covering one of gold,lie muft mean gilt plateing 3

.

Mr. Strutt deferibes two wooden chefts, carved with female figures on the lids,

in the niches of the wall of Little Baddow church, Effex, which through ageare lb much decayed, that the bones and remains of the bodies are to be leenunder the covers 4

.

Geoffrey de Magnaville, who died fucldenly at Chefter 1165, was falted anddone up in leather, then put up in a ftrong fir coffin, and fo conveyed on a car-riage to Walden s

.

Edward I. was found in a wooden coffin inclofed in a ftone one befides theouter ftone tomb.

Alice Hackney, who died in the reign of Edward II. or III. and of whofe ex-traordinary prefervation by and by, was found in a coffin of rotten timber.The marquis of Dorlet, before mentioned, p. xliii, was buried in a wooden

coffin, 1532.In a moift fpungy ground, about two furlongs off Weft Toftes in Grimlhoe

hundred, Norfolk, was found, in 1720, in making a ditch to drain the grounds,an oak coffin lying S.E. & N. W. filled with water, and containing manybones, among which were the rude reprefentation of a face cut either in jet orLancalhire coal ; a blue cypher which looked as if it had been fet in a ring,fome blue irregular beads, and a broken gold ferril, which the workmen faidhad Hipt off a fmall piece of wood like a fmall knitting Iheath, probably acrofs, but broken and bent outright before Mr. Blomfield faw it. Near thisplace is a piece of ground moated round, the feite of the chapel belonging to themanfion houfe of Cafton-liall 6

.

hi digging, 1737, in the churchyard of Little Carbrook, in the famecounty, which had been long delecrated, there were found a crofs, here repre-sented, fig. 1 . laid over the coffin of fome religious perfon buried here, moftikely one of the knights of St. John of Jcrufalem, to whom the place be-ongei . There were two chains, on which hung two jewels, that on one fidebeing loft.

It is to be fuppofed, by the marks of thebrafs boffes on the crofs, that therewere formerly relics under them, and that it was buried with him on that ac-count, and poffibly might have been fetched by the party himfelf from theHoly Sepulchre. The Item of it was of oak >. I have copied Mr. Blomfield'sprint, though 1 rather incline to believe this crofs was within the coffin.

* Rlortifield’s Norfolk, I. 450.* Girald. Camb. Itin. Camb. I. c. I. d. 8’i

Gollling’s Walk, ad edit.4 Horda Anglecynhan, 1. 109.5 Reg. Walden. Mon. Ang. I. 40* Blonif. Norf. 1 . 54-1 Blomf. I, 6oo.

The

[ xlvii]

The other figure reprefented in this plate is a circular plate found on acoffin in York minfter : the figure gilded, engraved on copper ; the groundenamelled blue edged with white; with fome dots of red and gold, referred by-

Mr. North to the time of Edward I. or II. when feveral Greek workmen cameover and taught our workmen; and perhaps executed this among other pieces.

It was in the pofleffion of Dr. Rawlinfon in 1741, who exhibited it to the Societyof Antiquaries.

Mr. Le Neve fliewed the fame Society, 1724-5* a wooden cfofs plated withtin, and adorned with fictitious ftones, found in pulling down Bifhopfgate-church, and fuppofed to have belonged to a coffin.

The date, 1026, faid to have been found oh a coffin-plate among fome hu-man bones, in digging the foundations of Tome houfes in Camomile-itreet, Lon-don, is an eafy miftake for 1626 '.

Mr. Llwyd, in Gibfon’s Camden, p.793, mentions a wooden coffin, gilt,

found in 1684, in a turbary, called Mwnog y ftrat gwyn near Maes y Pandy,in Merionethfhire, fo well preferved that the gilding remained very frefli, andlaid to have contained an extraordinary large fkeletdn. This is the only inftancehe knew of burying in fuch places, and yet, fays he, they who placed thiscoffin here might have regard to the perpetual pfefervation of it. The circum-ftances of the gilding firikes me as more extraordinary.

At Afh, in a field near Richborough, to which Ration it feems to have beenthe burying place, were found 1762, feveral bodies in diftinCt wooden cafes,with a fword on the right fide, a fpear on the left, a necklace of glafs and amberbeads round the neck, a fibula on the fhoulder, and the iron umbo of the fhielddirectly over the face. Several Roman medals of the upper and lower empirewere found in the graves.

It is fuppofed by Dr. Chiflet, who gives a particular account of the difcoveryof his tomb, that Childeric king of the Franks, who died A. D. 481, wasburied in a wooden coffin bound round with iron, pieces of which were foundadhering fo clofe to the wood that it was difficult to feparate them 2

. Mont-faucon 3 adds, they were fo eaten with ruft that it fell to pieces.

1Genr. Mag. 1765. p. 394.

1Anaftalis Childeriti. 3 Mon. dela Mon. Franc. I.

The

Hugh

[ xlviii ]

The old term for a wooden coffin is fuppofed to be Nofits of Naufus,from

its relemblance to a fhip, called by the Franks Nau An ordinance, of the Salie

law "* forbids laying two bodies one upon another in fuch a receptacle : aut in

nojf'o3,out in petra

,qua vafa ex ufu Jarcopbagi dicuntur. The laws of our

king Henry I. c. 83. forbid the digging up a body laid “ in terra, vel noffo, vet

« petra, Jub petra vel pyramide, velJlrudlura qualibet” And Gregory ot lours 4

fpeaks of the bodies of the faints as being (t pallis ac naufis exornata ”

It is no uncommon thing to fee in old pariffi churches in the country a

wooden box, with one or two lids, with hinges, and fometimes a hafp, 'en dos

d'ane, in the form of Florence wine cafes, which were ufed as biers to carry out

the poor dead who had no coffin but their winding flieet. There is one, with a

frame as of a table and four legs, in the old chapel or cloifter at the South end of

St. Alban’s South tranfept. Dr. Kaye faw another in fome vault at Durham,

called St. Dunftan’s coffin, meaning probably St. Cuthbert’s.

The Duke of York’s coffin at Monaco was of a fingular form, like an oblong

cheft.

From the feveral materials in which bodies were antientiy depofited, I proceed

to take a view of thofe in which they were wrapt or fhrouded.

Edward the Confeffor’s body being difturbed thirty-fi-x years after its inter-

ment, on a difpute in the convent about the incorruptibility of the virgin s King,

was ’found in perfebt prefervation. This tranfablion may be compared to the

view which certain curious Antiquaries took of his namefake 700 years after,,

on a different motive. We may be fure the Monks were to be gainers by the

examination, and to make the molt of the miracle. Our modem examiners were

animated by the more laudable motive of deciding a point of hiftorical record,

and inquiring into the mode of interment that then prevailed. On a fet day the

abbot, with the whole convent and the bifhop of Rochefter, having taken off

the ftone, were agreeably entertained with a fragrant odour of fpices. After

removing the mantle 6 which inveloped the holy limbs, they proceeded to exa-

mine the other ornaments and veftments, and found every thing folid and in

perfebt prefervation, the limbs capable of being extended, the fingers flexible,

the joints diftinguifhable, and every part found and in its original vigour, the

fieffi intire and white as at firft ;and the bilhop, who alone ventured to handle

his beard, found it retained its original whitenefs and adherence to the face, fo

that he could not carry off a fingle hair. Having fatisfied their curiofity, they

wrapt up the corpfe in a new mantle (for the old one was too precious to be

parted with), and placed him again fafely in his old apartment 7. Abbot

Laurence made three copes of the three wrappers of his body 8

, and it was re-

wrapt in vejlimento holoferico, in a wainfcot cheft. Accordingly Taylor, in 1688,

drew out pieces of gold- coloured and flowered filk.

1 Du Cange in voc. If the true original name of the One night's work, or monument in form of a fhip, in the

county of Louth, could be afcertained, and derived from Naoi, which fignifies a Jhip in Irilh, one might fuppofe it

fepulchral. See Major Vallancey’s conjectures on it in Colle&anea Hibernica, Vol. III. N° X. p. 208.1Tit. 17. § 1.

1 Heroldus § 4 reads in ojfa, but tit. 57, § 4, we have naufo. Muratori, Script. Ital. I. part 2, fays, a copy of thefe

laws at Efte reads tufus, which Charpcntier thinks fairs better with farcophagus. But the other inflances are againft

this alteration whether noffus refers to wood or not.

* De gloria confeflorum.5 Bromton, p. 909, tells a pleafant ftory of Canute’s incredulity about the fan£tity of St. Editha at Wilton, the

daughter of fuch an amorous father as Edgar. Archbilhop Ethelnoth, to confute him, opened her tomb, and the de.

ceafed virgin darting up, flew in the King’s face. “ Cingulo tenus fe erigens in contumacem regem impetum facere

“ vifa eft.” I fuppofe flie was dried, and flew up on a touch.6 Gallium.1- 7 halamo. Alurcd Rieval inter X Scriptores, p. 408.

* 7 res copus brudutus dc tribus panni in qtiibus S. Edwardus reqttievit, Flcte in Dart I. 53. .

[ xiix ]

Conftance wife of Alan Fergant, 1090, was found buried in leather, on opeti-

ing her tomb at Melaine, 1672Hugh de Grentmefnel, 1094, was falted, and wrapt up in a hide, and

buried at St. Ebrulf \

Hugh Lupus, who died noi$ Was found in his ftone coffin in Chefter chap-

lerhoufe, 1724; his bones bare of flefli, but wrapt up in gilt leather, and

his ancles tied together with a firing. The ftone in form of a T with his creft

and device, which ferved to diftinguifh the place of his interment is now fixed

over the door within 1.

The Emprefs Maud, daughter of Henry I. was biiried in Bee abbey, whereher corpfe was found wrapt up in an ox’s hide 4

.

Henry I. 1135, was gafhed and falted, and fewed up in a bull’s ikin 5,

aftef

his bowels, tongue, heart, eyes, and brains, were taken out 6. How awkwardly^

fee Matthew Paris 7.

“ Corpus Henrici I. allatum eft Rothomagum, Sc ibi vifeera ejus 8c cerebrumic 8c oculi confepulta funt: reliquum autem corpus cultellis circumquaque difleca-

“ turn, 8c fic multo fale afperfum coriis taurinis reconditum eft 8c confutum,“ caufa feetoris evitandi, qui multus 8c infinitus jam circumftantes inficiebat,

“ unde 8c nledicus ipfe qui magno pretio condu&us fecuri caput ejus diffiderat

“ ut feetidiffimum cerebrum extraheret, quamvis linteaminibus caput fuum obvol-“ viflet mortuUs tamen ea Caufa pretio male gavifus eft. Inde vero corpus re-

“ gium Cadomum fui deportaverunt, ubi dum diu in ecclefia pofitum in qua paterli ejus fepultus erat, quamvis multo fale repletum eflet, 8c multis coriis recondi-

“ turn, tamen continue ex corpore niger humor 8c horribilis coria pertran-“ fiens decurrebat, 8c vafis fubpofitis fub feretro fufeeptus a miniftris horrors“ fatifeentibus abjiciebatur

s .”

Prince Henry, fon of Henry I. Was done up in lead and bulls’ hides 9.

Leland IO mentions “ a corpfe wrapt up in a bull’s hide, lately taken up in

Gloucefter cathedral, which a monk told him was a Countefs of Pembroke. It

lay at the head of Edward II. under an arch where Malverne, alias Parker,

late abbot, made himfelf a chapel to be buried in.”

Robert de Ferrars, founder of Merivale abbey, c. Warwick, was buried there

in an ox-hide, in the reign of Henry II. ".

Geoffry de Magnaville, who died fuddenly 1165, at Chefter, was falted anddone up in leather ; then put up in a ftrong fir coffin covered with tapeftry, and

fo conveyed on a carriage to Walden

On digging a grave at the Weft end of Lincoln minfter, 1741, they found

a corpfe fewed up in a ftrong tanned leather hide, the feam running up the

middle of the breaft. Maurice Johnfon, who gave an account of it to the

Society of Antiquaries, fuppofed it that of Walter Deincourt, or his fon William,

buried here in the nth century, whofe epitaph on a plate of leadwas found 1 670 13.

This church was built about the time of the Norman conqueft by Remigius,

I Lobineau, 1. 1. J. 3. c. 120. p.104.* Ordericiis Vitalis, p. 716. Dugd. Bar. I. 425.3 Pennant’s Wales, I. 178;4 Ducarell Ang. Norm. Ant. p. 89. Hift. of Bee. p; 99.5 Polychr. VII. f. 282.6 Robert of Glocefter, p. 219. in Sandf. 2747 P- 73. 74-’ Hoveden, p. 276.9 lb. p. 354-,D

It. IV. 172. a.II Camden. Brit. Warw. Dugd. Wanv. 1090. Bar. I. 259,“ Reg. Walden. Mon. Ang. I. 451.*3 See Dugd. Bar. I. 386.

who,n

Nvho, in obedience to a canon of 1076, removed his epifcopal fee from Dot*-

chefter hither, and here laid the foundation of his cathedral, under the protec-

tion of the caftle, and in the capital city of his diocefe, in 1088. He had a

near relation, Walter lord Deincourt, who had a large eftate in this part of Eng-land, and feventeen lordfhips in Lindfey, whereof Blankney (afterwards lord

Widdrington’s) was one, and his chief feat, not far from Lincoln. This might

be the fepulchre either of him* or of his fon William, who, from the infcrip-

tion beforementioned, which was taken out of his fepulchre, near, if not in*

this tomb about 1670, and is ftill to be feen in the dean and chapter’s library

at Lincoln, appears to have been buried there. Gilbert de Grant, earl of Lin-coln, and conftable of Lincoln caltle, and his iflue, were buried at Bardneyabbey, which he refounded or reftored, not far from Lincoln, and whereof theywere patrons '.

The beauteous Rofamond Clifford was clofed up in leather *. Wood fays, after

the removal of her corpfe from the church at Godftow into the churchyard orchapterhoufe, by order of Hugh bifhop of Lincoln, “ her flefh being quite pe-'“ rifhed, the chaft lifters put all her bones in a perfumed lether bagge, which“ bagg they enclofed in lead, and laid them againe, with her ftone coffin, in the“ church, under a large grave ftone, on which ftone, as it is faid, was engraven,“ Hie jacet, &c 3 .”

The corpfe of the lady of Sir William Truffel, founder of Shottefbrook col-

lege> j 337j was to be feen there done up in leather through the wall of theNorth tranfept 4

.

In the South aile of the choir of Ely minfter, in the late repairs, were found,as Mr. Effex informed me, feveral leather fragments about a body which mayhave been that of Edward Tiptoft earl of Worcefter, buried here 3 Richard III.

The body of James III. of Scotland, who was flain at the liege of Roxburgh,was faid to be found wrapt in a bull’s hide, in the caftle ofRoxburgh, in Crom-well’s time 5

.

A Ikeleton, wrapt in red leather, covered with lead, and a fort of coronet onits head, was found a foot under ground, in Moulton church, Lincolnlhire, onnew paving the choir 6

.

Apollonius Rhodius III. ao6. Sc^lianVar. Hift. IV. c. 1. mention, that theColchians few the corps of their deceafed relations in the raw hides of oxen,and hang them up by a chain in the air.

In a tomb opened on clearing the fite of Tyntern abbey was found a bodyintire, with leather bulkins and buttons on his coat, which all crumbled awayon touching, as I was told, 1761. See a like inftance at Tewklbury, p. xxxvii.

On digging the foundation of a new room at Mr. Strut’s feat at Horton-priory large quantities of human bones were found, and feveral bodies buried inboots and fpurs \

Mr. Peck 8 gives an account of a body found in a ftone coffin, in the Southaile of Southwell minfter, 1717, dreft in cloth of ffiver tiffue, with leatherboots, a wand by his fide, and on his bread: fomething like the cover of a filvercup, with an acorn or bunch of leaves on its top. He fuppofed this one of the

See before, p. xlii.61 3 *

3 Wood’s MS. notes on Godftow, in Aflimolean Mufeum.Hearne s Letter on Antiquities between Windfor and Oxford, p. u.• Abercrombie’s Martial Achievements, II. 537.• Spalding Society Minutes.

3 '

7 Hutchins’ Dorfet, II. 88.• Defid. Cur. book VI. N° 17.

family

c « ]

jfaniily of Cauz, referring to that family in Dugd ale’s Baronage. It rather feemS

to have been fome religious, with the chalice and crofier.

On making a vault for Mr. Calcraft in 176 . in St. Mary’s church, at War-ham, which had been the priory church, a great number of bones were found

under the altar, and a body in a coffin with gloves on its hands and a belt

round its waift, fuppofed a woman, but more probably a prior. Thefe were

all buried in the yard, blit many bones wheeled with the gravel to Stow-

borough caufeway.

The following account of thfe funerai of William twenty-fecond abbot of St.

Alban’s, who died 1235, taken fromMatthew Paris (vit. ab. S. Alb. 133), may ferve

to ffiew the practice on thofe occaiions, before the council of Lateran. “ Corpus“ equidem cum in camera abbatis ubi obiit examinaretur exutum eft 8c lotUm ; 8c

“ nifi die antecedente proxima rafus non extitiflet utique raderetur corona 8c barba

“ ejus. Deinde intromiffis non utique omnibus fed maturis 8c difcretis fratribus

“ 8c uno folo miniftro feculari, viz. miniftro facriftse qui officium anatomise perac-

“ turds erat, incifione corpus apertum eft a trachia ufque ad occiduam corporis

“ partem, 8c quicquid ill corpore repertum eft in quadam cuna repofitum eft fale

<( cOnfperfum, et in ccemiterio non procul ab altare S. Stephani veneranter cum« benedidtionibus 8c pfalmorum devotione eft humatum ; ubi proceflii temporis

“ tumbula marmorea extitit adaptata. Corpus autem interim aceto lotum 8c

“ irnbutum 8c multo fale refperfum 8c refutum. Et hoc fic fadtum eft circum-

“ fpedte 8c prudenter ne corpus per triduum 8c amplius refervandum tetrum

“ aliquem odorem olfacientibus generaret, 8c corpus tumulandum contredtantibus

“ aliquod offendiculum prefentaret. Portabatur corpus a camera quse dicitur

“ abbatis ubi expiraverat in infirmariam ; 8c ibidem pontificalibus eft indutum;

“ mitra capiti appofitum, manibus chirothecae cum annulo 8c dextro fub bra-

“ chio baculus confuetus, manibus cancellatis, fandalia in pedibus decentef

“ aptata. Et depolito cooperculo a feretro, pofitum eft corpus fuper illud, 8c faf-

« ciis caute ligatum ne caderet cum portaretur evolutum;prolatum eft a lavatorid

« ubi hzec parabantur ante oftium infirmariae, 8c demiflum eft ficut corpora ali-

“ orum mortuorum, 8c loco in eodem, donee pro eo licut pro alio fratre defundtd

« confuetae colledtse dicerentur cum prsedidtis vii pfalmis psenitentialibus 8c om-« nibus quae fecundum confuetudinem dici debuit dum corpus ornaretur. Pulfato

« igitur follemni claffico deportatum eft corpus in ecclefiam fequente conventu,

« 8c pfallente confueta, 8c illico vidente toto conventu 8c quolibet introdudlo con-

« fradium eft figillum abbatis uno martello fuper unum graduum lapideorum

« ante majus altare, ita ut tota celatura imaginis fcil. 8c literarum deleretur. Ex-« inde non defuit pfalmodia die ac nodte folemnis 8c affidUa 8c ad majus altare

« cotidie miffa folemnis licut folet fieri pro fratre mortuo prima exiftente in albis;

« 8c qui chorum tenebant in capis, accenfis cereis quamplurimis; 8c fic ufque

tl in diem venerabiles exequise continuabantur. Fratres intima devotione pro

« tanti paftoris anima 8c pfallebant 8c miflas quotidie corpore adhuc inhumato

« celebrabant. Vocavimus igitur amicum noftrum fpecialem, abbatem fcil. de

“ Waltham, Henricum nomine, ut fandtus ad fandli corpus tumulandum venire

« charitatis 8c vicinitatis intuitu non omitteret. Et ipfe abbas pontificalibus redi-

“ mitus, corpus pontificalibus fimiliter adornatum, baculo alterato, folemnitef

4< valde toto affiftente conventu veftito in medio capitulo tumulavit.”

A fimilar account is given of the burial of John Wodnyfburgh, prior of

Chrift Church, Canterbury, Feb. 29, 1428. “Mortuo igitur predidto vene-

“ rabili patre corpus ejus per cuftodes camere fue ex integro lotum 8c mundatum“ eft, 8c barba ejus rafa. Deinde ftamino familiari, botis, caligis, 8c cuculla ex

“ integro totaliter novus veftitus 8c indutus eft* Poftea amidtu, alba, cingulo,

“ dal-

[ lii ]

“ dalmatica, fandaliis & planeta reveftitus, & mitratus, tenens in manu bacii-

“ lum paftorale, in capella prioris, lie infulatus, aperta facie de mane decentertl collocatum eft, ubi exequie mortuorum & miffa de requiem pro eo

When the workmen were eredling the new fereen at Gloucefter choir, 17419they found in the paffage three abbats, buried near the furface of the ground,in ftone coffins, in pontificalibus

,part of their gloves and apparel remaining.

Another ftone coffin, with a fword, a little pewter chalice, and a ftaff; twofculls in it, which I fuppofe belonged to Sir Richard Gamage and wife,

buried near his brother, abbot Gamage, who was laid near the door openingto the cloifters, and probably was one of the three then found, and all buriedagain where they were found. Before this alteration there were five otherlarge graveftones found, robbed of their braffes, three of which belonged to

fome of the abbots \

Abbot Crokefley, buried in Weftminfter abbey, 1258, was difeovered, in thetime of Henry VI. firm and frefh, in his mafs habit 3

.

Abbot Eftney, who died 1498, and was buried in the South fide of St. John’schapel there, was found, in digging near his tomb 1702, intire, cloathed incrimfon filk, in a large coffin lined with lead, the lid of which was carefullyclofed again, and the body left untouched 4

.

St. Dunftan, in his pontificals ; fee before, p. xl.

In ranfacking St. Paul’s cathedral, feveral bilhops of London were found lyingin their proper habits, with mitres on their heads and crofiers in their hands 5

.

In new paving the great North tranfept of Lincoln minfter, 1782, a bodvwas found wrapt in a drefs which came no lower than the knees, where it

ended in a fort of roll like that of a roll-up flocking, and was wrapt aboutthe thighs fo as to leave the fpace between them open. The hands and headwere wrapt up in it. It appeared to be made of fattin, or a fluff like corderoy.The face, or at leaft part of it, was covered by it, though by the fall or fhrink-ing of the neck from the raifed part of the ftone coffin, on which the headoriginally lay about three inches higher than the bottom of the other part ofthe coffin, which was a foot deep, the lower part of the jaw, See. appeared tohave been difplaced, and the drefs perhaps removed by the fame means

; or it

may have formed a fort of ruff, or falling collar, or cape, from the innerpart of the drefs, as it appeared of a different and fine fpecies of fluff. Therewas befides a kind of (landing up collar or border, vifible in part of the drawing,round the upper part of which appears to be a different part of the drefs, overwhich this other fpread. The grain of the fluff was fine, and on a nearer viewthere ieemed a difference between the two fides, the threads being bare and morevifible on one fide than the other, as if the materials had been of the velvet kind.The plate annexed reprefents it very accurately in this refpedt. The ftone thatformed the cover, though nine inches thick, the crofs and lines or ribs of whichare here reprefented, had been broken towards the bottom, and the dull, &c.had got in there, and covered the remaining bones of the legs, except fo faras marked in the print of the left leg. The head was entirely reduced to thatfort ol appearance which a decayed pyrites has, a purple kind of allies, with awhite efflorefcence in it, and when it was firft laid open there was a ftrongpitchy or bituminous fmell from it. There was little appearance of moifturein the coffin, though it lay m a part which has occafionally been overflowed in

penes^editorem.

aIh* &^^ “ PeCk’S Dcfid ’ Cun VIL IV* P* a4S- « ««npl. MS. P. Le Neve Norroy,

1Rudder’s Gloc. p. 175.

3 Dart’s Weftminfter abbey, II. xxiv.4 Widmore, p. 119. ex Batteley’s Coll. MSS.5 Dugdale’s St. Paul’s, p. 48.

7haft.

[Hii ]

hafly and violent Ihowers of rain. The cover had formerly made part of the

common floor, as the crofs, See. carried evident marks of being worn, and there

was notv only a very thin ftone, or rather layer of common ftones over it, to

make it level with the late pavement. The chalice and patin were either common

pewter or that fort of mixture which the workmen call latten, and were decayed

on that fide where they toucht thi body. There was not the leaft trace of inferip-

tion, that Dr. Gordon could difeover, nor had he conjeaured to whom it belonged.

The oldeft and alrnoft only monument mentioned here in Dugdalc and Willis’s

plans of this church, is that of Dean Lexington, who died 127 a, but he had

an infeription given by Willis. We know of no Bifhop buried in this tran-

fept, though Bifliop Dalderby lay in the oppofite or South one. But from an

attentive examination of all the particulars with which the prsecentor favoured me,

together with a piece of the wrapper itfelf, which was of a dingy yellow colour,

1 am inclined to conjeaure this was fome dignitary of the church buried in his

cope, lnftances of this fort are not wanting at Peterborough, where the copes

taken out of the graves are Hill Ihewn in the library.

In new paving the South aile of the nave of the fame cathedral, 1781, a

ftone coffin was opened in prefence of the fub-dean and precentor. On remov-

ing the cover the intire figure of a man was found lying in it in full robes, with

very little appearance of decay, except that the under jaw had fallen down and

periffied. In the upper jaw was a tooth remaining very white and perfect. The

drefs was very full and flowing, and had the refemblance of being plaited, or

done into ribs, or narrow folds, down the leg and thigh, which feemed to re-

tain their full fize and juft proportion. On opening fome of the folds of the

drapery there was a degree of moifture, if it might not be called a kind of

liquid, of the colour of coffee1 grounds ;

but it evaporated alrnoft inftantly. On

the infide of the robe, where it had touched the body, there adhered a kind of

pitchy or waxy fubftance, as if the body had been covered over with fomething

of that fort before the drefs had been put on. The outer part of the drefs

might feem to have been a cape, and probably befides that there was an inner

garment of the caffock form : as the cuffs where the hands croft were clearly

of a different fluff and make from tlie other. There did not appear to have

been any thing on the head ; but there were Ihoes or flippers of leather on the

feet, with a part of the robe, like a flounce, fpread over them, alrnoft to the

toes. Under the right arm, or at leaft under the drefs of it, towards the ihoul-

der, was laid a fmall chalice of latten. The coffin was placed very near the fur-

face, with three large rough ftones, about four or five inches thick, to cover it,

and immediately on them, with only the neceflary fand between them was laid

the common floor of the church. There was no other graveftone, or the leaft

trace of infeription, to afeertain either the name of the perfon buried, or the

date of his interment. It was probably one of the prebendaries or dignitaries

of the church. By the ill ufe that was made of the permiffion given to view

the body the robe was alrnoft intirely pulled to pieces and carried away, and the

fubftitute for the flefh, whatever it was that filled and fupported it, on being

uncovered and expofed to the air, mouldered away in the manner and with

much the fame appearance as a decayed piece of pyrites or charcoal alhes. The

infide of the head alfo, where it was vifible from the falling of the under jaw,

had the fame appearance of being burnt

* Letter from Dr. Gordon to Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart, dated April 37, 1781,

O The

[ Hv ]

The body of Thomas Thirlby, bilhop of Ely, who was deprived of his fee byail of parliament, 1559, and dying in confinement at Lambeth, 1570, wasburied in the middle of the chancel of the parilh church there, was found onmaking a grave for the late archbilhop Cornwallis. His leaden coffin had all theappearance of having never been covered with wood, the earth around it beingperfectly dry and crumbly. It was fix feet four inches long, eighteen inchesbroad, and eight inches and a half deep. The corpfe was wrapt in fine linen,was mold, and had evidently been preferved in fome fort of pickle, which Hillretained a volatile fmeli, not unlike that of hartfiiorn. The fiefii was preferveiland had the appearance of a mummy, the face was perfedt, and the limbs flexiblethe beard of a remarkable length, and beautifully white. The linen and wool-len garments were all well preferved. The cap, which was of filk, adornedwith point lace, had probably been black, but the colour was difcharged. Itwas in falhion like that reprefented in the pictures of archbilhop Juxon. Thehat a flouched one, with firings to it, which was under the left arm, was of thefame materials as are ufed at prefent, but the crown was fewed in. It lay by thefide of the body, as did the dockings, made of white worded with green feet.Great care was taken that every thing was properly replaced in the coffin, and theremains of archbilhop Cornwallis were depofited in the fame vault '.

Ralph Thorefby had a fort of mummy found at or near Chefter, given himby Henry Pretcot, efq. Whether from the nature of the foil where it was foundor by embalming he had not heard : but fome ground he obferves is of fuch anature, and particularly a fandy defert in Africa, that human bodies laid in thefame, do not in the lead corrupt, but become like mummies *.

When St. John’s church at Dunwich was taken down, on raffing and taking

Agreft

,

onVn £he chance1’ next under i£ was a great hollow

ftone, hollowed after the faflnon of a man, for a man to lie in, and thereina man lying, with a pair of boots on his legs, the fore part of them pickedafter a ftrange fall,ion, and a pair of chalices >, of coarfe metal, lying on hisbread

; which was thought to be one of the bilhops of Dunwich; but when

IndV" mA fame dead b°dy * fdl> -d * to Powder

King John was, by his own defire, buried in a monk’s cowl, and is fuppofed

numenth’ whlchwas ‘Covered, but not opened, under his mo-

h,bR

t

Chf

rd PeChe °f C°Ventry and Litchfield was buried 1182, in thehabit of a canon regular, in the convent of St. Thomas at Stratford *.

n the chancel at Ickleford, c. Herts, was taken up, about the beginning offfiis Kintury, a done coffin, in which fome perfon had been buried hfhis habitprobably a monk The foies of his ihoes were remaining, and a Ice ‘

fsi,diDS on one fide

’ pfrhaps one of

1Gent. Mag. LI1L p. i7g.4 Weever. p, 7 20.

* Se® P- 37-Mon. Ang. III. p, 3 io.

1 Salmon, Herts, p. 174,• Newberry, Dcfcripriou of England,

4

* Due. Leod. p. 430, 3 Or rathcra chalice and patten.

In

[ ly ]

a"*6 3 ft™e

robes Of purple coloured cloth, with a cr’ofier lying ly^the robLtnd^f^were taken away, and the corpfe reinterred S-h • 7tne/obes ar>d crofier

ftone was illegible . It probably belonged to'fome abbot'

^

To„rnay,mof

°f Ch“ «In 1674 was found deep under ground in the iflp a a 1

wherein was a fcull, fome bones earth nnHHnfl ,!of Athelney, a tomb

Mr. Pafchal fent a fragment to Mr Aubrev Th’“ ^ doathinS* °f which

this Monaftery.y ' Th ' S Was ProbabIy fome abbot of

On making a vault for Mr. Calcraft, in 176 i.st mw, n ,

ham, which had been the priory church a 1 ',,

Y.

S Chmch’ at War-

under the altar, and a body in a coffin’ with cl v™** b°neS Were found

round its waift! ffippofed ZZ^ZL^LTy '**

1“ »"»—'«

«

King Ethelbert’s body, on its removal from the river i™,murderers had thrown it, was wrapt in roval fin ,

L SS’ lnt° which his=y, in a fmaU carriage. ^in

wra°pXSJh^e ™“ f™"d

sr of a dm,, paif,

crirnfa“

[he

6

JZ^tZZTT ’ ***** « ^e-cloth, of

cobweb-like fee,,’ and ba™ a

into three folds, probably in imitation of the V ^l\fudarmm was formed

faid to have wiped his face when led to his m '.n wherewith our Saviour is

church politively affiires us confifted of th

X1°n’ and 'vhich the Romifh

which the refemblance of his countenance was then “ntomlfim^ffT^ °f

removed, *the ^corpfj w^^d^overefT^khljr^haffited^dh^d - u artum

elmbeda

.

Qd^ *"** Wr of JmeZ it“afLnIts innermoft covering feemed to have been a verv fin. i-

clofe to every part of the bodv and fi ,7 nc bnen cerecloth, drefled

nefs, that the finger!, and thumbs rf“d

and diftina envelope of that material. The face whichhad

peaS^^lItSS “ f°rm> alth°USh P^^/fiTa^

On this hole were placed, at about the diftance of fi,A h/°* eaCh other>

quatrefoils of philligree-work in metal gdt with gold “ndyThaf^ffi’

1Hutchins’ Dorfet, II. 381,

3 Biointon, p. 733.

4Aubrey’s Mifcellanies, i, ld D4Dugdale’s St. Paul’s, p. 4 8.

P ‘ S4>

figure,

[lvi ]

figure, and ornamented with five pieces

fome cut, andothersroughJ* nL »

leones dife^fcLf X -«hy7: tome

menfe quantity ycompofe an embroidery of molt ele-

tacked down veryue^ ^er ft s to^ Pc_ly^ The True-

fnt form and no much nnl ^ ^ of ^ fame fize ,anfl equal to

SS iarg^shead. £*y are of a finning mver-wlute fine ; but

on the left ihoulder with a magnificent fibula of metal gilt with gold, and com-

nrorn and fixed in a chafed focket., ,

.

The lower joint of this fibula appears to he connefted with the ftole, as well

as with the clilamys ;fo that the upper part of each of the lappets or ftraps °f the

ftole being thereby brought nearly into contaft with the edge of the royal man-

tle, thofe ftraps form, in appearance, a guard or border thereto.

The corpfe, from the waift downward, is covered with a large piece of ri

figured cloth of gold, which lies loofe over the lower part of the tunic, thighs,

legs, and feet, and is tucked down behind the foies of the latter. There did

not remain any appearance of gloves : but on the back of each hand, and juft

below the knuckle of the middle finger, lies a quatrefoil, of the fame metal as

thofe on the ftole, and like them ornamented with five pieces of tranfparent

pafte; with this difference, however, that the centre-piece in each quatrefoil

is larger, and feemingly of a more beautiful blue, than thofe on any of

quatrefoils on the ftole., c . .

1

The feet, with the toes, foies, and heels, feemed to be perfeftly intire ,

but whether they have fandals on them is uncertain, as the cloth tucked over

them was not removed “..

The princefs Joan, wife of Edward the Black Prince, dying at Wallingford,

Q Richard II. was wrapt in cerecloth, and being put in lead, was kept till the

king her fon’s return from Scotland, when file was buried at the Grey-friars,

Stamford 3. , . .

Elizabeth Tudor, fecond daughter of Henry VII. was cered by the wax-

^Thccorpfe of prince Arthur was coyled, well cered, and conveniently dreffed

with fpices, and other fweet fluff. This was fo fufficiently done that it needed

not lead, but was chefted 5.

« Several of the gentlemen prefent at opening the coffin thought them to be real feed pearls ; but all of them being

exaftly of the fame fize, hue, and fliape, militates againft that opinion.

* Walfingham, Hift. Ang. p. 316.

3 Archseol. III. 380—385.4 Dart’s Weflm. Abb. vol. II. p. 28. v* Interment of prince Arthur, printed at the end of Leland s Collectanea, 1770, V , 374.

In a MS. ceremonial of the funeral of queen Mary, daughter of Henry VI1L

in the College of Arms' we are told that, after her departure flie was peruffed

by the lords of the council and ladyes of the realme, and after opened, cered,

and tramelled in this manner. Firft her Grace’s phyfician, with the furgeons,

did open her, and take out all her bowels, with her heart ; then the clerk of the

fpicery,with the officers of the chaundry

,came and cered the faid royal corpfe

with linen cloth waxed, and with a number of fpices very coftly. Alter which

the corpfe was coffened, and then the feigeant plumber inclofed the lame in

lead.

ftfcbhhjiop Parker allowed £.23. for cering and drefiinghis body 2.

The following charges in the accounts of the chaplain of Cecilia widow of

William Talmache of Hawfted, c. Suffolk, 1281, Ihew that no imall coft was

bellowed on the lady’s own perfon. To the chandler (candelario

)

of Bury St.

Edmund’s in parr, ixj. ij d. To John Sencle of the fame, for wax and divers

fpices, iiij /. iiijj. ij d. To Alexander Weftlee of the fame, for fine linen and

filk, and other necelfaries for attiring the lady’s body (profmdone et ferico et aliis

neceffariis pro corpore domine attiliando 3) xxxijr 4

.

The chandler was the perfon who made and applied the cerecloth.

The examples alledged will illuftrate the meaning and defign of the lafl three

articles. The lilk was probably defigned as an envelope for the corpfe afte.t it

was embalmed.

The directions for the burial of Edward IV. fay, that the body mull, on its firft

laying out, be batned (embalmed) wrapped in laun, or raynez, if it may be

gotten, an hofyn, cherte, and a perer of Ihone of red leather, his furcote of

cloth, his cap of eftate on his head. « And when he may not godeley longer

« endure, take him away, and bowel him, and then eftfones bame him, wrappe

him in raynez wele tramelled with cords of filk, then in garteryn tramelled

,

“ then in cloth of gold, and fo in velvet well tramelled, and then led hirh, and

“ coffen him 5 .”

The whole external covering of an Egyptian ftiummy diffe&ed by Dr. Had-

ley, 1763, confifted of feveral folds of broad pieces of linen cloth, made to

adhere together by fome vifcous matter, which had not yet loft its property, and

the whole had received an additional degree of ftrength and lubftance from the

coat of paint laid on; There were not the leal! remains of hair or integu-

ments on any part of the head. Some parts of the fcull were quite bare, par-

ticularly about the temporal bones, which had the natural polifli and appeared

in every refpeCt like the bones of an ordinary fcull. To other parts of the

fcull adhered feveral folds of pitched linen, which together were near half an

inch thick. On removing them they were found to have been in aChtal con-

tad with the bones, fo that the integuments muft have been taken away before

the wrappers were at firft applied.

The outward painted covering being removed, nothing but linen fillets were

to be feen, which inclofed the whole mummy. Thefe fillets were of different

breadths ;the greater part about an inch and half, thofe about the feet much

broader. They were torn longitudinally ; thofe few that had a felvage having

it on one fide orily. The uppermolt fillets were of a degree of finenefs nearly

equal to what is now fold in the fhops for two lhillings and four pence per yard;

* Printed at the end of Lcland’s Colleft. 1770. V. 369;2 Appendix to the Supplement to Somner’s Canterbury, p. 39. ,

^ Du Canoe has atti/i'um and attiliamentum for the attclage, equipage, or harnois of horfes,' atia other bea!ts of

draught, and of fliips. The verb does not occur. I tnow not how to tranflate it better.

4 Hilt, of Hawfled, by Sir J.Cullum, Barr.

* Archseol. I. 348.

P under

[ Iviii ]

under the name of long lawn, and were woven fomething after the manner of

Ruffia fheeting. The fillets were of a brown colour, and in fome meafure rotten.

Thefe outward fillets feemed to owe their colour to having been fteeped in fome

gummy folution, as the inner ones were in pitch. The fillets immediately

under the painted covering lay in a tranfverfe direction. Under thefe, which

were many double, they lay oblique diagonally from the fhoulders to the ilia.

Under thefe the fillets were broader, fome nearly three inches, and lay longi-

tudinally from the neck to the feet, and alfo from the ihoulders down the fides

;

on which there was a remarkable thicknefs of thefe longitudinal fillets : under

thefe they were again tranfverfe, and under thefe again oblique. The fillets in

general externally did not adhere to each other: but though pieces of a confiderable

length could be taken off entire, yet from the age fo tender was the texture of

the cloth that it was impoflible regularly to unroll them. As the outward fillets

were removed, thofe that next prefented themfelves had been evidently fteeped in

pitch, and were in general coarfer in folds, and more irregularly laid on, as they

were more diftant from the furface. The inner filleting of all was fo impreg-

nated with pitch as to form with it one hard black brittle mafs, and had been

burned nearly to a coal. On breaking this it appeared in many places as if

filled with a white effiorefcence, like that obfervable on the outfide of pyrites

which have been expofed to the air. This efflorefcence however had nothing

faline to the taite, and did not diffolve in water ; but inftantly difappeared onbringing it near enough to the fire to be flightiy heated, and was foluble in fpirit

of wine.

The lower extremities were wrapped feparately in fillets to nearly their natural

fize, and then bound together, the interfaces being rammed full of pitched rags^

On cutting through the fillets on the thighs the bones were found inverted witha thin coat of pitch, and the filleting was bound immediately on this. The tibia

and fibula of each leg were found alfo wrapt in the fame manner, and the bonesin attual contact with the pitch, except in one or two places, where the pitch

was fo very thin that the cloth appeared to adhere to the bone itfelf. The feet

were filleted in the fame manner, being firft bound feparately, and then wrapttogether. On cutting into the filleting of the left foot they were found to enclofea bulbous root

, the appearance of which was fery frefii, and part of the fhiningfkin came off with a flake of the dry brittle filleting, with which it had beenbound down. It feemed to Jiave been in contact with the flefh : the bafe of theroot lay toward the heel.

If the flerti of this mummy had not been previoufly removed, though its ap-pearance' would have been entirely changed, yet the filleting could never havebeen found in coma# with the bones. From this laft circumrtance it is molllikely that the body, excepting the feet, had been reduced to a fkeleton beforeit was laid up. It is alfo pretty certain that it muft have been kept fome time inboiling pitch, both before and after fome of the larger of the innermoft filletingswere laid on. The feet feem to have been fwathed, at leaft in part, before theywere committed to the hot pitch, and this feems to have pervaded the bandages,the ftelh, and the bones.

A great variety of experiments were made on this pitchy matter. The refultof them all tended to prove that it had not the leaft refemblance to afphaltus

, butwas certainly a vegetable refinous fubftance.

From this examination, and the relation of various authors, it appears thatthe Egyptians ufed different materials for this purpofe ; and though Herodotusand Diodorus Siculus have given us reafon to expeft to find the bodies in a muchmore perfect ftate than we ever do meet with them

j yet, on the other hand, it

is

t li* 3

is evident from the foot of this mummy, and from the accounts which Monf ,

Renelle-1 and Count Cayius 1 have given us, that all the flefhy parts were notalways pfcvioufly deftroyed 3

.

This account has a wonderful conformity with the defcription of the mummyexamined by Gryfius, at Wratiflaw, near a century before. It appears, that

under the upper painted cover of plaifter or clay from the chin to the bottomof the belly was a number of bandages of brown unwhitened linen, boundon with hempen cords, which being cut, the bandages were unfwathed, andfound to con fill of different lengths of from two to three cubits, and in breadthfour or five fingers. Thefe were held together, and fometimes croft by othersthinner fcarce a finger’s breadth,. Both feemed to be rather torn according to

the grain of the cloth than cut. The texture was not inferior to our modernweaving, and the thread what we call the middle fort. The warp refilled whenattempted to be torn

;but. the woof yielded. After unrolling twenty folds,

which lay one on another, an intire piece of linen prefented itfelf reaching fromthe neck to the feet. Under this were thin bandages fcarce one third of an inchbroad croft over each other, fwathing the arms and feet tight ; but the breaft andback more loofely. On removing thefe all the lower part of the belly fell to

a brownifh duft. The falfe ribs and lower vertebrae were loofe : the upper part

of the leg bones bare, but the thorax, belly to the navel, thighs, and legs, re-

mained firm : the feet, though feparated from the ancles, retained the mufclesand nails. Under the middle of the right foot was found aflower of the lotus,

betony, or leek, the broad leaves at the bottom, and the narrower at the point,

clofed like thofe of an hop flower or artichoke. No fuch thing occurred underthe left foot ; but under each fide, at the loins, was a large ftout palm leaf,

which, except fome alterations in colour, appeared as frefh as if gathered theday before ; and near the groin lay a little ftick or cane, longer than a man’slittle finger 4

. The arms were doubled up at the elbow, fo that each handcould touch the chin. The left hand was clencht, the right open. Thehead was covered with a fluff of thicker grain, and in all refpeds different.

This being cut open, difeovered the face covered with a new coat of bitumenlike glazing or white of eggs. The hair was inclofed in a net of finer linen,

and was black, curled, greafy, without ornament, difficult to be pulled up, andnot exceeding half a finger’s length. The forehead rather low : there weretraces of the eyelids and eyelafhes : the eyes prominent, the nofe depreft, thenoftrils ftopt with cotton and the fame kind of ointment as the thorax andbelly ; the mouth very wide, the lips having been removed, and the cavity

filled with fweet feented duft ; the teeth, thirty-two in number, complete,

white, and perfectly beautiful; the ears not at all wafted, nor the cheeks fallen,

but the whole face kept firm by a mixture of pitch and afphaltus 5. The body,

without the wrappers, weighed ten pounds and a half, and meafured three feet

eight inches, the arms to the wrift one foot two inches and a half, and to theextremity of the fingers one foot eight inches and a half. It was fuppofedthe body of a young woman 6

.

* Mem. of the Royal Academy of Sciences for 1750.4

Hift. del’Acad, des Infc. & Belles Lettres, vol. XXIII. p. 130, &e.3 Phil. Tranf. vol. LIV. p. 3— 14.4 So Profper Alpinus deferibes branches of rofemary found in the cheft of a mummy, Rcrum yEgyptiacarym, Sic,

turn notis Weffelingii, 1735, p. 36.1

PiJsa/phaJto felidata,

* Mumie Wratiflavienfc*. Wratiflay. 1663, 119. p. 27—^3

,

5 From

t lx ]

'Frorii the foregoing accounts of the Egyptian mummy I extract in this place

tuerely what relates to the Envelope ;leaving the difcuffion ot the competition of

the embalming matter as foreign to my prelent purpofe*

Statius fays, the corpfe of Alexander the Great was done up in honey 1. So

Were Agefipolis 2 and Agefilaus 3

,kings of Spafta ; but Plutarch 4 fays, the lat-

ter, for want of honey, was done up in wak. The Ptolomies, and ADtony and

Cleopatra were all embalmed 5.

Ifaac Cafaubon, in fome MS collections cited by Hearne 6

,mentions the dif-

covery of a female body in the Via Latina at Rome in the 16th century, lying em-

balmed in a marble cheft, the ftiape and colour fo pliant and well prelbrved that it

feemed but lately buried. The flefli pitted at the touch, and if pulled up re-

fumed its place. The joints were flexible, and there was no other fmell but

that of the ingredients ufed to embalm it. The hair was on the head, and

nothing but the brain and intrails wanting. After it had been viewed by a

great relort of people in the capitol, and was on the point of miniftring an

occafion bf fuperdition, the Pope (Innocent V 111.) ordered it to be taken away,

and no one knew where it was depofited.

Mr. Valtravers informed the Society of Antiquaries, 1772, that in fome tombs

tJpe’ned in Saxony a few years before the corpfes were found enveloped in a

brown clay, in which their Ikin and bones were preferved very frelh, though

buried in the time of the' antient Saxons, who could not be fubdued by the

Romans. That clay formed into a pafte round the body, near half an inch

thick, is now full of iron ore, and hard as ftone, of which he brought over and

exhibited a fpecimen.

Human llceletons depofited in red clay and covered over with thin flabs of

ftone, on which were heaped larger ftones and clay, have been found in the

Roman ftation at Wroxeter, co.- Salop.

Lydgate, with the chymical ideas of his time, anachronically deferibes

Hedtor’s body embalrhed and exhibited to view, in a chapel in the high

•church at Trov, with the refemblance of real life, by means of a precious

liquor circulating through every part in golden tubes, artificially difpofed, andoperating on the principles of vegetation. Before the body were four inextin-

guifhable lamps in golden fockets 7.

Thomas Grey marquis of Dorfet, who died 17 Henry VII. was buried in

the middle of the chancel at Aftley, e. Warwick, where, on the repair of that

church, about 1607, his body was found embalmed and wrapt in cerecloth

many double, in a large and long coffin of wood, which, at the defire of fome,and earned: motion of others, being burft open, was, at the cutting open of the

cerecloth, viewed perfedt and found, nothing corrupted, the flefli of the bodynothing periihed or hardened, but in colour, proportion, and foftnefs, like

any ordinary corpfe newly interred $ his body large of length, fix feet wantingfour inches

; his hair yellow, his face broad, which might feem to be thus pre-

ferved by the ftrong embalming thereof. Mr. Burton, the Leicefterfliire Anti-

quary, was prefent, and law this8.

* Due & ad Aemathioj manes ubi belliger orbis

Comlitor Hjblao perfufus tiefiare durat. Sylv. III. 2,- "

* Xenophon, Hift. Grac. 1. IV.3 Diod. Sic. L. XV.4 lu Agefilao. * Dio. LI.

-‘ Spicilegium ad Gul. Neitbrig. p. 796.7 Warton’s Hift. of Knglifh Poetry, ]I 98.* burton’s Leiceftcifliire, p. 51. Dugd. Warw. p. 113V

Gertrude

t i*; j

Gertrude marchionefs of Exeter, who died 1558, was found wrapt in cere-cloth, in her tomb at Wimborn minfter, when it was opened fome years finceout of curiofity, and repaired

Sir Lewys Clifford, in the beginning of the 15th century, ordered by hiswill, “ yt on his ftinking careyne be nether laid clothe of golde ne of fylke

;but“ a bIake cloth

! & a taPer at his head 8c another at his feet ; ne Hone ne other“ tllmS> wherby eny man may witt where my ftinking carene leyyethDr. Bathurft Dean of Wells, and Prefident of Trinity College, Oxford, who

died I 7 04, directed “ his mouth and noftrils to be finely clofed up with a plaif-“ ter ot diachylon, and his whole head wrapt in cerecloth, and no cover to his“ coffin, but a black pall of woollen fluff, loofely nailed on, and hanging loofe“ down V’ °

Heame fays, it was the cuftom fo late as Elizabeth's time to bury only inwindingflieets in the ground 4

.

That it was cufiomary to bury royal perfonages with crowns on appears fromthe drawings of the funeral of the Offas, in a MS of Matthew Paris, CottonLibrary, Nero, D. 1. engraved by Mr. Strutt, I. pi. 45 and 66. or it may beonly put to denote a royal funeral.

In digging the foundations of a new houfe for the governor of the ifle of Fd1731, Was found a crown of copper fet with precious ftones, and ornamented’with tour fleurs de iis, and four triangles alternately. Part of the icull ad-hered to the rim of the crown. It was fuppofed to have belonged to Eudesduke of Aquitaine, who founded a monaftery here, and dying A. D 7 0. c wasthere buried with his wife Valtrude. Chilperic II. and Rainfroi his mair depalais fent this duke a crown among other prefents, to engage him to jointhem againft Charles Martel 5

.

J

The famous horn of Orlando, or Roland, was buried with him, at his feetas was his fword at his head. Mucronem ipfius ad caput & tubam eburneam adpedes, fays his Romance. The figure of a horn at the right fide of the headof one of the ftatues over the great Weft door of the church of the royal abbeyof St. Magdalen at Chateaudun was commonly fuppofed to point out this herothough Monf. Lancelot, who fliewed drawings of the feveral ftatues there tothe Academy of Infcriptions, 1733

s

, inclines to refer it to Charlemagne, ex-preffive of his paffion for hunting. It may be doubted if this be not too farfetched, efpecially in this place, where the different ftatues certainly have at-tributes more cxpreffive. The horn on funeral monuments generally pointsout the office of forefter, as the ftone figure in Glenton churchyard, c. North-ampton, and the brafs figure in Baldock fouth aile.

The difcovery m May, 1653, of the remains of Childeric king of theFranks, who died A. D. 481, and was buried at Tournay, affords fo many in-terefting particulars in the hiftory of antient inhumation, that I cannot forbeargiving an abftradt of the copious book publiffied on the fubject by Dr. Chifletfirll phyfician to the archduke Leopold, who, as foon as he was informed ofthe difcovery, direfled him to draw up an account of it. Some workmendigging to the depth of feven or eight feet to the folid rock, to rebuild certainruinous houfes adjoining to the churchyard of St. Brice’s church at Tournaythrew out a gold fibula, and a rotten leathern bag probably fattened to the’

* Hutchins’ Dorfet. II. 92.Born', Wdbnorland. His Life, by Warton, p. | 9J .4 Spicilegium ad Gul. Ncubng, p. 796.

‘ See Mem - de L’Acad. des Infer, vol. V. p. ,76. nmo.• Mem. de l’Acad. des Infer. V. 285.7 Nidus ex alula putri.

9 king’s

[Ixii ]

ttni'5 tell containing near an hundred gold medals of the emperors Theodofius,

Marcianf Leo, Zeno, Julianas Nepos, Bafilifcus, and his fen Mar

cus and Theodoras; near so. frlver Roman coins, too much defaced to be

made out, and therefore thrown away ;many pieces of iron rolled by the

moLire of the ground; two human fculls, one larger than the other, and the

Zes of a human ikeleton lying at its length. In the .pace of five feet they

difeovered a variety of other articles; a fword of two feet and a half long, of

fueh well tempered Heel that at the firll touch it fell all to pieces; its hilt

‘f„ and the gold plate of its fcabbard; the point of the belt gold, ftudded

with jewels; a ftylus, an ox's head, which had ferved as an, ornament to his

hotle’s bridle (not, as Chiflet haftily conjeaured, as an objeft of vvorihip ,

and made two calves heads on the hilt of the fword for the fame reafon ); above

three hundred figures of bees, out of a great number carried away in the rub-

bilh, one needle, feveral fibulae, hooks of different fixes, nails, finds, threads,

bulla: ;all of gold, fet with a number of carbuncles >

;and as if intended to afi-

certain the whole, the king's gold feal, with his buft in flowing ha^ and b^aft

plate, and holding a fpear in his right hand, and circumfcnbed CHILD R Cl

RBGIS ;and another circular ring of folid gold, which Chiflet fuppofed his

weddimr ring, they alfo found, his horfe's fcull, part of his fhoe, and feme

gold lluds of his belt, part of a rally lance, and a battle ax of the kind known

by the name of Francifca ', and feme gold threads as of his garment.

Dr Chiflet conceives, that Childeric was buried in a wooden coffin bound

found with iron, pieces of which were found adhering fo clofe to the wood

that it was difficult to feparate them ’, and that a barrow was thrown up over

him. Thus, lays an old genealogy at Bruffels cited by him, the tour earlier kings

of the Franks, Pharamond, Clodion, Merovmus, and Childeric, died pagans,

and were buried after the faihion of the barbarians. So Tacitus, fpeaking of

Poppaea, fays, her corpfe was not burnt after the Roman fafliion, but opened

and embalmed, after the manner of foreign princes and laid in the tomb of

the Julian family. It was the opinion of Wendelin, one of the canons of Tour-

nay that Childeric's tomb was i ;o feet to the north on the left hand of the Ro-

man road leading from that city to the river Scheld, the area between it and the

road being now occupied by the paritlr church and churchyard of St. Brices.

The Roman laws feem to have difcountenanced the deposing of ornaments

V ith the dead : “ Si quid ai corpus cuflodiendum ml etiam commendandum faShim

41Jlty vel Ji quid in marmot vel veftem colIocandutnt

hoc funeris ell. ±\on au-

.* sem oportet ornamenta cum corporibus condi, nec quid aliud hujufmodi quod

« homines Jimplicioris faciunt,” fays Ulpian >. But Servius fays, “ In antiquis

“ difciplinis relatum ejl qute quifque ornamenta confecutus ejfet ut ea mortuum eum

“ condecorarent,0.”

The fathers condemn in the ftrongeft terms the wrapping up the dead in gar-

ments of filk. and gold

But to come nearer the time of Childeric. Chilperic buried his brother

Sigebert king of Auftrafta in the village of Lambros vejlitum,as Gregory of

Tours calls it11

; or, as the Gelta regum Francorum exprefs it‘ 5,

vejlitum vejlibus

* p. M 2.* P-

.

3 Pyropti.

* IGdoi. Orig. jwiii. 6. Montfaueon fay* it was fo eaten with ru/i that it fell to pieces..

» Anaft. Child, p. 80, S t . In jike manner our Edward the Confeffor is now lodged in a wood coffin iron-bound.

4 dujefhtm odot 'ibus conditus.

1 Return externo/ um conjuctudiite. Ann. ks'u e. 6.

* Anaft. Child, p. 88.

» L. Medico 40 § mulier ff. de auro & argento legato, L. 14. ff. de religione St fumptib. funer.

*® In Aeneid. XL 194.

Jerom. Lib. 2. Epiftol. Ambrof. L. de Nabuthe. La&ant. Inft. Div.II. c. 4.

” Hill. IV. c. 46.n C. 32.

ornatis .

rixiii i

ornatis. Cliilperic himfelf was buried in his beft clothes 1

;his fon Theo-

debert dignis veflibus indutus 1

;and Charlemagne in his imperial robes, and

his face covered fudamine under his diadem 3. From being burnt with them

among the Romans 4,they came to be buried with them.

The cuftom of burying treafure with princes is more early than the time

of Ghilderic 5. If we believe Jofephus

6

, Solomon filled the fepulchre of his

father David with treafure, of which it was plundered by Hyrcanus. Strabo

fays the Albanians buried much treafure with them in their coffins 7. With

fuch an hope the emperor Alexius Angelus is faid to have broken open the tombs

of his predeceffors, and particularly of Conftantine the Great, but found him-

felf disappointed \ as Herodotus tell us happened to Darius at the tomb of

Nitocris 9. Curtius IO

relates, that the Perfians believed the tomb of Cyrus

to be full of gold and filver ; but that when Alexander the Great opened it he

found in it only his lliield, rotten, two Scythian bows, and a fcymeter. Bagoas

the eunuch attending told him he had not l'een the tomb opened before, but that

his late matter Darius allured him 3000 talents were laid up in it with the body.

Moft likely Darius had made free with the treafure for the neceflary defence

of his kingdom, or other purpofes. That gold and filver was buried with the

Eaftern princes is confirmed by the example of the Tartars their fucceflors, in

their monuments opened in the vaft defarts ", and Tavernier relates the fame of

the kings of Tonquin. The Tartar corpfes are not unfrequently found fhrouded

in Iheets or thin plates of gold. Alexander paid Cyrus’s coffin (folium) the com-

pliment of covering it with a gold crown and his own robe.

Alaric king of the Goths was buried with a quantity of treafure, in the bed

of the river Bufentia, near Cofenza, which was laid bare for that purpofe, and

then the river turned back again into its channel, and all the labourers con-

cerned put to death 11; and Attila was interred in three coffins, one of

gold, the fecond of filver, and the other of iron, with a variety of weapons

taken from his enemies, trappings fet with jewels, and other infignia of ftate

Narfes’ leaden coffin was robbed by the emperor Tiberius 11 . of vaft quanti-

ties of treafure ,4. One of Charlemagne’s biographers gives the like defcription

of his fepulchre at Aix-la-chapelle

The numerous golden figures on which Cliiflet16

fpends fo much time to

prove that they were neither toads, nor crefcents, nor crowns,nor lilies

,nor the

flower called iris, nor the plant ufually put into the hand of Hope on coins,

nor/pear heads ; and at laft determines them to be bees, from whence xhefleur

de lis in the arms of France were afterwards derived, Montfaucon 17 deter-

mines at once to have been nothing more than ornaments of the horfe-furni-

ture. What the Docftorlg

calls his Jlylus,the Father pronounces a fibula

,

which being adorned on one fide with crofles, may have been among fome

Chriftian fpoils. Chiflet having found a ftylus, proceeds to find the gold fetting

of an ivory table book 19.

' VeJlimtntU mclioribus indutus. Greg. Tur. VI. c. 46. Vejlitus cum veJJimentn regalibus. Gefla reg Franc, c. 35.- Greg. Tur. IV. c. 45. 3 Monach. Engolifm. vit. Caroli Magni, c. 14.

4 btat. V. 313.

* Phsedrus alludes to it as a common pradtice. Humana effodicns ojja tbefaurum caois invenit. Fab. I. 27.

* De Bell. Jud. 1 . 2. 711. * XII. 342.

* Erafm. Francif. Schaub. p. 2. p. 296. • I. c. 187‘° X. 5.

Jl Archsol. II. p.222—226. See alio Quenftedt de fepult. vet. p.361, hce.11

Jornandei.

,J Et diverfi generis injignia quibus colitur aulicum decus. Ib. Among inftances of (lone coffins in the bed of rivers

Mr. Grundy the Surveyor clearing the bed of the river Glen in Lincolnfhire, found one fome feet under the bed contain-

ing a human (cull and (boulder blade. (Spalding Society Minutes). See alfo the coffin found at Temple Mills in Hack-

marfh, 1783. Gent. Mag. vol.LlII. p.900.4 I’aul. Diac. par. ii. p. 64. Fredfgarius Scholaftic. c. 80.

‘ Monachus Engolilmenfis S. Eparchii vit. Car. Magni, c. 24.

1

p. 164—181. 11 Mon. de la Monarchie Franc. I. p. 12.11

P« 181—193. 19 p . 194— ‘95-

Weapons

Weapons were buried with the dead from the remoteft antiquity. Wherecremation obtained they were firft thrown into the funeral pile The Carianswere known by the kind of weapons buried with them which were a frnall

illicit! and a ere It to their helmets h

Servius 4 fays, it was an Indian culiom to bury the horfes with their mailers;

and among the Gerri, a Scythian people, the grooms and other fervants wereadded s

. The fame culiom obtained among the Tartars 6. The fcull, and

part of the iron ihoe of Charlemagne’s horfe were found, which lad cir-

cumftance proves the antiquity of that mode of guarding the feet of thatufeful animal if we had not remoter evidence in the claiiical authors 7 butthis is fuppofed the earlieli indance of nailing on the ihoe *. The next inftancein France is in 832, when the cavalry of Louis le Debonnaire could notbe iliod on account of the froft that followed a heavy rain In Englandthey leem to have begun foon after the Conqueft. William the Conqueror gaveto Simon St. Liz, a noble Norman, the town of Northampton, and the wholehundred of Fawlley then valued at £, 40.perann. to provide fhoes for his horfesHenry de Averyng held the manor of Morton, c. ElTex, of the king, in capite,by fervice of a man, and an horfe worth ioj. and four horfelhoes ”, See. for theWellh expedition “. Henry de Ferrars, who came over with the Conqueror,took his name and arms (fix horfelhoes) from being fome boric- officer AtBattleflats, fix miles Eaft from York, the feene of the battle between Haroldand the Norwegian invaders, A. D. 1066, are frequently found in plowing avery frnall fort of horfelhoes, which could only fit an afs, or the lead breeil ofNorthern horfes The arms of Glouceder in a feal of Edward Ill’s timedill ufed for recognizances are on each fide of the king’s head an horfefhoe,near it a horfe-nail, three above and three below it, two and one

; and in Cryptfchool gate, built 1329, is the city fword Tided by an horfefhoe, and three horfenails erefl in bafe, alluding to the iron manufafturers here at the Conqued '»

;

and a record of Clent, c. Worceder, 37 Edward III. has “ Solvit receptori d’ni“ Per tttUia VI L 111 m ferratura equi fenejcalli A filver horfe-lhoe wasfound in Camalet cadle, c. Somerfet, faid to have been a favourite refidence ofking Arthur, and afterwards belonging to the Hungerfords ",

The rich decorations of horfe-furniture are deferibed by Virgil Ovidthat of the emperor Julian by Ammianus Marcellinus ”, that of the’ emperorHonorms by Claudian ”, and that of prince Sigifmere, by Sidonius Apol-hnaris ”. To this furniture, or to Childeric’s garments, belong mod of thefibulas, boffes, duds, and other ornaments, which were of folid pure goldand perhaps the gold threads might be part of the apparel both of the horfe and’his ruler. The needle might be part of a fibula.

Sec Rogers and Tegge, in Arch*ol. III. jj_e2 .

Daniel Hill, de France, L p. 566.Dugdale, Bar. I. 5S. ex Chron. Bromtoni, p. 97Ferrei equorum.

slb. p. 38.

. 111 .rn iijto,. J1I.

Drake’s Eboracum, p.8j.Rudder, Hift. of Gloceftcrlh. p. 134,

7Mr.

[ Ixv ]

it is not fo eafy to determine the ufe of a little globe of chrylbil an inch and

an half in diameter. Montfaucon parallels it with twenty fimilar ones found

with a gold ring, an hair pin, an ivory comb, and fome little gold threads in an

urn at Rome at the clofe of the 1 6'th century; but he does not affign the ufe of

them. From the company they were in I fhould fuppofe them female orna-

ments, like the beads found in our barrows. Mr. Pennant

1

imagines the globe

in queftion had a magical ufe.

Befides the coins of the lower empire there were found one confular dena-

rius, and the following lilver coins of the upper empire : i Nero, i Trajan.

5 Hadrian. 9 Antoninus Pius. 3 Fauftina. 7 Antoninus Philofophus.

3 Fauftina jun. 6 Aurelius Verus. 4 Commodus. 1 Julia Severi. i.Caracalla.

1 Conftantine jun. Four of them had a hole in each, as if to hang themhy, as amulets or ornaments % like the rude figures on gems engraved byChiflet, p. 267. to illuftrate his idea of thefe perforated coins; but by Mont-faucon pleafantly miftaken, as if found in Childeric’s tomb.

Part of thefe curiofities are now in the king of France’s library 3. They were

given to the archduke Leopold, and after his death John Philip SchonbOrn ob-tained them of the Emperor, and having great obligations to Louis XIV. pre-

fented them to him by Monf. Du Frefne, 1665. They were firft lodged in the

cabinet of medals at the Louvre, and afterwards in the king’s library.

The tomb of ChildericII. was accidentally difcovered 1646, in the abbey of

St. Germain des Prez, in a repair of the church. It confifted of two great ftone

coffins, whofe Hone lid being removed, difcovered the bodies of the King andQueen Blicheldis, habited in their royal robes, not totally decayed, with a little

ftone coffin containing the young prince Dagobert their fon, who was mur-dered with them by Bodilon and his adherents, whom the king had ordered to

be beaten. None of the religious being prefent, it was fufpedted that the

Workmen fecreted fome of the fpoils of thefe tombs. All that could be got out

of them was part of the king’s diadem woven with gold. But ten years after,

on removing thefe tombs, with thofe of fome other kings in the fame church,

they found in the king’s tomb the remains of his fword, his belt, and a clafp or

buckle of fine gold, weighing about eight ounces, exaftly like that of Childeric I.

with pieces of a ftaff, fuppofed his royal fceptre, a glafs veflel filled with per-

fume which retained fome fmell, and feveral fquare pieces of filver with the

figure of an amphifbaena, which was probably this prince’s device. In the

Queen’s coffin were found only her bones, with her robes, which fell to duft onopening it. After having cleaned the bottom of the King’s coffin they dif-

covered his name and title written in uncial letters.

C H I L DR REX.

Which left no doubt that it belonged to Childeric II. fon of Clovis II. and St.

Bathildis, whofe ftone coffin is ftill to be feen at Chelles, whether ffie retired onthe death of her hufband 4

.

In the fame abbey of St. Germain were found, 1643, in the cloifter, twoftone coffins, on one of which was infcribed in uncial Roman letters inter-

laced,

TEMPORE NVLLO VOLO HINCTOLLANTVR OSSA HILPERICI

1 Tour in Scotl. 1776. p. 27.1

I have a bronze fword hilt ftudded with four coins of Trajan of the fame metal.3 Velley, Hill, de France, I. 51. Montfaucon’s Defcription of the tombs of the French Kings. Mem. de l'A-

cad. des Infc. vol III. p. 4x1. u°.4 Montfaucon, Mem. dcl’Acad. des Infer. III. 414. 12

0.

And

;

[ lxvi ]

And within, thefe words written with Vermillion,

PRECOR EGO ILPERICVS NONAVFERANTVR HING OSSA MEA.

The feet of this Chilperic were turned to the Eaft, and within the tomb Wasa little crofs, with a crucifix of copper, and a little lamp of the fame metal. Theother tomb, which had no infcription, probably contained his wife. Monf. Va-lois conceived this to be the tomb of Chilperic I. hufband of Fredegonde

; butbefides that this infcription does not give the party the title of king, nor was anymark of royalty found in the coffin, it is certain that king Chilperic I. wasburied with his wife in the church which they had rebuilt, where their tombs,with their figures, were formerly to be feen near the altar of St. Germain

It appears by this that the mode of burying the kings of France of the firft

race was very fimple yet with dignity. All the magnificence was indeed within;

for there was no want of precious clothes, gold, nor filver. And the concealing

thefe from being plundered may have been the reafon why they put no infcrip-

tion on their tombs.

Guinever, queen of Arthur, was interred in a far more coftly manner than herroyal confort, if we may credit the relation of thofe who faw her tomb opened inthe beginning of the 1 6th century, in the ruins of the monaftery at Ambrefbury.“ There was a fepulchre found hewn out of a ftone, and placed in the middle of awall, by the deftru&ion of which it' was difcovered. On its coverture it had inrude letters of mafly gold R. G. A. C. 600. and was fuppofed to be the tombof the famous Guinever, queen to king Arthur. The bones within this fepulchrewere all firm, fair yellow coloured hair about the fcull, and a piece of the liver,

about the fize of a walnut, very dry and hard. Therein were found feveral royalhabiliments, as jewels, vails, fcarves, and the like, retaining even till then their

proper colour, all which were afterwards very choicely kept in the colle&ion ofthe right honourable the earl of Hertford, and of the aforefaid gold divers ringswere made and worn by his Lordfliip’s principal officers

I confefs myfelf ftrongly tempted to fufpe£, that this might have been thebody of queen Eleanor mother of Edward I. who is known to have been buriedin this monaftery 3

. She died 1290, and the letters may have been mifreadfor REGINA ALIONO R A, &c. as on the tomb of her fon’s wife, hernamefake. We have no authentic evidence that the monaftry of Ambresberylubfifted before the clofe of the 1 oth century. Bifhop Tanner 4 afcribes its foun-dation to Alfrida or Ethelfrida queen of Edgar, A. D. 980. and Henry II. re-founded it 1177. Guinever hardly furvived her confort 50 years. The originalinfcription Mr. Jones fays he could not procure, but inferted the relation on thecredit of thofe perfons of quality from whom he received it.

The body of Charlemagne was embalmed, and placed under a vault, fitting-

on a chair of gold, dreft in his imperial robes, and under them the hair clothwhich he ufually wore, having at his fide a fword whofe hilt and the furnitureof the fcabbard were of gold, and a pilgrim’s purfe which he ufed to wear whenhe went to Rome. He held in his hands the book of the Gofpels written in lettersof gold. His head was adorned with a gold chain in form of a diadem, in whichwas let a piece of the true crofs, and his face was covered with a fudarium. His

* Montfaucon, lb. p. 418.

3 SecToP(- !/’,

foll0 ‘ Mr- Ray, 1661, was (hewn what was fuppofed her graveftone. Itin. p. 302.

|

P‘ ‘ 1 1S lherc fald let n,e add, that Hifliop Tanner, Not. Mon. p. 589. cites Pat. 2: Henrj- Hi. “ Deother lady Ke name^*

COn{anSaiacx reSis a Brifto1 ad monallerium de Ambrelbury." which mult relate to fome4 Notit, Mon. p. 589.

fcymeter

[lkVil ]

feymeter and his fhield, which were all of gold, and had been bleft by Pope

Leo III. were hung up before him. His tomb was then clofed up, and even

fealed, after it had been filled with much treafure and all forts of perfumes, and

a gilded arch was eredted over it, with this infeription in Roman capitals re-

cited by Eginhard his fecretary

:

SUB HOC CONDITORIO SITUM EST CORPUSKAROLI MAGNI ATQUE ORTHODOXIIMPERATORIS, QUI REGNUM'FRANCO-RUM NOBILITER AMPLIAVIT, ET PERANNOS XLVII FELICITER REXIT. DE-CESSIT SEPTUAGENARIUS, ANNO AB IN-

CARNATIONE DOMINIDCCCXIV, INDICTIONE VII,

V KAL. FEBRUARIAS.

This, fays P. Montfaucon *, is the firft epitaph of the Kings of France.

In fcouring fome ditches in the fields round Jutrebog on the borders ofSaxonyand Lower Lufatia, in the fummer of 1721, was found a large heavy fteel fword,

with a pummel of the fize of a man’s fift, and inferibed on one fide,

DXM Ao AT1NVS DIX RGo FERVS DIX IERGNR.

And on the other,

IERC. VIINIVS C. S. DIM Ao ATINVS DXC. E.

The letters engraved deep, and filled up with filver, the R larger than the

reft. Eckhard referred it to fome general of the Emperor Henry II. who hadcaufed the names of his fellow foldiers to be here inlcribed, with other wordsas a charm, in fome expedition againft the Sclavonians, then invading Germany,and that the fword falling into the enemy’s hand might be buried with the

conqueror as a trophy. He read it thus

:

Domini Chrijli millefimo anno Atinus (tribunus) Domini Jefu Chrijii *. R. Goferus

(tribunus,fome other officer) Domini Jefu Cbrijli in exertitu Romani Ccefaris

Henrici.

And on the other fide,

In exercitu Romani Ccefaris Vicinus (an officer) Cbrijlianus Saxo D. Jefumillejimo anno Atinus duxit Chriflianor. exercitum 3

.

With the twenty fkeletons difeovered in the tomb or cell, thirty feet longand feven wide, formed of five large rude ftones on the lordlhip of Cocherelbetween Evreux and Vernon, 1685, which Ihould properly have been noticedunder the article of ftone coffins, were found feveral coloured ftones and blackflints, cut in oval fliapes, pointed at both ends, or blunt at one, from threeto four inches long, like arrow heads, and a grey flint five inches long, threebroad at the iharp end, and one at the fmaller end, fhaped like a battle ax,

and fixed on a piece of flag’s horn;three or four baked earthen pots filled with

charcoal afhes, fome fragments of burnt bones, and a circular mafs of free ftone,

whereon three flat ftones were placed. It was the opinion of the French anti-

‘ Mem.derAcad.desInfcr.III. 423—425.1 Or perhaps DVX.

J Eckhard duo perantiqua monumenta ex agro Jutrebocenfi eruta, &c. Vitemburgx, 1734. 40.

2 quaries

tjuaries of that time that thefe were the fkeletons of the prifoners of fome baf-

. barons invaders taken by the Gauls, and facrificed to the manes of their

own countrymen, whom they burnt, and interred in the fame tomb But as

two of thefe fkeletons were feparated from the reft by a large ftone laid over

them, why might not the whole have been the burial place of a confiderable fa-

mily, of which thefe two fkeletons were the chiefs, and the allies have be-

longed to fervants or inferior perfons of the fame houfehold.

In t 73 2, in the borders of Cinna, a village fcarce a quarter of a mile fromJutrebog, were found two fepulchres, containing 12 urns and allies and a filver

coin, having on one fide the figure of the Slavonian Deity Prono or Prove, with

a fword and Ihield, and on the reverie a fpear head between two heater fhields \This coin and others frequently found in graves are fuppofed to have a reference

to the fare for the paflage over the Styx, or to the wants of the deceafed in the

other world 3. The urns, of which the niiddlemoft of nine in one grave was

large!!, might contain the allies of a family, or of a great man and his dependants,

as in Anhalt, 1719, was found a fingle urn inclofed in ftones, and furrounded bymany others on the outfide of the inclofure 4

.

Mr. Seyffert s has collected a variety of inftances both of fingle pieces of moneyand of treafures being buried with the dead of various nations and ages. Bar-tholinus 6 had a filver coin found in a human fcull near Neuftadt, and Tenzelius 7

was ftiewn in another fcull two nummi braSieati infcribed LAND. In an oldburying ground at Drefden were dug up three pieces of coin of later ages, inthe mouths of as many corpfes *. Whether any of thefe were fees for the Sty-gian ferry, the Sctmxn and vxvXoc of the Greeks, the naulus and portorium of theRomans, imitated by the fuperftirion of later ages ; or, as Lambecius 9

,with

greater probability, conje&ured, memoranda of the time of the party’s deceafe,and in what reign he died, as in regard to two coins of the Antonines fo found,or two of Caracalla, in 1662, in an old tomb at Vienna, and others in that of aRoman loldier at Strafburg, 1663 IO

,is a queftion foreign to my purpole.

A copper ring was found round the arm of a human Ikeleton at Druton, nearCave, in the Eaft Riding of Yorkfliire. It was quite black and bright, and notin the leaft corroded, except a little in the infide where it touched the arm.We have here engraved it from a drawing by Mr. Thomas Beckwith of York,F.S.A. 1779. p.lzvm

[ lxix ]

(i Mr. Le Bceuf dit qu’ayant fait fouiller il y a quelques annees dans un ancien

< l cimitiere d’Auxerre il y decouvrit un chevalier fur la poitrine duquel etoient en-

“ core les reftes du fxl d’archal de la cage de fon oifeau de proye 8c les os de

i( cet oifeau'.”

An officer of the abbey of St. Alban’s, whom hard ftudy had driven befide him-

felf, was interred in their cell at Binham in Norfolk, in the fetters wherewith he

had been confined *.

The paten and chalice were buried with ecclefiafiical perfons of commonrank, as well as with prelates and prefidents of religious focicties. Patens and

chalices of tin, latten, or pewter, mull be very antient; for in the council of

London, A. D. 475, we find a ftridt injunction to adminiiter the lacrament only

in gold and filver 3. It is however probable the poverty of country parifli churches

made it neceflary to difpenfe with this. In Landbeach chancel was found,

1 71 1, within lefs than a foot under the furface, under a white ftone, a ftone

coffin, without any lid to it, the ftone covering only the upper part, with a

pewter chalice, the bowl and foot very thin, but the fhaft thick and heavy.

In the coffin was alfo a piece of ftone or cement, very heavy, which Mr. Cory,

then reCtor, fuppofed a relique, brought by the party interred from fome pil-

grimage. He fancied he could fee marks of the tonfure on apiece of the fkull \

In Little Ilford church-yard at the North door of the church was found,

1724, two feet under ground, a ftone coffin lid with a plain crofs, and fix feet

below it a body : on the left fide of the fcull a leaden (pewter) cup and cover,

or rather chalice and paten, the cup 4 inches diameter, the cover or paten 4^5.

In Mr. Sturdy’s garden at St. Nicholas at Carlifle, fuppofed the fite of St.

Nicholas’ hofpital, were found, 1765, a pewter chalice and paten, in a ftone

coffin, fix feet four inches long, fifteen inches deep, five feet eight inches

within, and one foot and a half broad at the fhoulders, covered with three flag

ftones, and the middlemoft carved with a quatrefoil in a circle6

,but no infcrip-

tion : within was a fkeleton. Near the fame place was dug up another ftone

which covered a fkeleton, and having a crofs in relief, and at its fides carved a

chalice and a fquare paten. See the plate, fig. 1 and 2.

In digging the vault for the laft earl of Briftol of the Digby family at Sher-

borne were found four ftone coffins covered with flat ftones, in which the

bodies appeared entire, but foon mouldered away when expofed to the air. Two of

the coffins, which contained the bones of the four bodies, were re-interred under

the vault. A filver chalice was in one of them, which had a niche defigned to

receive it. There was alfo a piece of money and a little cup in each of them.

The two firft coffins ftill remain in the chapel where Horfey’s monument is. Theftones that covered them were ufed for the pavement. It is probable that

fome of the abbots or monks of this abbey were interred in them 7.

In making a vault in the middle aile of Lichfield cathedral, about fourteen

inches below the pavement was difcovered a ftone coffin covered with a large

ftone. Within the coffin were fome few human bones, the upper leathers of a

pair of fhoes, a great many fragments of plain gold lace about an inch broad,

and a pewter chalice, with its cover, but much decayed, particularly the cover,

which is extremely brittle, and almoft reduced to a calx. There was alfo found1 -Mem. de l’Acad. des Infcriptions, XXVII. p. 154. 4to.

3 Mat. Palis, vit. abbat. S. Albani, p. 118.

3 " Precipimus ne confecretur euchariflia nifi in calice aureo vel argcnteo, Sc ne ftancum calicem aliquis epifcopus a“ modo benedicat interdicimus.” Spelm, Concil. Brit, cited by Mr. Cory in Blomfield’s MS. Coll, for Cambridgelhire,

pen. me. I cannot find this reference in Spelman or Wilkins : but the Saxon canons promulgated in the reign of Edgarordain that every chalice ufed for the eucharill (hall be of metal (jegoren) and not of wood (tjieopenum) (Spelm.

Cone. p. 453. Wilkins, I. 227.) and the council of Calchuth in the clofe of the 8th century forbids the ufe of

horn (cornu bovinum) for chalices or patens. Ib. 295. Ib. I. 148.4 Blomfield, MS. Colleftions for Cambridgefhire, pen. me. The canons now in force direft, that the wine (hall be

brought to the Communion table in a clean and fweet ftanding pot or ftoop of pewter, if not ofpurer metal.

5 Stukeley. Lethieullier, in A. S. Min.

* Probably the head of a crofs, as on the coffin-lid under-mentioned.1 Hutchins’s Dorfet, II. 381.

a capital

[ IK ]

ia capital Roman W cut out of the gilded leather Mr. Green poffefles

another nearly limilar, found alfo in the fame church. See the plate, fig. 10.

At Peterborough they fliew one of laten taken out of. an abbot’s grave, of the

fame form with that at Carlifle beforementioned, but the fliaft longer, andmore Render : fig. 7.

A Rone coffin containing a fkeleton intire, and near the head a pewterchalice, the metal almoft deftroyed, was found in digging a grave in Difs churchfor Mr. Taylor, 1773. About fix feet fouth from this coffin and at the depthof about five feet they difcovered two large urns of red earth, one holding fifteen

pints, the other fourteen, containing only fcetid earth *.

A chalice was found in the North tranfept of the abbey church of Bath, in

a ftone coffin, wherein were alfo leather foies of fhoes, and what the fexton called

fliort tobacco pipes.

The chalice and paten commonly went together, though the latter is fome-times defcribed as the cover of the former, and in fome graves is miffing, being

more liable to decay. In the coffins found in Lincoln minfter, defcribed p. fii.

liii. the patens and chalices lay over the right fhoulder or under the right arm.On brafles where the chalice furmounted by the wafer appears as a facerdotal

badge, the paten is prefumed of courfe, or where the wafer rifes out of the

chalice the paten is implied as laid on its top. Both veffiels, when found in

graves, or with ftone or brafs figures, or with crofles, are moft frequently of the

fimplel.1: form : but on brafles we meet with a greater variety of chalices. In the

1 6th century they departed from the Ample form, as in the hands of a prieft, in

St. Margaret’s church, Rochester, 1540. and under the infcription of a reftor ofStibert, in Walfingham church, Norfolk, See the plate, fig. 1 1. and 15. A prieft

in Effingdon church, Herts, holds a chalice fhaped like a teacup, furmountedby a wafer infcribed IDs. See the Plate, fig. 1 4. where fig. 4. is from the brafs

of a prieft in Hereford cathedral, 1524. Fig. 6. is carved on the fonts in South-fleet and Shorne churches, Kent. Fig. 9. is the chalice now in ufe in Wigmorechurch, c. Hereford; the date 1571, on the flat of the cover 3

; the form ap-proaches neareft to thofe now in general ufe 4

.

It is moft probable that all thefe veflels fo interred being rather emblematicalof the prof<?flion of the party than his private property (for it is not to befuppofed the parifli could part with their communion-plate) were madeof meaner metal, filvered over, as the rings interred with prelates weregilt 5

; and with this reftridtion we muft underftand Mr. Blomfield’s account, that

under a coffin- fafliioned ftone in Difs church, was found, 1705, an entire fkele-ton, with afiber chalice by its head 6

. So alfo that of the ftlver patten, thin andantient, with a fine radiated head of Chrift found in the church at Kirkton inHolland 7

;and that found in the fuppofed tomb of William Rufus in the laft

century 8. That found with Bifhop Bitton at Exeter is called bafe filver

,and it

is remarkable that the confecrated wafer, covered with a linen cloth, was fup-pofed to have been buried with his chalice and paten. Keyfler 9 quotes a varietyof authorities, to fliew that this was no unfrequent praftice. Mr. Drake 10

calls two.

Mr. Green, in Gent Mag. 1772. vol XLII. p. 168. where the chalice is engraved.* Gent. Mag. 1773. vol. XLIII. p, 459.* That at St. Peter’s Mancroft, Norwich, is dated 1569. Blomf.II. 623. Mr. Green de'fcribcs a rude filver chalice

at Welch Bickner, c. Monmouth, dated 1176. Gent. Mag. XXVI. p.239. 1756. Mr. Pennant, one of pure gold, atWelflipool. Wales, II. 379. See archbifhop Sandys’s private chalice, which he ufed abroad, in Dr. N’alh’s Worceft. II. 1 24.

4I hire chalices O. on each a wafer A. occur in the windows of many churches in Norfolk, and on fome brafles. Mr.

Bloin field calls them the “ emblems of the prieflhood.” I. 603. 648.s See Bifhops Groflhead and Bitton, in their refpeflive articles. See alfo the chalice painted on the wall of the vault

wherein Humphrey duke of Glouceiter lies at St. Alban’s, fig. 13. and another found in a flone coffin there, and prefervedin the locker. Fig. 5.

* Blomf. Hifl. of Norf. I. 14. but in his MS. penes me, he deferibes it as a man buried in leather, in a priell’shabit, with a finall filver cup on his breaft.

'Spacing Society's Minutes. • See p. i S . ® Antiquit. Septentr. p. 174.liboracum, p.

.472. See the plate fig. 8. 12. 16. Fig. 3. is from a fliield in bifliop Stainfbury’s chapel, in Hereford

cathedral : the chalice is furmounted by the dragon which St, John is faid to have exorcifed out of it.

that

[ Ixxi ]

that were fount! in the graves of two arclibilhops of York, and are ftill thewn in

the veltry of the cathedral, filver ones : and adds, there are with them fomeothers of lead, taken out of feveral graves on laying the new pavement. Sir

William Dugdale fays, that in the barbarous ranfacking of the monuments in

Old St. Paul’s during the civil war, he could never hear that they found morethan a ring or two, with rubies, and a chalice of no great value ’.

Mr. Carter, late verger at Salisbury, told me, the body of bilhop Woodville, whodied 148 3, had been found in a ftone coffin, with a candleftick.

In digging a grave at Lamport was found a ftone coffin, not very deep in theground, and feeming fattened to the wall, containing mould and bones decayed.

At the head was a candleftick, fuppofed pewter, quite rotten : at the feet a large

iron key. It may be doubted, if this fuppofed candleftick was not miftaxen for

the fhaft of a chalice, as in the inftance beforementioned. Mr. Bridges thoughtit probable that this perfon was Accolyte and Oftiarius, whofe office was to takecare of the church doors and candlefticks (fomewhat like our fexton) and hewas invefted by delivery of a key by the bilhop or minifter

; who, to preventalteration of the keys, took a drawing or defcription of them. The fame cere-

mony feems to have been pratfticed with regard to other orders in the church,and may account for the chalices found in antient graves, which Whitby 1

and Bingham 1 imagined contained the Eucharift in both kinds; but which

feemed only intended to fhew that the perfon there buried had been a bilhopor prieft, like the frequent portraits of religious holding chalices on their breadsor in their hands The chalice, though found in the coffins of bilhops, neverappears on their monuments.

In digging in the choir of the parifh church of Chartenay fous Baigneux,near Sceaux they found ten or twelve tombs of platter s

,in each of which was

at leaft one pot of grey earth with little red ftripes, full of allies and coals, infome three or four, and fometim.es alfo a little phial. The like pots werefound in other coffins in the old churchyard of the parilh above half a quarterof a league from the town. A plate of copper, with a buckle, was alfo foundon a bone of the arm, which it had eaten l

,and coloured with ruft. John

Beleth, who lived in the rath Century, in a treatife on the ceremonial oi thechurch, fays, it was cuftomary to put holy water, coals, and incenfe’into tombs: thefirft to drive away the devil, the fecond to keep off the ill fmell, and the , .ird

to fhew that the ground was not to be applied to any other ufes. This cuf-

tom was falling into difufe about 1286. He adds, that in his time none but thebodies of faints were to be buried within the church, which Durand * confinesto the chancel. Such pots, to whatever ufes they ferved, were found in the tombof Philip, fon of Lewis le Gros, who died 1161, and was buried in the churchof Notre Dame, and in the tomb at Cocherell, already defcribed, p. lxvii >.

In the lockers at St. Alban’s abbey church they ffiew two pots fo different fromthe generality of Roman urns, and found, as feveral more have fince been withinthe nave of the church, among and near ftone coffins, that I am tempted to fufpeift

they were intended to receive the bowels of the parties depofited in the coffins.

Of the two ftill (hewn there one is broken, of a light pale red earth, unglazed,terminating in a point like one engraved by Count Caylus in his Recueil VI.pi. II. 1 . which its infeription

tlAIIHlOJ XAPI:aeyk'onoeyz.

proves to have been fepulchral. The other glazed like our common Dutch1

St. Paul’s, p. 48.1

Idolatry of Hoft Worihip, fpealting of chalices dug cut of graves of ecclefialtics in thechurch of Sarum, of which he was pracentor. 3 Antiq. XV. c. 4. § 20.

4Hift. of Northamptonflii re, II. 1 16. where is given a pleafant tradition of fuch a figure in Geddington church, that

the party died as he was celebrating the Eucharift.5 Platre. * caric, 7 aqua bcnedifla & pritina cum thure.* Lib. I. c. 5. D.iz. 9 Hift de l’Acad, dca Infer. V. a8i. 12

0.

ware,

ware, refembling a fruit pan, with a cover, and two anfcc, and a fcallopt borderround its upper rim. Both were found filled with duft or white mould, andfuch I am informed by Mr. Kent the prefent fexton are now not unfrequentlyfound, but rarely taken up whole.

Such was probably the ufe of the numerous earthen veflels found in Fairwelland Yoxall church, before mentioned, p. xvi. to which fhould have been addedtwenty -two others, two feet under the floor, in Charborough church, Dorfet,having under them the bones of eleven fkeletons

In the family vault of the Hungerfords at Farley caftle, the bowels of thelafl branches of that family, who died fo late as the middle of the laft century,were enclofed in glazed earthen pots or jars covered with white leather, one ofwhich being lately by accident broken to pieces difcovered the heart, &c. pre-served in liquor. There ftill remains in the vault a large cylindrical vafe of leadinclofing the like contents.

Hearts and Bowels were not unfrequently, if not generally, lodged feparatelyfrom their bodies;

We have already feen that the bowels, tongue, heart, eyes, and brains, ofHenry I. were buried together, feparate from his body, in the church of St.Mary de Pre, at Rouen \

The body of Richard I. was buried at Fontevraud; his heart at Roan, inmemory of the hearty love that city always bore him; and his bowels at Chaluzat the liege of which he was killed, for a difgrace of their unthankfulnefs 3

.

’

King John’s bowels were buried at Croxden abbey .Henry Ill’s at Font Evraud 5

.

Queen Eleanor’s at Lincoln, where flie had a monument, the counter-part of that at Weftminfier

; fee p. 66.The bowels of Ranulph de Blundvile, fixth earl of Chefter, were buried at

Wallingford, where he died 1232, his heart at Dieulacres abbey, which he hadfounded, and his body, with thofe of the other earls, in Chelter chapter-houfe 6

.

Thofe of Gilbert Marlhall earl of Pembroke, 1241, before the high altar ofSt. Mary’s church, Hertford 7

.

The mangled limbs of Simon de Montfort and Hugh Defpencer were difpofedof among different religious lioufes

1 he heart of William de Eftouteville archbifhop of Rouen was buried in thechoir of his cathedral, in the tomb of his predeceffor St. Maurile, who died 1067 9

That of Stephen brother of Alan the Black and Red was buried at St. Mary’sabbey, York, and his body in the monallry of Begar in Bretagne, 1104'“.The heart of Giffard bifliop of Winchefter, who died 1129, was found not the

leaf} decayed, 111 digging down a wall at the North Weft end of Waverley abbey,m a ftone loculus, in two leaden diflies foldered together, and filled with fpi-rits, now in the hands of Mr. Martyr of Guilford.

The heart or Richard Poore bilhop of Durham, 1237, was buried at TarrantMonkton nunnery, which he foundedThe heart of one of the Ralph Scophams, lords of the manor of Brianfton,

c Dorfet, m the reign of Henry III. and Edward I. was buried near the fontthere, as appears by the infcription : Hie jacet cor Radu/pbi de

That of Matilda de Haftings, firft wife of Gilbert de Peche lord of Barnwell,

chftdreT th“ f,U

r

mbe°J°“l‘°> btf°re the high altar of that priory, near her

children the reafon affigned tor which is, that her body could not be brought“7 °iTey

’

7VherC <he died

’ t0 bE buried there-as flle defired

>becaufeof the then troubles, by which mull be meant the barons wars I3

.

* Man Pa^sSa'’ ‘''i’ll' loo4

' Hored'". *76,« At Rennes

i Rob. of Gloe. p. ,46. 1 Mat. Pari,, p. ,06.’ See p. See p. „ * “ . 1

'®“°";.

L «• “ Ctw*. Te.kfcury, MS. in Bib. Co,too/“ Hutchins, I. 88.

P“ St

9 '

' ,,Y^rogeTie™re de France, p. a„. Bloraf, Norf. I. 655.

^oec p. 43. of Barnwell abbey, p. 18. ex Reg. f. 16,

”

That

[ Ixxiii J

That of Ethelmare bifliop of Winchefter, who died 1261* was found in a

Vafe, and buried by the South wall of the choir there, with an infcription

Stephen Longefpee’s at Bradenftoke;but his body at Lacock

;the heart of

his brother Nicholas, bifliop of Sarum, at Lacock, his bowels at Ramfbury, his

body at Sarum*.

That of Peter de Aquablanc, bifliop of Hereford, who died 1268, was buried

at a monaftery of his founding at Aigues belles in Savoy, of which place he

feems to have been a native.

The heart of Richard earl of Cornwall was depofited under a fumptuous

pyramid, in the Grey Friars, Oxford, 1272 3.

His wife Ifabel was buried at Beaulieu, her heart in a filver cup at Tewkf-

bury, and her bowels at Mifienden abbey 4.

The heart of Henry fon to Richard king of the Romans murdered 1296,

was buried in the coffin with St. Edward, at Weftminfter 5.

Robert earl of Mellent’s in fait and lead 6. “ Cor Roberti de Mellento adhuc in

« hofpitalitate de Bracleye integrum in plumbo fale fervatum habetur 7 .”

The heart of Robert Bruce king of Scotland, who died 1329, was conveyed

to Jerufalem, and buried near the holy fepulchre, by James 8th lord of

Douglas, whofe family had the addition of a heart G. imperially crowned, in

a field A 8. Our Edward I. directed his heart to be carried to the fame place.

The heart of Charles V. king of France, [.1380] benefactor to the cathedral of

Rouen is buried in the choir there, under a tomb of black marble, whereon is his

effigy holding his heart in his hand 9.

The heart of the Emperor Leopold, who died 1705, was put into a filver box,

and with great ceremony depofited in the chapel of Loretto behind the high

altar of the church of the barefooted Auguftines at Vienna ;his bowels, with

like ceremony, in the cathedral church of St. Stephen, and his body in the

church of the Capuchins in the fame cityI0

.

Inftances of this practice were very common in France, and it ftill obtains fo

univerfally abroad that the walls of the principal conventual churches are covered

with fumptuous memorials of the feveral hearts fent from different countries and

depofited under them.

Prince Arthur’s heart was buried in the chancel of the church at Ludlow, but

the infcription againft the North wall has been wafhed over and forgotten. The

heart was taken up in a filver box, and found to be double, or as they call it

there twinney,and the box embezzled by the fexton, who was difmiffed from

his place. 1 perfuaded myfelf I had difcovered the memorial of this inter-

ment when I revifited this church, June 7, 1784, and obferved againft the wall

of the North tranfept a heart carved in ftone ;but the infcription on it was for

“ Simon Williams of Merioneth, c. Caernarvon, 1620.” There is another ftone

of the fame form, but blank ; and a third in the chapel of the South aile, in-

fcribed to “ Robert Vaughan of Merionethfhire, 1642.”

The bowels of Walter Skirlaw bifliop of Durham, who died 1405, were

buried at Howden, in Yorkfliire, where remains a flab, with a crofs, and this

infcription :

Hie requiefeunt vifeera Walteri Skirlaw, qua

Jepeliuntur fub hoc Jaxo. An'o Uni 1405.

1 Gale’s Hift. of Winchefter, p. 24. * Sandford, p. 116. 3 Dugdale, Bar. I. 764.

Ther after in Jeniver Ifabel is wife

Conteffe of Glouceftre let at Bercounftade yt life

Ibured heo was at Beulu, 8: ir harte ibured is

At Teukefburi & ir gottes at Meffendene iwis. Robert of Gloc. p. 518, 529. See p. 42.

5 Stowe’s Lond. 1618. p.866.6

Hift. of Northampton, I. 145. ’ Knighton, col. 2346.

* Fordnn XIII. 20. Buchanan, VIII. c. 58. Douglas Peerage, 183.

9 Moleon. Voy. Liter, de Fr. p.274.** Sandford, p. 819.

t The

£ Ixxiv ]

The heart and bowels of Miles Salley hilltop of Landaff, who died j 5 1 Gy.

were, by his will, buried before the high altar of the church at Mathern, wherehis cpil copat palate was

; his body in the Gawnt’s, or St. Mark’s chapel, Briftol

The heart of Thomas Skeviugton btfhop of Bangor,, who died 1534, wasburied under a common Honey dole by the North wall, within the rails of thealtar of his cathedral, which he rebuilt 1532. It was inclofed in a Imall leadencoffin, made in form, of a heart. When biiliop Humphreys was at fchool at

Bangor, 1 665, it lay under a loofe ftone of the pavement: he had feen it often,

taken up, and had it in his hands. After he came to Oxford one of the fchool-boys opened the coffin, and the heart was very intire, but upon the letting inthe air it began to turn to duff. Bilhop Morgan hearing of this, ordered thelittle heart coffin to be immediately foldered up again, and buried deep, and thellones well fattened on it,, and there it reffs ’.

“ About 1644 there was a heart dug up at the Friars Preachers, Oxon. It

was clofed in lead, as big, as the bole of a man’s bat; and when ft was opened

the heart looked as freffi as if it had been buried but a week. What elfe was inthe lead Wood had not heard

; but Mr. Smith of Brafen-nofe College had thelead

;home thought there was a crucifix in it. Mr. Wrench the gardener told

Wood there was inch a thing found at the Black Friars, with the date on ithMr. Matters repairing his chancel at Landbeach, 1759, found in a cavity of a

pillar a human heart, wrapt up in fomething fibrous, like hair or wool, per-haps fpikenard, anil inclofed between, two ditties or bowls of fycamore, or fomefott wood cemented together by linnen. The cavity of the pillar was coveredby a lip 1are ftone carved with a role, behind which was another ltone, fourinches and a quarter by three inches three quarters, and one inch thick, ce-mented to the firrt with pitch. He fuppofed this heart belonged to fome cru-fader, or founder, or to Chamberlayn, or Bray, lords of manors here. It is nowin the Britilh Mufeum.

In affixing a mural monument to a pillar of Kirkwall cathedral the workmanftruck his tool into a fquare hollow containing a quantity of human bones, tiedup with ribband, in all probability the relics of St. Magnus, part of whofe bonesare faid to have been depofited here, and perhaps never difturbed before 4

.

In St. Nicholas’ chapel, in Weftminfter Abbey, is a pyramid, fupportinga cup, m which is inclofed the heart of Anne Sophia Harley, an infant of ayear old, who was daughter of the Hon. Chriftopher Harley, ambaffadcr fromthe French King, and died 1600.

In a chapel on the fide of Henry VIItlTs, in the fame church, is another pyra-mid of black and white marble fupporting a final! uin, in which is contained theheart of Efine Stuart, fon of the duke of Richmond and Lenox, Who died in Franceat the age of ten years, 1660.

The heart of Arthur Capel earl ofElfex, who was found murdered in the Tower16S3, is inclofed In a marble cafe in form of an heart, and kept in the familyfeat at Cafinobury, where I have been it lying in the hall window.

Dr. Richard Rawlinfon’s heart was buried in the chapel of St. John’s College,Oxford. His body in St. Giles’s church there, having in his right-hand the headof Counfellor Layer, which he purchafed of Mr. John Pearce, the noniuring at-torney, after it was blown down from Temple-bar.

Sir William Temple’s heart was buried by his own defire in a filver box, underthe dial m his garden at More Park, SOrrey.

1Willis’ LandafF, p. 61.

1 vw” Ml>hr'y

'S ,0 Wo”d'- A'h“* Or- in Hearne’* Cairn, It. 6,*.

* SaMiT

*

“ "’”"d •*»•»* Liber Niger Se.ccarii, p. ,83. ad.V.

Arehbifhop

t Ixkv]

.-.n.hbiihnp Sudbury’s Head is fiiewn indofcd within a grate at St. Gregory’^church, at Sudbury, where that prelate and his brother founded a college on theiite of their father s houfe. The 1km and the ears are dried on, and the jaw isialjen, as they pretend from the blows he received from the rebels in (lyin' .

Godwyn ’ however affirms, that both the body and head were carried to Canter-bury, and there buried in the cathedral.

Margaret the beloved daughter of Sir Thomas More caufed his head to beplaced on her coffin, or in her hands within it, in the vault of the Roper familyin St Dunftan’s church at Canterbury. She cauled it to be taken from London-bridge, and kept it by her in a leaden-box for fome time ’.

Tradition fays, Carew Raleigh, youngeft ion of Sir Walter, kept his father’shead to be buried with him. A fcull was found in a fmall nielie of the chalkrock by his coffin at Weft Horfelv, Surrey >.

Among the molt extraordinary difeoveries fuppofed of a fepulchral kind, andthe leaft accounted for, are the bones of birds found in a grave at Chrift-Churchpriory, c. Hants \ and thofe of beafts, in a Hone cheft at Rutchefter, the antientVmdobala. From the lituation of the former near the refedlory one wouldat firlf light fuppofe thefe bones were neither more nor lefs than what themonks had pickt. I have a parcel of bones of fowls which I took withmy own hands out of a vault juft opened in or near St. Mary’s Abbey, at York,about 17(18. But though from this and other circumftances 1 am doubtfulabout my friend Mr. Pegge’s mode of accounting for thofe at Chriftchurch, asreliques of Paganifm, cautioufly put out of the way on the introduftion ofChnltianily (a caution which reformers are little apt to obferve) I confefs my-felf unable to fubftitute a more fatisfaiftory hypothefis.

Near the Roman ftation at Rutchefter, the ancient Vindobala, was found 1766,a coffin hewn out of a rock, about twelve feet long by four broad and two deep :

a hole clofe to the bottom at one end; a tranfverfe partition of ftone and lime :

many decayed bones, teeth, and vertebrae, fuppofed by their fliape and fize tobe the remains of forne animal facrificed perhaps to Hercules ’. Human boneshave been fo often confounded with thofe of beafts, and extravagant dimenfionsalcribed to them by fuperficia] obfervers, that 1 beg leave to fufpend my affentto this appropriation till better authenticated.

Under the old altar in King’s College chapel at Cambridge, on fitting up thenew one, clofe to the Eaft end were found hones of oxen, fheep, chicken, &c.a human fcull, the jaw having a long ftrong red beard. One would be temptedto fufpedt that thefe were thrown together accidentally among rubbifh. Of thefuppofed foundation-ftone, mentioned by Fuller, with an infeription, pointingout the precite fpot : Ex orientali ft bis Jeptem pedetentim, &fe. only the bed ofmortar was found in the middle of the foundation of the old altar

; whence it

is with greater probability referred to Eton-college chapel.

sP. 1 20. Ed. Richardfon.

More’s Life of More, p. 277. Wood, Ath. Ox. I. 39.3 Salmon’s Surrey, 146. The bodies of chiefs at Otaheire are buried in

been cut out by the priells before the great altar. Cook’s Voyage, II. j.4 Archtco’ogia, IV. 1 17. 414.s Wallis’s Northumb. II. 168, Sec before, p. xxi.’

three different places after their bowels hav

Haviin

Having thus difcnffed the feveral appendages of our interments, let us attend

to a few inftances of extraordinary prefervation of bodies in their refpedtive

graves.

The body of archbifhop Elphege, who was murdered by the Danes at Green-

wich, 1012, and buried at London, was found ten years after ab omni corrup-

tionis labe immune,and transferred to Canterbury ’.

The corpfe of Etheldritha, foundrefs of Ely monaftery, was feen through an

hole which the Danes broke in her coffin ; a prieft, more forward than the reft,

prying too bufily, and endeavouring to pull the envelope out by a cleft ftick, the

faint drew back the drapery fo haftily that (he tript up his heels, and gave him

fuch a fall as he never recovered, nor his fenfes, afterwards. Bifhop Athelwold

ftopt up the hole, and fubftituted monks to the priefts. Abbot Brithnoth tranf-

ferred hither the body of Withburga the foundrefs’s fitter;and when afterwards,

in the time of abbot Richard, fome doubts were entertained about the incor-

ruptibility of the foundrefs, nobody prefumed to examine her body, but they

contented themfelves with uncovering that of her lifter ultra mammas,who was

found to be in fuch good prefervation that Ihe feemed more like a perfon afleep

than dead : a lilk culhion lay under her head, her veil and veftments all feemed

as good as new, her complexion clear and vofy, her teeth white, her lips fome-

what fhrunk, and her breafts reduced *.

“ In the year 1497, in the moneth of April, as labourers digged for the foun-

“ elation of a wall within the church of St. Mary Hill, nereunto Belinfgate, they

“ found a coffin of rotten timber, and therein the corps of a woman whole of

“ Ikinne and of bones undiflevered, and the joynts of her arms plyable without

“ breaking of the lkin, upon whofe fepulcher this was engraven

:

“ Here lye the bodies of Richard Hackney, filhmonger, and

“ Alice his wife, which Richard was ffieriff in the 1 5th of Edward II.

“ Her body was kept above ground three or four dayes without noyance ; but

“ then it waxed unfavory, and was again buried V’

In the curious and antient regifters of this parifh is the following entry, al-

luding to this fadt : A receipt of feven (hillings and eight pence from John

Halked, grocer, paid by Thomas Colyn, 1496, “for the obyt and fettyng up

the tombe and buryenge of Richard Hakney and Alys his wyff, the xx day of

Marche.” .And in another book a charge “ forlyme, fand, and for the mafon’s

huyr and his laborer, making ageyne of their tombe, and their dyrge, and

matte, and matte peny, and for the ryilkyng to the priefts, and to the parilhioners

for al maner of charges.”

The body of Robert Braybroke bifliop of London, who died 1404, and was

buried in his cathedral, though he had exprefsly forbidden any perfons to be

buried in it "under pain of excommunication, being dug up after the fire, was

found complete and compact from head to foot, except an accidental wound in

the left fide of the fcull and left breaft, within which one might perceive the

lungs and entrails dried up, without difiolution, or any kind of decay 4. Notwith-

ftanding it had been expofed to the air on the damp earth or ground floor of the

chapter-houfe, and to the fight and handling of moft fpe&ators for two or three

years together, the flelh kept firm on the neck, and the whole weight of the

body, which was but nine pounds, was fupported on the tiptoes, the bones and

1 Malmlb. de geft. reg. II. p. 35. a. * lb. 167. b.3 Stowe, Loud. 227. Ed. 1633. From Fabian’s Chronicle.4 See Lord Colerane's account of it, Antiquarian Repertory, II. p. 57.

nerves

5

[ Ikxvii ]

nerves continuing all as they were ftretched out after death, without having an?

Egyptian art ufed to make mummy of the carcafe, for on the cloieft examination

it did not appear to have been embowelled or embalmed at all. On the right

check was flefti and hair, very vifible, enough to give fome notice of his vifage

and llature, which was but ordinary, and fo eafy to be taken up, by reafon of the

lightnels of the whole body, that it could be held up with one hand, and all of it

looked rather like tinged bacon, as if it had been dried up irt a hot place (accord-

ing to the appearance of St. Charles at Milan, or St. Catharine at Bologna) than

as if it had been cured by furgeons, or wrapt up in cerecloth, there being no part

of the whole covered or put on by art, or taken off as aforefaid, as far as could be

perceived.

The body of William Parr, marquis of Northampton, brother to Queen Catha-

rine Parr, who died 1571, was found in making a common grave in the choir of

St. Mary’s church, Warwick, about 1620, perfect, and the fkin intire, dried to

the bones, rofemary and bay lying in the coffin frefh and green, preferved by

the drynefs of the ground, it being above the arches of the fair vault under the

choir, and of fand mixt with lime rubbifli '.

The body of Dr. Caius, who died 1 573, was found intire and perfect whenthe chapel at his college was rebuilt and lengthened 1725, and his tomb railed

from the ground, and placed in the wall as it now ltands \ His beard was very

long, and on comparing his pidture with his vifage, it is laid there was a great

refemblance 3.

The body of Humphrey duke of Glouceller was found intire, in pickle, in a

vault in the choir at St. Albans, 1747.Some bodies of the Engayne family were not many years ago dilcovered in the

fame Hate in repairing the family vault near Upminfter.

I11 the South aile of the choir of the abbey church at Bath is a freeftonc monu-

ment, a kind of farcophagus under a canopy fupported by fix pillars of the

Ionic order. In the farcophagus are lodged two bodies, in flight oak coffins, one

upon another. The man, who lies uppermoft, is reduced to a fkeleton, with

the Ikin completely dried on the bread; and belly, and the hair of his head,

chin, and cheft, perfectly preferved, that on his head thin and red. His head

reclines to the right, the jaw fallen, his arms ftretched by his fide, the right hand

lies on his right thigh;the left arm pendant

;the nails on the great toe and

third toe of his left foot perfect and long, and the leader of the leg com-

plete;the toes of the right foot lefs perfedt. The body meafures five feet ten

inches. Pieces of the wrapper remain between the thighs and legs. Thewoman, who, by being placed under the other coffin, was not difeovered till

within the laft fix or feven years, is completely inveloped in a wrapper of linnen

incrufted with wax, or fome preparation, which, when firft opened, was white,

but is now turned to a yellow colour 4. The outer fwathing is gone, but the webb

of the linnen may be feen in that part which has been broken into, and which

difeovers the left hand dried like the man’s, and lying on the belly. This

corpfe meafures five feet four inches, and the head reclines to the left. Bythe falling of the man’s jaw it may be prefumed his corpfe was never fwathed.

Tradition, fupported by fome printed account which I have not been able to

meet with, aferibes this monument to one Thomas Lycbejield (Lutanift to Queen

Elizabeth) and Margaret his wife. The arms on the top are Barry or a fefs

croft by a bend. Creft, an armed arm and hand holding a ring or garland.

It is pretended that a fum of money was left to have the monument opened at

* Dtigd. Bar. II. 38’.’ Blomf. Noif. II. ali.3 Idem Colleft. Canraln p. 100. See a Curious account of the embalment of a corpfe near Riom in Auvergne.

Gent. Mjg. XXVI. p, 33:— 3 > 4

.

certain

[ Ixxviii ]

certain ftated times ; but this depends intirely on the confent of the church-

wardens, by whole favour I was permitted to take a view this fummer [1784],

and thereby enabled to give the above particulars.

About the year 1737 were found in St. Margaret’s church yard, Weftminfter,

in a dry gravelly foil, at the depth of about eighteen feet, or lefs, which had

not been broken up for above fifty years before, three entire fir coffins, the two

largeft clampt together with iron, as boxes fometimes are. In one was a fat

broad faced man, the body perfect and foft, as if juft dead;the lid had been

glewed together lengthwife, and the weight of the earth had preft down his

nofe : his beard was about half an inch long, the winding fheet was crape, tied

with black ribbons and the thumbs and toes with the like, the date was com-pofed of fmall nails, [1665], by which it appeared he had then been dead leven-

ty-two years, as were alfo the figure of an hour glafs, death’s head and crofs

bones. In the fecond coffin was a female body, in the fame ftate, in a white

crape winding llaeet, date 1673. And in the third a male child, perfect and

beautiful as wax work, the eyes open^ and clear, but no date on the coffin. In

one of the larger coffins was a dry nofegay of bay and other leaves and flowers,

which appeared like a nofegay that had lain a year among linnen. Thefe

bodies changed within twelve hours after they were expofed

A woman was found in the fame churchyard, 1758, in an old coffin. Thebody was four feet eleven inches long, the fkin and flefh intirely dried up,

like old parchment, which it much refembled in colour. The features were

perfetft, except the nofe and part of the upper lip, the nails were all on the

hands, and on the left foot fomething like a very thick thread flocking 2.

A few years ago two dried bodies of men, who, by the infcriptions on the

coffins, appeared to have been a drummer and trumpeter to king George I. were

taken out of the vaults under St. Martin’s church in the Fields, and made a ffiew

of, till Dr. Hamilton the redtor ordered them to be reftored to their places.

To thefe may be added, the famous inftance of a poor parifli boy, fuppofed to

have been fhut into a vault in St. Botolph’s church, Aldgate, and ftarved to death,

at the time of the plague, 1665, fince which time the vault was known not to

have been opened, where he was found, 1742, with the fancied marks of having

gnawed his (boulder, only perhaps becaufe his head reclined towards it. TheJkin, fibres, and inteftines w ere all dried, and very little of his bones appeared.

The body weighed about eighteen pounds, and was as exaeft a counter part of

Lichfield’s as could be. No figns of any embalment appear, and the body is per-fectly free from any fetid or other fmell 3

.

In February, 1750, in a vault of the antient family of the Worths at Staver-

ton near Totnefs, Devon, was found in a Angle wooden coffin the body of a

man entire and uncorrupt; his flelh folid and not hard, his joints flexible as if

juft dead, his fibres and flefh retained their natural elafticity, his beard was black,

and about four inches long, and the flelh no where difcoloured, the lips found, andfome of the teeth loofe. The beard black, and four inches long. The bodynever was embalmed, as there was not the leaft lign of incifion, and the bowels

feem to be ftill intire. It was wrapt in a linen fheet very white and dry, overwhich was a tar cloth. The coffin lay nine feet under water. By the regifter it

appeared that the laft perfon buried in this vault was Simon Worth, 1669, andthe tradition of the parifli was, that he died in France or Flanders, and was broughtover to be buried 4

.

1 Kirkpatrick’s Reflexions on the caufes that may retard the putrefaXion of dead bodies. 1751. 8vo. p. ac— 27* Gent. Mag. 1758. 573.

3 It was in the pofleflion of Mr. J. Rogers of Maiden-lane, Wood-Areet, where a print of it, by R. Rogers, was foldfor two (hillings.

4 Kirkpatrick, ubi flip. p. viii.

Leland

[ Ixxix]

Leian cl ' fays, he faw in St. Peter’s abbey church at Bath a fair great maf-ble tomb of a bifhop of Bath, out of which they faid oil did diftil, and likely,for his body was baumed plentifully.

Antient Chymiftry made people fancy that bodies could be preferved with therefemblance of real life, by means of a precious liquor circulating through everypart in golden tubes artificially difpofed, and operating on the principals of vege-tation \ 5

In the peatmofles of Derbyfhire were found the bodies of a man and womanintire, twenty-eight years and nine months after their interment, having periihedin the fnow, the joints flexible, and the flefh frefh and white 3

.

On the moors of Amcotts, in the ifle of Axholme, was found about fix feetbelow the furface a female body lying on its fide ; the head and feet almoft to-gether, intire, fofr, and pliable, the fkin of a tawny colour, flrong as tannedleather, and ttretched like it. The hair frefii

; the bones of the legs and armsIhook out of the fkin

; the grifly part of the heel and the nails frefii ; but boththe hand and nails fiirunk on being expofed to the air. It had on fandals madeof one piece of a raw hide, with a feam at the heel, and a thong of the fame,and tanned of the fame colour, with the corpfe by the moor water. Mr. Vertuereferred the form of it to the time of Henry III. or Edward I. A body wastaken up on the moors at Geel, and another in the great moor near Thorn,with the fkin like tanned leather, the hair, teeth, and nails quite frefii 4

.

Theie was found in Locherby raofs in the Stewarty of Annandale the body ofa man of gigantic ftature, his upper coat appeared to have been made of thefkins of beafts : his flioes of the fame, and in the fafhion of rullions worn bythe antient Scots, and at this day by fome of the Highlanders, and fewed togetherin a new and wonderful tafte. The corpfe was found four feet under themofs, with a heap of ftones above it ; the flefii feemed fomewhat frefii on thebones when firft difcovered, but being brought to the bank mouldered to allies s

.

In the mofles of Saila or Stennefs ifland, Shetland, was found a female corpfewhich had lain above eighty years. Every part was fo well preferved that themufcles were difcernible, the hair of her head, and the gloves on her hands 6

.

The tomb which once contained the famous national mummies is at the SouthEaii corner of the ifland of Stroma, on a finall neck of land, near the fea bank.Mr. Lowe was in full hopes of being gratified with a fight of them intire asformerly, but was highly difappointed when entering the tomb he faw onlytwo bare fculls laid apart, and in the bottom of the vault, which is full of fiieeps’dung, a few leg and thigh bones, with others ; but all quite bare, and no ap-pearance of what they had been, nor could one have judged from their look thatthey had been preferved above ground. He was informed by the inhabitants ofthe ifland that curiofity to fee the mummies had brought many idle people toStroma, that fome out of wantonnefs had fluttered the door, and others thebodies

; and the door not being repaired, flieep and cattle entered the vault andtrampled them to pieces. There is little doubt but thefe bodies have been pre-ferved without any farther preparation than excluding infedts by the faltnefs ofthe air. Even the fituation of the tomb favours this, which is furrounded onthree iides by the fea. It was a common cuftom in the ifles to preferve beef andmutton by hanging it in the caves of the fea, which effedtually refitted putre-faction by the faltnefs of the air

; and there is little doubt but this has been the

« oum' ^ f°i’

32

’’ Warton’s Hift.of Englifli Poetry, II. 98.

3 fialguy, in Phil. Tranf. ^434. p. 431.Phil. Tranf. 484. p. 571— 575. Dr. Shaw, in his edition of Bacon’s works, III. 571. propofes an enquiry

whether tanning may not be applied to dead bodies.1 /-

* Caledonian Mercury, 20 J uly, 1742. See in Archiologia, VII. 90— 110. Lady Moira’s account of a fkeleton andits habits, found in a peat-turbary at the foot of Mount Drumkeragh, in the county of Down, from whence fhe deduceda complete fyttem of Inlli apparel.

4 Lowe’s MS.

7 cafe

c*fc..wi*h llie bodies 'at Stroma, which were light and thin, the limbs flexible;

certain ligns of inartificial prefervation *.

The torpfe brought from Teneriffe by Capt. Young of his Majefty’s fhip

Weazle, and prefented to Lord Sandwich, who gave it to 1 rinity College,

Cambridge, is intirc, and perledl in all its parts. Ihe Ikin is of a deep tawny

brown, dry and hard, but many of the mufcular parts fo prominent as to be

eafilv defined. The body is laid out at full length, the hands brought together

over the belly. The nails, except a few, remain on the fingers and toes, both

which are connected and fecured by thongs, probably of goat’s leather, con-

tinued round each finger and toe. It is five feet one inch long, and weighs

only thirty pounds. The hair of the head, which has almoft all fallen off fince

its expofure, is of a darkifh black colour and curled deeply, a lew hairs on the

chin lhort and It iff. The face is the leaft perfea part, having luffered by fome

violence, and the upper jaw on the right fide beat in, fo as to be now nearly

in the middle of the palate, and the parietal bone on that fide pyojcdb con-

iiderably over, yet there is no apparent fracture, fo that it is perhaps owing to

the refitfance made by the hardnefs of the fkin in that place. The bones of

the nol'e were gone, and the fkin, in this part, is fo flexible as to be capable

of being fomewhat elevated, and here it feels like tanned leather. A probe

paifes freely into the orbits of the eyes, and quite back into the cavity of the

h ull, through which the optic nerves pafs, likewife perpendicularly into the fcull

through a fmall hole in the top of the head. There appears to have been an incifion

made horizontally on the right fide of the abdomen, which is fewed up again,

by which probably the inteftines were extracted. There are likewife cuts about

an inch long, one on the back part of each thigh, and one on the calf of each

leg, through which a probe will eafily pafs down .without any refilfance. As the

neck has never been cut through, the mufcles and teguments being completely

whole all round, and there is no mark of the cranium having been fawn

through, and the fcalp is likewife nearly intire, the brain cannot have been

extradled by the former opperation. May we not conjedture it was left in, and

has walled to dull. This at leaft is known to be the appearance of its remains

when examined in fculls buried in common graves \ Captain Young accidentally

difeovered the cave, which contained in its receffes a number of human corpfes, not

lefs than thirty, laid horizontally on their backs on the rugged Hones, neatly fewed

up in goatlkins with the hair on, and in many parts very perfedt. The cave was in

its natural Hate, without any offenfive fmell from the bodies, and yeilding a re-

frefhing coolnefs 3. Some of thefe bodies were feven feet one inch long, and he

had ordered one of thefe dimenfions to be brought off ; but there was fome mif-

take, which prevented his orders being obeyed. He was informed there were

manv fuch caves fo filled in the illand, and held in fuch reverence by the inha-

bitants, that it was deemed facrilegc to remove any of the bodies, not to men-

tion that in general their fituation is inacceffible. The goat-lkin is of a light

brown colour, feemingly tanned, and retaining the hair, the feam remarkably

ftrong and neat, and the thread of a fine tough animal fubftance like catgut.

This account is alfo given by former travellers, by Mr. Nicholls in Hackluit’s

voyage 4, in Sprat’s Hiftory of the Royal Society, and by Glafs in his account

of the Canaries s. The latter adds, that after fwathing the body round with

bandages of goatlkins, they fixed it upright in a cave, cloathed in the fame gar-

ments as the deceafed wore when alive.

Low e’s MS.Account of this mummy by Dr. Collignon.>ee a curious paper on this fubjeft by the Rev. Dr. Lort, in the Minute-book of the Society of Antiquaries,

XIII. p. 368. 1774.Vol.II. 1 51. Copied in the Univeifel Hiftory, and the French Colledtion of Voyages.B. II. c. 4.

voyage,

[ lxxxi ]

The practice of embalming bodies appears to be the mod antient and univerfai,from the patriarchs and the kings of Judah and Ifrael, to the moft barbarousnations, the Indians in South America, and the Incas of Peru. The fubterra-neous vaults at Kiow on the Dnieper, thofe at Catana in Sicily, at Touloufe,Bremen, and other parts of the continent, as well as in England, Scotland, andelfewhere, ferve to fhew, that the procefs is not very difficult or complicated,or the prefervation to be always afcribed to any antifeptic quality in the foil orreceptacle where the bodies were depofited.

Acolta mentions the body of an Inca fo whole and well preferved by a certainrofin that it feemed alive. Garcilaffo de la Vega fays, before he went to Spain['57^] he was allowed a fight of his deceafed anceftors, whom he found intire,cloathed as when alive, in a fitting pofture, their hands croft on their breafts,in which ftate they had continued two hundred years when the Spaniards orderedthem to be removed out of their chapels, and oratories where they were wor-flopped. He fuppofed the method of preferving them was by carrying them intofnow mountains, where, after they were well dried and congealed by the cold,they applied bituminous matter, which may plump up the flefii. Chardinfays, that bodies in the fands of Choraffan became dry as if petrified.

The body of a chief at Otaheite was found intire in every part, and though it

had been dead above four months, and the climate one of the hotteft, not the leaftdifagreeable fmell proceeded from it. The only remarkable alteration that hadhappened was a Ihrinking of the eyes and mufcular parts, but the hair and nailswere in their original ftate, and ftill adhered firmlv

;and the feveral joints were

quite pliable, or in that kind of relaxed ftate which happens to perfons who faintfuddenly. Mr. Anderfon, Capt. Cook’s furgeon, was informed, that foon afterdeath they are difembowelled, by drawing the inteftines and other vifeera outat the anus, and the whole cavity is then filled or fluffed with cloth, introducedthrough the fame part

; that when any moifture appeared on the fkin it was care-fully dried up, and the body afterwards rubbed all over with a large quantity ofperfumed cocoa-nut oil, which being frequently repeated preferved them a greatmany months

; but that at laft they gradually mouldered away. Omai toldCapt. Cook, that they made ufe of the juice of a plant that grew among themountains, of cocoa-nut oil, and frequently walhing with fea-water

;and that

the bodies of all their great men who died natural deaths are thus preferved,and expofed for a confiderable time to public view every day, when it does notrain ; tiil at laft they are feldom to be feen *.

In the city of Kiow, on the banks of the Dnieper, under a high mountain,

are two fpacious crypts, called by the names of Antony and Theodofius, andfuppofed to have been hollowed out about the beginning of the eleventh or endof the tenth century, when Wlodomir Swetoflaus was created firft Czar of theRuffias, and introduced Chriftianity into his dominions. They are cut in aclayey foil }

, and contain vaft numbers of bodies in perfect prefervation, whofeincorruptibility the tradition of the place aferibes to their fanftity, and annuallyin Eafter week they are vifited by the priefts of the place, who addrefs themwith informatiom of Chrift’s refurredtion, and after incenfing them well, returnback again. In the Antonian crypt are depofited many Ruffian faints, bifliops,monks, princes, and other eminent perfonages. The Theodofian is fuller ofchapels than of bodies. All thefe bodies, placed in feparate repofitories, arefwafhed round tightly with clothes and bandages, and only the face appears,which retains the natural Ikin. The whole are perfectly dry and void of fmell.There are fome fculls lying in dilhes, which exfude a kind of oil ; and inother parts of the crypts are piles of bones. This oily matter may be no.

Hilt, of Mi., b. VI. c. ... • Cook's Voyage, ,,8,. II.

thing

[ lxxxii ]

thing more nor lefs than the moifture or exhalation of the place, which is at-

tradted by fuch porous matter as the human fcull, and drops or falls into the

ditli ; for Herbinius fuppofes the Greek priefls too undefigning to befmear them

with real oil, by which manoeuvre nothing was to be got, nor is this a trick

played even by the fculls of the three kings at Cologne, fo much reforted to

“ The burial place at the Capuchin Convent at Palermo is a vaft fubterra-

neous apartment, divided into large commodious galleries, the walls on each

fide of which are hollowed into a variety of niches, as if intended for a very

great collection of ftatues, inftead of which they are all filled with dead bodies,

fet upright on their legs, and fixed by the back to the middle of the nich, in

number about 300. They are all drefled in the clothes they ufually wore, and

form a moft venerable aflembly. The fkin and mufcles, by a certain prepara-

tion, became as dry and hard as a piece of flock fifli : and although many of

them have been here upwards of 250 years, yet none are in any degree re-

duced to fkeletons;the mufcles indeed in fome appear to be a good deal more

flirunk than in others, probably becaufe thefe perfons had been more extenuated

at the time of their death. The bodies of the princes and firft nobility are

lodged in very handfome chefts or trunks, fome of them richly adorned;

thefe

are not in the fhape of coffins, but all of one width, and about one and a half

or two feet deep. The keys are kept by the neareft relations of the family,

who fometimes come and drop a tear over their deceafed friends

Such is Mr. Brydone’s defcription of this catacomb, which Mr. Breval 3 re-

prefents as “ a large fouterrain filled from top to bottom with the dried upcarcafies of the friars of the houfe from time immemorial, in the habits of their

order, which is the Francifcan. This is caufed by depofiting them as foon as

dead, in a peculiar ground that belongs to them, which, by a conluming

properly, turns the corpfe into a perfect mummy in a few weeks. I have feen,

adds he, inftances of the fame deficcation at Touloufe in France, where there

is a vault under the cloyfter of the Cordeliers, in which are preferved abun-

dance of corpfes dried up by having lain fome time in a churchyard that has

much the fame property with that of Palermo. Thefe bodies are expofed for

three or four days to the open air, in their belfrey, before they are ranged in

this manner. A celebrated beauty of Touloufe, known by the name of Le belle

Paule, was for a long time one of thefe mummies ; but is now almoft mouldered

away 3 .”

Sutton Cofield vaults are faid to have the contrary properties. In two of

them, lately opened, bodies interred within the memory of man were found re-

duced to duft, together with their wooden coffins. This is fuppofed to be in

part occafioned by the height of the church, and the fandinefs of the foil 4.

It has been fuppofed to be the nature of hair to acquire a yellowiffi hue in

the grave. As Arthur’s queen Guinever (if it was her fepulchre) having been

married in the beginning of the 6th century, could hardly efcape being grey-

haired at the conclufion of it;

neither was Humphry duke of Gloucefter a

young man, and his hair was exactly of the fame colour with that found onthe fcull of a Ikeleton in a bog in the county of Down in Ireland, of whichlady Moira gave an account to the Society of Antiquaries 5

. I may add, that I wastold of golden coloured hair found on a fcull dug up in the cloifter of Chickfandnunnery, c. Bedford, though the hair which was given me from a ftone coffin

dug up. in the ruins of Chrift church nunnery, Hants, 1782, before-men-tioned, was of a bright brown.

Rcligiofe Kijovienfes crypts per M. J. Herbinium. Jens, 167;. u®.* brydono’s Tour through Sicily, II. 66, 67. Of thofe at Naples fee Blainville’s Travels, III. 357—359.* Travels, I. 49. Ncwbery’s Defcription of England, IX. 200. 5 Archseolog. VII. p. 1 . p.93.100.

In

[ Jxxxiii 1

111 ill nitrating the different falhions of fepulcliral monuments I cannot do better

than fnbjoin a learned memoire drawn up by the late Maurice Johnfon, efq.

founder of the literary fociety of Spalding, before whom it was read, and fromwhole Minutes I have been permitted to tranfcribe it. I lhall occafionally en-large it from my own obfervations. He divides our tombs into eight forms.

“ Before the evil pradtice of burying in churches became general, and the

arts of defigning were reftored, our anceftors, if of fortune fufficieht to afford it,

were interred in ftone coffins, the bottom part being of one large Hone fuffi-

cient to receive the corpfe, and ufually accommodated to that figure, in imita-

tion of the more antient farcophagi. The form of the lid or upper part va-ried with the times, as arts were retrieved. Perhaps, though of ftone, they werecalled coffins, being deftined to the like uft, and much of the fame fhape, withthofe of Gopher or Cyprefs wood, ufed by the antients, and the term takenfrom Kcfwof, copbinus

,corbis, which Pafor makes a primitive word'. The

lid, or upper part, of the molt antient of thefe we find was in the form of a

prifm, or triangular, and though they be now generally under ground, origi-

nally only the bottom part, or that which contained the corpfe, was fo, and the

lid or covering ftone was feen above ground; and that was the reafon, I con-

ceive, why it was made of that form, the better to Ihoot off the wet, and de-

fend it and its depofitum from the injuries of the weather; a very neceffary

caution towards what they wifhed to preferve fo in the air of this illahd;and

though they might be afterwards removed into churches, or even fuppofingthey were originally there depofited, yet did they for fome time retain their

triangular form and plain fuperficies of the lid or cover, though they adornedthe lides with carving, the infcription if any being about the bafis of the lid orcovering-ftane; as in that of John of St. Yves prior, on the South fide of Peter-

borough minifter yard 1

; and the imagery, as on that within the fame cathedral

of the abbot and monks murdered by the Danes, being on the tides 3; that of

William Rufus in Winchefter cathedral, and that rich fhrine of St. ThomasBecket 4

,and the ftones in Spalding church-yard near the free-fchool commonly

called Tbe Lambs, by tradition that gentleman of that antient family in that

town were thereunder interred.” This Mr. Johnfon calls the First form,prifmatic, and plain on the top.

To thefe inftances add the ftone coffin of Waldevus abbot of Mailros, and ofprior Bafing at Winchefter.

“ The firft improvement of it may be fo called from the diftinguifhing thefe

covers with croffes, at firft plain, afterwards fleury, in bas relief, which wasfoon converted into alto relievo, as on a like tomb of Theobald archbiihop ofCanterbury in the cathedral there, A. D. r 1 6o 3 ,” fupported by feven low roundpilafters, with capitals fleury between the arches, the top, lid, or cover, divided

into feveral compartments by circles and femicircles, and lozenges and heads, as

it Ihould feem by their coverings and tonfure, of princes, prelates, and perfons

eminent for piety in the monaftic profelfion

This is the Second form, prifmatic, and carved on the top.

To the inftances of coffin lids adorned with croffes add the coffin afcribed to

Juga Baynard, thofe of prior Bafing, Stephen Langton archbiihop of Canterbury,

Alan abbot of Tewkfbury, a monument among the figures in the Temple church,

and that Ihewn in Bangor cathedral for Owen Glendwr’s, but more probably OwenGwenneth’s, fovereign of North Wales.

1See Herodotus in Euterpe, and Pliny, N. H. XXIV. 5.

9 Infcribed in Gothic capitals :

J* Aia Johannis de Sco Yvone quondam

Prioris per miam di in pace recefcat. MCXII.3 Gunton, p. 343. 4 Monaft, Angl. I. ji. * Parker’s Antiq. p. 195. Dart, p, 124. 6 Dart, p. 123.

That

[ lxxxiv ]

That afcribed to bifhop Glanville, on the South fide of the choir near the altar

at Rochefter, is of the fame form with archbifhop Theobald’s, and was adorned

with fimilar heads in quatrefoils divided by angels, now alraoft defaced. Theform and ornaments of this tomb give it an earlier date.

“And probably of as great age are the ftones before Mr. Jackfon’s houfe, taken

from the conventual church at Spalding. Thefe are termed by the inaccurate

writers of former ages lapides et petree pyramidales, which, had they-arifen from

an equal balls, they might properly have been termed : and their firft forms maybe properly afcertained as one, and called the prifmatic tombs.

“ This I fay for the general ufe. Not but fome few very extraordinary per-

fons, as princes, and thofe who had been invefted with princely power, and

mighty benefa&ors, might, as early as any of thefe, be honoured with having

their entire effigies carved in a remarkable pofture, lying, as it were, on their

backs on the topftone.

“ But it is commonly thought, that thofe monuments (though antient) were

devifed and made in honour of them fome time after : fuch are thofe of Ailwinduke or earl of the Eaft Angles, coufin to king Edgar and chiefjuftice of all Eng-

land, who died A. D. 993, at Ramfay abbey, which he founded '. Algar, earl of

Holland, overcome and killed in battle by the Pagan invading Danes 1

,A.D. 870.

in Alder, alias Algarkirk,church-yard, in North Holland, Lincolnfhire. Thefe

moft antient are generally of a fort of granite, or the hardeft black marble, or

raggftone, which would bear a polifh;and have all fome animal, as a lion, dog,

or fuch like, at their feet, againft which they feem to reft ; whence, perhaps,

fupporters might be taken.

The figure of Robert duke of Normandy, who died 1134, and was buried

in the cathedral church of Gloucefter 3

, lies crofs-legged, in his coat of mail,

furtout, fword, fpurs, and coronet, having vowed and performed a crufade, or

voyage, to the Holy Land, for the purpofe of recovering it from the Saracens.

That of William Longespee earl of Salilbury, who died 1226, lies in the

cathedral there 4. Sir Henry Bathe chief juftice of all England, 1252 5

, andPhilip prior of St. Fridefwide

4

, both in the church of St. Fridefwide, or Chrift

Church, Oxford. Some of the firft abbots and priors of Peterborough 7; and fee

in Drake’s Eboracum, p. 491, Ihe figures there called Conjlantine,and Prince

William of Hatfield fon of Edward III.

Third form : Tables, whereon effigies or fculpture.

But this manner of reprefenting the effigies of the deceafed lying on the backon the top-ftone became the general pratftice for eminent perfonages, and priefts

with chalices in their hands on their breaft, by which they were diftinguifhed,

as military men or knights were by their arms, fpurs, and fwords. So William

earl of Flanders, fon of the before-mentioned Robert, at St. Omer’s 8. He died

1127-8, but feems to have been fometime after honoured with that monumentby the manner of its workmanfhip. Prelates were reprefented with their

mitres, crofiers, great crofles, by being habited in pontificalibus ; as Hubert Walterin Canterbury, whereof he was archbifhop, and deceafed 1 205 9

. And kingfobn, at Worcefter, 1213, with ouches or jewels on his gloves, collar, andfword hilt, with images of his tutelar faints, the bifhops Ofwald and Wul-ftan, with their mitres on and cenfers in their hands, and a lion at his feet*1 hofe of the lord Rous and others, in the Temple-church, in London of

‘ Stukeley, Itin. Cur. I. 77. PI. i 7 . • inguif. p . 10 .1 Stebbing, p. 16. Seep. 19. 4 Stebbing, p. 1

15. See p. 41. PI. XIII.

* Sec p. 45. PI. XIV. 6See p. 36*. PI. XII. 9

P! III. p.19. Add the abbots of Weflminfter, pi. I. p.io. bifhop Roger and the other bilhop at Salilbury, pI.IV.p.20.^Stebbing. p. 17. • Dart. p. iji.

r K,=

Stukeley, It. Cur. 18. Pi. 68. Stebbing, p. 85. ** Seep. 41. PI. V. Fig. j.

2 the

[ lxxxv]

‘h,e at Sutterton; of a folefter of Rockingham and his wife atGlmton, c Northampton

;of another lady at Stoke Doyley in that can,, • „f

•Thorneslord Burgh- knight of the Garter, and his lady, in the church of Gainf-borough, of alabafter and granite.

“About this time, I apprehend, if they did not place the effigies they left offraffing the upper Hone to a point, and only carried it up feme part of the wav,with iorpe decoration on the plain top, as an old crofs floury ihews of art hbilh, „Langton', made about 1233, and of this form were tables, fet in pillars onfeet, as archbilhop Sewal's, in York cathedral, A. D. 1 258

Inftances of coffin ilones with heads or bodies emerging from them may be^ *t B”ad011 111 Suffolk, Appleby in Weltmorland, Kingfbury in Warwickfhire

. uThf

e were frequently placed for fafety (efpecially if they built churches)within the wall, and had an arch turned over them

; as Sir Muflendinknight, at Soleby, and a lady at Rippingalefand then they frequently made themof alabafter, or feme foft chalky lfone, which cut eaiily, and they were thick cov e,-ed over with paint and gilding.

Fourth form; tombs, with tertoons or arches over thettn“ In the beginning of the fourteenth century, according to Mother, the arts of

defigmng, with a good tafte of drawing and painting, emerged out of that ig-norance and ill gufto the Goths and barbarians had reduced them to, and keT.tthem in. Our Henry III. a wife prince, who had experienced, and was equalto both fortunes, reigning long, and at length peaceably, much encouragedthem and his wife fon and fucceffor, Edward I. was trained up in themThough his father had bellowed a cheft of gold for enfhrining the ,-cliques of.Edward the Coafeffor, Edward did them greater honour in the (lately andumptuous manfoleum compofed of all kinds of precious marbles, and other coftlyones even gems and pearls, wherein he placed them, at Weftminller, railed

Oil columns dimimflung one ftage above another, as may be feen in Mr George

Two fine/rin

u’,

d°ne f0F the S°dety °f Antiquaries, and in Dart's Antiquitiesof Weftminller abbey. A tomb of like tafte and materials, of two ftages, heerefted for his father, whofe effigies of copper gilt he caufed to be call, andla

‘n,

ther“n’

,

Wlth ll0n at his feet with a teftoon «, or covering over it, fiat

TlfW nralt

T’,t0 preferve i£ from duft or what might fall on and injure it.The like he erefted there for Eleanor his beloved queen, who died 1298 ' Andthough they foon began to throw the teftoon or covering higher by arched work

'

infteadof it, yet we find many of the nobleft made llill with that ilrait line orat covering, as that of queen P/ji/ippa wife of king Edward III. at Weftmi n-

,

; and Ins own there ’; the Black Prime at Canterbury 1

; king Richard 11and Anne his queen, at Weftminller» ; King Henry !V. and Joan of Navarre his

queen, at Canterbury'”; Katharine Swynford, dutchefs of Lancafter, in Lin-coln cathedral

; archbilhop Cbicheley’s at Canterbury and it Teems as if fuch ateftoon had been intended, but not finilhed, for the beautiful alabafter tombof mtham of Waynflect, Lord High Chancellor of England and biihop of Win-chefter, 1459, in All Saints church in Waynfleet.

“ Some tombs having been thus raffed with teftoons over them which wereflat, gave rife to a much farther improvement, the raffing an arch over themwhich being then oxeyed, or terminating in an obtufe point, was ufually deco-

' Parker, p. ,4S D.rt. p. fa p. 4 ,. Drake', Ebor.com, 4a, &mStcbbing, 92. fee p. 17. PI. xx . xxi. xxn.> ft V 494-

Or, tejler. The tellers of Henry III. Eleanor, Philippa, Richard II. are of wood minted wUh ) r> ; c

* Subbing, p. 1.8,

y rated

[ lxxxvi ]

rated at top with foliage work all the way up the Tides, and a jeffe, or large fleur

de foliage over the lummit, and images of the wife, children, relations of the

party faints or fovereigns and benefactors about the table, on the Tides ;and

much painting and gilding was now bellowed on the fculpture, though of marble

or copper. Thus in the monument of Aveline wife of Edmund earl of Lancas-

ter, Sic. at Weftminfter, who died 1269', and of that earl himfelf, who died

5296*; and in that of king Edward II. at Gloucefter cathedral, who died

1327 3

; of John Peckhatn archbifhop of Canterbury 4,and in that of John of

Eltbam earl of Cornwall, at Weftminfter, who died 1334 s> John of Gaunt and

his dutchefs Blanche, in St. Paul’s cathedral, London 6;Cardinal Beaufort bifliop

•of Winch efter, at Winchefter, who died 1447 7; thofe of Lord Henry Burgwafb

bifliop of Lincoln, 1340, in the cathedral there ;and of Nicholas lord Cantalupe

,

1371 ;and Robert lord Badleftnere-, thofe of archbifhops Grey, 1255; Green-

field, 1314; and Bowet, 1 42 5, in York cathedral. The Sjfeen ofScots and %ueen

Elizabeth,both at Weftminfter 8

.

Fifth form of tombs, in chapel burial places-

“ Thefe arched monuments they much enlarged fo as to incumber and take

up too much room, even in the moft fpacious cathedral and conventual

churches ;therefore they fell into a method for avoiding that inconvenience of

annexing chapels to them, having doors out of the fide ailes of the churches,

and being open to the church, only fecluded by iron work, of which great

deformities the inftances are too frequent, having an extraordinary ill effect,

and fpoiling the view on the outlide, and defigns of the artifts, which, though

not true according to rules of the artifts, yet were grand, and looked awful. In

fuch a chapel, at Weftminfter, lies king Henry V 9; king Edward IV. at Windfor 10

;

Bithop Rujfell and archbifhop Longland, 1548, in Lincoln cathedral.

“ But thofe great men avoided this error, and well confulted for and increafed

the beauty of thefe venerable piles, who added fuch chapels for the reception of

themfelves and their relations or friends at the Eaft end of them ;that divifion

from the crofs ille being much too fhort for the nave and well admitting it.

Thus king Henry VIPs fumptuous chapel added to Weftminfter abbey greatly

increafes the beauty of that pile Sometimes well enough when running paral-

lel in the choir, as that of Humphry the Good duke of Gloucejler at St. Alban’s

;

the fumptuous chapel of Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick governor of Nor-

mandy 1 439, wherein is his tomb, and his effigies of brafs gilt ”, and of Arthur,

Prince of Wales, at Worcefter, who died 1 50 2 ,J.

To thefe add the ellipfe of chapels round the choir at Tewksbury, that of bi-

fhop Hatfield, on the South fide of the choir at Durham, that of abbot Ramridge,

on the North fide of the choir at St. Albans : that of Walter lord Hungerford,

on the North fide of the nave at Salisbury, now removed to the South fide of the

aile. Additions to the outfide of the building are thofe of bifhop Audley at Salif-

bury on the South fide, and that of the Hungerford family on the North fide, of

the choir there;

bifhops Weft and Alcock, at Ely.

Sixth form, inlaid with brafs.

“ As to the infcription, the characters or letters were fometimes antiently ex-

fculped, and in releivo more frequently infculped, and appear to have been filled

with lead, before the ufe of brafs and copper became frequent, after which, and

what we may, I think reckon the 6th form, they, in the area of very broad

coarfe, grey marbles cut out, or funk in, the form or figure of the images of the

* Stebbing p. toj.

3 Stebbing, p 154.* lb. p. 2R9.

13 Stebbing, p. 476.

1lb. p. 106. 3 lb. p. 15a.

4 Dart, p. 158.

• lb. p. 255. Dugd. St. Paul’s, » Stebbing. p. 262. * lb. p. 53J. $16.

,:llb. p. 413.

11lb. p.472, 473 -

" Dugdale, Warwlcklhire, p.328.

* lb. p.318.

perfons,

[ lxxxvii ]

perfons, their efcucheons, and of much arch and pinacle work, filled with foil*

age, and of faints in the niches. Thefe they filled with thick plates of brafs Or

copper gilt, and fometimes enamelled, fixt in with long pieces of the fame metal,

and curioufiy engraven, the legend or infcription being carried along by the

edge in metal alfo. Some of the mod elegant of thefe are that of William Smith

bilhop of Lincoln ', who founded two colleges, and was the firft prefident of

Wales, which he governed long, and died 1513. That of Margery wife ot

Robert de IVylugbby lord of Erelby, at Spilfby, 139 1 i that of Thomas de Bram-

Jlone conftable or chaftellan of Wifbeach, in the church there 1401. That of

Joan niece and coheirefs of Ralph lord Cromwell of Tatterlhale, wife of Humphry

Bourchier, who bore that title in her right at Tatter/hale, who died 1480. Thofe

of ‘Thomas duke of Gloucejler, 1397, furnamed of Woodftock, mi Eleanor, 1399,

his dutchefs, at Weftminfter ’, of Dr. Richard Waldby archbilhop of York, at

Weftminfter, about 1397 J

5and that of lady Lambert

,in the chancel of Pinch-

beck church." Inftances of rich braffes are innumerable.

“ The laft fort were frequently elevated in a fort ofoblong fquare tables, com-

pofed of the fame fort of marble, or other materials, and called altar monu-

ments, at which bufinefs has been frequently done by furrogates, and monies

been made payable and paid, they being as convenient for thofe purpofes as

any other table. Thefe might perhaps be called altar monuments from the altar

which flood in the midftof the great North porch of St. Auftin’s abbey church at

Canterbury, wherein folemn maffes were faid for the fouls of the Saxon kings

and firft archbilhop of that province, amidft the place of their interment, as

archbilhop Parker tells us, which might have taken rife from what we are told

in the Chronicle of John abbot of Peterborough 4. Godrick, his predeceffor, did

over the before-mentioned ftone monument erefl in the area before the

Eaft end of the abby church omni anno Juper petram fanSium tentorium figens

pro animabus ibidem fepultorum mijas per biduurn devotione continue celebravit.

Seventh form : againft the walls.

“Another method has of late years been, chiefly fince the Reformation (the

pavements being either full, in the molt: confpicuous places, or rather to prevent

their being worn with treading or defaced) to let them into, or fix them up againft,

the walls and pillars of churches ; fo that great part of the monument, with en-

tire columns and ftatues on each fide, projects.

“ This ordinance and difpofition in fome ftately fepulclires has a grand air, and

the beft effeft of any, and is now molt in ufe. The dead perfon being repre-

fented generally in a reclined pofture, as in that of the duke of Beaufort, at

Windfor, the dukes of Newcaftle and Buckinghamlhire, Sir Ifaac Newton, Mr.

Thynne, earl Stanhope, Dr. Chamberlain, Sir Cloudefly Shovel, at Weftmin-

fter ;the earl and countefs of Exeter, at St. Martin’s, Stamford ; Mr. Deacon

Iheriff of Northamptonlhire, in Peterborough cathedral ;bilhop Gunning, and

other bilhops, at Ely ;that of Aylmeric de Courcy lord Kingfale baron of Ring-

rone, lord Cottington, Sir Chriftopher and lady Hatton, Sir Dudley Carlton,

in Weftminfter abbey;the archbilhops Sterne, Dolben, and Sharpe, in York

cathedral. But fometimes the entire ftatue of the perfon ereft, in a graceful pof-

tuftre, which is more noble, as Secretary Craggs, at Weftminfter, the late duke

of Ancafter Lord Great Chamberlain, at Edenham, archbilhop Lamplugh, and

the earl and countefs of Strafford, and the Hon. Mr. Wentworth, in York cathe-

dral s.

1 Stukeley, Itin. Cur. I. pi. 16. p. 86., ,

1 Stebbine, p. 230. 232. See the latter page. Drake s Eboracum, p. 436.

‘ P. ao. Edit. Sparke.5 Drake’s Ebor. part II. p.467. 51 x.

[ lxxxviii ]

Eighth form : detached buildings.

“And lately the moll fumptuous fepulchral monuments are detached buildings,

erected to preferve the remains of the dead, or their memory : as domes ofwhich, perhaps, that of the emperor Hadrian ' is the grandell, that of the dukeofTulcany of the Medici family at Florence the moll fumptuous, the pyramidof .Ceftius at Rome, Porfena near Clufium, and thofe in Egypt. To thefe maybe added obclilks, columns ’, and equedrian llatues.

The late Smart Lethieullier, efq. has confined his obfervations on fepulchralmonuments, printed in the fecontl volume of the Archteologia, p. 29 j 390chiefly to thofe in parochial churches, eredted either in the chancel or in l'mall cha-pels, or fide ailes, which had been built by the lords of the manors, and patronsof the churches (which for the mod part went together) and being defigned forburying places for their families, were frequently endowed with chantries, topray for the fouls of the founder and his defeendents.

It appears to me, that there is pretty good authority for referring thofe monu-ments whofe fituation within the fubftance of the walls of churches or chancelsmakes it highly probable that they mull have been comval in them, to founders orrefounders of the feveral churches or parts of churches where they are found.Of this the churches in Hertfordlhire and Effex within my own neighbourhoodafford many inllances. 1 cannot help particularizing one.

An old monument in the North wall of the nave of Brent Pelham church,c. Herts, which has furnilhed matter for vulgar tradition, and puzzled formerAntiquaries, is, by Dr. Salmon, fuppofed a founder’s tomb. VVeever 1 deferibesit as “ a moil ancient monument Hone, whereon is figured a man, and about him“ an eaSle >

a l™. a ntl a bull, having all wings, and a fourth of the lhape of“ an anSel 1

as if theY fhould reprefent the four Evangelills. Under the feet of“ the man is the crofs flourie, and under the crofs a ferpent. He is thought“ ,0 llave fometime the lord of an ancient decayed houfe, well moated, not“ far from this place called, O Piers Sboonkes. He flourilhed ann. Conqueftu ’vice-“ fimo primo" This defeription is correft, except in the figure of the man

,who is

really an angel flying, and conveying up a foul in a Ihroud, or Iheet, in the ufualattitude. At his right hand is an angel fitting, holding in his lap an open book

;

at his left is a bull : the eagle and winged lion over his head complete the num-ber of the fymbols of the Evangelills. The ferpent is really a two-footed dragonpierced by the crofs, whofe point is in his mouth

; and fo the fculpture conveysthe idea of the dcltrudtion of Satan by the crofs of Chrilt, fecuring immortalityto all who die in the faith of his Gofpel, as tianfmitted by the Evangelifts. Overthe lines is now written, O Piers Sbonks, who died A° 1086. Salmon, by a trainot “ amufing conjeaures" on the name of Sbonks, makes him out to be eithera founder of the church, or Gilbert Sank, on whom Simon de Furneufe, lord ofthe manor, levted a diilrefs for his homage and fervice, 16 Edward I which isz 2 1 years from the Conqueft, inftead of 2 r , and fo makes out the old farmer’stale, about a hero ot Pelham defeating a giant of Barkway, and obliging thelatter manor to pay a quitrent to the former ever fince. A manor here retainsthe name of Sbonks. Neither the Englifh nor the Latin poetry, with their varia-tions, over the monument, within the arch, attefting the legend, are worthrecording. In aimed every church a fmgular or unknown monument of anyantiquity is given to a giant.

This monument, from its fimplicity, may be of early date. I rccollefl anotherin llance m the North wall of the church at Landbeach in Cambridgefliire, of

' Allies Hodi ii.

5 Fun. Mon. p

1 The pillar of Pompey in Egypt,

the

[ lxxxix]

(Ketime of one of the Eifeards, and probably enough aferibed liy Mr. MaiterSit6 i efbor to one oi the lords of the manor at that time. Where fuch menuments appear to the walls of chancels, and have on them a religious, inftead of ay figure, we may prefume, that feme redtor was the builder or rebuilder of thechancel. An mftance of tins kind at St. Hippolyte’s, in Hertfdfdihire, is, by the

priedPatr°n Saim

' infeild 0f the ^ P*'™, °r officiating

Thefe monuments vary with the feveral periods in form and ornaments, andhdvmg or wanting figures on them; and a little attention to the ftvle ofthe time. Or the fucceflion of property, will enable us to afcertairt them w tenarmorial and other diffinftions fail. It Is not uncommon, when chapd’s werebuilt tor the file ufe ot a particular family, or fuccefiive lords of the inaridrto find the original founder or benefadlor inclofed within their wallsMr. Lethieullier is of opinion, that “ few or no funeral monuments were eredt-ed during the time of our Saxon anceftors

; at lead, being ufually placed in thechurches belonging to the greater abbies, they felt the drake of the general dif-iolution, and fcarce any had fallen Within his obfervation, or were, he believedextant Thole we meet with for the kings of that race,’ fuch aTlna at Wells’Olric at Glouceder, Sebba and Ethelbert, which were in St. Paul’s, or wherevere fe they occur, were undoubtedly cenotaphs ertdied in later ages, by the l'everalabbies and convents of which they were founders, in gratitude to Jch generou-benefedtors On tins fnbjedt I (hall offer a feW obfevatiohs^

(

Jhe fepukhra! monuments before the Conqued are certainly of dubious au-

’rhC,

t°mc°f

,

k!ng LucIUS* at Wincheller, ought to be left undetermined tillthe reality of the king himfelf be fettled.

That of Ositic, at Ghucejter, confeffedly favors of the eleventh or twelfth cen-tury, more than of the feventh.1 cen

Guthrum, at Hadleigb in Suffolk, lies under an arch terminating in a bouquet

fifteen^ centnrT.

” m°reprete"Ce than i£ had fo chapels of the

The tombs of Anna and his foil Firminus, at Blithburougbi whence theirbones were removed Bury, have been covered with brafs figuref, and more probably belong to Sir John ftopton, temp. Henry VI. and one of the Swillingtons‘ r

.

defc"bes a black marble coffin, which may rather belong to AnnfKing In A, by fome accident or other, has not obtained fo modem a cenotaphbut is faid to he under a plain whitifh coffin-faihioned done in the centre of The

Zy’ ^ ChUrCh he f°Unded ab°at 'he beginning of the eighth cen-

PJgOtK’n'ew Ch'apei at Ghjleniury a very faire foombe of king Edgar, cops

That of Sebba king of the Ead Saxons, 676, in old St. Pants, like its comproves,ohavebeen made—

•' *• "»•- «Aldhelm’s, at Malmejbury, is in a dyle very fuperior to the rudenefs of thefeventh century; and fo is Adored, at Gioucefter, which Mr.

" Wf • Hill, of Dunwich, p. .,4.

• 6„.

Lucius.j

[ xc ]

Lucius, thefirft Cbriftian king. And Atkyns ’ fays « he lies as if he tod been

laid in a manger : his freeftone figure on a Jhelf tomb, which is only a beautiful

and Angular altar tomb arching forward on pillars. His figure holds a church.

Bifiiop Leofric’s, at Exeter, is coofefiedly of Queen Elizabeth's reign.

What has been miftaken for Harold's tomb at Waltham abbey is the ciftern

of a garden fountain in James the Firft's time.

The current tradition of Waltham is, that the piem of dark grey marble, with

a gaping head between two tritons in bold relief, formerly fixed at the further

end of Mr. Jones’s cellar at the abbey lioufe, fince the demolition ot that

houfe removed to that of fome of the inhabitants, and now, by favour ot Sir

William Wake, baronet, in my poffeflion, belonged to Harold's tomb.

Farmer has engraved a like head, then in his houfe, now fixed in the wall ot a

houfe on the bank, as it is called, formerly inhabited by him, and an lnfcnption

tinder it, which fays it was part of Harold's tomb. Both fragments are in a fiy'.e

too good for Harold’s age. There is nothing in either face charaaertftic of a

tomb. Nor is it likely, or fcarce poffible, that Harold, or any ulher perfon,

fliould have been buried in the place fixed upon by Fuller, which is at leaft as far

Eaft as the whole length of the prefent church, and too far for the choir, or

cartern chapel, of fuch a church as Waltham church, however magnificent it

appears to have been, to have extended. It is therefore moil probable, that thefe

fragments ferved fome other purpofe, and may have been a bafon to a foun-

tain, under which they are faid to have been found. Smith’s dcicription ot

the tomb infinuates, that it was unornamented. Fuller fays it was plain, except

the crofs fleury, the molt ufual ornament of tombs in that age and later,

though Arthur’s had a crofs, if we believe Leland *. Fuller would hardly have

omitted the two faces, had they been there. By his pi/loreti it fhould feem this

coffin-fafhioned monument was raifed from the ground, a circumftance not un-

ufual at that time, or had fome arch work in relief at the fides. Knighton

exprefsly fays > of Harold’s tomb that it was “ tumulatio cum imagine

Mr. Morant fays, Dr. Uvedale, of Enfield, was the laft who faw the tomb at

Waltham mill, which muft have been about fixty years ago. From that

time to the prefent it has never been heard of ;but the fragments here de-

ferred exhibited inftead of it. The account given by Sir Edward Denny of

the difeovery of Harold’s body here on his clearing away the rubbilh

of the abbey, is no more than that his gardiner iound a fione cof-

fin, with a fkeleron, which crumbled to pieces on touching. fuller adds,

that he was buried in the garden, under a leaden fountain, where, in his time,

was a bowling green, which formerly belonged to the carl of Carliile. Ac-

cordingly the fragments in queftion were accompanied with a pedefial of the

fame marble, about fourteen inches fquare and nineteen high, having on two

of the fides two lions rampant againft a wheatfheaf, the cretl of Cecil, and other

ornaments, on the other two fides, and through one of the corners a hole, as

for a pipe. From the particular of the crofs fleuri one might perhaps refer rite

coffin to an abbot. As to the epitaph, Fuller omits it, as not fnffiriently attefted;

perhaps only made by fome rhyming monk, in the abbey-regifter ; a common

practice.

Of the fame legendary caft is the tomb {hewn againft the South wall of the choir

at Cbejler, for that of the emperor Henry IV. who, alter a diffracted reign ot fifty

years, infulted by that wretch pope Gregory VII. who, to fupport an indepen-

dent power of difpofing of ecclefiaftical preferments in his dominions, itirred up

his fubjedis and his own fons againft him, wras at laft formally dethroned, by his

1Hitt. of Glocefterfhire, p. iji.

s

* Itin. III. 85.

ion

fon rterrry V. and befng refuted a lay-prebend’s place in the church of Spirts,

ended his days at Liege, 1106, and was there buried; afterwards dug up, by-

order of pope Palcal II. and left above gtouhd five years, till his fon having in

his turn quarrelled with the pope, caufed him to be depofited in the imperial

Vault at Spires-. Giraldus Cambrenfis 1

is the firft Who tells us he was buried at

Chefter, and Camden copies him* But befides that GiralduS, or his informer*

confounds this emperor with his fon ; he tells a ftoty equally improbable and

falfe of Harold* whom the people of Chefter pretended to have efcaped the

battle of Haftings, and after leading the life of a hermit, ended his days and

was buried among them. It is probable therefore thofe who copied the ftory

from Giraldus ate anfwerable for the confufion of perfons, as thofe who in*

formed him are for burying an emperor of Germany at Chefter, under an altar

tomb adorned with quatrefoils. Browne Willis defcribes his tomb as a u pyramid

on an arch, towering fix or feven yards above the roof of the cloilter or fide aile,

having no other ornaments anfwering if, and feeming as antient as any part of

the church.” He adds, u a ftory goes, in a MS. of one Godelhal % a great man,

dying in this monaftry ;and it is conjectured, this pyramid was erected over his

grave 3.” This does not appear in the South View of the church in his cathedrals

:

but in a South view, by Smith, there is a kind Of Jlone bee-bive,with a door*

towering above the roof, but on the oppoffte fide of the aile to the tomb.

Orc’s, at Abbotjbury, is a cenotaph of any age ; an antidnt coffin of black mar-

ble, with a cover of the fame 4.

The figures called the Saxon kings at Axmmfter ire fome religious of latet

date; and the bones taken up here filled with lead, and preferved in the

fexton’s houfe, till it was burnt a few years ago, have as little pretenfions to

royalty as the fuppofed owners of them had to reality ; for neither the field of

battle, nor the heroes of it, are known.

“ In the North aile at Hexham is a monument in the Wall, in fuch a form as

ufually defigned at the building of churches for founders or great benefactors :

but to what perfonage this belongs is not known, no infignia or infcriptipn re-

maining. It is fuppofed to be the tomb of Alfwold, king of Northumberland*

who was afiaffinated at Cilchefter by Sigga, a factious lord of his court, A. D. 7 88.

I meafured an effigy which lays near this tomb, and found it anfwering exactly in

length. The tomb is formed in an aperture made through the Wall, by an

elegant piece of arched work. The effigy reprefents an ecclefiaftic, with his

hood thrown back to his forehead, his hand elevated, and robed to the feet ; the

folds of the drapery thrown into excellent order, eafy, and elegant 5 .”

In Bofenbam church, Sufiex, is an antient monument, with a female figure

on it, fuppofed to be a daughter of king Canute 6. They might as well fuppofe

it a daughter of Harold.

Aeschwine, or Aeschwt, twelfth biffiop of Dorchefter, from about 98616

about 1000, had “ an image of freeftone that lay on his tomb, as appeared by

the infcription in Leland’s time 7. This may be the defaced figure in freeftond

of an archbilhop, dug up fome years fince in the North aile, and now lying in the

South aile.

* “ Imperatorem Romanum Henricum fe jaflat h*c urbs habere fepultum. Qjji quoniam fuia diebus taih pattern

•• earnalem quam etlam fpiritualem, fummum pohtificem fcil. Pafcalem incarcetaverat, demumpeenitentiaduflus& ultto-

“ nem caul effeflus fanflam in eremo finibus iftis vitain (ut fertur) confummavit.” Thi» double imprifonment of hi* fpU

ritual and temporal father i* true of Henry V. but Henry IV. was but fix years old at the death of bis father.

* Mr. Pennant, Walei, I. 183, fays, the emperor Henry is faid to have “ relided in Godjiall-Lani, in this city.

* Mitr. Ab. I. ajo. 4 Hutchins’* Dorfet, I. J39.* Hutchinfon’i View of Northumberland, 1778. vol.I. 98.

* Newbery’i Defcription of England, IX. 173.

* It. II. JO.

Nothing

[ jx'i ]

Nothing remains of king Sebebt, at IFeftminfter, but the arch und* which

'his'ftorie' doffin was probaldyilejibiited. Tlie beautiful paintings over it arc ac-knowledged to be coteval witli tire foundation of the abbey by Henry in. and byVenue afcribed to Cavallini One cannot lieip lamenting the peculiar hard fateof thefe morceaux. Of the eight whole length figures, that of -Becker, we may be.allured, tell the firit iacrilice. Another has perilhed by the pannel being takenout to make a paflage to feme of the royal family, who wefe feated on this tombat coronations. The reft on the back of the choir have been the fport of idleboys, and are completely fcratched out. The only two perfect ones came tolight in the new mollification of the choir, and happily furnifiied Sir.JofephAyloffe with an opportunity of getting them engraved before they vritVe Unit upagain for ever. 7 hefe are as beautifully engraved as they were drawn, byKir. Eaiire, at the expence of the Society of Antiquaries, for their Vetulta Monu-*mefita.

A fmall whole length figure of a bifhop or abbot, with crofier and mitre itl

the South wail of'rhe nave at Sherborne, lias, from its pure fimplicity, a chanceof being Original.

The like figure of a bifhop in the South wall of the chance] of the Templechurch is afcribed in a MS. note of Browne Willis, in his hiftory of that church,to Sylvefter de EverHon, bifhop of Carlifle, who died 1254, of a fall from amettlefome horfe.

The figure of Ailwin, who founded Ramfty abbey, A. D. 969, is one of theoldeft genuine fepulchral monuments among us, and almoft the only remainsof that rich houfe, where it now lies neglefled in a yard *. It is habited in akind of mantle, hujkins and pileus : the right hand holds two keys and a raggedftaff, the left'lies on the bread : over the top of the Gothic arch over him is areprefehtation of tivo angels carrying off his foul as it rifes from the tombAilwin is ftylcd dukn or ear] of the Eaft Angles, and alderman of all England.The title of A/dmnamms is (hewn by Spelman J to be fynonymous to that of Duxand Cdmei

:

arid "that of Alderman of all England to that of Half King, whichhis father Athelftan field on account of his great influence with the king of thatname *. His epita[ih calls him Coufm to king Edgar : I fuppofe becaufe his mo-Iher Alfwen was that prince's nurfe. On his tomb was this epitaph :

Hie ’requiefeit Aikvmus tnchti vegis Edwtni cognatus** tothis Anglia aldermanus

, et bujus facri ccenobhXi tnirnculoic fundator 5.”

The Cromwells converted the abbey-houfe into a manfion-houfe, and thisfigure was dug out of a pond belonging to it, in the time of Charles II. whencolonel Tittts owned it. The head was broken off in the froft 1 745.

Brithnoth, duke, earl, or alderman, of Northumberland, for fo many dif-ferent titles he bears in the Saxon Chronicle and Annals of Ramfey and Elv, whowas -flam in battle with the Danes, A. D. 991, was buried by the monks of Ely,to whom he had been a great benefactor, in their old conventual church, and(hence removed to the new one, where his bones were lodged with thofe of theireldeft benefadtors, in the North wall of the choir built in the time of Edward theThird, with portraits of them on the face of each recefs. O11 the removal of

* Archxol. I. 37.5Stukeley, Icin. I. 77,

'

* GlofT. in voce.* See Hifl. Ramefeienfis, c

5 Dugd. Bar I. 17.

i* p. 387. Ed. Gale.

the

[xdil ]

the choir they were taken out, and repofited in niches over the tomb of bifliop

Weft in his chapel. The bones of this nobleman had this peculiar circumftance

attending them, that his head being carried away by the victorious Danes, the

monks fupplied its place with a wax one, which was not found on the fecond

removal By the meafure of his thigh bone he is fuppofed to have been fix feet

and a half high \

Athelstan bifliop of Elmham, who died 996, and Ednoth biftiop of Dor-

chefter, flain by the Danes, 916: Wulstan archbilliop of York, who died

1023; Alswin andELFGAR, biftiops of Elmham, 1021.—1029; and Osmunda Swedifh prelate, 1016, were of this party ; and all men of large dimenfions,

being rather more than fix feet high. A MS in Ely library 3 fays, on the firft re-

moval of archbifliop Wulftan, “corpus diftolutum invenerunt ; fed cafulam et

“ pallium auratis fpinulis affixum, cum ftola &. manipula invenerunt, ut mirum“ fuerit tanto temporis fpatio fub putredine corporis potuifle ilia faltem in aliqua

“ fua parte duralfe.” The pin of brals, once gilt, 5-^ths of an inch long, the head

flat or lozenge, adorned on each fide wit9 a different flourifti, was fliewn by

Mr. Bentham to the Society of Antiquaries, June 2, 1777.Giraldus’ account of the finding of Arthur’s body is in his “Speculum Ec-

“ clefiafticum,” where he adds, that the bones were of gigantic proportion, the

tibia being three fingers longer than that of the then abbot, the fpace between

the eyes and forehead a hand’s breadth, and in the head ten wounds, his

death-wound larger than the reft. The leaden crofs (engraved in Camden’s

Britannia) was let into the ftone, the letters next to the ftone. The anonymousmonk of Glaftonbury adds, that the tomb’ of his queen being opened at the fame

time (1 189), her yellow hair was found nicely braided, which fell to pieces onthe touch. It does not appear that thefe corpfes lay between the pyramids

mentioned by Malmsbury 4,or that they had any relation to them. Matthew

Paris, indeed, in Leland’s Aflertio Arturi, p. 54. fays they flood circa farco-

phagum ; but query, if the names fo different in the printed copy and MSS of

Malmesbury had any reference to Arthur, or were thofe of perfons buried in

thefe pyramids, as Malmesbury thinks. William of Worcefter 5 defcribes the

place of Arthur’s burial between two hollow ftone crofies in the churchyard

oppofite the fecond window of the South fide of St. Mary’s chapel [which I take

to be St. Jofeph’s], at the Weft end of the church, and there lies Jofeph of Arima-thea in tinea bifurcata. Edward I. and Queen Eleanor opened the tombs of Arthur

and his Queen, and removed them before the high altar, putting into them an

account of this proceeding, with all the bones, except the fculls.

Leland 6defcribes Arthur’s tomb in the middle of the prefbytery at Glafton-

bury between Edward the elder and Edward Ironfide. On it this epitaph by

abbot Swanfey,

Hie jacet Arturns, jlos regum,gloria regni

,

Sluem mores,probitas, commendant laude perenni.

Lower, at the feet of the tomb :

Arturijacet hie conjux tumulata fecundc.

,

Qua. meruit ccelos virtutum prole fecunda.

1 In the vault with archbifliop Rotheram’s bones at York was found a wooden head, exaftly refembling a barber’*

block, with a flick thruft through the neck to carry it on. This head is a piece of extraordinary fculpture for that age

(the end oi the fifteenth century) ; but whether it be a reprefentation of his own, or of fome titular faint, Mr. Drakecould not determine. He thought it mod probable that it was a refemblance of his own

; for dying of the plague his

body be’ng buried immediately an image was fubftituted inflead of it, for a more grand and folemn interment, of whichthis fcrveil for the head. Drake, p. 447. 480.

* Hid. of Ely, p. 85. Archxol. II, 364. 1 L. II. c. 57.4 Gale, 306. 5 P. 294.

6Itin. III. 85.

2 a

4 Gale, 306. 5 P- 294.

At

[ XC1V ]

At the head this infcription,

Henricus abbas I fuppofe Swanfey, who might make the tomb,

a crucifix at the head, the figure of Arthur at the feet, a crofs on the tomb, two

lions at the head and two at the feet of the tomb, touching the ground

Aldhelm was buried under the high altar at Malmsbury, but the Eait end and

both the tranfepts being ruined at the difiolution, his monument is now fliewn on

the South fide of the prefent altar. It is an altar-tomb of free-ftone, with a re-

cumbent figure, habited in a mantle, with a clofe coat, and on his head a crown

fomewhat refembling the naval crown of the Romans, his hair long and flowing,

his beard curled, a cufliion with two angels under his head, and at it a canopy

broken, as if made of plafter; his hands broken, a lion at his feet.

Mr. Lethieullier goes on to obferve, that c ‘ the period immediately after the

Conqueit was not a time for people to think of fuch memorials for themfelves or

friends. Few could then tell how long the lands they enjoyed would remain

their own;and moll indeed were foon put into the hands of new pofleflors,

who frequently, as we find in Domefday, See. held thirty or forty manors at a

time. All then above the rank of fervants were foldiers ; the fword alone madethe gentleman ; and accordingly, on a ltri<ft enquiry, we fhall meet with few or

no monuments of that age, except for the kings, royal family, or fome few of

the chief nobility and leaders;among which thofe for the Veres earls of Oxford,

at Earis Colne in Eflex, are fome of the molt ancient. And thus 1 imagine it

continued through the troublefome reign of Stephen, and during the confufion

which prevailed while the Barons’ wars fubfifted, and until the 9th of king Ed-

ward III.”

From this opinion I mult beg leave to differ. The tombs of Gundreda coun-

tefs Warren, the Conqueror’s neice, at Lewes;of William de Eincourt, at Lin-

coln, of Billiop Roger, at Salisbury ; of llbert de Chaz, at Monkton Farley,

and many others hereafter deferibed, will ferve to refute it ; and though a con-

currence of various circumftances has thinned the memorials of the eleventh

and twelfth centuries more than thofe of the fucceeding ones, there is no reafon to

doubt that marly more once exifted, perhaps in as great numbers as thole that

came after them.“ In the qth of Edward III. Magna Charta being confirmed, and every man’s

fecurity better ellabliflied, property became more difperfed, manors were in moredivided hands, and the lords of them began to fettle on their polfeflions in the

country. In that age many parifli churches were built ; and it is not improbable

the care of a refting-place for their bodies, and monuments to preferve their

memories, became more general and diffufed.

“ The holy war, and vows of pilgrimage in the holy land, were then efteem-

ed highly meritorious. Knights Templars were received, cherifhed, and en-riched, throughout Europe ; and they being ufually buried crofs-legged % in

token of the banner they fought under, and compleatly armed, in regard to their

being loldiers, this fort of monument grew much in falhion : and though all

which we meet with in that fhape are vulgarly called fo, yet 1 am certain many are

not;and indeed 1 have rarely found any which I could be certain were for per-

form who had been of that order.

“ This religious order of laymen had its rife but in the year 1118. Andin 1134, we find Robert duke of Normandy, foil to William the Conqueror,

\ iilg»i tradition aferihes to Arthur and his Queen two mean altar tombs which have had each an ordinary brafsfigure on each lide of the afeent to the altar in St. John’s church, Glaftonbury. That on thefouth fide has had a womanin a untied head-drvfs, four fiiields with G. a crofs A. between angels, and one fhicld at the feet. The oppofitc tombc: actly uniform with this had the figure of a man.

For this particular we teem to want authority.

3 re-

[ xcv]

reprefented in this fafhion on his tomb at Gloucefter*. Henry Lacy, earl af Lin-coln, was reprefented thus on his fine tomb, which was in St. Paul’s before the

fire of London. And in the Temple church there ftill remain the crois-legged

effigies of William Murlhall earl of Pembroke, who died i 2iq, William his Ion,

who died i 231, and Gilbert, another fon, who died 1241 ; none of whom, I

take foi granted, were of the order of Templars. It thele monuments were de-figned to denote at leait their having been in the Holy Land, yet all who had beenthere did not follow this fafhion

; for Edmond Crouchback, earl of Lancaller, fe-

cond fon to Henry III, had been there; and yet, as appears by his monument,

ftill in being in Weftminfter abbey, is not reprefented crofs-legged. However,it teems to have been a prevailing fafhion till the 6th of Edward II. anno 1312 ;

when, the order of Templars coming to deftrudion, and into the higheft con-tempt, their falhions of all kinds feem to have been totally abolifhed.”

The queftion about crofs-legged figures on tombs is curious and interefting.

Mr. Lethieullier miltakes in faying the legs of Edmond Crouchback are not croft,

as his figure engraved in pi. XXVI. will evince. Among the many effigies of pri-

vate lords of manors negleded and mutilated in our parochial churches, and notalways afcertained, not a few in this attitude befpeak them to have been infededwith that holy rage. To have taken the vow of croifading was enough to befo commemorated, whether they adually went or not. Indeed, as we have fo

much certainty about feveral, on what other principle, without adual evidence,

or to whom but croifaders, can we refer the other figures, whofe legs are

crofted? Mr. Lethieullier’s objedion to Robert de Waleran being a knightTemplar, becaufe he abetted Henry III. in plundering the Templars at Londonis of little weight ; he might be a tool of that prince, who was himfelf a croifa-

der \ Pope Innocent had a trick of abfolving croifaders from their vows for a

little money 3. The crimes alledged as a reafon for fuppreffing the order of

Templars may fairly enough be prefumed againft certain individuals of the order.But it is by no means neceflary that thefe parties fo reprefented were of the

Order of the Templars, whofe vow enjoined celibacy, and thele figures haveneither the habit nor badge of the order. Not any particular order there-fore, but the vow of going to the holy land, either on a croilade or pilgrimage,is the objed in queftion. And on this laft account only can we fuppofe a

lady of the family of Mepham to be fo reprefented, as well as her husband, ina tomb in a chapel adjoining to the once collegiate church of Howden in York-fhire 4

. I do not recoiled a church belonging to any place where there was a pre-ceptory of this order now remaining with their monuments except in London.Dr. Salmon fays, “The Benfted at Bennington, c. Herts, is not to be fuppofeda Knight ‘Templar from the pofture, for he has no fiiield. Befide, though it bepoffible his wife was dead when he entered into the order, there is I believe noinftance to be found of a woman in the fame monument. There are examplesof crofs legged figures which are known not to have been either Templars norHofpitalars. In a niche of Tenbury church, in Shropfhire, lies a child crofs-

leggcd, luppofed to be a fon of lord Arundel 5 .” If the above arguments werewell founded they would greatly favour what I take to be the moft probablehypothefis, that the crofting of the legs was a badge of a croifaders and not ofeither ot the military orders. There is another inftance of a lady on the fametomb with her crofs-legged husband in the monument of Sir Fulk Fitz Warinone of the Knights of the Garter, 34 Edward I. in the chancel at Wantage,c. Berks, which is determined by the arms and other circumftances though theinfcription is gone. He died 23 Edward III

6.

‘ He was a leader in the firft crufade, 1096. * Rapin, III. 370. 3 lb. 181.

INadi's Worcerterdi. I. 31. * Herts, p. 196.Afhmnle, II. 229. Mr. Aflimole does not exprefs the circumltance of croffing the legs, but his drawing in tha

Heralds college docs.0 a

^Ja.s-1

'Neither does it follow, that perfons who had been of the order, or engaged

in the huly war, would decline the diftincftion on their tombs, even after the

fupprelfion of the order, or the ceffation of the croifades, which happened

forty years before Sir Robert de Eois is reprefented crofs- legged % though he

died within a year of the firft of thefe events, which we cannot fuppofe him

ignorant of, it having taken place in France before it happened in Eng-

land, 1312. Aymer de Valence, who died 1323, eleven years after the fup-

preflion, is reprefented crofs-legged 3; fo is one of the Benfteds, whom I fup-

pofed to have died at the fame time 4; and John Sturmy, who is crofs-leggeb at

Tenbury, may have lived to as late a period 5. John of Eltham, the fon of

the king who fuppreft the order, has his legs croft on his monument erebted

1 3346

: fo has Robert de Hungerford, 1 3547,which is no proof of the monu-

ment being erebted in his life-time; a prabtice of which no inftance has occur-

red to me. So has one of the Hufleys, at Flintham, c. Nottingham, where his

family had not pofieflion before 8 Edward 1118

;and one in Cromhall church, c.

Gloucefter, afcribed to a Ligon, of which family George lived in the reign of

Richard II. and Richard in that of Henry IV 9. This has lince been built into the

wall. The crols-legged figure in Cubberley church, c. Gloucefter, belongs to

fome of the Berkleys, of whom Sir Thomas held the manor 8 Edward III. 1335.and his fon Thomas 6 Henry IV ,0

. It feems more certain that the like figure in

Downe Amney church, in the fame county, bearing on his fliield a crofs of St.

George charged with five efcallops belongs to Nicholas de Villers or Valers, whoheld the manor 15 Edward I. and was in the Holy War, 1268, when, Mr. Rud-der lays ", he relinquifhed his paternal coat, S. 3 cinqfoils A. for the other, which

was the antient badge of the Croifes 1 *. Of this laft figure Sir Robert Atkins 13

fays, “the man lieth like a Knight Templar.” This church belonged to the Knights

Templars. The figure at Alvechurch, c. Worcefterlhire, may belong to either

Thomas or John Blanchfront, the former of whom lived in the reign of Henry III.

or Edward I. the latter is mentioned in a deed 2 iEdward III' 4

. In Aldworth church,

Berks, are four crofs-legged figures of the Beches, of which family the firft onrecord lived in the reign of Edward II. the laft in that of his fon 1S

.

Mr. Hutchins, fuppofing fuch figures not to have exceeded the croifades,

Imagines the two crofs-legged figures in St. Peter’s church Dorchefter older

than the Chidiocks, who founded the priory there about 38 Edward III'6, to

whom Mr. Coker afcribed them. One in the chancel of Winborn St. Giles be-

longed to the Malmaynes, lords there temp. Henry I. or the Plecys, who held the

manor during the reigns of Edward II. and III,7

. One at Stoke Gaylard, to

Ingelram Walleys, temp. Edward I. the firft known lord after the Conqueft ,s.

Mr. Blomefield afcribes the figure in South Acre church, Norfolk, to Eudo Arlick,

the firft of the name, who lived in the reign of Henry I‘ 9

. Of the three antient

figures in the window fills of Hitchin church*0, laid to be brought from Temple

JDinlley Preceptory adjoining, only one has its legs croft. Thefe are a few of the

many inllances that might be alledged of figures retaining the crofs-legged atti-

tudes •after the Croifades, and fupprelfion of the order.

I doubt not more inftances might be produced of crofs-legged figures ontombs during the remainder of the 14th century. There are but fix fuch figures

in the whole county of Warwick;nor more in that of Nottingham ; twelve in

GloucefterHi ire, nine in Berks : but only one in Norfolk.

No fubfequetit attempt to raife a croif.tde fucceeded. Sir Walter Malbyfle of Acafler Malbyfle, c. York, mortgagedhis eflate there to William Fairfax of Scalton, 1366, to raife money for a croifadc, the eflate to remain to Fairfax’s fonF chard if he did not return. He died the fame year.

’ Seep. 83. 1 Pl.xxix. xxx.'

‘P.91. » Nadi’s Worcefterfli. II. 418. 420.^Pl. xxxi. xxxiii. 7 p. 107. * Thoroton, p. 135. * Rudder, 397 Nadi's Worceft. II. ti8.

Rudder, 399.11

P. 416. 11I doubt this is a miflaftc for the_/S«f/f tfcallop, that being the badge of pilgrims.

.

'

' P- -to. 14 Nath's Wu: cclterfhire, I. 3.. *» Dugd. Bar. II. 127.- Durfeh I, 389, *» ib. n. 219.

13lb. 230. 19

III. 416.10 Salmon, Herts, p. 164.

In

Ill the North aile at Eaftwick is a fine figure, in dark grey marble, on a coffin-faihioned ftone, with many mouldings

; the pews conceal his legs, but Salmon ‘

calls him a Templar, and he may be Richard de Tliany, or his foil Richardlords of this manor, in the reign of Henry III. or Edward I.

I obferve here enpajfant, that feveral perfons went to the Croifade as proxiesfor others, and yet it flrould feem their coniiituents are reprefented crofs leogedSuch was Hugh Travers foil of Simon de Auvrington, who went for WilliamStaunton ot Staunton, c. Nottingham; and yet both probably are reprefented bythe two figures in that attitude in Stanton church’.

'

The crofs-legged figure is rarely met with on bralfes. I recollefl but three.One is a Trumpington, in Trumpington church, Cambridgelhire, whofe arms'are in the window at Hilburgh, Norfolk >. The others, two knights at Gorleftonand Aflon, Suffolk. If thefe are not admitted as late fpecimens of the attitude theymuft be early ones of the material.

’ J

“ To thefe Mr. Lethieullier thinks fucceed the table tomb, with figures cum-bent Oil it, with their hands joined in a praying polfure, fometimes with a richcanopy of ftone over them, fometimes without it

; and again, the more plainwithout any figures. Round the edge of thefe for the mol part were inferip-tions on brafs plates, which are now too frequently deftroyed.”

Mr. Lethieullier is certainly miftaken in his date of the table tomb with figurescumbent on it, if he thinks it pofterior to the crofs-legged figures

; for the infiances of thofe very figures before mentioned all lie on table-tombs, though all thetables are not rafted on altars. Rut the whole wording of the paffage is incorredlNeither the praying pofturc of the hands, nor the prefence or abfence of the ftonecanopy or figures, or inferiptions on brafs plates, were peculiar to the mra herealigned them ; hut prior to it.

The figures emboft,. or carved in low relief, on the lids of coffins, were thefirft attempt at the cumbent figure. Such an one Mr. Blomefield deferibes in thechurchyard of Neaon, Norfolk, the effigy of a lady in an antique drefs, withoutfhield or mfeription. Such are the half-lengths in Brandon churchyard, Suffolkand three in Notgrove churchyard, c. Gloucefter h But thefe kind of partial’figures are not always of the higheft antiquity. A lady of the Bracebridge fa-mily is reprefented only by a head in a quatrefoil, on a flab at Kinglbury c.Warwick 6

. A knight and lady at Stoke Rochford, c. Lincoln, only to the middleSuch too are the monuments within the walls of Lichfield cathedral, “ ofaraoltfrugal nature, having no appearance of any part but the head and feet V>A curious queftion arifes here how far the effigies on tombs are to be confidered

as portraits. That this is the cafe on our regal monuments there feemsno doubt. They difcover a fuperiority of ftyle which befpeaks refemblance.This may hold alfo with refpeift to particular monuments of lords or prelatesafter the thirteenth century. Dr. Stukeley thought all the ftatues of QueenEleanor copies of each other, and of her real features. The fame may be faidof many elegant ftatues on the fronts or fides of churches

; and Hearne affirmsthe Virgin Mary was copied from the queens of the time. But before that timethe knights, the crufaders, the abbots, and the bifliops, are too uniform and rudeto mean any thing more than a human figure.

‘ Herts> P- * 55-

3 lllomet. III. 439.4 Rudder, 583.T Pennant’s Journey from Cliefter, p. 108* Pref. to Guil, N’cub. p.

1Thoroton, p. 156. 16c.

* III. 396.* Dugdale’s Warwicklh. p. ;6j.

bb Among

1 [ xcviii ]

Among Piranefi’s“ Vafi e Candelabri,” is a curious fepulchral monument of

an oblong form, with the figures of a man and woman half recumbent as on a

feat in a triclinium, furrounded by a border or battlement : on the fides of the

tomb in four and two compartments or arches, the labours of Hercules. This

may be one of the oldeft altar-tombs. The pofture is not uncommon on the

funeral monuments of the Greeks and Romans.

How much more natural is the old cumbent attitude reprefenting the body as

actually laid in a tomb below than the varied attitudes of modern times, which

teem to fuppofe the party reanimated, or never dead !

The materials of thefe figures was ftone, of various kinds : freeftone, alabafter,

Purbeck, Sullex, or other marbles. Abbe Winkelman oblerves of the antient 11a-

tues that as alabafter was too hard to make the whole figures of, the extremities

were generally of bronze. There is but one head (or rather one face of it, for

the hinder part is wanting) at Rome, and that is a head of Adrian. Of whole

figures we have only three Dianas and the fine Torfo in armour, now at St. Ilde-

fonfo in Spain ; the head and arms of this laft are of bronze gilt. There are alio

fome Hermes and fome bulls ’. England abounds with ilatues of alabafter ;thole

t

of various marbles feem to have grown into difufe after the thirteenth century ;

and as their fubftance was originally in many inftances concealed by gorgeous

paintings, in later times all is confounded by the plafterer’s brufti ’. The figures

of Sir John Davis, knight banneret, who died 1625, and his two wives, in

Pangborn church, Berks, are all carved out of chalk. In the will of Sir William

Manwaring, of Chcfhire, knight, dated 1394, he orders a piBure of alabafter

to cover his tomb in Acton church ’. By a like mifnomer the ftatue of George I.

in the High Street, Gloucefter, is to this day called the king’s piBure. William

Wilbraham applies this term to a brafs plate on a fiab, to he laid over him and

his wife in the fame church. That of William Tufton of Adlon ', at Northamp-

ton, is called in his will bis fiS/ure s. Thomas Stanley earl of Derby, in his

will, [504, mentions the perfonages which he had caufed to be made for his

anceftors6.

f igures in wood are of various ages, and not fo uncommon as at firft

imagined. Perhaps one of the oldeft was that of bilhop Caducan in Dore abbey,

c. Hereford. The next may be Robert Curthol'e, in Gloucefter cathedral, 1134.

though Leland ’ fays his figure was made long fince his death. Two at Dan-

bury, c. Effex, referred by Mr. Morant !to the St. Cleres in the reign of

Stephen ; William de Mefting founder of Mefifmg church, in the fame county ;

a knight in Buers church, Suffolk ; Bois at Fersfield, Bardolph at Banham,

Sir Roger Harfick, firft of that fumarne, at South Acre ’, all in Norfolk. William

Valence earl of Pembroke, at Weftminfter, has both a tomb and figure of wood,

while the wooden figures of William Longefpee earl of Salilbury at Salisbury,

and archbilhop Peckham at Canterbury, lie on ftone tombs. There is one

with a lady at Sparlholt, c. Berks ", and a lady in Engleficld church in the

* Hilt.de I’Art.

* The occafional decoration of our pprilh churches, and, I am forry to add, our cathedrals, is a terrible enemy to

the remains of antiquity;though it mull be confcfled, whitewafhing has preferved feveral valuable ones from the rage of

fanaticifro. In the aummn of 17S4 Mr. Old and myfelf refeued fome of the fineft reliefs on a font at Baddingham in

Suffolk, and an inlcription round the foot of another at Stradbrook, in the fame county, from the plaller and flime which

•had covered and .filled them up.

7 It. IV. 171.6 Mr. Morant too hailily concluded the ftatuc of Robert Vere at Hatfield Broad Oak was of wood.

* Weever (p. 8t ; ) has confounded rliis Roger with his defeendant and namefake who lived in the reigns of Henry V

.

and VI. and was buried under an altar-tomb formerly adorned with brafles on the North fide of the chancel at South

Acre, whereas this wooden' figure really lies under the South wall of the chancel. Hence Mr. Blomcfield conjc£lures.

Chat “ his colleAion was not made by his own view, but. taken on truft and as it was ignorantly communicated to him.”

Nort. III. 41S.‘° Align. II. ao6.

Collins’s Peerage, II. 349.

lb. p. a3 .

Dugd. Bar. II. 249.

lame

[ xcix ]

fame county William Delapole earl of Suffolk, 1389, and his lady, at Wing*

field in Suffolk; and a knight and lady at Heveningham, in the fame county, are

all made of wood, and hollow as the figure of Bois ; whence it is plain that

wooden figures did not ferve as covers to coffins, however ftone ones might.

Among crofs-legged figures of the fame material we may reckon one at Aber-

gavenny ; one in St. Mary Overy's church, Southwark; one at Burfield, Bents 1;

It was not till the 14th century, I believe, that the whole monument, canopy*

and figures, were made of oak, as of Sir Culpeper and lady, at

Godehurft> Kent; and Henry Neville earl of Weftmorland, who died 1564,

5 Elizabeth, with his two wives, at Staindrop, c. Durham. The maker of this

laid is recorded on the ledge, John Starbottom 3.

Bronze, or copper plain or gilt, was too coftly a material for common ufe in fla-

mes; and hence we find the wooden figure of William Valence earl of Pembroke

only plated with.it. Godwin deferibes the tomb of biffiopGroflhead, who died 1254,

as having an image of brafs over it 4. Whether by this he means a ftatue or in-

laid figure (moil probably the latter) cannot now be determined, for the flab which

probably refted on pillars, or an altar, is gone 5.

The firft inftance of a brafs ftatue among us is that of Henry III. himfelf

;

thefecond his daughter-in-law, queen Eleanor, who had two 6

,one at Weftmin-

fter and one at Lincoln : whence it may be no improbable conjecture, that mo-

numental braffes among us owe their introduction to the improved ftate of the

arts at that time.

Peter de Dreux, duke of Bretagne and earl of Richmond, who died 1250, and

was buried in the church of St. Yvedde Braine, is there reprefented in relief, on

his tomb of copper 7.

We are told that Henry III. caufed a figure of his daughter Catharine, who

died 1257, to be made of filver.

Gilbert Clare the firft earl of Gloucefter, who died 14 Henry III. had an image

of filver on his tomb in Tewkfbury choir 8.

Queen Katherine caufed to be fet up for her confort, Plenry V. a ftatue co-

vered all over with lilver plate gilded, “ the head whereof was all of mafly filver 9 ,”

and confequently foon ftolen.

It is not eafy to account for feveral figures of fmaller proportion than ordinary

which one meets with in fome churches. In the North wall ot the church at

Pirton, c. Herts, is a low fmall arch, which may have been for the founder,

as there is at Anlly in the fame county, where he lies in a fort of miniature,

at half the bignefs of a man io. In the South aile of this latter church is a very

old ftone with the effigies of a man in a very grave habit, lefs than the life, which

is faid to be for Richard de Aneftie, who built the church in the reign of Hen-

ry III”. To thefe add the three figures in the window fills of Berkeley church,

Gloucefterfhire11

;whether intended for incumbents or younger branches of the

Berkeley family. In the church of Mapowder, Dorfet, is another figure of al-

molt infantine proportion 13; and on the window frame at Botsford ftands a lit—

* lb. I. 30.

n the Antiquarian Repertory, I.

' Afhmole, I. 26.

3 This monument is wretchedly

4 £ng:i(h ed. 1601. p. 240.s See PI. XVI. where it is reprefented agreeable to Mr. Eflex’s-idea of it

of Dean Langton at York.6 Richard I. had two ftatues : one over his body at Fontcvraud, the other over his heart

Alon. de la Mon. Fr. II. 114.

» en bop furfa tombe de cuivre, Montfaucon, Mon. de la Mon. Franc. II. p. 164. pi. xxx. f.

brafs or copper figures from plates of the fame metals, by calling the former “ tombes dee

“ fig'

!4&.

iginal flate, and thus it will refemble that

n. Montfaucon,

He feems to difiinguiflt

•re,” and the latter only

1 Ltland, It. VI. 98.'° Salmon, Herts, p. 1;

'1 Hutchins, 11. 268.

9 Weevet1

lb.P- 474i

!94-

tie

[ e ]

tie figure of fpeckled marble, about eighteen inches high, of a knight in com-plete mail and mantle : his hands joined, and his fhield on his left arm • hislegs broken off; under his head a cufhion. Or. Nafli defcril.es anotherm the chancel at Tenbury, c. Worcefler, the figure of a child in compleatarmour and a furcoat ; between his hands, which are raifed on his breafta large heart, his legs croffed, and at his feet a talbot. This may have beena Ton of John Sturmy the croifader, and have followed his father under aecIn the South aile at Long Witton, Berks, is a croft-legged figure, three quartersfixed in the wall *. There is another filch figure, but not croft-legged, inFrampton church, in the fame county, which Mr. Hutchins > is for referring tothe infant fon of Mr. Coker, in the lad century, under whofe monument it is

ofk °f higher anti 'luit)r - AmonS the monuments

of the Veres a Earl s Coin priory, Weever « defcribes “ a little monument ofalahafter, on which is the image of one in a gown with a purffe hanging at hisgirdle: he ism length about four feet.”

s s

The effigies of William of Windfor and Blanche de la Tour, children of Ed-ward III who died infants, are the only figures among us that bear any propor-on to the fm all natural fize. P. Montfaucon obferves, that in France it wasliotuncommon to reprefent children as of full proportion s

“ At the fame time, continues Mr. Lethieullier, came in common ufethehumhlegrave-llone la,d flat with the pavement, fometimes with an ir.fcription cut roundthe border of the ftone, fometimes enriched with coffly plates of brafs. But eitheravanee or an over-zealous averfion to fome words in the infcription, has robbedmoll of theft: Hones of the brafs which adorned them, and left the left room forcertainty when this faflnon began. Earlier than the 14th century I have feen or readof very few; andtowards thebeginningofthatlam apt tothink they were hut fearceOne I think was produced at the Society of Antiquaries lafl year Ti 77 il dated

in St° Paul’s f R*177 be glad °f 3 forther certainT- Weever mentions one

in He M |e'Tp°rt’^ 1 3 1

7

’ and «ives another at Berkhamfleadm Hertfordlhire, which, by miftake, he dates 1306, the true date being 1 , q 66

Upon the whole, where we have not a pofitive date, I fhould hardly guefs anyhraft plate I met with to be older than 1350, and few fo old; hut frfm abmtt1380 they grew in common ufe, and remained fo even to king James the Firffsmie. Only after the reign of Edward the Sixth, we find theXd GothftWe

verftllfllttei”0 r°Und han<1

’ andthei,hrafe ^ateproanima uni-

nfgraveft0ne

'With and without the infcription inlaid in brafs, is alfoof higher ant,qmty than Mr. Lethieullier afcribes to it. We have inflan es of itm the ^century. The capita! letters, whether Saxon, or Gothic, or a miKture°

h ?h’ °7“ a

n°

Ut 6 d°re °f that century> and continue through the reigns ofthe three Edwards at eafl. Thefe letters were cut deep in the lone, anXbraftLad poured into them, which having been picked or worn out, the cavities

nd eifewhem mI'

B

l Tu™ " ^ HertfXCetlewhere. Mr. Blomfield gives one in North Pickenham church, forrgaret Wanton, wno died in the reign of Edward II ’. The oklefl infcription

'7777 h

rD“n

YT°n

’ Whodiedla 79 > ^ of this fort undated*.

NeueXl afhf 1!Cdf0r!,

’ Wh° “'"Pleated the foundation ofNewenham abbey near Bedford, and died before 9 John, izo8>, was buried

* VVorceflerfh. H. 4:0. Thisand calls it a Ion of lord Arundel.

2Afhro. I. 7o.

s Mon. de la monarch. Fr. II.0 See another inflame of his Inc

ne, with that mentioned before p. xcv. from Salmon, who place, i, i„ Shropfti,,

1 N(.* Dugd. Bar. I. 223.

p. 160. 16:. pi. xxvii. 4. xxviii.eorrectnefs in hlomeficld, II. 62 c.

Drake, 474.i

before

C ci]

before the high alter in St. Paul's church at Bedford, « with this epitaphtegraven in brafs, and fet on a flat marble Hone.

De Bello campo jacet hiefub marmore Simon

fundator de Newenbam

Which infeription feems to have remained in Leland’s time. Richard de Berkvneabbot of Weltminfter, who died 1246, had a flab inlaid with his figure in ponti-Jicahbus, and an infeription on the ledge in brafs, the traces of which are ftill tobe feen on the flone now lying in the area at the foot of the fteps ofHenry VU’schapel \

I lay no ftrefs on the piBure inlaid with braffe of Gilbert Crifpin abbot ofWeftmmfter, who died 1 1 14, though feen and deferibed by Weever S which Ifufpea to be of later manufacture. Nor on that which Mr. Bridges inaccuratelyafenbed to Wilham Rowel, 1222, fince there is every evidence to convince meit bears date 1351. Nor on the brafs figure fuppofed to have reprefentedifabel counters of Cornwall and Glouceiter, who died before 1 243, and was buriedin Beaulieu abbey, though I have engraved it pi. XIV. There has been a brafsoofs, &c. inlaid on the tomb of Robert Bingham biflrop of Salisbury, who died12 47 i and on the (lab affigned by Mr. Dart to Roger de Wendover biihop ofRochefter, who died 1250.

Whether the letters of biihop Gravefend’s infeription, 1279, were inlaid withmetal, or only cut as deep as Prior Bafyng’s at Winchefter, 1284, is uncer-tain ; but marks of fuch inlaying may be ftill feen on the flab of William deLuda, biihop of Ely, who died 1298. Elias de Bekingham, who died after27 Edward I. had both his figure and infeription inlaid in brafs in Botefhamchurch. Mr. Lethieullier himfelf obferves, that the pompous marble which liesover Nicholas Longefpee, who died bifliop of Salilbury [1297], and appears tohave been richly plated, though the brafs is now gone, is one of the moft remark-able of that kind that he had met with.

“ Ela countes of Warwick, a woman of a very great riches and nobilite, lyithe“ blll ied at the hetk>e of the tumbe of Henry Oilley, undre a very fair flat mar-“ ble, in the habit of a woves

[vowefs or nun] graven yn a coper plate? faysLeland 4

, who fpeaks as an eye-witnefs. She died 1300. This I had cited 1 asone of the earlieft inftances of brafs plates, which I had added inadvertently wereprobably juft introduced about this time. Mr. Rudder gives one in Badmintonchurch for Ralph Botiler lord of Badminton, who died 3 Edward I. 1275, on agrey marble flab inlaid with brafs the figure of two knights, a flrield with a lionrampant, and round the edge Ralph Botiler, miles, dominus . . .

6. Thomas de

Corbridge, archbilhop of York, who died 1303, had a brafs figure on his flabat Southwell, long ago torn off 7

. Weever faw the brafs epitaph on the tomb ofWalter Wenlok abbot of Wellminfter, who died 1307 s

.

The authorities above recited aflign an early date to brafs figures, and by thebeginning of the 14th century they were become fo common that in 1308 il

canon of Hereford could afford a very liandfome one, though it is ftill the oldefi:fepulchral brafs, now intire and well preferved, that I have feen. A bifliop ofSalilbury, whom I fuppofe Mortival, who died 1329, was content with a crofsinlaid in brafs ». If the vergers are right in giving this tomb to bifliop Roger,brafs inlaying will be 150 years older.

" Lei- It- II- 19. Dugd.Bar. I. 73.* Leland, It. I. 1

1 7. VIII, 71.’ See p. 100. 4

P. 1J77 Drake, 431.. • P. 486.9 See p. 32.

* Dart. xv. s Pt ^ 7 .

C C The

[ c!i ]

The feeond arclibifliop of York that had braffes was Melton, 1340 We haVft

feen that of Curtlington, at Weftm inher, 1331, was not one of the oldeft abba-

tial braffes. How taft luch memorials multiplied among all ranks from this

period appears by innumerable inftances.

Thomas de Cailey, cedtor of Weft Bradenham, Norfolk, from 1318 to 1324,

has a brafs in the chancel there : his head in a quatrefoil on a crols with fome-

thing at the feet of it. The infeription in capitals round the rim :

Continet. haec. foffa. T,'borne, nunc, corpus, el. offa.

DCclefie. retlor. bujus. extitit. atq. protestor.

Gratia, quefo. Dei propitietur. ei \

William de Neuport, prebendary of Credington and Wells, and redtor of

Redenhale in Norfolk, had one, 1326, with his figure and an infeription in

antient capitals 3.

William Ernald, redfor of Carleton Rode in the fame county, has in the chan-

cel there his effigies in brafs, in his prieft’s habit, in his deJk, with a book

lying and a crofs ftanding before him 4.

Mr. Blomefield delcribes 5 a flab robbed of its braffes at Strandon for Sir Roger de

Bourne, who died 1331. Sir William Bernak’s death is dated 1334, on a brafs

in Hetherfet church, Norfolk, and that of his lady 13416

. That of Sir HughHaftings, at Elfyng in the fame county 7

,is referred to about 1347 : thofe of

Robert Egglesfield, founder of Queen’s college, Oxford 8

, of Walter Stutelie,

redtor of Eaft Dereham, Norfolk % and of Margaret Torrington, at Great Berk-

hamfted lc

, are but two years later, fuppofing the monuments to be coaeval with

theic dates. As alfo that of Sir Edmund llley, knight, who died 1349, and his

wife, with a French infeription, in Holme Hale church, Norfolk 11. One between

1349 and 1362, atFouldon, Norfolk, has thisfhort epitaph, like Venerable Bede’s.

I-Iic funt in foffa

Caro "Thome Palmer ojfa

The next to thefe is that of Sir Robert Buers at Adton in Suffolk, 1361 ; and

from this period they multiplied fo faft that fcveral at Lynne are in the higheft

ftate of finilhing. Perhaps the intercourfe with the continent by this port peopled

the county of Norfolk with fo many more and finer than one meets with in

other counties. The fame reafon may be affigned for the coftly braffes among

the clothiers in Gloucefterihire.

In Great Hadham church, c. Herts, is a plain brafs plate inferibed,

|&r:'C5 pur Palme 2!!b?.n jStonc Be pasljtn.

No fuch perfon occurs in Newcourt’s lift of redlors of this church, unlefs wefhould fuppofe Alanus de Fen, who was here from 1372 to 1382, to be meant

by it. Simon Flambard, another redtor, unknown to Newcourt, is commemo-rated on the verge of an old ftone in the fame chancel n

.

Mr. Lethieullicr miftakes Weever’s account of Richard Newport’s monument,in old St. Paul’s. He calls it

14 a little monument, not a brafs plate, and fays it

belonged to bijbop Newport.

1

Blomef. III. 242.' Drake. p. 433.4 Blomef. III. p 83.6 The infeription was loft when Mr. Blomficld wre

“ Obitus Domini Willi de Bernak m° ccc“ Obitus Dominc Alicie de Bernak m° ccc

7 See p. 98.* PI xxxvi. p. 102. » Blomef. V. 187.“

Xb. 111. 382. ‘i Seep. 78.

J Blomef. III. 459.

e ;but he fays it was

xxxix vi° mentis Aprilis.

xli3xii' die Aprilis m. 21

*° Salmon, Herts, 126.11

Blomef. III. 369.

[ ciii ^

Sir John Faftolfe wills for his mother in Attleburgh church a marble ftone ofconvenient length, with an image of laten [brafs] according to her degree,

with a fcripture of the day, and then of her obiit, with four efcocheons, three

of her husbands, Mortimer, Faftolf, and Farewell, and the fourth of heranceftors’ arms '.

Many of our old brafles bear the mark of rich enamelling in various colours :

the traces remain ftrong on one laid on a raifed tomb in Broxborn church, Herts,

and more faintly on that of Sir Miles Stapleton in Ingham chancel, Norfolk.

On the floor of the Wynne vault at Llanrwft are three fquare brafs plates,

of the lize of the paving ftones, beautifully engraved by Sylvanus Grew andWilliam Vaughan, in memory of Sir John Wynne, of Gwedir, knight andbaronet, 1620, whofe fon Richard founded the chapel.

Lady Sidney Wynne wife of Sir John Wynne of Gwedir, knight and baro-net, 1632.

Owen Wynne of Gwedir, their third fon, 1660.

Againft the Eaft wall is a brafs plate with a lady three quarters Handing in

a praying pofture, reprefenting Sarah wife of Sir Richard Wynne, who died

1671. This by Vaughan is celebrated by Mr. Pennant aas far the moft beau-

tiful piece of engraving he ever faw.

Oppofite to this on the Weft wall is another brafs plate, with a lady kneel-

ing, for Mary Martyn, eldelt daughter of Sir John Wynne, who died 1653 ;put

up by his fecond fon, 1 658.

A fixth brafs plate has a lady in a veil, half length, praying ; Catharine Lewis,1660. All thefe have inferiptions in Roman capitals

; and arms.

Brafs plates occur fo late as 1 702, for John Somers, at Cerne, c. Dorfet. Andeven in this century, for the learned Jeremiah Marxland, in Dorking church,

1776.On the continent we meet with brafles bearing as early a date, or at leaft com-

memorating perfons who died at as early a period, as in our own country 3.

The inftances of figures cut in the flab, and not inlaid with metal, nor alwaysblacked, are not uncommon : fuch are Adam Fraraton, in Wyberton church,Lincolnlllire, 1315 4

; lady Delamare, in Hereford library, 1421; John Gyfe,

1479, at Elmore, c. Glolicefter 5; William de Tracy reftor of Morthoe, Devon,

1322 6: or *mly the letters thus cut round the edge between a border of double

lines, as frequently for redtors ; e. g. at Dedham, c. Suffolk; or citizens, See. as

in the parochial and cathedral churches at Lincoln; John prior of Ranton, c. Staf-

ford, and abbot of Dorchefter, who died 1518, at Dorchefter, c. Oxford;an

abbot at St. Albans by duke Humphry’s monument : a mutulated epitaph, dated

15 . • in the chancel at Little Wymondley, c. Herts.

1Blomef. V. 1550. * Wales, IT. r44.

3 A plate nl copper enamelled, fixed againft the fecond pillar, near the fereen in the nave of the cathedral church o£St.Julien at Mans, 2^ inches high by long, exhibits the figure of

Gctfroi le bel Comte dc Maine, fils de Faulques, Comte d'Anjou tt du Maine, yui mountt le 7 Sept. 1150.

Over his head thefe lines,

Enfe too princcpsp edonum turba fugatur

,

Eccleftifijtte quits pace •vigente datur

On his fliield his arms, 8 lioncels rampant.

Engraved in Montfaucon’s Monumens, vol. II. pi. XII. fig. 7. from Hid. des eveques de Mans per Courvaificr,Pari 1648. p. 444. 4

0tire du Cabinet de M. Clairambault.

A beautiful coloured drawing of this is in the Society of Antiquaries Library.A fecond inftance, and perhaps more coaival with the perfon whom it reprefents, is that of Robert de Suzane, King at

Arms, in the reign of St. Louis, who died 1260, and was buried in a chapel of the abbey of Mount St. Quintin. Mont-faucon calls the epitaph one of the moft curious to peffons who are fond of fuch kind of antiquities, and has engraved it

in his fecond volume, plate xxix.

Margaret, Queen of France; confort of St. Louis, who died 1295, has a ton>b plated with brafs in the choir ofSt. Denys. Fdibien, Hill, dc l’abbaie de St. Denys, p. 554 and plan.

* P* 89. s Rudder, p. 440. 6 P, 40,

Mr,

Mr. Lethieullier goes on :

“ Towards the latter end of the fourteenth century a cuftom prevailed like-

wife of putting the infcriptions in French, and not Latin. Of thefe I have feen

and read many; but they are generally from 1350 to 1400, and very rarely

afterwards. John-Stow has indeed prcferved two, which were in St. Martin’s in

the Vintry, dated 1310 and 1 3 1 1 ; but I have feen no others l'o early.”

Here again I am lorry to differ from fo relpedtable authority. The epitaph

of Robert de-Vere at Hatfield Broad Oak, 1221; of Henry III. 1272; QueenEleanor, 1290; Urien de St. Pierre, 1295; John Warren earl of Surrey, 1304;Adam de Framton, 1325, are a few in fiances, produced in their leveral places,

out of many more that might be found. At the fame time it muff be oblerved,

that as the majority ol thefe are for the laity, it is probable the clergy and religious

preferred Latin, as their more familiar idiom.

Mr. Lethieullier feems to have mifiaken Stowe’s words;

for he only fays ',

“ that Sir John Gifors, mayor of London 13 11, lay buried in this church; and

that in St. James, Garlickhithe, Robert Gabeter, efq. mayor of Newcaftlempon-Tyne, 1310, had a monument*.”

Mr. Lethieullier adds, “ The late editor of the Antiquities of Weftminfter [bywhom I fuppofe Mr. Dart is meant] affirms (from what authority I know not)

that ftone coffins were never or rarely ufed after the thirteenth century. If this

he true, we have an cera from whence to go upwards in fearch of any of thofe

monuments, where the ftone coffin appears, as it frequently does.”

“As Grecian architecture had a little dawning in Edward the Sixth’s time, andmade a farther progrefs in the three fucceeding reigns, we find in the great

number of monuments which were then ereefted the fmall column introduced

with its bafe and capital, fometimes fupporting an arch, fometimes an archi-

trave ; but every where mixed with them you will obferve a vaft deal of theGothick ornaments retained : as fmall fpires, ill-carved images, fmall fquarerofes, and other foliage painted and gilt

;which fufficiently denote the age

which made them, though no infcriptions are left.”

The fame fentiment is fo happily exprefled by Mr. Walpole that I cannot for-

bear tranferibing his words.

“ It is certain that the Gothic tafte remained in vogue till towards the latter

end of the reign of Henry VIII. His father’s chapel at Weftminfter is entirely

of that manner. So is Wolfey’s tomb-houfe at Windfor. But foon after theGrecian ftyle was introduced, and no wonder when fo many Italians were enter-

tained in the king’s fervice. They had feen that architecture revived in their

own country, in all its points;but whether they were not perfedt mafters of it

or that it was neceffiiry to introduce the innovation by degrees, it certainly

did not at firft obtain full pofieffion. It was plaftered upon Gothic, and made abarbarous mixture. Regular columns with ornaments neither Graecian norGothic, and half embroidered with foliage, were crammed over frontifpieces

facades, and chimnies, and loft all grace by wanting fimplicity. This mongrelfpecies lafted till late in the reign of James 1 3 .”

This confideration induced me to clofe my work with the fixteenth centurv,after which period fo little of the objc& propofed by it for the illuftration ofmanners and habits is to be learnt from pur monuments. The prefent cen-tury will teach us lefs, though it may amufe itfelf in handing down hiftory inreal or emblematical reprefentations.

The monument of Margaret countefs of Lenox, mother of lord Darnley, is

the firft complete deviation from the Gothic form of tombs; and a fecond in-

' Survey of London, 1633, P- a6 i. * lb. p. 36 2.3 Anecd. of Painting, I. 121. 4to.

ftanoe

t cv ]

fiance of that motley tafte which prevailed for the remainder of that century,

to which it fliould feem fo much more eafy for draughtfmen and engravers to

do juftice than to the pure Gothic that there are many more lpecimens of it

preferved even by the hand of Hollar than of the other, and later books aboundwith them.

Sepulchral chapels were not always additions to a building ’, as thofe of bifhops

Weil and Alcock, at Ely;

bifhop Audley, at Salilbury; bifliop Langton, at

Winchefter; but diltindt erections within the church, as bifliop Wickham’s at

Winchefter, abbot Ramridge’s and Humphry duke of Gloucefter, at St. Alban’s;

Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick at Warwick; the two beautiful ones on

each fide the nave at Wells; and of Walter lord Hungerford at Salifbury, now

removed to the chancel ; the Black Prince at Canterbury;prince Arthur at

Worcefter;

all thofe between the arches of the choir at Tewkfbury, and St.

George’s chapel, Windfor : in all or mod of which mafs was celebrated in

honour of a patron faint, whofe image was placed at the head, over the tomb,and for the foul of the defundt. William Rokeley, archbifhop of Dublin, whodied 1521, ordered his bowels to be buried at Dublin; his heart at Halifax,

where he was vicar;and his body at Kirk Sandal, whereof he had been minif-

ter;and a chapel to be eredted over each. The memorial of him in the chapel

on the North fide of the chancel at Halifax is now removed, and his heart hasbeen often dug up a

.

Mr. Lethieullier proceeds to obferve, that “ fome knowledge in Heraldry is

very neceffary in fearches of this nature. A coat of arms, device, or rebus, veryoften remains where not the leaft word of an infcription appears, and where in-

deed very probably there never was any; for I am apprehenfive, that a vanity in

furviving friends, who imagined a perfon eminent in their time could never be

forgotten, induced them frequently not to put any on his monument. And it

is not uncommon to find a pious ejaculation, or text of Scripture, by way of epi-

taph, without the leaft mention of the perfon who lies there interred.

“ It may be ufeful likewile to remember the aeras when certain cuftoms wereintroduced in the manner of bearings, &c. Thus, whenever fupporters are foundto a coat of arms, it muft certainly be later than the time of king Richard the

Second, that prince being the firft who ufed any.”

Mr. Edmondfon fays, arms were not ufed in England before the commence-ment of the tenth century. Mr. Gale 5

,not before the year 1147, when the

fecond croifade began.

Philip, 1159, is the firft of the earls of Flanders who bore arms on his Afield

or helmet 4. His fucceflors bore them regularly’.

The firft inftance of arms on a Afield on monuments given by Montfauconin France is 1109. The oldeft 1 have met with in England is 011 the ilfield ofGeffrey Magnaville earl of Effex in the Temple church.

In the fixteenth century, when armorial bearings multiplied fo faft that the

canopies of tombs were covered with them, it is not uncommon, both hereand on the continent, to find the names written under them.

“ Where the figure of a woman is found with arms both on her kirtle andmantle, thofe on the kirtle are always her own family’s, and thofe on the

mantle her hufband’s s. Bylhe 6

fays the arms on the inner garment are maiden,

1 In Turkey the tombs of the emperors are for the molt part built in little chapels, clofc by, but not adjoining tothe mofques. In thefe Muezins and Dervifes pray and read the Alcoran

; lamps burn at the hea:

d and feet of the grave,over which is placed an empty coffin, covered with cloth or velvet, and on it is fet a tuiban. Greaves on the GrandSeignor’s Seraglio, II. 796. See alfo Chardin’s account of the tombs of the Perfian monarch* at Kom.

* rriKfnn’. Pamrfpn. Ynrl-ffiirp. Watfon’s Hift. of Halifax, p.501.1 Gibfon’s Camden, Y orkfhire

* Fref. ad Reg. Richmond, p. 3

5 Lethieullier, ubi fup.

* Bylhe on Upton’s Afpilogia, p. 64.

Viedius, p. 14. pi. U.

dd and

[ cvi ]

and thofe on the outer married bearings; fo it is in the portrait of a Goddard

married to a Rochford in St. Peter’s church at Walpole ; and on the lady in

Worcefter cathedral, whom he makes a Verdon by birth, and a Warren bymarriage ' ; whereas the only arms the latter bears are outer on her garment,and they are thofe of Warren

,which flie was by marriage. This diftin&ion is

more frequently expreffed in windows than on tombs : Thus to mention twoinftances

;thofe on the fine feries of Beauchamps, in the windows of the choir at

Warwick 2

,and that of the Cloptons in the clereftory of Long Milford

church. In Harwood church, Yorkfhire, are the portraits of judge Gafcoigneand his two wives, having on their mantles his arms impaling their own, andover them their own arms 3

.

On a feal of Elizabeth Lucy given by Byfhe on Upton, p. 72. flie holdsher hulband’s arms in her right hand, and her own in her left. Yet Alice wifeof Giles de Afiley bore in her left hand her own arms, and in her rightthofe of Clinton, in the window of a chantry, which flie founded at Wolvey 4

.

Two ladies in the windows of Burton Pedwardine church, c. Lincoln, havealternately on their furcoat their husbands arms’ and on a pennon intheir hands their own s

. On the other hand, the windows of the parlour at

Newnham Padox, c. Warwick, furnifli an exception to this rule, by puttingthe woman’s arms on the mantle, and none on the kirlle

6

; and at Merivale andGrendon in the fame county, the man’s on the mantle and none on the kirtle \The wife of Gerard D’Ewes, in the 16th century, has on her mantle her owncoat impaled by her husband’s s

.

The ladies, fays Colombiere 9, bore their husband’s arms impaled with their

own on their robes, petticoat, or mantle of ceremony, which they in their life

wore on public occafions when they aflifted with them.The firft inftance of a fubje&’s quartering of arms is John Haftings earl of

Pembroke, following the example of king Edward the Third.“ When there are only three fleurs de lis in the arms of France, and not femee,

it is later than king Henry the Fifth.

“ The number of princes of the blood royal of the boufes of York and Lan-cafter may eafily be diftinguifhed by the labels on their coats of arms, whichare different for each, and very often their devices are added. Till the time ofHenry the Third we find no coronets round the heads of peers. Thus Williamde Valence earl of Pembroke, half brother to king John, who died anno 1295or 1296, and is buried in Weftminfter abbey, has only a plain fillet; but Johnof Eltham, fecond Ion to king Edward the Second, who died anno 1334, and is

buried in the fame place, has a coronet with leaves on ; and is the moll ancientof this fort which is met with ,0

.

“ As to monuments for the feveral degrees of churchmen, as bifhops, abbots,priors, monks, &c. or of religious women, they are eafily to be diftinguifhedfiom other perfons, but equally difficult to afcertain to their true owners.Among thefe, as among the forementioned monuments, for the moft part theftone effigies are the oldeft, with the mitre, crofier, and other proper infignia

;

and very often wider at the head than feet, having indeed been the very cover tothe ftone coffins in which the body was depofited.

“ When brafs plates came in fafhion, they were likewife very much ufed bybifhops, See. many of whofe grave-ftones remain at this day, very richlyadorned ; and in many the indented marble fhews that they have been fo. In

Tr ,;

* ulu « conjux cujuiaam coraitis Surrei. e IVarrems. Veftis cnim interior

XofriTZ I

gn ‘ a,

T%Crl° r <luem rnorcm ortum & conjugia heroin, olim exprimeoant •'

exterior viritta^.

”

4‘ ° ^ “ MS ’ "° tC °n thlS thus exPlains jt - “ Veftis exterior tarn,Ham feemin*.

3 Thorefby’s Ducat. Leod. p. 177.6 Dugdale^ ubi fup. p. 60. 7 Dugd. Ib. 782. 796.

'* See p. 95. and pi. xxxiii.

Salifburv;

Dugdale’s Warwicklh, firftedit. p.318. 320.4 Dugd. lb. 47.* Weever, 698

- r* 3*“. >-“Saunderfon’s MSS collections.

Science heroique, p. 479.

6

[ cvli]

Salilbury cathedral I found two very ancient ftone figures of hilltops, whichwere brought from Old Sarum, and are conftqueutly older than the time oflenry the 1 hird. In that church hkewife the pompous marble which lies overNicholas Longefpe hilltop of that fee, and fon to the earl of Salifbury, who diedanno 1297, appears to have been richly plated, though the hrafs is now quitegone, and is one of the moil early of that kind which I have met with. Thereare in Peterborough church many monuments for abbots of that convent '

• ashkewife at Tewksbury for nine- and in Wells cathedral many, which werebrought from Glaftonbury; and the like in many other places : but their namesare mtirely forgotten

;and it is now impoffible to reftore them to their trueowners^ Frequently where there are no effigies, crofiers or croffes denote aneoilefiaftick. 1 think I have feen the latter, with little difference in their make

101 every order from a biffiop to a parifh prieft.”

Of Crosiers alone on tombs I faw an inftance on that of Henry abbot otMargam, c Glamorgan, laid acrofs a drain >. There is fuch an one on thetomb of Waltman firft abbot of St. Michael's abbey at Antwerp, who died

cheter

r0fle

nhf

eld

H

by “ ““ iS

°c

n the t0mb °f abbot J°hn Sutton, at Dor-chefter, c. Oxford. 1349. A crofs fo holden is on that of Urien de St Pierrein Glamorganflure. erre

The variety of Crosses in ftone or brafs is fo great, that it has coft no fmallpains to reduce them into claffes, in four plates, here fubjoined1. Plain. PI. 1 t. 4. and next to thefe, PI. I. I0

, 11. Thofe numbered 6. qm the fame plate refemble the rude ftone croffes in our Weftern and Northerncounties, whereon the circle alludes either to the nimbus or the crown oftborns, as the crofs on the coffin lid at Carlifle, in the plate of Chalices.

1

2. Lefs plain. Pl. I. 2. 3. 5. 8. ii. m. 13.3- On the ridged coffin lid. PL III. 1, 2,3/5 6 7 84. Accompanied with a fword, bow, hunting horn’, or o'ther thing. PI II 7

2. 4. 6. 8. I*. III. 10. A hand holding a wafer. PI. III. 9 . a clo-thier’s ffieers. PI. II. 12.

y u

5. Accompanied with coats of arms. PI. II. 3. 7 ro it IV

;:“,r3 .

co

;.

t of arms> u - 5 - * io - iv! 3 - °r^6. Ramified, and emblematic of the vine branch. PI. II. 7. iy. 7 g I0

PI. III. 11. or with a refemblance of the thunder bolt. PI III T'

2’

ffi PI lH.Tbered & 5 ' P1 ' L haTC Ae bud at the

^'

r extremities; t7- With infcriptions on or round them. PI. I. 12. II. 3. a. IV8. Refting on the holy lamb, or fome other animal, IV. 9 10 119. With figures of Christ, the Virgin, or Saints, on the top.

'

PI.' IV. 8 Suchhas been a flrort crofs in brafs on the flab of Giles Seymour in the chancelau v_.royaon, 1350.Or worflrippers kneeling to them at the fides, orunderthe fteps.Pl IV 7 810. furmounted with figures of the parties buried below. PI. IV. n A half nrieft

12“ K.":1 10— - E2

* See Pl. HI. p. , 9.

* Thefe are now reduced to five, end noee of ihefe has, or ever had, aSmreoni,Engraved m the new edd.on nfCamd.n'a Britannia 11. „|.P

* *-e Grand 1 heatre de Brabant, II. p.1

• 5* 7- IO.

Plate

[ cviii ]

Plate I.

1. Welbec priory, c. Nottingham.

2. Kirklees park, belonging to Sir George Armitage, bart. in the Weft Riding

of Yorkfhire. The figure of the ftone over the grave of Robin Hood,

now broken and much defaced, the infcription illegible. That printed in

Thoresby Ducat. Leod. 576, from Dr. Gale’s papers, was never on it.

The late Sir Samuel Armitage, owner of the premifes, caufed the ground

under it to be dug a yard deep, and found it had never been difturbed ;

fo that it was probably brought from fome other place, and by vulgar

tradition afcribed to Robin Hood '.

3. Kirkfy in Jlfhfield,c. Nottingham, freeftone on South fide of the church-yard.

4. Winterborne chapel, Berks, in the belfrey, imboft on a plank of wood antiently

ufed as a graveftone *.

5. Kirklees priory, dug out of the ruins in the antient cemetry, 1754, novv placed

on a raifed tomb.

6. Tankerjley,Weft Riding of Yorkfhire, freeftone, South fide of the church yard.

7. Royjion,Herts, inlaid with brafs on blue marble, within the rails.

8. Buckland,Berks, emboft on a raifed graveftone, under the main arch on the

North fide of the chancel V9. South fide of Ernley church yard, in the Weft Riding of Yorkfhire.

10. Kirklees,dug out of the ruins of the antient cemetery.

1 1. Eaft end of Ramfey church yard, c. Huntingdon.

12. Long Sutton,

in Holland, c. Line, middle aile.

Plate II.

1 . Aldzvick in the Street,

in the Weft Riding of Yorkfhire, in the chancel.

2. Bowes church, ftep into the nave;probably for one of the family of Bowes 4

.

3. Kirk Leighton,Weft Riding of Yorkfhire, on the North fide of the chancel :

for one of the family of Rofs, formerly of Ingmanthorpe in this parifh,

and lords of Kirk Deighton s. .

4. Wajlnngton church yard, c. Durham. This James Sanderfon, alias de Bedick,

was fecond fon of Alexander de Bedick of Bedick, in the parifh of Wafli-ington, who lived 1333, and alfo lies buried in the fame church yard,

with his effigy on his tomb 6. From this James defeended the Saunder-

fons vifeounts Caftleton in the kingdom of Ireland 7.

5. Bolam church, Northumberland, South aile;fuppofed for one of the antient

family of Carnaby there 8.

6. Bowes church, near the North door.

7. Cbetwynd church, Shropfhire, now the eftate of Pigot, efq. for one ofthe family of Chetwynd, as appears by the arms 9

. In the middle of the

chancel.

8. Middle aile of 'Thornton church in Craven, from the church yard.

^ 9. Catworth church yard, c. Hunt, removed from the church when the floor

was repaired.

10. Leek church, North Riding of Yorkfhire io.

1 1. Brecknock,over one of the family of Price ".

12. Kirkby in AJbfield) c. Nottingham, free-ftone, North fide of the church.

1 Mr. Watfon’s Letter in Antiquary Society Minutes.“ Aflimole’s Berks Monuments. C. xii. p. 177. in Coll. Arm. 3 lb. C. xii. p. 98.* See Lei. It. IV. 12. 5 Dugd. Mon. Ebor. in Coll. Armor, 133. a.* C. xxxii. f. 86. Coll. Arm. 7 C. 41. Coll. Arm.Dugd. M011 Ebor. in Coll. Arm. f. 146. b. * See Thoroton’s Nott. 474,

*° Harl. MS. 911. p. a6. “ Harl. MS. 91 1. p. 113.

Plate

’

. .

* f.

~

*.

TTiI

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[ cix ]

Such ail one n, Soliam

See the firft croft in the Hiftory ot

Plate III.

I. Ramfey, c. Hunt. Eaft end of the chnrch-yardchurch.

s. Landbeacb church, c. Cambridge.3. Steeple Gidding church-yard, c. Hunt.

Thetford, PI. III.

4. Ramfey church yard, as a fence in the wall.5. Dorcbejler, c. Ox. A fimilar one at Mailing abbey c Kent6. 7- On the wall of Cbejlerford churchyard, c. Camb.g. Kirkby in 4/bfield, c. Nottingham, South fide of the churchyardIO

' Chdf’ “0W PlaCed againft the Vkarase h0Ufe

’ f°™er.y in

II. Ramfey church, North aile.

1 a. In the South fide of the South aile of the choir of Roche/,er cathedral13. Norwich cathedral.

Plate IV.

* I

\tke *a

e

n

d

Cel 3t F°mh0pe’ C ‘ Hereford

=in which vine branches and crofs

*• H°™ Lac?’ ” county, near the South porch, free-ftone;fuch another,

a Grffi V T a’ ” ^ °f St’ Mary’s Lincoln.

3. Gr<W°ck, C. Cumberland, within the rails of the altar, near the North1 . in freefone. This John lord Greyltock was fummoned to parlia-ment from 23 to 34 Edward I. in which laft year he died. The arms areG. three culhions A. taffelled O.

4. Aconbury, c. Hereford, freeftone laid loofe, near the Welt end

5. In the cemetery of the nunnery at Kirklees, Yorklhire. Douce Jefu deN ^etb « mercy a Ehzahet de Stanton iadis p, lores de cejl maifon '.

6. Dewfbury church Yorklhire, now againft the wall of the vicarage-houfe,but dug out of the South choir when the church was repaired a few yearsago. It lay over one of the Soothills of Soothill in this parilh, who bore G.an eagle displayed A. to which the animals on the ftone are fuppofed toaUude. This choir, with the manor of Soothill, belonged to the lateSir George Saville, of Thornhill and RuSbrd, bart. in right of the marriageof his anceftor Sir Henry Saville, of Thornhill, knight of the Bath in the

somrn frilm

rWlth EIlZabeth daughter and heirefs of Thomas

Soothill, of Soothill, efq.

7. In the chancel of Buckwortb, c. Hunt, fuppofed for an antient redtor. Inbrals, now reaved.

8. Plenty on Thames,

in the chancel : the brafs reaved9 . Norton Difney, c. Line. North chancel. Infcription : Ici gif Joan que fuji lajemme moan Gillam Difm et file moan fire Nicolas de Lancforte Den °ite

merci de fa alme. Amen.10. Found in digging the foundations of the Quaker’s meeting-houfe at Bri/lol,

17491 oil the fite of the Blackfriars. Infcription round it, Remold Toldeg,Jl: ,c, : deu : defa alme cit merci. It had been ufed as a chimney-piece,and was fince broken to pieces.

It. Dore abbey, Herefordfhire, in the ruins of the nave, in free-ftone.1 a. In the North wall of the nave at Burnt Pelham, c. Herts, deferibed p. Ixxxviii.

l'rl

ee

yv5etched c°py of >' in the Account °f .Antiquities in and about Oxford, annexed to Leland’s Ttin ITIt 19 alfo mcorredly copied in Thorelby’s Due. Leod. p. gi.

10 Lcland s Itln - n- l2S -

13. In

13. In Much Hadbam church, Herts, on the flab of a ftone circumfcribed in

Gothic capitals, hlic jacet Simon Flambard,quondam rettor hujus eclefut '.

1 4. In the South chancel of St. Mary Radcliffe, Brijlol, near Canninges’ tomb,

over William Coke his fervant, and as it lhould feem by the devices, a me-

nial in the kitchen, unlefs they are a rebus of his name.

r 5 . Dore abbey, c. Hereford, South fide of the church-yard, free-flone.

The two laft (tones in this Plate have very fmall erodes, accompanied with

other devices.

Thefe are fo many proofs that the crofs was not confined to the monuments

of religious. Mr. Strutt * gives one from a Saxon drawing on the lid of a royal

coffin. 1 aferibe one in the Temple-church to a fon of Henry II. Mr. Blome-

field gives one at Fersfield over Sir Robert Bois and another forme, in Titfal

chancel, over a religious who built that part of the church. A long great

crofs of brals was on the flab of William fon of Sir John Rochford con-

ftable of Wisbech-caftle, in Walpole church, in the fame county 3. In Gent. Mag.

1749. p. 403. 55c. one is deferibed over a married woman at Carlifle.

Leland 4 mentions one at Ofeney over Henry Doily, fon of the foundrefs. Juga

Baynard, foundrefs of Dunmow, is fuppofed to have one on her coffin in the

wall of the church there 5. The laws of Kenneth king of Scotland, in the eighth

century, order a crofs to be put on every grave-ffone.

One lies over archbifliop Sudbury’s father, in St. George’s church at Sudbury

:

one over archbifliop Chicheley’s father, in Higham Ferrars church 6: two older

than thefe in the church-yard at Matherne, c. Monmouth, over Urien de St. Pierre

and wife, 1 ^95 7. In the Eaft end of the South tranfept of Bangor cathedral

is a crofs on an altar tomb faid to cover Owen Glendwr, or more probably Owen

Gwennetb,Sovereign of North Wales, who died 1 169, and Was buried here with

his brother Cadwallader, according to Giraldus Cambrenfis 8. I have a drawing of

one over a burgef9 and his wife, a plain crofs, the fhaft and tranfverfes, pointed

:

on each fide of it labels with 3Je’ju : mere? : iahp : Ijcipe ! and at the

foot, memento ! and round the ledge,

Inc jaett Jlnljanncs Bather quontatn BuvscnGs tTnus tulle

out abut %W Die mentis aptilts anno D’ttt inileCmo

ccccIjtjT cuius anfrne pvopictctur ecus- 2tmen- 3Jti trno

cotlfitsp.

Mr. Lethieullier concludes,

“ I fliall only mention one monument more, which is fomewhat peculiar ; I

mean the reprefentation of a fkeleton in a fhroud, lying either under or on a

table tomb. I have obferved one of this make in almoft all the cathedral and

conventual churches throughout England, and fcarcely ever more than one

;

but what age to attribute the unknown ones to, I can find no date to guefs by,

fince there is one in York cathedral for Robert Claget, treafurer of that cathedral,

as ancient as 1241 ; and in Briftol cathedral Paul Buffi, the firfl: bifliop of that

fee, who died fo late as 1558, is reprefented in the fame manner, and I have

obferved fome in every age between.”

The leafi: degree of reflection would have fliewn that the figure here alluded

to, which has created an unneceflary perplexity with feveral curious per-

fons, and given rife to the fooliffi tales of vergers and fextons, was nothing more

than a ftriking exemplification of the change of condition made by death contrafted

* See p. cii. & 178. * I. 57. 66. 3 Parkins’ Continuation of Blomefield’s Norfolk, IV. 718.4 It. II. 19. s See before, p. xxxv.

4 Engraved in the Stcmmata Chicheleiana.7 See p. 68. Arehrol V. p. 76, 77. PI. II. and the new edition of Camden’s Britannia, II. pi. xvi.

* It. Cambr. in Willis’s Bangor, p. 36.

[ cxi]

with the appearance of the party on the upper ftory of the tomb. Inftances ofthis kind are, among others, bifhop Fleming at Lincoln, 1431. ArchbifhopChichely at Canterbury, 1443. Bifnop Lacy at Exeter, 1455. Bifhop Beking-ton at Wells, 1465. Dean Heywood at Lichfield, 1492. John Barret, in

St. Mary’s church, at St. fedmundfbury, 1463. Edmund Cornwall, baronof Burford, at Burford, Shropfhire. Abbot lllip, at Weftminfter, 1510, now gone.

Archdeacon Afheton in the antechapel of St. John’s College Cambridge, 1522.Bifhops Fox, 1528, and Gardiner, 1555, atWinchefter. Prior Wefton 1540, at

Clerkenwell. Prascentor Bennet, 1558; and another at Salifbury, mifcalled

bifhop Fox, and now fhut up in doors like a prefs. Edward Wakeman, efq. in

a chapel at Tewkfbury, 1634. Dean Colet’s was the moft complete fkeleton ofall thefe, carved in wood, and great part of it flill remains, with its matrafs

highly finifhed, in the vaults under St. Paul’s. I fufpedt the figure in Weftburychurch, c. Gloucefter, deicribed as “ a naked man, ill executed in ftone andreferred to Carpenter bifhop of Worcefter, 1476, is nothing more. Lay figures

of the kind are not very common among us, except one of the countefs of

Suffolk, at Ewelme ; one of the noble family at Arundel, c. Sufiex ; Sir Marma-duke Conftable 5 Edward IV. at Flamborough, in Yorkfhire, 15 . \ Henry lord

Windfor, at Tarbic, c. Warwick, 1605 3

; Sir John Golafre, at Fyfield, Berks 4;

and Mr. Blount at Mamble, c. Worcefter, 5 Eliz. 1563 s. A writer in the Gen-

tleman’s Magazine fays there are feveral in the royal abbey of St. Denis, near

Paris 6; and another correfpondent of Mr. Urban’s defcribes one of a duke

de Croy, in the church of the Celeftines at Heverle near Louvain 7, where

the fkeleton is reprefented with the worms preying upon it, as Rene of Anjouis faid to have painted his miftrefs after he had opened her tomb at Avignon,

as he found her at his return from a pilgrimage to Jerufalem 8. This I fuppofe

is the figure of Charles firft duke of Croy and fourth of Arfchot, who died

1612, having rebuilt the church of Heverle, 1569, and ere<5ted on it a feries of

monuments for his family and predeceflors. Fie and his wife are reprefented in

their ducal robes upon the tomb, and below as dead. At the entrance of the

tomb is another figure of the duke on a copper plate, in the habit of a Capuchin,

ducally crowned, and round it an infcription compofed by himfelf, on whichare the words nunc putredo terra et cibus vermiculorum 9

. Probably this figure

is like that of Philip Dengelberge before the altar at Vilvorde abbey, near Bruf-

fels, 1645, a corpfe on a mat with worms preying oh it10

. A third corre-

fpondent of Mr. Urban’s” fuppofes the different figures reprefented the party

in their fepulchral drefs, and in their emaciated ftate before death. He mull haveconceived all of them lived to be emaciated, but in truth the diredt contrary is the

defign of thefe figures ", which were fucceeded or imitated by corpfes in fhrouds

tyed at head and feet, not uncommon on brafles, though I do not recolledt aninftance of this kind, where the contrail abovementioned is obferved, except it be

on bifhop Fleming’s tomb in Lincoln minfter. Dr. Donne’s is a famous inftance

of the kind in ftone, ftill remaining intire in the vaults under St. Paul’s.

Afhmole 13 mentions a man painted in a window praying in a winding fheet.

A later inftance is a good figure in Sanderfted church, Surry, of Mary Bedell

wife of Ralph Hautrey, and Ludolphus Audley, who died 1655. She is repre-

fented in white marble, lying on a mat and wrought cufhion, in a fliroud tied

‘ Rudder, 803. * Gent. Mag. XXIII. 456.5 Dugd. Wariv. p. 349.

4 Afhraole, I. 106. ‘ Nalh. II. 160.‘ Gent. Mag. LIV. 486. 1 lb. 348.* Breval’s Travels, I. 138. A pi£ture was made of the ftate in which William the Conqueror’* corpfe was found

when the Hugonots broke open his tomb, 1512. Rech. de Normandie. Archseol. III. 391.9 Supplement au theatre de Brabant, I. 268. Sanderi Chorographia facra Brabanti*, II. 173.10

See it engraved in Le Grand Theatre facre de Brabant, I. p. 83." Gent. Mag. LIV. 32.11 Gent. Mag. LIV. 272. 348, 349. 409.

* } Afhrn. Berks. II. 241.

at

[ cxii]

at head and feet, her head bound with a chin-cloth, reclined to the right-hand, which lies acrofs her waift, her left hanging down; her left knee lifte/nnMr. Btonaefieh. calls thefe figures in brafs^^effig.es ^00^0^^ of IS

„W‘ 2

,

etS ” Salm0n ‘ fa7s °f fuch « Hitchin, “ that “they are effigiesot men and women with part of their habits tied above their heads • die

—ifa ,fDSll1S d0W?* eaCh fldC

’llkc a >°"S p«uk*.* in Sabridge-rh church are a man and woman fo apparelled, holding each an heartOffices on braffes of the i s th, r6th, and r 7 th centuries, in St.^urence’s chtirchNorwich Others in Sedgefield church, co. Durham. The figure of ladyBruce on her monument 1,1 Exton church, c. Rutland, is fo habited, 16171

Y

Dial of 1 d

SUle ’ reCOllea °f De!lth reI,refe'lted as a fkeleton is on the brafsplate of archdeacon Rudmg, 1471, in Bigglefwade church. There is a moltand well-preferved little one in alabaiter againft the wall overTheMoiley tomb m the chancel at Little Hollinffbury Eflex ThPrf. ; c i

ikeleton, praying in the Eat! window of the Leonard chipel, at Well Wkkh Tm hem, probably ot the middle of the f.xteenth century. Petronius ArbiTT’

tiat Tnmalcio introduced with his wine a filver figure fo contrived that the jointsand vertebral moved by fprings, and after it had performed feme gefticuhtionshe repeated tome yerfes on mortality b In Spence’s Polymetis, plate 41 death isreprefented by a human fkeleton. Count Caylus remarks, feat te andemsnever reprdented death on their monuments, either in liis proper figure oremblematically, and wnen they introduced fkeletons, they considered them notas images ot death, but of the ftrudhire of the body [cjpente dTclrpX This

are onlyTc^T "“H* *“ fledetons

foul carried to heayen bTaS^h TTT’TadTTfeffigierTTSTsi^ notuncommon, and will be found here nn thethis is not

. wi^ , , ,

uere 0,1 “is monuments of Aymer de Valencepi. XXIX. and lord Burgherfh nl mv ,,•

’ valence.

Church-’ °Ver the dylng St ' Lol,is in the window of the faL

ufeTwhTTfsTr\“5

wa

a

n

s cteTated“ *“h>

have their hands joined indTcvT s “V'’10"811 '^ 33

•

3 Blomf. II. 676. 4 wrighl ’s Rutland, p.

arf III.

1. Hadrianidis, p. j

'« o nancHilt, dc la ville & dioc. de Pa

The

[ cxiii]

The figure at Hatfield Peverel affigned to the foundrefs of the abbey, butwhich 1 rather incline to give to fotae fuperior or prieft of the houfe, has in itselevated hands what may pafs for a chalice or a heart. A lady of the Brian fa-mily, at Brampton Brian, Herefordfhire, holds a heart in her hand

; and, thoughthe oldeft of the family, has furvived the devaftations of the civil war and is theheft preferved figure of the kind. Leland defcribes at Ofeney an image of thefoundrefs (it 25) “ Edithe, of ftone, in tliabbite of a woves, holding an hart“ in her right hond, in the North fide of the high altare Agatha de Nar-borough, a half ltatue, holds an heart in her hands ‘. So does a man in afhort coat reaching only to his knees, and his lleeves only to his elbows,m Hatfoni chancel, Berks J

. The little figure in the chancel at Tenbury holdsa large heart in its elevated hands, and fo does a brafs figure in Berke-ley church, c. Gloucefter, infcribed mcy, and billiop Wainfleet, at Winchefter.Thomas Fiiher and wife, in Warwick church, 1577, hold bibles \ AnneGrey, 1505, in Wotton Waveney church, has a very large fixing of beads b

Eilhop Rainelm, Sir John de la Rivcre, and Sir John Cobham, hold modelsof Hereford cathedral, and of Tormarton 6 and Cobham churches. John Wyr-rall has his horn and falchion

;a forefter at Clinton his arrows and horn : an

old crofs-legged knight in mail, in Perfiiore church, has in his hand a hornfattened t0 his beh : on his left arm a fhield, the end whereof a ferpent bites,at his leet an hare 1

; William Malgeneite, one of the king of France’s huntfcmen, who died 1301, has on his brafs plate his hunting horn hanging from hisright fide, and holds a dog faftened to a ftrap paft over his right arm *. Ano-ther figure in brafs, in Baldock church, has at his right fide a hunting horn,and at his left a couteau de chafle, with fomething like a leffer couteau infertedon the fame fcabbard, and by the fide of the larger one fomething like a ikain ofwhipcord

: John Ceyfill a purfe; as has another man at Baldock with a large

rofary.°

Some few attitudes are varied to a degree of greater lightnefs and elegance,as fome of the knights in the Temple church and elfewhere, drawing theirfwords. So the defaced Beches, at Aldworth and the Bracebridges at Kings-bury, c. Warwick’. Edmund Crouchback turns his back to the aile, and looksbehind him, lying on his right fide

;fo does a prior in Normandy. “ La tombe

“ de Thomas de la Queue-d’haie, prieurdu monaftere de Saufleufe, enterri dans“ la chapelle de la vierge eft remarquable en ceci qu’on l’y a reprefentd comme“ appuyee fur la cote droit, vetu en habit d’hyver, le rochet pendant jufqu*“ aux talons comme une aube ‘°. M

In the fixteenth century they fupported their heads in their right hand : anattitude taken from the Greek and Roman monuments.

It has been fuppofed unufual to place the lady at the right hand of the man,and Dr. Salmon refers it to her being an heirefs ", but there are many inftances,as the Harlicks at South Acre, Norfolk

; Delalee, at Albtiry, Herts; two knights

and ladies at Beverly; the diijte of Norfolk, at Framlingham. Richard the

Second’s queen, at Weftminfter, takes the right hand of her hufband; fo does

Henry the Fourth’s at Canterbury; as alfo the wife of lord Bardolf, at Don-

nington.

’ Itin. II. ,9. * Blomf. III. 470. 3 Alhmole, I. 174.* Due1

!'«>• ‘ IS- “ Rudder, 77,,

N.ilh s Worcefter, I, 251. The lower part of this figure is now broken off.* Montf. Mon. II. xxxix. 6.* Dugd. Warw. p. io6r. Ed. Thoma«.10

Defer, de la haute Normandie, II. 311.“ Hem. 113. 284. Survey, 575. Aflira. Berk. I. 31.

f f The

The ufual place for children on braffes is under the feet of the refpeftive

parents ;and thofe of each group looking towards each other : but this rule is

not without exception. Elizabeth wife of Thomas lord Scrope, who died 9 Hen-

ry V 1 11 . directed her executors to lay a done over her grave, with three images,

the one of her lord and husband, another of herfelf, and the third of her

daughter, with their arms thereon, and an infcription making mention who

thev were, and this to the value of ten pounds On a brafs at Welwyn there

is a fon fronting, in the middle, between his brother and lifters. Under the

pews in the North aile of Orford church are a mother and fon Handing together,

in Grecian attitudes. The foils of Sir Nicholas Hawherk and Reginald lord

Braybrook, at Cobham, Hand at their father’s feet and left hand, on pedeftals

infcribed with their names. The kneeling attitude for children was not, I be-

lieve, introduced till after the reformation ’, any more than that of parents or

other figures on monuments (except to the crofs), nor the infant in fwaddling

clothes or cradle. There is indeed a figure of a lady at Bodenham in Here-

fordlhire who is folding an infant under her mantle.

Salmon > mentions the hair curled, and no defence about the head and face,

as is ufual to find of thofe buried fiuce the Norman Conqueft, as a peculiarity

in the figure fltewn for the emperor Sevens in York Minfter. Sir John Ros

in the Temple church is a like figure.

An attentive comparifon of the tombs of our princes and nobles of the thir-

teenth century will juftify a conjefture, that foreign artills were employed

about the ftatues it not about the whole: and the idea fuggefted by Mr. Wal-

pole that Cavallini was the principal artift lb employed, receives no little con-

firmation from the conformity of the various pieces executed by order of Ed-

ward 1 . and during his reign : fuch as the lhrine of the Confefior, the tomb

of his father Henry 111 . the pavement of the Confeffor’s chape), and of the

high altar in the fame church, and the beautiful croffes erefled to his confort,

an unparalleled memorial of conjugal affection and art united. To borrow the

words of an excellent judge of thefe matters, Sir Henry Englefield, in his de-

feription of the crofs at Geddington, read before the Society of Antiquaries,

1781, “The defign of all the parts of this ftrufture is very elegant, and the

execution fuch as would not diferedit any age. The rofes that cover the bafe,

though too crouded, and therefore wanting in effefl, are of an antique appear-

ance, and carved with much delicacy and fpirit. The ftatues, though man-

nered, anti rather ftiff, have a great fliare of merit. The air of the head is

graceful;the drapery falls in natural though too minute folds, and the hands

and feet are well drawn. On the whole, the ftatues are thought to bear fo

great a refemblance to the ftyle of the antient Italian fchool, that it is highly

ptobable Edward had artifts of that nation in his fervice, if not fent for pur-

pofely on the occafion.” Henry III. died 127a ;Eleanor 1290. The tomb

of the former was executed 8 Edward I •>, or 1 2S0 ; the tomb and croffes of the

latter ten or fifteen years after. Aveline countefs of Lancafter was living 4 Ed-

ward I. 1276; and how much longer does not appear: her confort Edmund

Crouchback, died 1296. Sir Jofeph Ayloffe 5 was for aferibing the memo-

rials of all thefe great perfonages, as well as the embeliilhments of the

lhrine of Sebert, 130S, to Pietro Cavallini, as the defigner, if not the executor,

' Dugd. Par. I. 661.1 A countefs of Eppenflein at

fame plane with herfelf at her feet.

Crucenay, in the Palatinate, 145?. has however her two children kneeling on the

ri

t cxv ]

as far as painting was concerned. I have indeed 1 dated the birth of that artift

1279, and his death 1364: but in the uncertainty under which the beft writers

labour as to dates, it is fufficient to the prefent purpofe if he can be proved

to have been contemporary, or indeed that any artifts were engaged from Rome

about this period. This is known to have been done by Richard de Ware, who

went to Rome 1267, in order to be confirmed abbot of this fplendid monattery,

whole church had been deftined to the honour of ferving as a Maufoleum to

our kings, and was then adually rebuilding by Henry III. Unfortunately for the

artifts of our own country, the known fpecimers of their talents are now no

more : the filver image of Henry the Third’s daughter Catherine, in Weftmin-

fter abbey ;and the monument of Henry II. at Fontevraud \ Let us not then

afcribe to them all the rude figures, and to foreigners all the more animated

ones on our tombs : but candidly confefs, that the Englifii five centuries ago

felt an emulation to excell in arts and fciences proportionable to that of their de-

fcendents of the prefent age.

Sir Henry En Jefield will forgive me if a tranfcribe from his memoir his ob-

lervation, that “ whatever the origin of the now Gothic architecture was, it can

admit of no doubt that the commerce with the Eaft in the time of the croifades,

brought into Europe a great flrare of elegance in the polite arts, as the rapid

improvements in fculpture and ornamental architeaure fully evince.

Nothing could exceed the rudenefs of the Saxon and early Norman attempts at

the human form : yet at and about this period every thing had an elegant and

pidturefque turn. In the ruins of Tintern abbey, founded in the year 1131, is

a mutilated ftatue of the Virgin, of very great beauty ; and if it may be Ibid

that the ftatue is of a later date, no doubt can be entertained of the alto reliefs

with which the Weft front of the cathedral church of Wells, built during the

long adminiftration of biihop Jocelyn, from 1206 to 1242, is covered, and

which are many of them of no defpicable workmanlliip. At this period the

taftc of the carvers rather diminifhed, though their neatnefs and delicacy in

ornament runs to excefs.” Mr. Elfex aferibes the beautiful Weft front of

Croyland abbey church with its Grecian imagery to the reign of Henry III >.

According to the rules for fepulchral monuments, in Anfelme’s « Palais de

“l’Honneur, Par. 1663 V “kings and princes, in whatever part, or by what

means foever they died, were reprefented on their tombs cloathed with their

coats of arms, their fhields, bourkt or pad, crown, creft, fupporters, lambrequins

or mantlings, orders, and devife» upon their effigies and about their tombs.

Knights and Gentlemen might not be reprefented with their coats of arms,

unlefs they had loft their lives in fome battle, fingle combat, or rencontre

with the prince himfelf, or in his fervice, unlefs they died and were

buried within their own manors and lordfliips ;and then to (hew that they

died a natural death in their beds they were reprefented with their coat

of armour ungirded, without a helmet, bareheaded, their eyes clofed, their

feet refting againft the back of a greyhound, and without any fword. Tliofe

who died on the day of battle, or in any mortal rencontre, on the vidtonous fide,

were to be reprefented with a drawn fword in their right hand and a ihield in

their left their helmet on, which fome think ought to be clofed, and the vifor

let down, in token that they fell fighting againft their enemies, having their

coat of arms girded over their armour, and at their feet a lion. Thofe who

1 P. 14. P- 5°*

* See alfo Colombiere, Science heroiqne, p. 447-

‘ The drawn fword is in the right hand of feveral Saxon princes,

. 166:.

Hift. of Croyland, p. 198.

Reyncr’s Monumenta Landgravier Thuring*,

died

[ cxvi ]

died in prifon, or before they had paid their ranfom, were reprefented on their

tombs without fpurs or helmet, without coat of arms or fvvords, only the fcab-bard girded to, and hanging at their fides. Thofe who fell in battle or rencon-tre on the fide of the conquered were to be reprefented without coats of arms,the fword at their fide and in the fcabbard, the vifor raifed and open, theirhands joined on their breads, and their feet refting againft the back of adead and overthrown lion. The child of a governor or commander in chief, if

horn in a befieged city, or in the army, however young he died, was reprefentedon his tomb armed at all points, his head on his helmet, and clad in a coat ofmail of his fize at the time of his death, as may be feen at St. Ouyn at RouenThe military man, who at the dofe of his life took on him a religious habit,and died in it, was reprefented completely armed, his fw'ord by his fide on thelower part; and on the upper the habit of the order which he had aifumed,and under his feet the fiiiekl of his arms. The gentleman who has been con-quered and {lain in the lifts in a combat of honour ought to be placed on histomb armed at all points, his battle-ax lying by him, his left arm croft overthe right. The gentleman viftorious in the lifts was exhibited on his tombarmed at all points, his battle-ax in his arms *, his right arm croft over theleft. If thefe rules ate not of the fame romantic call with thofe faid to bemade by Charlemagne, and recited below ", they are probably obferved, or

'

Q!,et7 tIf the armed figures of fmall proportion, before mentioned, p. xcix. are to be fo explained

.

‘ The only intones of a bullies., among ... 1 recoiled 1, on RieharJ Corbel’, rude figure at Melyern, engravedin Antiq. Repert. III. p. 17.

’ 6

3 “ Ordinaunres made by Charles the Create, who lived in the yeare of our Saviour Chrifie 700, appoyntinge in‘ what manner the image or reprefentacion of every man of noble and vallerous courage fliould be formed, and

placed upon his (cpulcher in armes, accordinge to the worthynefs of theyraftions performed in thevr lyfe-tyme ”From a MS. in the Scudamore Library, now the property of Charles Howard carl of Surrey, at' Home Laceycom. Hereford, compared with another in the cathedral library at Lichfield.

ill. If a man in his life-time hath encountered and fought with his enemy in clofe lifts, and hath departed thence withhonour, his effegy or reprefen ration fliall be figured on his fepulchrs in complete armour, fourniflied with ail piecesa capcap', having his helmet upon his head, the beaver open, his hands conioined and erefted, with his horfeman’sbat.ell-axe plated in the bowing of his arm : this fword girt unto him, and bellowed along by his fide, adorned withgilt fpurs, it he be Milos Auratus, otherwife his fpurs fliall not be gilt.

*• ";j“ »W" * ”™ “ Vi"' I'i; afiverfary Id clofe ly»., nod lo be therein a„y„y, foiled, &h,t he come not out of the field w„l, honour, ft* cate he (hull have hi. image or efligie, infeulped upon hi.“SK XT-'i .

1

’ 8 ,b" bi! b“ver b= bi ‘ h“d ' »“3. If in cafe a knight or gentleman chaunce to be killed in Tingle fight within the lifts, then ft, all his image be formedupon hi. tomb armed throughout yet having his beaver clofe, his fword drawn in his right hand, advancing the pointupwards towards h.s head, and his flueld on h.s left arm, and his lcabbard bellowed decently along by hi,

4. If by chance a General, Captain, or I ieutenant, be {lain in a fowghten fielde, on that part which wa<difeomfited, his rcprelc 11 ration (lull he formed upon his fepulchre in complete armour, his fword itbeaver open, and his hands conjoined and ere£lcd as before.

5 . If. man by ehttm.ee do happen to be tuten ptifoner in a battayle, and to dye in prifon before he hath paid hi. rfom. ht. .mage Dull he made upon I lepniehre, armed, having hi. beaver open, but without either fword o

s vanquilhed orn his fcabbard, his

holdi

6. It

rfpurmpty fcabbard in his hand.

be obierved, that no man may have iliai effigies or image infeulped upon hi. fepulchre, adorned with h„

.Tdim ,'v‘ f

bC

Mli'mlelf i* patron, cither by defcent or by pur-

. a dignity lnleparabiyc attneaed to the lordllttp or ntanor whereof he i, lord, and ,o whom ,hc righi of pam-nage doth properly apperiam: in luch c.ile both himlrlf an,l hi. h-ir.. x™ u...- .1. • •e ? p tro

.' appertain;

in Inch c.ile both himfelf and his heirs after him may have their images or reprefcnlatioid inverted with their coat of arms over their armour. p

7. If a martial man happen to relief himlelfe from the woride, and betake byme to a monafticall oro'her religious kindd upon his tomb, in the^habit of the order of religion whereof he was" pl-ofelfed martial man, until being

of life, in fuch a cafe his effigi

profeiTcd, having his fword pi.

fore fpent by reafon of aged y

dayes, fo that he might be (pending the

man (I faye) fliall have his (word placed along by his fyde, and his fliield aidetermination to treadc under Ills feetc all pompe and glorye,

s fliall be c

ccd along by his lide, to lignifie he was fometii

,, ,,,

- /!r5 ’ °r0

l!" nS Mowing of mUitarye profeliion, debillityc, or fome other occaf.on her the world, leavinge his adtive life, and taking upon him that contemplative, wherein he woulde end’ his• under of Ins (hone cyme in the fervice of Goo and prayer. This retired

t his feet, to figmiic thereby his refolute

a martiall nun having ferved in hoftile warn (hall happen to be flayne in the battayle, he may have hi' effigies nrreprelentation completive armed a, all points, his head only unarmed, and no coat of armes upon him*

^l“nVre

fgeCteW

°Ta"

uh n? 10 *° ,uvir,t hir hulbande lyeinge at the fiege of fome cittye to-vne orcatlelle, if (liee he conceived with clnldc, and (lull be delivered (the fiege endurinee) of 1 ma i rhilrl/ >1

• '’

,

imttge o. portmiuee be itlfe.lpd o, g„ven upon hi. ,oS. smtj ihrnugE,’ovei Ins hainytie, his hands conjoined and elevated (as before is

" “ -

helmet placed under his head, and his battayle-axe by his fide,

to. Note, All thefe reprefentations may be fett forthe in their cotthe fovereigne or prince of the contrie was perfonally prefent,have ferved freelve att theyr oivne chirge, otherwife none cauDuke, Alarqueflc, Eatle, or Grcate Barronc.

„' - '-"“i armes,

s (hewed) favmge only hi. head fliall be unarmed, hi.

it of armes, fo as they have ferved in the field, where,of whom they received neither paye nor wages, but

1‘ a Kinge, Prince,

averted in coate of armes,

HI-

intended to be observed, only on the continent. Colombiete * exprefly fays, thefwere left to the difcretion of the parties themfelves, or their furvivors. It is be-

lieved they were never enforced among us. They are however a fpecimen ofmonumental punctilio.

The place for redtors or vicars was near and about the altar or in the chancel,

as John Cowall redlor of Stratton St. Michael, Norfolk, in the middle of the chan-

cel, which he built, 1487*. John Wright, 1491, at Stratton 3;Henry Herveys,

1460, at Blickling in the fame county 4; as incumbents at prefent. Chaplains

and chantry priefts were buried in their refpedtive chapels, churches, and re-

ligious houfes or colleges. Lords of manors, patrons and founders, were alfo

interred in the chancel, and fometimes, though not fo frequently, within the

rails. In the chancel of the collegiate church at Ingham, Norfolk, is a feries ofthe founder’s family, who all refer themfelves to him in their feveral infcrip-

tions 5: fo do the Cobhams, at Cobham in Kent. In the South wall of Alden-

ham church, Herts, Weever 6defcribes the figures of two fillers cut in Hone,

the foundrefles of this church, and coheirs to the lordfhip, which at their death

they gave to Wellminfter abbey. That of Torrington, founder of Great Berk-

hamlled church, he defcribes in the body of the church 7.

In the middle aile of Baldock church is a Hone with a crofs fleury, cir-

cumfcribed,

Reigncild cPArgentein ci gift

$ui cette cbapellpoire fist

Preft cbivaler Saint Marie

Cbefcun pardon pour Palme priek

tranflated by Weever 8as if he was a kiiight of. St. Mary. What remained

of this infeription, 1783, fliews that he was a knight, and that the Virgin is to

be intreated for his foul. I read it thus

:

Reynaud : de : Argenten: ci: gift ;

, . . chapele :fere : Jft

:

Fu : chivaler : Seynt

:

... .

Prodom : ky : pur : alme : prie

Or it may be Pru chevaler;good knight.

On each fide of a crofs fiord were two Ihields. Salmon ’ fuppofes the church wa«

rebuilt fince Stephen’s time ; for otherwife this Hone would have lain in a chapel.

Who lhall fay it has not been removed from the chapel of his building? Theftyle of the infeription is about the reign of one of the three Edwards.

The figure aferibed to one of the abbots of St. Aullin, Briftol, on a raifed

tomb in the North aile of Almondsbury church, c. Gloucefter. which be-

longed to that abbey, may reprefent a founder or early incumbent '°. Thefounder of Dumbleton church, in the fame county, has the old French epitaph

in Saxon capitals. Sometimes their only memorial was an arch in the wall Thecrofs-legged knight, in the North wall of the chancel at Hawfted, Suffolk, was pro-

bably the founder thereof, and fuppofed to be one of the Fitz Euftaces, lords there

in the reigns of Henry HI. and Edward I In the North wall of the chancel of

Buckland, c. Berks, is an arch with a fair graveftone, and thereon a crofs em-

* Science heroique, p. 479.* Blomf. III. 132.

* ii>. hi. 595.4 ib. in. 641.

s Parkins’ contin. of Blomf. V. 873. See p. 119.6

P. 592. ’ Ib. 592.* P. 545. * Herts, p. 181.

*" Rudder, 224.11

Ib. 421.

“ Hill, of Hawfted, p.49.

ss bofied.

cxviii[ ]

boffed, and oppofite to it a like arch with a plain graveftone \ The tomb of

Suger, abbot of St. Denys, and prime minifter to Louis le Jeune, who died 1 151,is like thefe formed in the wall of the South tranfept of his church. Felibien

fays it was generally thought to have been made by himfelf, when he rebuilt

this church : but this is a mittake, fince his body was not removed into it till

1259, when abbot Matthew de Vendofme transferred hither under the twoarches on the fide of the great door of the cloifter the bodies of Suger and five

more of his predecelfors. Before the former is a ftone with fome ornaments cuton it, and this infcription,

Hie jacet Sugerius abbas.

which conveys more than all the long panegyrics offered up to his memory *.

The tradition of Whittington, in Shropfhire, buries Fitz Warine, founder ofthe caftle, in the church porch, it being, fays Mr. Pennant 3

,an adtion of devotion

for all perfons on their entrance into churches and religious houfes to pray for

the fouls of the founders and benefadtors. Fulk Fitz Warine, feventh of the name,who had the greateft revenue of any of the family, by his will dated 1 5 Richard II.

directed his body to be buried in the chancel. It is moft probable, the firft ofthe family was buried there. The porch was not an unufual place. The antient

parochial churches dependent on abbies had commonly a cemetery near them,and the dead were buried there, even in the parvis or atrium of the church,whence it has been fuppofed Atrium came frequently to fignify a cemetery 4

.

Leofric earl of Mercia and his countefs Godiva were buried in the porches ofthe abbey church at Coventry, which they had founded 5

. Three of the Tan-kervilles, father, fon, and grandfon, in the chapter-houfe of Kenilworth-priory 6

.

Milo, earl of Gloucefter, who founded Lanthoni abbey, near Gloucefter,

with his two daughters, and four of the Bohuns, earls of Hereford, allied to his

family, were all buried in the chapter-houfe of that priory 7. So were the earls

of Chefter at Chefter.

We are not however to conclude, that every antient flab to be feen in achurch porch is in its original fituation, fo many circumftances occafioning theremoval of fuch monuments.

The abbots of St. Albans before Robert the 19th, who died 1166, wereburied in the chapter-houfe, which he built. He depofited them there, nimisabjedle et Jine hominum diferetorum notitia, by the advice of his mafon, whodying fuddenlv, the memory of the fpot was loft

8. Polyandrium was the

name given to the common burying grounds of abbies, in which, as it feemsfrom Matthew Paris 9

, the faithful under interdidl might be buried. It is of Greekextradt, applied to the tomb of the Thebans who fell fighting againft Philip ,0

,

to the Argives who accompanied the Athenians to the conqueft of Sicily ”,

and who fell vidlorious over the Lacedaemonians at Hyfia **. The council ofTribur under Charlemagne ordaining that graves in churches be levelled withthe pavement, that no footftep of a grave appear, adds, if this cannot be con-veniently done on account of the multitude of corpfes, let the place be turnedinto a polyandrium

,or cemetery IJ

.

Aflim. 1 . 104.1

Felibien, Hill, de l’abbai« de St. Denys, p. rgo. 5 Wales, I. 245.Lebeuf, Hid. du dioc. de Paris, II. 44. In the porch of St. Sulpice were found, in 1729, two Hone coffins, the

feet turned to the Eaft, one about five or fix hundred, the other a thoufand years old. The proof of the latter beingof the twelfth century, or thereabouts, was a plate of copper, enamelled, with the hifinry of Elijah and the widow ofSarepta, which proves it to have been Chrifiian

; the other was all'o the tomb of a Chriftian named Herluin, with thisnlcription in chamfters of the eighth century atlateft,

Hie jacet inclufus Tetopi deflripe creatus,Harluinus comdam vocatus nomine qui obiit. Lebeuf, lb. Merc. Franc. Mai, 1724,

* Dugdale, Warwick ill. p. 1,-7. ed. Thomas, quoting Malmefbury, 16;. a. but no fuch thing is there.Leland It. VI. 73. Hill. Abb. Lanthoni, Mon. Angl. II. 66, 67.

8Vit. Abb. S. Alb. p. 90.

ib. p. 1 19. In later times it was applied to the tomb of one perfon only. See Du Cange in voc.Pauian. Btxot. c. 40. “ Paufan. Corinth, c. 22. 1

Ib. c. 24.Bingham, 23 c. 1. §. 7. So the pariili of Stepney lately ferved their cemetery.

Matthew

[ cxtx]

Matthew Paris has a remarkable ftory about the privilege of being buriedbefore the high altar granted to a woman. “ Cecily Sanford a lady of con-dition, relift of William Goiham, governefs of Joan filter of Henry III.and widow of William Marlhall, junior, died u S i, about a mile from St.Albans. She had made a vow of perpetual widowhood, and with her wed-diug ring affirmed the rulfet habit, the ufual fign of fuch refolution. Herfcholar did the fame; but preferring to be a mother, obtained a difpenfation ofthe Pope for a fecond marriage. Cecily, on her death-bed, having pall throughthe ufual forms with her confeffor, he obferved a gold ring on her fingerwhich he ordered her attendants to take off. The lady juft expiring, recoveredherfelf enough to tell them that Hie would never part with this ring, which fire

intended to carry to heaven with her into the prefence of her celeftial fpoufe,in teftimony of her conftant obfervance of her vow, and to receive the promifedreward. She had no fooner faid this than file expired

; and this being atteftedby her confeffor, file was honourably interred in St. Alban’s abbey-church, in altone coffin, before the altar of St. Andrew, on account of her vow and her rank

Archbifhop Thoresby, who died 1353, was laid before the altar of the bleffedVirgin Mary, in his new work of the choir. No ftone or monument nowmarks the place of his interment

; but fo long as this part of the fabrick Handsit cannot want a memorial

Mr. Hackluit told Leland, that the body of Merewald king of Mercia wasfound in a wall of the old church of Wenlock where his daughter founded anunnery s

.

FqffU is the antient name of a grave, merely from its being an opening dugin the earth : fo in Bede’s epitaph, and that of Thomas de Cailey, reftor of Bra-denham in Norfolk ", in imitation of it. So Lebeuf • fpeaks of a man buried“ dans une fotfe particuliere,” in the prefent century

; and Hall *, fpeaking ofthe fpot whereon the French fiain in the battle of Agincourt were buried, calls it

a grove, converted afterwards into a churchyard.

There are few, if any, inftances among us of tombs reverft in fituation, ashas happened to an old coffin-falhioned one in the church of Ville Taneufe,near Paris, which Mr. Lebeuf mentions as having the head to the altar, inproof that it was removed from an older church T

.

“ Among the monuments of antiquity now remaining none decline fo fail asthe old Hones with brafs plates. The plates fall a prey to petty church robbers,

nte altare leati Andrea honorijice in lapideo

382. is taken from the regiftcr of Ford-

* Propter cat'Hatus ejus privilegium (s’ generis fui nolilitatem in ecclcjia ipfa

fjxatphngiftfclubatur* Mat. Par. p.818.

The following form of a vow of chaftity made by a Countefs of Suffolk,ham bifliop of Ely, fol. 39. b.

“ Votum caftitatis d’ne comitiffe Stiff’. M’d q’d nobilis d’na d’na Ifabella comitiffa Suff. it 0die menf. Martii coram

f.tnuno altare prioratus predidle [Campefey Norwic dioc.] in pratfentia rev. patrum d’norum Thome cp’i ElienP miffamtunc ib’m folempmter celebranns & Henr’ Norwicenf. ep’i pontificalibus induti & alior’ plurimorum abbatum & priorumeifdem affiftentium votum vovic folempniter prout fequitur in hec verba : ‘ Jeo Ifabella jadys la femme William de‘ Ufforde count de Suff- vowe a Die" & 3 dame Seynte Marie & a toux feyntz en prefenee de ties reverentz pier*‘ en Dleu eveft

l-de Ely & de Norwiz qe jeo doi eft*; chaff d’ors en avaunt ma vie durante.’ Et d’ns Elienf. vice & aufto-

ritatc difti d’ni Ncrwic. votum hujufmodi recepit & admifn, & mantellum five clamidem ac annulum ditfe voventi*folempmter benedixit & impofuit fuper earn. Prefentibus etiam ib’m comite Warwic. d’no de Wyloweby d’no de Sca’esac aliis militibus & armigeris & aliis in muititudine eopiofa.”

Compare this with that of Philippa countefs of Warwick, 1360. Dugd. Bar. I. 335.* Diake. agt.

3 Itin. IV. 178. a. Francis lord Level, who fled after the battle of Stoke, and was faid to have lived long after ma cave or vault, (Bacon’s Htft. of Henr}' VII. p. 31.) was fuppofed to have been found in a vault at MinfterLovel houfeq. Oxon. 1 70S. But the circumftances of the dilcovery, as related in Peck’s Appendix of Hiftorical pieces to his Me-moirs of Cromwell, p. 87. are not very probable. He tells, p. 86. another extraordinary ftory of a lkcleton found cram-med into a cellar in Collywefton houfe, c. Northampton, fuppofed of fome perfon made away by Henry VIII’* order.Immuring of Hate prifoners fliould feem to have been anticntly no uncommon pra&ice. In one of the towers of Thorn-ton college, c. Lincoln, in a room whofe door had been walled up, was found in the laft century a Ikeleton, with a tablebrafs candleftic, and book. In the very fubftance of an old ftone wall of Dublin caftle was found a Ikeleton with a”-mge old pair of wooden clogs at the feet, and a feal with a prieft praying to the Virgin and Child, circumfcribed

,ar. de Hoydla. Gent. Mag. vol. xxv. p. an. In the centre of a thick wall at Norham caftle the Ikeletona man was found entire, in a recumbent pofture. Hutchinfon’s Hift. of Durham, I. 1:0.* Blomef. III. 242. See before, p. cii. » Dioc. de Paris, II. 320r Hift. du di*c. de Par. U. 333.

7

S. Henr

* Fol. li. b.

whofe

[ CXX ]

v/hofe behaviour is countenanced by the bad example of great ones, or the neg-

ligence of their fuperiors ; fo that in another century, unlefs greater care be taken,

but very few of thefe will be found remaining

In the body of York cathedral, of an hundred and thirteen epitaphs not twenty

were left at the time of new paving, 1734, and half of thefe were cut in Hone,

which plainly proves, that the poor lucre of the brafs was the great motive to the

defacing thefe venerable remains of antiquity. Of fifty-two epitaphs in the

church, which Mr. Drake gives, near thirty were entire and legible before the

above paving, being preferved by the doors being kept (hut \

When Browne Willis 3 was at Lincoln, 1718, he counted about two hundredand leven grave (tones that had been ftript of their brafles ; but the better half of

them preferved in bifhop Sanderfon’s MS. account of the monuments there, andprinted in Peck’s Defiderata Curiofa.

In fome late eflential repairs to the Weft front of Hereford cathedral feveral

capital brafles, which I copied ten years before, were torn up by the rapacity

of the workmen before the vergers could prevent them.

Browne Willis (hewed the Society of Antiquaries, 1737, from the Augmen-tation Office, a particular of the difiolution of religious houfes, 30 Henry VIII.

which, becaufe it (hews how monuments and bra(fes were then difpofed of, I

(hall fubjoin from their Minutes.

“County of Warwick; Mirival, fix graveftones, with brafles on them, 5/.

four bells, by eftimation ft 30.

County of Stafford ; Brewood or Rywood 4,

in the fteeple three bells.

Littlelhull, feven bells, weight 37 C. not fold, but valued at ft 66. 13 s. 4 d.

Sir Thomas Stafford, jun. four bells, val. £54-Delacres, the paving of the church, with ifles, graveftones, roof, See. fold

for ft 13. 6j. 8 d. Six bells, weight 50 C. val. ft 37. ioj. Gilt plate 87 oz.

white plate 30 oz.

Darley, the tombs and graveftones,with the metal on them, and roof of the

church, ifles, &c. fold forft 20. roof, &c. of the cloifters, fold for ^10.

Gilt plate 98 oz. Six bells, fold for ft. 45. io;.

Dale. The clock fold for 6s. iron, glafs, graveftones, &c. for £18. thecloifters for ft 6. fix bells, weight 47 C.

Repton. The church fold for 50 s. the graveftones and paving remain unfold,

with four bells. Mr. Thatchet put into poffeflion of the late priory.

County of Leicefter;Grace Dieu. The church fold for £ 15. the cloifters for

ft 3. 6s. 8 d. three bells, by eftimation, weight 9 C.

County of Northampton; Pipewell. The church, valued at ft 16. 3 s. Thewhole goods fold for £121. is. five bells, weight 56 C. Gilt plate 70 oz.

white plate 271 oz.

County of Cambridge; Barnwell church, valued at ft 1 6. 1 1 s. 4 d. the whole

building at ft

6

1. 15 s. 2 d. Six bells, weight 25 C.”

The brafles in Thatcham church were ftolen when it was broken open 5.

The bells at Mepham in Kent being to be new caft, fome mifehievous perfons

tore oft' the brafles to add to the metal 6.

When the late lord Colerane rebuilt Driffield church, c. Gloucefter, the old

monuments,were not put up again 7. On rebuilding Tarbick church, c. Worcef-

ter, in pulling down lord Plymouth’s chancel the family monuments were fo1 MS. account of Campden, communicated to Mr. Rudder, Gloucelterfli. p.324.* Ubi fupra, 592. Mr. Drake gives, p. 492, a plan of the old pavement, with all the inferiptions remaining in the

time of Mr. Torre, by whom it was taken, which mult be allowed a great curiofity, fince the whole, except in thechoir end, is now quite taken up and erafed. Ib. p. 519. In the new edition of Camden’s Britannia will be found afnnilar plan of the cathedral of Lincoln, before its new paving, 1783. The choir there has hitherto efcaped alteration.

5 Survey of Lincoln cathedral, p. 31. < Q. Brewood or Byrwood, Shroplhire. Tanner.1 A (hm. II. 325. 6 Halted, I. 469. 1 Rudder, 420,

broken

[ cxxi]

broken as not to be pat tip again They are however engraved in Dtigdale'*Wanvickfhire *. I have heard of a church in Suffolk where all the monumentsof former lords ot the manor were facrificed to the vanity of the prefent pro-prietor, who having no train of anceftry to boaft of, could not bear the memo-rials ot thofe who had. One brafs only efcaped, which I have engraved. Themiierable Hate ot the fine feries of the monuments of the Wingfield and Nauntonfamilies, at Letheringham in the fame county, is a fad memorial of controvertedinheritance.

The churchwardens of Allhallows Stayning pulled down their monumentsand fwept them out of the church, for which they were forced to make a largeaccount of twelve fhillings for brooms, &c. befides carrying away the ftones andbrafs at their own expence 3

. Dr. Hanmer vicar of Shoreditch of late, faysStone", for covetotifnefs of the brafs, which he converted into coined filverpluckt up many plates fixed on the graves.

In the appraifement of St. Andrew’s church, Lincoln, T551, when its ma-terials were fold by the corporation for £ 32. j6r. 8 d. “ the plate in the chapelwith the plate of other ftones in the church,” was valued at 40 j and “ thefdlaring over the tomb (which I fuppofe was a wooden or ftone canopy overfome particular tomb} at 1 2d 5

.

A brafs of Sir Adrian Fortefcue, 1653, from his tomb in Hodington church,c. Worcefter, is preferved in an alehoufe in the village \

I 646, a brafs ftatue in Windfor was ordered by Parliament to be fold, andthe money to go for pay of the garrifon 7

.

A fine brafs of the Clifton family at Methwold was fold by the clerk to atinker, from whom only a few uninterefting fragments could be recovered e

.

ISraffes ftolen from Hilbnrgh church by a tinker, in the civil war, were foundby the reftor after the Reftoration at Swaffham ».

Mr. Johnfon bought of a dealer in hardware, who was going to melt it down,a brafs plate, 20 inches by 16, on which was an elderly man bareheaded andbearded, in a ruff and fur gown, four fons behind him kneeling at a table andtwo books : a woman in a coif fet back and hood hanging down behind, a ruffround her neck and ruffles at her wrifts ; five daughters kneeling behind. Arms, achevron S. between three wolf’s heads, impaling G. a chevron O. between three,fleurs de lis O. under them Love and Lyve, in black letter, and the following in-fcription

:

“ Here within this channcell on the North fide doth lye the corpeflis ofu Thomas Lovell, efquire, and Margaret Pyckeringe his wyfe who was to him.

full deare, they lvved together in the Hate of holy matrimonye 33 yeares andII dayes, and had iflue between them ix children, mi fonnes and v daugh-ters

; viz. Thomas, William, John, and Dudley ; Elizabeth and Elizabeth, Mar-Saret

>Ellenor, and Luce, whofe mother deceafed in the fayth of Chrifte the

fixthe daye of Julye, Ano Domini 1 597, being of the age of lx yeares ,c.”

The braffes of the younger branches of the Delapole family, at Wingfield inSuffolk, which had been carefully preferved in the church chert as they cameoff, and were there feen and copied by me twenty years ago, have fince, ona late repair and beautifying of the church, been converted into money by one ofthe churchwardens.

1Nafli, II. 408.

* Sto'vv’s Survey, p. 22a.5 Symplon's MS Collections, p. 140.7 White-lock's Memor. p. 306.* lb. III. ^39.

* Ed. Thomas, p. 734, 733,4 Ib - P- 474-6 Nalh, I. 392.* Blomefield’s Norf, I. 509.

,3Spalding Society Minutes.

hh The

[ cxxii ]

The monumental flabs with the brafles on them in the chancel at Attlebo-

rough church, Norfolk, were taken by Robert earl of Suffex, to whom Hen-

ry VIII. granted it at the difiolution of the college there, to pave his hall, kitch-

en, and larder 1. Dean Whittingham and his widow, 1579, made the like ap-

plication of many monumental Ilabs in Durham cathedral 2. I have heard a

Similar charge brought agdinfl the chapter at Worcefler fome years ago. Alike

ufe feems to have been made of the flabs with brafles in Stoke Gourney church, c.

Somerfet.

The flab which covers the tomb of Thomas Seckford in his chapel at

Woodbridge has had on its now under-fide a brafs crofs, on which flood two

figures in niches ;and at the tides of the crols two fhields : but all the brafs is

feaved. This flab feems to have fcrved fome other family, and to be here out

of its place. In the abbey church of Bridlington a large coffin-fafhioned llab

of black marble, feven feet long, whole under fide was adorned with reliefs.

Las been turned, and infcribed, in memory, I think, of Sir R. Preflon, 1 587.

I cannot omit an inflance of frugality in making the brafs plate of one family

Terve for another by turning it, were it only to exprefs my obligation to the Rev.

Dr. Difney, who having engraved this memorial of his family in the church of

Norton Difney, c. Lincoln, has permitted me to take a number of impreflions, and

carried his politenefs fo far as to make me the offer of the plate itfelf. It com-

memorates William Dilhey, efq. fheriff of London, 1532. and Richard Difney,

elq. his eldefl fon and heir, burgefs for Grantham, 1554, and fheriff of Lincoln-

shire, 1537 and 1566, with their wives and iffue, to whofe memory it was put

up, probably by Jane fecond wife and widow of the latter, about the middle of

flic reign of Elizabeth. At the back is a long infeription, in the German or

Low Dutch language, recording the foundation of a chantry fomewhere on the

Continent, which I fhall give at large in the Appendix.

The communion table at Stow Bardolf, Norfolk, is made of the flab of Sir

Ralph Hare, knight of the Bath, who died 1623, taken down in eredling the

monument of his grandfon Sir Thomas Hare, bart 3. The reverfe has happened

to an altar flone at St. Edmund’s Bury, converted into a flab for the tomb of

Mary Queen of France, afterwards Dutchefs of Suffolk ; to another which covers

a tomb in the South aile of the abbey church at St. Albans ; and to a third, which,

makes a part of the pavement of the church at Hawfled in Suffolk 4. Thefe once

confecrated llones are known by a crofs cut in the centre and four at the corners,

in allulion to the five wounds of Christ. A very fine one twelve feet long and

three feet wide makes part of the pavement of the choir of Bridlington abbey

church.

A MS. communicated to Mr. Rudder mentions the prefervation of a fine flone

monument in Campden church, Gloucefler, which would have fallen a facrifice

to the lucre of an iron grate that encompafl it, the fale of which would have put

a few pounds into the fpoiler’s pocket s.

Some curious inferiptions in Gothic capitals, four nr five hundred years old,

in the church of St. John Baptifl lez St. Julian at Paris, were worn out by laying

the Hones to make a wall round the outfide of the church 6.

The infeription round the tomb of Anfelm de Bercenay bifliop of Laudun,

who died 1238, in the abbey church of Vauluifanc, fets forth, that the

monument was originally of copper, but that abbot Henry fold it, 1448, to

repair the church, and made another in flone.

1BIrnief. I. from the Pnrifli fegifler

:Anrirj. of Diirhim Cathedral, p.774 —

'P;irkin s Hill, ol Noif. IV. 170.

5 P-3H-

4 Hid. of Hawftcd, p. 4S.

* Lebcuf, Hid. du diocefe deParii

“ Hie

P exxi 'i

5am : &Eter Ouftetf)

31111 cl) ante jiutai :

atikit'llicl)«t^i){lxig) fei^onrte toe*? nmtmbaBfr amongeft- %r_

tbs mu) luck tnk life jjramis

s"//snc&Oia m

,

fa^AfMn&vvy <n M* fL£n~/n.

t ]

“ Hie jacet Anfelmus de Brictha natus quond' laudunens. eji’j qui obiit tcio nona Sepffbris and“ m° duc'n0 3CXSVI11. fed urgete iopia ano m" cccc’ xlviii". in’ Norebris hui' loci abbas Hcn-“ ricus nu“= cuperS tumulu vend! quo p’fat ercx'at de cut vendicoe hac celta tbba I cilice

“fculpfii & hinc ecclJe que tSc ruiilofa p'lmiltS era: pofTetenus altiffimo difponentc fubvSt“ pro eis orate.”

A freeftone in the wall of the chancel at South Acre, Norfolk, is thus in-feribed: “Aug. 1725, the Rev. Mr. William Brocklebank, reaor, new paved“ this chancel with, ftone at his own charge, had the graveftones cleaned and“ laid even

;removed none that had any infeription ; but gave three plain ones

“ to be laid in the body of the church

The monuments of the Freman family are all let up in Abfeden church, Herts,being refeued by major William Freman, from the hands of thole who had lfolenthem from St. Michael’s, Cornhill, in the fire of London

Sir Hugh Calverley’s tomb at Beefton is kept clean by legacy !.

Mr. Hearne « explains the lions at the feet of effigies as emblems of vigilance*indultry, and courage, and parallels them with the lion on the tomb of the Boeo-tians, who died fighting againft Philip, and were buried in one commonpolyaniruftt K 1 doubt this etymology, and rather incline to think the prafticederived from the allufion to the words in Pfalm xci. 1 3. “ Super afpidem &“ bajilijeum ambulabis, conculcabis leonem et dracmemP “ Thou lhalt tread noon“ the li“i and the adder ; the young lion and the dragon lhalt thou trample“ under feet.” Nor Ihould it be objeited, that this relates only to the clergy ;

for the words are applicable to Chriitians in general \ Indeed there are not a fewinftances in which animals fo placed are family fupporters, as was the cafe perhapsuniverfally after the reformation. Thus the buck at the feet of Bois, p. 82. 104.is the family creft. Such perhaps might be the meaning of the bear at the feetof bilhop March, at Wells ; the two rabbits at thofe of lady Tiptoft, at ElyAt the feet of Thomas Cecil, earl of Exeter, in Weftminller abbey, 1621, arehis lions fupportiilg the gerbe. Or they are rebufes of the name, as two haresat the feet of bilhop Harewell at Wells, and at thofe of the knight at Perfhorebefore mentioned, who is fuppofed to have borne the fame name. Under thofeof one of the figures in the Temple church * are two human heads, perhapsalluding to the Infidels fiain in the erttfades

; under the right foot of a knight inRyther church, York, is a collared dog, under his left an old bearded head

:

between the feet of Thomas de Inglethorpe bilhop of Rochefter 1291, is ademon’s head pierced by his crofier. Under the feet of archbilhop Grey inYork miilfter are two human figures writhing as if in pain, while a dragonbites the point of his crofier. Raymond Ragnier lord of Ourchy, 1421, inthe church of the Celellines at Marcoufiy, has a muzzled dog under his feer,

A man in the choir of the church of Nanteuil ftands on a naked child. Undera knight in Ardenne abbey in Normandy are two bafililks : under an abbefs atPort royal des champs, two fifii

5; under a countefs of Vendofme, 1305, in the

Mathurines, church, at Paris, an afs couchant; under the wife of Herve de

Neanville, in the Carthufian church there, 1413, two lambs. Under the figureof William Rufus painted on an abbey wall in France'", under that of bilhopWermund de U Builfiere, 1272, in Noion cathedral, under an abbefs of St.

* Salmon, Herts, p. jtQ.9 Roper’s Life of More, p.

* Blomef. III. 418.3 Pennant’s Journey from Chefler, p. 18.5 P.mlan, Bccot. p 606. Ed. Hanor. 1613.6 In the parill. church of Ville Taneule, near Paris, Lifard the patron is reprefented with a black animal at his

feet, the ferpent or dragon^mentioncd in hisjife. ^Lebeuf, Hill, du Dioc. de Paris, U. 333. If the figure did not) the legend, inftead of the legend to the figure

7 Bentham, pi. xxxv'u. 8PI. xix. p. 50.

9 Moleon, p. 234.10

Montf. I. pi. j,v

Saviour

Sariour at Evreux, 1298, and feveral others, is a double-bodied fphiux or

griffin. Charles of Anjou, eail of Maine, 1472, in the cathedral of Mans, has

only a helmet at his feet. At the feet of John lord Ruflel, who died 1584, and

has a monument in Weftminfter abbey, is a I'm all figure of his infant fon Francis,

who died in the fame year. Under the feet of John Perient, in Digfwell church,

Herts, 1415* Salmon deferibes a creature like a cat, and under his wife’s feet one

like a rat ;the former is really a leopard, the latter an hedge-hog : one of the

Swinborns, at Little Horkelley, Eflex, has a cat at his feet. “ What the meaning“ is of chufing i'uch things I could never,” fays Salmon, “arrive at. They are

“ fometimes their creft, but frequently arbitrary, and with relation to their arms.”

Thus the lion of bronze gilt, large as life, on the tomb or maufoleum of

the dukes of Brabant, reftored by the archduke Albert, is the arms of the

faid duke, which he alfo holds in a fiiicld, in the church of St. Michael andSt. Jude, in Brufiels. In this tomb rclts the body of duke John II. whodied 1312. and his confort Margaret, lixth daughter of our Edward 1 . whodied 1318.

The learned antiquary Lebcuf, in a diflertation on the ftatue of queenPedauque, or the goofefootedf

whom he explains the Queen of the South or

Sheba, Regina Aujlri, has a curious conjecture on lions in porches of churches,

ferving as fupporters of the feats of ecclefiaitical judges; whence the fentences

of Officials, Deans, &c. have this formula. “ Datum or AElum inter duos

“ leones

To account for dogs, one or more, at the feet of ladies, or even of knights,

may not be fo eafy. They may only allude to their favourite lapdogs. Chau-cer’s priorefs kept fmall houndes*. Judith daughter of the emperor Conrad

is reprefented on her tomb, 1191, with one in her left hand 3. Thofe at the

feet of countefs Aveline Sir Jofeph Ayloffe 4 calls talbot whelps ; they are cou-

chant, the head of one lying over and retting on that of the other.

Lacombe 5 fays, Gocet is “ petit chien de bois qu’on mettoit au pied du lit

Quaere, if the dogs at feet of ladies, whofe drapery is tuckt or gathered roundtheir feet, as Matilda at Dunmow priory, lady Crofbie in St. Helen’s, London,and other inttances, allude to this; as alfo the inttances of dogs holding up the

robe at the feet. They are not unfrequent at the fide of the feet looking upto the faces of their miftreftes. Mary countefs de St. Paul kneeling on her

monument at Vendome has her dog on the Ikirts of her robe. Sir Bryan Stapleton,

on his brafs at Ingham, c. Norfolk, refts one foot on a lion, the other on a dog,

whofe name is recorded on a label, Jakke6. Round the collar of a dog at the

feet of an old Hone figure of a knight in Tollelhunt Knight’s church, Eflex, I

traced five other capitals, fomewhat like Howgo 1. King Richard 11 . had a

favourite greyhound, named Matt, whofe transfer of attachment from him to

the ufurper of his crown is naturally told by Froiflart. By this it ihould feem

* Hiftoire de l’Acad. des Inf. XI, 405. tamo.1 Cantcrb. Tales, I. 146. * Reyner, ubi fup.

* Account of the Weftminfter monuments, p. 5.

* Diift. du vieux langue Francois.6

PI. XLV. p. 1 19.7 Perhaps for Hugo or Hugh.Among Sir David Lindfay’s poems is

11 the Complaint of the king's old hound called Ball, directed to Bawly, the

king’s bell beloved dog.”The dog at the feet of Thomas II. lord of Savoy and count of Maurienne and Piedmont, who died 1233, on his

tomb at Aouft, has on his collar inferibed in Gothic capitals the word FERT, and on his brealt a fhic'd, with the armsof Savoy, of which houfe this word was the antient device. G nichenon, who has given a print of this monument.Hill, de Savoye, p.251.) confefles himiclf (p. in.) unable to explain the meaning of the device, which he fays is

plainly a word, there being no ftops between the letters. Notwhhrtanding this, Pere Hardoutn (than whom no man wasfonder of a conceit) in a diflertation profeliedly on the fubjeft, takes no little pains to give each of thefe four letters adiftinft meaning, in the fame manner as he explained away the legends of antient coins. See his note on Pliny,

N. II. VIII. c 9.

Feijoo, in his Vulgar Errors, tells a wonderful ftory of a dog named Gondtlen.

that

[ cxxv]

r* " *7 ** “*"• -ot their rank. The greyhound is introduc^’iT^Lls*^

fp°"S ’ orfymboIs

the Bayeux tapeftry to the Champ de drap d’orP °f ceremoiilals f™>

prick-eared ihock, the other ftrait-haired and flL,-eared“

of Robert Braunche at Lynne, 1364=. An abbot of iw’& ^ the W1Ves

another of Evron in Maine, have a greyhound under thei/feet^ M“S ’ “d

Un the French monuments one or hnt-h rUn-egnawing bones or eating acorns; and under the feet of

^onbln

^a^y ^prefented

in Jard church, is a dog running.°f^ ftlSneur de P“T>

One of the lateft inftances in which ftafnps i

Lionel Cranfield earl of Middlefex 164 c and 1

•

ima S at

^ieir feet is that of

abbey. At thofe of Lotus Stuart duke of ml f™?*'.in Weft'™niler

1639, they are on coronets in that fituation. They hold ihields^f

^

the corners of the flab of the Duke of Norfolk at Framlin b f3rm5 ™

mftances they are known fupporters of the family arms At the f » fde la TremouiUe, who was killed at the battle of Pavia' r-, 1 ° “Nome Dame de Thouars, the dog lies as ufuaC but has'h^a^^7 *

Charles de Bourbon earl of Soiffons and his u° llde *

th

Thfeet

’

r^v 643-’

in the aand * dos at

The next difpofition m which we find animals is as (im™,,,, emorials of the parties whofe arms or fupporters they are Thu, fof white marble bear up the black marble r V ’ ThUS tW° elePbants

b.~, 2«£ris:sw'*

s..Cs

*;r,“l “ *•

SS^Ss^^SOSS^h

th<:.

fr0

,

nts of two ftpnlchres at Palmyra are cumbent figures with the

c“i -

« 5- sis,?™?;rrfersi5

s‘r M^- hd“4

Ruiflg of Palmyra, PI, LV. LVI.

The

[ cxxvi ]

/

The article of our ancient habits derives much light from fepulchral monu-

ments, which fupplied the place of portraits before we had painters among us,

which is indeed almoft till the time of Holbein'. “ In elder times much mult

be depended on tombs for drefles,” was the opinion of an excellent judge in thefe

matters, when he was promoting a defign which, had the gentlemen to whomhe affigned their feveral parts been living, would have done honour to this age

and country ;“ An Hi/lory of Gothic architecture in its various periods, with a hijlory

offajhions and drejfes in EnglandA This obfervation is not to be entirely con-

fined to female drefs, becaufe almoft all our male figures till the i 5th century

are clad in armour ; for in that article very material varieties will be found from

the prince to the various orders of his fubjedts.

None of our hiftorians have attended to fuch minutiae. Fadts, not manners

or fafiiions, were their objedl. Montfaucon was the firft who thought of them in

France. Mr. Strutt adopted his plan in England, and has fucceeded in pro-

portion to the extent of his obfervations.

It is amazing how fuperficial is Mr. Granger on an article for enlarging on

which he had fuch advantage. For the piked flioes of Richard the Second,

and a law made to limit them to two inches, he quotes Baker’s Chronicle. Had

not Mr. Granger read original authors ? But he did not carry his views in this

kind beyond the reign of Henry VII \

The induftrious Hearne is not much more explicit, nor does he carry his

views much further back. “ Tis alfo, fays he, from old monuments that

we learn the fhape of the flioes and other habits of our countrymen in

former times. The make of the flioes, 10 Henry VIII. we have in the

church of Ewelme ;and of thofe in 31 Henry VIII. in the church of Ealt

Hakborn. The figure of thofe 37 Henry VI. may be feen in the church

of Leclilade in Gloucefterlhire, as thofe of the reign of Henry V. maybe found in John Dade’s MS. treatife of arms in the Bodleian library. The

habit of Prince Arthur’s auditor may be feen in the church of Brightwell, in

Berks : where may likewife be feen the habits of the women in the beginning

of Henry 'the* Eighth’s reign. We have the habit of a bachelor of divinity,

9 Plenry VIII. in the church of Evelme, where we have alfo the fhape of the

1 Some of the fined illuminations in our MSS. are the work of foreign Artids, particularly the Froiflart in the

F.( yil Library. The illuminated copy of Mat. Paris, in the Britilh Mufeutn, was certainly a presentation book to Hcn-

rv ill. There is another very neatly illuminated with the hidories in outlines in Benet College Library. Mr. Walpole has

comprifed our painters, &c. from Henry III. to Henry VI. in thirty quarto pages. Our olded drawings are in the

Saxon MS 1

', of which Mr. Strutt has -made good ufe. Probably the hidories of Alexander the Great, the Crufade, the

t iered and other figures and hidories on the walls of the royal apartments in the reign of Henry III were of this kind.

They certainly were nor better than the feven champions painted on the walls of private houfes in the reigns of Henry VII.

and Vlll. as over the gatechambcr of Nether-hall, Effex, over the cloider at Wenlock abbey, with mottoes; or the

f,ng|e figures in compartments on the North fide of the room adjoining to Selby abbey church, which is (hewn for the

chamber where Henry the Fird was born, when an infeription round the cornice exprefsly fays it was built by abbot

Deping jud before the diffolution. The Deity, or the Trinity, with angels, and the lymbols of the Evangelilis, were

depi<fted on the ceilings of the wooden canopies over the royal and other monuments in Wcdminder abbey ; the Virgin

and Child, or Saints with worfltipers, at the back of feveral monuments, as in Hereford library, &c. Indances of this

fort were more common in France than in England. St. Chridopher, on the wall of the North tranfept of Wincheder

cathedral, and on the doors of fome parifli churches in Norfolk, the faints, fathers, and apodles, on the fereens of

Woodbridge and feveral other churches in Suffolk. The legends of St. Cuthbert and St. Audin on the back of the Wedern

flails in the cathedral at Carlifle. The figures of faints, kings, queens, and prelates, on pannels over the door and on

the roof of the c'.jipter-houfe at York, of the time of archbifltop Gray, in the beginning of the 13th century; thofe on

the ceiling of the nave of Peterborough minder, of the 12th;

thofe on the ceilings of Salilbury cathedral, St. Alban’s

abbey church, and innumerable others, which might be referred to one of thefe two centuries. The half-effaced legends

of the Virgin Mary, in her chapel in Wincheder cathedral, aferibed to bilhop Langton, in the reign of Henry VII. The

flars and blue ground in churches and apartments. The gtfta Amiochia, or hiffory of the Croifade, ordered to be painted

in 1 l av chamber in the garden at Weflminfler, probably a fummer or banqueting houfe, might be in the flyle of the figures

on the tomb of Edmund Crouchback at Wedminder, or the now effaced fiege of Damietta (which turns out, however,

to be only a reprefentation of the wife-mens’ offering) in Canterbury cathedral. William of Florence was one of

Henry Ill’s artifts. Walpole, 1 . 16.

If the Antiochtia were the fird hidorical piece in which we were intereded, the coronation of Edward I. in the bilhop's

palace at Lichfield was the fecond. One may venture to affirm, there was more hidorical precifion than in his

grandfon’s triumphs by Verrio, at Windfor. On the outfide of the choir next the South aile of St. George’s chapel

there are fuppofed portraits 01 three of our kings and prince Edward fon of Henry VI. and on the oppofite fide of the choir

in the chapel over the tomb of William lord Haflings, the hiflory of his patron St. Stephen, in four pannels.

Painting in glafs is fird mentioned in the Claus Roll 20 Henry III. Aubrey quotes Sir William Dugdale for its

being fird done in the reign of John, Walp. I. 5.* dee Granger, I. 86, 87.

bands

[ cxxvii ]

bands that were in life 13 Henry VII. And in the forefaid church of Bright-

well is the habit of a Matter of Arts, 2 3 Henry VII. which, as it varied at the

different times, fo we meet with the figures of it fometimes in old printed books>

as we do with the figures of a Matter of Grammar in old grammatical trails, the

frontifpieces of which may be in fome meafure illuftrated from the old hiero-

glyphical figures in the quadrangle of Magdalen College, Oxford. And by

the fame obfervations we may gather the forms of other habits from one age

to another, as we may likewife the figures of the military inttruments ; and the

nature of the occupations in which they were engaged. We may know the

figures of the fwords before Edward the Third’s time from the monuments in

Aldworth church, and the figures in Lechlade church do as naturally fhew

that the perforis upon whofe monuments they are expreffed were woollmen,

as if there had been no infcriptions to teftify the fame

Bifhop Nicolfon’s cenfure of Hall for reciting the falhions of -each reign

implies how little his lordlhip efteemed fuch matters.

He brings a charge againft that valuable hiftorian, that his principal merit con-

fifts in defcribing “ what fort of cloaths were worn in each king’s reign, and

how the falhions altered.” The fadl is, as Hearne obferves in his defence, that

he declines giving an account of cloaths and falhions, excepting on fome folemn

occafions in the reign of Henry VIII2

. For the drefies and entertainments at

the receiving of Henry the Sixth’s Queen, Margaret, he refers to the Chrbnicle of

London, and Robert Fabian, who is not at all diffufe on the fubjedt. Except this

and his defcription of an armed man preparing for a tournament, hereafter given,

he fays nothing of thefe things in an earlier period than that in which he lived.

What few obfervations have been made on the fubjedt have not been carried

higher than the 15th century, when monuments of every kind became more

numerous. But though I feel myfelf here deferted by the alfiftance. of preced-

ing Hiftorians and Antiquaries, and entering upon unexplored ground, in

which I have no guide but my own experience and obfervation, I do not defpair

of forming a tolerable collection for the preceding centuries, up to the Norman

Conqueft.

The figures on the fides of the tombs of Aymer de Valence and John of

Eltham at Weftminfter are good reprefen tations of habits, and the latter well

preferved ;fo are thofe on the fides of the tombs of Thomas Beauchamp at

Warwick, of Robert de Vere at Earl’s Colne ; not to mention others.

What can be fakl of the wretched reprefentations of thofe on the fides of

monuments in Bedal church in the Regiftrum Honoris de Richmond, p. 242.

or of the monuments themfelves, as there drawn, which even after all the

injuries of time make a better appearance ?

The author of the Roman de la Rofe, who lived in the clofe of the thirteenth

century, gives us the following inventory of a wardrobe in France.

Ja pour leur manteaulx febelins,

Ne pour furcotz tne pour tonelies,

Ne pour guimples , ne pour cotelles.

Ne pour chemifes,ne pelices

,

Ne pour joyaulx, ne pour delices,

Ne pour leur moes defguifees,

Ne pour leur luysans fuperjices 3.

Qui bien les auroit advices.

Dont ils ufent par artifices ;

Ne pour chapeaulx de fleurs nouvelles,

Ne leur femblaffent eftre belles 4.

* Roper’s Life of Moore, 271, 272.1 Appendix to Heming’s Chartulary.

* Qi painted complexions.*

1. 9347—9357*

That

cxxviiit 3

That chitchat hiftorian Rofs of Warwick is the firft who gives a brief view ofthe fafhions of each reign.

“ In ^Confeffor’stime the garments reached to the knees, the arms were loaded

,

h *°lden bracde's> the head was lhaved, the beard let to grow on the upper

lip, except of pnefts, and the Ikin disfigured with various marks. Their armswere ftaves and battle axes: thofe of the Normans fword. and arrowsAfter the Conqueft the Norman fafhion of ihaving the beard, and letting thehair flow to the (boulders was adopted *. Malmfbury fays > the men’s half wasfo long that they looked like women

; and a young foldier letting his grow toIns knees was flramed out of it by a dream : he prefen.ly cut his hahWand all h!s comrades adopted his falhion

; but this did not obtain long, for

h

W'

W°Uld^

th°l'Sht C°UrtierS rdapft int0 the tb™erw „t’ f u G

a ‘ r S 'OW “ ™g “ that of the women> “d Applying thewant of it by artificial hair. Henry 1 . rounded the hair to (hew the ears - andordered that his foldiers (Irould trim it round to a decent length *

In William Rufus’s time a great abufe of drefs, and luxury in wearing thehair and a horrid faflnon of picked and turned up (hoes obtained, and menadopted a mincing gait and a ioofer drefs s.’

coatl'of maifSh°t

f

;

°hnr,’ f

S 3PPearS by the feals’ tbe men 'vore »nics over theircoats of mail but not before

; and the tunics reached down to their heels 4

In that of Henry III. they had, as ufual, on their feals, horfemen inarmour with their fwords, and firft introduced their coats of arms in (hields

“Afmrthft l f'r’u

5’ am' the ftCeS °f imaSes firft had ^relleS \

wl n r ll rl

h

l HmS °f J°bn K 'ng °f France by Edward the Third, the Englilh,Who tili then had worn their beards and lhaved their heads, and worn tunics

£"'?• and b“. Arif came to wear long robes and hair, and lhaved tfS- *- « »• «*« In Richard the Second’s time began the deteftable ufe of picked (hoes, fattened

on fide-faddles; a falhion firft introduced by the refpedtable Queen Anne whowas daughter to the king of Bohemia’.”

’

The monkifh writer of Richard thp Qp/vahvIv iif. 10 r ~

«™» fupetiori SSd SnS't"” Tk T"“folt.m prefbiteris, armillis etiam aureis brachiis onerati putnris ({ J'a

fu

Kpenore

!

abro n»nquam rafi exceptiset hipennibiif, Normanni enfibus et fagittis. p. Q9 . £d. Hearnl/

^ ^ A'gniatibus cute lnfigniti—Pugnabant baculis

crirtes ad humeros crefcere perraittebant.^tthToo/'br^ScrGran538 "

“

tr 'erunt> exemplo Normannorum eas raferunt, Sc

Hilt, Novel, 99. b, s r ®7 “

bbTtunaics^lIe vidZmuHn prius tiumT T"0™"? hnS^nt feipfos transformant.- Vi*

tabant & ubi crines deficiunt involucra qusdam innodabant. * SnieJ"81 ' ^ Capillorutn cum fsminis cer-

roflratorum^d eft^cum armatisIc'uIcT“a“ horribiIis alPeri '« fotulariumRols, Ib.p. tot. b.

ftomines grejjus frangnc, gelto foluto, et nudo latere incedere.° H" s diebus ,n ‘‘g* 111® dominorum erant tunics fuper loricas antea non x- ;„r ,lb. p. 162. b. V toricas, antea non, & lpfs tunics erant longs ad talos

deaurato ad genuligatorum." Etbm 'mulieles noSesU

”nrjSE“rSri^TCatenan’m de argent0 * q^ndoque

6P' ' s6-

Richard

[ ckxix ]

Richard liad one garment ' fo richly adorned with beryls1 and other precious

ftones and gold, of his own ordering 3,that it was valued at 3000 marks.

Thefe picked cracows, as they were called, were common in the 14th century

in France. See Montfaucon. Mr. Strutt fays, Verftegan miftakes in making this

a part of our drefs before the Conqueft ; for it is not feen in any delineation what-

ever 4. Something like them however we have before heard of in the reign of Rufus.

Of the extravagant falhions of his own time the reign of Henry VII. Rofs

gives this pidlure : “They let their hair grow fo long that it hid their forehead,

which bore the mark of the crofs in baptifm;they fcarce concealed the parts

which nature bids us conceal, and in walking fhewed their backfides, by the

fhortnefs of their garments, or by having fervants following to lift up their

trains. The capes of their tunics and mantles were as Ihort as if they were

preparing to be beheaded. Formerly they were made high, that they might

Rand up to keep the cold out of their necks ; but now they are Ihort, as if

intended to be out of the way of the executioner’s ax. The women of the

prefent time wear mourning hoods, as if in mourning for fome near relation 5 .”

In the falhion of beards and hair Harrifon is ready to concur with Rofs :

“ Our heads are fometimes polled, fometimes curled, or luffered to grow at

length, like woman’s locks, manie times cut off above or under the ears, round

as by a wooden difh : our varietie of beards, of which fome are fhaven from

the chin, like thole of the Turks ; not a few cut Ihort, like to the beard of

marquis Otto ; fome made round, like a rubbing brufh, others with a pique

devant (O fine falhion !) or now and then fuffered to grow long ; the barbers

being growen to be fo cunning in this behalf as the tailors. And therefore if

a man have a leane and ftreighte face a marquefle Otton’s cut will make it

broad and large ;if it be platter like, a long Header beard will make it feeme

the narrower ;if he be wefell beeked, then much heere left on the cheekes will

make the owner looke big like a bowdled hen and fo grim as a goofe, if Cor-

nelis of Chelmeresford fay true. Manie old men do weare no beards at all6 .”

To judge from the broad feals of our Norman Princes in Sandford, William

the Conqueror wore Ihort hair, large whilkers, and a Ihort round beard. Rufus

his hair a degree longer than his father, but no beard or whilkers. Henry I.

and Stephen neither hair, beard, nor whilkers 7. Henry II. Ihort hair, no

beard or whilkers on his firft feal ; but on his l'econd large whilkers, and Ihort

double-pointed beard. Richard I. longilh hair, without beard or whilkers.

John, fhort hair, large whilkers, and Ihort curled beard, and the fame on his

monument. Henry HI. middling hair, no beard or whilkers on firft feal? on

fecond whilkers and Ihort round beard ;on his monument whilkers, and a

broad long beard. Edward I and II. Ihort hair, no beard or whilkers; John

of Eltham, whilkers on his monument. Edward 111 . long hair, no beard or

whilkers on firft and fecond feal, Ihorter hair, large whilkers, and double

pointed beard on third. Richard II. in his picture and monument at Weftminfter

Ihort curling hair, and a fmall two pointed curling beard. In his feal both longer.

He has the fame beard on the fcreen in York minfter, which is faid to have been

brought from St. Mary’s abbey there. The ftatue of Henry III. thereon has the

fame bifid beard ;that of Edward III. has a very long one; Henry IV. and V. none.

Can one help admiring Hearne’s8 curious reafoning on the rude coins of the

Conqueror and Rufus, that the ugly features, thin hair and beard, prove the

1 tunica. * fierilli'.3 de propria, ftia ordinationc. 4 ))ojiba. p. 47.

5 Longitudine crinium faciem in baptil'nio fanftx crucis figno fignatum abl'condunt, puddnda palam facinnt, de vicus

non pudcnt, & in ambulando nates denudant aut togarum curtitudine aut famulorura fequentium juvamine & furfuro

fubUvationc. Decollation! etiam i'e aptant colariorum tunicis et togis decurtaiione. Oliin erant aha ad fligus e?-

pellendum, fed nunc funt curta, non quia impedientia nec refiftentia fecuri percuticntis manu proni ad decollandum.

Mulieres etiani modern* utuntur cafuciis lamentoriii quati carorum fuorum necem plangentes. P.116, a.

6 Defcriptioij of England, c. 7. of apparel, p. 17*.- . . , . ,

7 1104. 4 Henry I. Serlo bilhop of Seez preaching at Carcnton before the king againlt long hair, caufed him and

all his courtiers to be immediately rropt. ' ad Gul. Neubrig. p. jtvm.

k k corrupt;

"corrupt manners of the times* and the king to be a complete debauchee, as well

as avaricious tyrant ; and his fon blood- thirfty and facrilegious;

as if any of our.

coins before the Edwards bore the imprefs of a human figure ?

In France Charles de Blois, who was killed at the battle of Avrai, 1364, is

reprefented with a beard, contrary, fays Montfaucon “, to the cuftom of that

time. One might believe that Philip Auguftus king of France* who died

1223, introduced the cuftom of fhaving, becaufe both he and his fon Louis VIII.

have beards on their feals. Thus much is certain, that neither St. Louis nor his

fucceflbrs to Francis I. wore them *.

Thorn has thought it of importance to record in his Chronicle the cera whenthe monks of St. Auftin’s ceaft to fcrape off one another’s beards ; and he has'

remarked, that a pious commemoration was inftituted for the foul of abbat

Roger, who, with the concurrence of the convent, had ordained, that the bre-

thren fhould be Ihaved by feculars—“propter lzefuras et diverfa pericula quse fre-

quenter contigerunt inter eos qui rudes 8c nefcii erant in officio radendi V’ This

was about A. D. 1264. Mr. Tanner, in his preface to the Notitia Monaftica 4,

on the authority of Ingulphus, fays, that it was within the province of the bifir-

miarius to fliave all in the convent, but by Lanfranc’s conftitution the monkswere to lhave one another. “ Alter alterum radat, magiftri pueros radant, &c

ipfi a pueris radantur with this provifo however, “ ft tamen hujufmodi

fcientiam habent s .” This is a complete fyftem of monaftic pogonotomy.

Chaucer’s monk’s

Hed was balled (bald) and ffione as any glas,

And eke his face as it had been anoin’d 6.

His Reve’s beard was—“fhave as neighe as ever he can The merchant

and the failor wore their beards8.

To begin the varieties of drefs, as Mr. Aubrey 9 does, with crowns : he ob-

ferves, that “ the firft crowns ufed by the Roman emperors were only diadems

with the addition of pointed fpikes, which they afterwards adorned and tipt

with pearls, and afterwards adorned the intervals with trefoils.” The radiate

crown feems to have been firft affiimed by the thirty tyrants, or by emperors about

their time;before which the heads of emperors, on their coins, are bound

with laurel. After the time of Conftantine the fillet of pearls came into ufe.

This the later Byzantine emperors turned into a kind of coronet, with a broader

band in front, furmounted by a crofs, as appears on the coins of Tiberius Con-ftantius

10; and on thofe of Maurice it feems to come over a helmet Phocas

wears a plainer crown 11; and later emperors varied its form according to their

fancy. The Virgin Mary on a coin of the emperor Michael Ducas wears a radiate

crown, whofe fpikes are tipt with pearls 13; and when we come to the time of

Manuel Palaeologus, who was crowned 1363, he is reprefented wearing a clofe

crown ftudded with pearls, and his queen with a very different one ‘ 4. The

trefoil is thought to have been of Gothic introduction. VVe find it on the crowns

of Clovis and his fons, which has induced fome antiquaries to call it the

fleur de lis15

; but the truth is, thefe trefoils were ufed on Conftantinopolitan

crowns before the time of the Franks l6,and afterwards on thofe of German

1II. 289.

1lb. p. no.

3 X Script, col. 1915. * XXX. not. d. d. J Wilkins Cone. I. 351.6

Canterb. Talcs, 1. 198, 199. 1 lb. 1. 590. * lb. 1. 272. 408.9 Monuments Britannica, MS.10 Du Cange Hift. Byzant, p. 102.

11lb. 104. ,l

lb. 109.,J lb. 159. M lb. 242.13 Monti. Monum. de la Mon. Fr. I. p. xxviii. Difc. Prelim. On the tomb of Adelaid of Savoy, Queen of Louis Is

Grot, who died 1154. and was buried in Montmartre Abbey, her crown coniifts of four fleurons. Lebeuf, II. 107.

princes

[ cxxxi]

princes no way allied to Charlemagne-. This ornament was adopted by butNorman kings, and continued on their coins till the Reftoration, when exceptin a few tnftances of both, the laurel wreath took place, as it ltill continues todo, of the crown. Edward the Confeffor wears the trefoil in the tapeftry of BayeuxIt appears on the Great Seals of the Conqueror and his wife in Sandford, andit probably adorned the figures on his monument, as it does that of his fonRobert Curthofe, at Glouceller, and of all the kings his fucceflbrs of whomwe have any monuments in England

; for thofe at Font Evraud are of modernworkman (hip. Mr. Aubrey obferved a like crown on the bead of king Ethel-red, in the windows of Kingfton St. Michael, c. Wilts, and on the keyftoneof the North door there; as alfo on a grave-ftone at Wimborn. The laft of thefeinftances is very modern, though it may be a copy of an older figure

; the othersare of better authority. lie noticed a fimilar on the head of Ethelred’s queenSuch crowns were worn by Edward II. and his queen, and are often found onborders of glafs windows in churches both in England and France, and on themouldings of porches of Suffolk churches. Aubrey remarks that “Edward theCon-teffor wore a barred crown : the former Saxon kings crowns of filver like our coro-nets : Canute, a coped helmet like a mitre. Then came in life the re.ral circle afterthe manner ot the Greeks. The kings of England firft wore the arched barredcrown. In France Louis XII. Wore a fingle bar arched over his crown, about1500, before only a cap till he married Henry the Eighth’s filter

; fee his coinsTill Francis I. an open flowery border, fomewhat like our ducal coronet wasgenerally ufed. In Spain, Philip, after he had married Queen Mary, u’fed abarred crown. In Germany Maximilian, grandfather of Charles V. firft worean arch over a ducal coronet. In Denmark Chriftian III. after he came intoEngland, ufed the barred crown. James IV. on his marriage with Margaretdaughter of Henry VII. introduced it in Scotland. John duke of Braganza wasthe firft who wore it in Portugal.”

The clofe or arched crown appears on the coins of our firft Norman Princes,and of the Byzantine Emperors. This is properly called the Imperial crown,and was worn by Charlemagne, after he had been declared Emperor at Rome, onwhofe ftatue at Aix-la-Chapelle it was copied for Montfaucon ’. If we may trultthe feal of Dagobert, and the many figures on the porch of St. Denis, we maybelieve the kings of France, before Charlemagne's time, wore a crown clofed attop. Ihe Emperors of Conftantinople were not in a condition to hinder theirwearing the fame kind of crown as themfelves 4

. Mr. Evelyn indeed fays i,

the monarchs of England were the firft who pretended to the arched crown!Selden fays Edward V. was the firft of them. It appears in Scotland firft on thegroats of James ill. Others fay it was firft worn in France by Charles VIII.1485. Henry III. brought the clofed crown into Poland, and was foon imitatedby the Swedes.

The crowns on our antienteft coins are much different both from one anotherand from that Imperial crown of England (as it is ftyled) which is on the modernones. The two Williams have tile pearled diadem, having labels at each ear,and fomething like an arch that goes acrofs the head.” This is Selden’s deferip-tion of it Henry I. is crowned with an open crown of three fleurs de lis,

Without any rays between the fleurs, which are raifed but little, and labels ofpearls hanging at each ear '. Stephen’s crown is much the fame arch, the flowersare raifed higher, like thofe of the emprefs Maud and Henry II. on their feals.

The fon of Henry I. who was crowned in his father’s life-time, and John, have

1 Montf. I. xxxiii.3

I. II. laft crown on the 5th row.

Titles of Honour, p. 134.

1 Ubi fup.4 Montf, lb. p. 3

7 lb.

the

[cxxxii ]

the fame on their feals ;but the latter king’s is only pointed with fhort rays,

inftead of flowers. Henry III. wears on his feals a crown fleurie pointed or

rayed, the points raifed, but not high, between the flowers ; in his fecond feal

the points are wanting, as on that on his tomb. But in Matthew Paris we read he

was firft crowned with a circle of gold'. Edward I. has a limilar crown on his

coins and feals, and his queen on her tomb; fo have his fucceflors Edward II.

and III. Richard II. Henry IV. and V. Mr. Selden had read in a book of the

inftitution of the garter, written in the time of Henry VIII. that Henry VI. firft

made him an Imperial crown, and archbilhop Sharpe found it firft on his coins

;

and from Henry VII. downward the arched crown, with the globe and crofs,

has been alfo ufed on coins. Francis Thinne, in a MS. on arms, attributed it

to Edward III. But Henry the Sixth’s crown differs not on his coins from that of

Henry V. being both fleurie and arched, with a globe and crofs over the arch,

almoft like our prelent crown. That drawn in the illumination of the “ Ordo

Coronationis,” written long before Henry VI. is fleury, not without an arch,

having a globe and crofs on it. Edward V. and Richard III. have both crowns

fleury. The old crowns with croffes fleury, and without arches, may be feen

on the ftatues of kings within and on the front of Weftminfter-hall.

The crown of Scotland, as deferibed in the inftrument upon lodging the

regalia in Edinburgh caftle, March 16, 1707, (the original of which, figned

by the notaries and witneffes, and curioufly illuminated, was prefented by the

prelent earl of Buchan to the Society of Antiquaries of London), is deferibed as

compofed of a large broad circle or fillet, which goes round the head : above the

great circle is another fmall one : the upper circle is heightned with ten croffcs

flore, interchanged with ten high fleurs de lis. This is faid to be the antient

form of the crown of Scotland, fince the league made betwixt Achaius king of

Scots and Charlemagne. The fpecific form of this crown differs from other Im-

perial crowns in that it is heightned with croffes flore and fleurs de lis alter-

nately : the crown of France is heightned only with fleurs de lis ; and that of

England with croffes patee alternately with fleurs de lis. The Scottifli crown

fince James VI. went to England has been ignorantly reprefented like the

Englifh crowns. From the upper circle proceed four arches which meet and

clofe at top, furmounted with a mound or globe of gold enamelled with a large

crofs patee, fuch as tops the church of Holyrood-houfe, and cantoned with other

four in the angles. At the foot of this crofs are thefe chara&ers, J. R. V. by

which it would appear that James V. was the firft who clofed this crown with

arches, and topped it with a mound and crofs patee. But it is evident that the

coins of James III. and IV. have a clofe crown, and that the arches have been

added to the antient regal crown \

King John’s name is faid to have been inferibed within his crown, on his

monument at Worcefter ; but no trace of it now remains.

Henry the Sixth’s high cap of eftate, called Abococket,was garniflied with two

rich crowns, and was taken at the battle of Hexham 3.

Moft of the kings of England, to Edward I. have feeptres on their coins, and

fome have two. From that time we meet with none till Henry the Eighth’s pence

and halfpence 4. The oldeft pattern of a feeptre is on the coins of William the

Conqueror, his fon, Henry I. and Stephen, furmounted by the crofs patee, or madeof pellets, or by a trefoil formed of pointed leaves or pellets. The Conqueror and

his wife had a trefoil feeptre in their portraits 5. The queen has a Angular but

1circuhts aureus.

1Maitland’s Hilt, of Edinb. p. 161. See in Arnot’s Hilt, of Edinburgh, p. 391. a doubt

what is become of thefe regalia. 3 Hall. fol. cxc. b.4 Archbilhop Sharpe on Coins, in Ives’s Seledl Papers

;and fecond edition in Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXXV. p. 12, 13.

* Montfaucon, I. pi. LV.

rude

t cxxxiii j

rude imitation of it on her feal. Henry III. has fuch an dne on his coins*

being the laft prince with that mark on our coins; but on his great feal

in Sandford he bears the fceptre with the dove, as ftill ufed. His Queen Elea-nor on her feal bears both the fceptre with the crofs, and that with the dove,and fometimes that with the trefoil. The fceptre with the crofs was evi-

dently borrowed from that borne by the Byzantine Emperors on their coins,

and continued on our lateft great feals engraved by Sandford. This fceptre wasfound in the right hand of Edward I. and that with the dove in his left.

Henry I. fourth duke of Lorrain and Brabant, who died 1235, bears in his

right hand a fceptre furmounted by a fleur-de-lis, on his tomb in St. Peter’s

church at Lorrain \ Alice countefs of Bretagne, wife of Peter de Dreux, whodied 1221, has a flowered fceptre in her right hand on her tomb at St. Yvetde Braine.

Mr. Aubrey 1fays the fleur de lis is really a fpear head adorned : no flower

of that kind having the middle part folid.

Edward I. in his tomb, holds in his right hand the fceptre with the crofs, madeof copper gilt, two feet lix inches long, and of moft elegant workmanfhip;Its upper part extends to and refts on the fhoulder. In his left hand he holds

the rod or fceptre with the dove, which palling over his left lhoulder reaches

up as high as his ear. This rod is five inches and an half long, the ftalk is

divided into two equal parts by a knob or fillet, and at bottom is a flat ferule 3.

Leland defcribing a Mohun effigy at Dunftar, c. Somerfet, fays, “ it has a

garland round the helmet, and fo were lordes of old time ufed to be buried 4.”

He probably means, fo were they reprefented on their tombs. The fame at-

tentive antiquary gives an inftance of one of the Bruces in Pickering church,

Yorklhire, who had a garland about his helmet 5. Other examples might be

adduced to fliew that this was no uncommon ornament.

The crown on the head of the flattie of Philip king of Navarre over his heart

in the Jacobines church at Paris is faid by Montfaucon to refemble the cap

called mortier6.

John of Eltham has a coronet on his head, the form whereof indeed is fleury,

or as at this day a duke’s is with us. But he died almoft two years before any

duke was made in England, whence we may perhaps collect alfo that the coronet

of our earls, before the creation of dukes, was of like form to thofe of dukes

;

and in the later ages an earl’s is pointed and pearled on the top of the points as

we fee it at this day. But alfo long before the death of this earl we have exadt

teftimony of an earl’s coronet in Aymer de Valence 7 .”

William de Hatfield ion of Edward III. at York, has a trefoil coronet.

The coronets of Agnes countefs of Dreux, and of other ladies, are fo various

that P. Montfaucon could fix no ftandard ®.

Thofe of the countefs of Evreux wife of Louis of France brother of Philip

the fair;

of Mary wife of Charles count d’Alencon, 1379, in the Jacobins church

at Paris ; of Catharine wife of John de Bourbon earl of Vendofme, in the col-

legiate church of Vendofme, and that of the queen of Rene, king of Anjou, at

the Celeftines at Paris, are abfolutely mural crowns. Francis II. duke of Bretagne

and his wife, 1488, at Nantz, have coronets of fleur de lis : fo has the countefs

d’Alencon, 1492, in the church of Alencon : Joan of France queen of Navarre,

1349, has one indented and ftudded on her tomb at St. Denis. Margaret

* Theatre facre de Brabant, I. 94. * Ubi fup.

3 Archseol. III. 384. 4 Lei. It. I. 71. * It. II. 6i, 6a.

* II. p. 288. L. 2.

7 Selden’s Titles of Honour, p. 562. Camden’s Apology, fubjoined to his Britannia, 4to, p, 13.

* II. 71. Pl.xii. 6.

1 1 countefs

[ CXxXiV 1

countefs of Evreux, 13 1 1 ,has what Montfaucon 1

calls crenele, on her tomb in

the Jacobine church at Paris. Louis duke of Eourbon, 1341, at the Jacobines

in Paris, has a very fmall one. That of Catharine wife of the Count de

Maulevrier at Pavilly in Normandy is formed of pellets. Ifabel d’Artois daughter

of John earl of Eu, 1379, and Charles earl of Eu and wife, 14 . . 1448, on

their tombs in the abbey of Eu, all wear beautiful circles ftudded with Hones.

John Gower the poet, who died 140 a, has a chaplet of flowers, with four

rofes placed at equal diftances, on his monument in St. Saviour’s, Southwark.

Shall we fancy this has any reference to the chaplet of rofes which crowns

Polyhymnia, in the colle&ion of Pope Clement XIV.

The habits of our kings have been fo happily illuftrated in the del'cription of

thofe in which Edward the Firft’s body was found arrayed, already given, p. lv.

after Sir Jofeph Ayloffe’s account, that I mull refer back to it.

Walfingham, in his account of the coronation of Richard II. mentions that

the king was inverted with a Hole : firft with the tunic of St. Edward, and

then with his dalmatic, and a ftole round his neck. The invefting with a white

Role, in tnodum cruets in pediore, is particularly mentioned in feveral foreign

ceremonials.

The fibula on the right fhoulder of the image of Henry III. exadtly refembles

that of Edward the Firft, except that it has the ftiape of a rofe, in the centre of

which is the acus

:

and this, like the other, takes hold both of the pallium or

chlamys and ftole. So it does on the great feal of Louis king of France \ That

on the figure of John king of France is of a very different form 3.

Sir Jofeph Ayloffe obferves, that “ the fhape and form of the crown, feeptres,

and fibula, and the manner in which the latter is fixed to the mantle or chlamys,

exactly correfpond with the reprefentations of thofe of the broad feal of this king

in Sandford.” It feems to me, however, that the fibula on the feals fattens the

mantle acrofs the breaft, but on the great feal of Henry III. the mantle is faf-

tened by the fibula on the right fhoulder, as alfo on the figure of Philip de

Valois, king of trance, who died 1300, on his tomb at St. Denis. The mantle

in which king John’s figure is habited on his tomb is more like a carter’s frock or

furplice, with a rich cape and wriftbands, ftudded with pearls, fomething like the

cape on his and his fon Henry the Third’s great feals. Richard I. and Henry I.

have the like cape and wriftbands to their undergarments on their feals.

The Paludamentum ,or Chlamys (un habit de campagne) was fattened gene-

rally on the right fhoulder, with a large button, and fell over the left fhoulder.

The tunic under the chlamys was fattened with two belts or girdles 4. The firft

of thefe drefles is the upper garment of Henry the Third’s ftatue on his tomb,

and of Edward the Firft’s body on his tomb. The fecond is the furcoat of figures

in armour, or otherwife habited.

« xhe feet of Edward I. with their toes, foies, and heels, feemed to be

perfectly intire, but whether they have fandals on them or not is uncertain, as

the cloth tuckt over them was not removed.”

The feet and legs of Henry the Third’s figure are covered with embroi-

dered half-boots. Herein the figures differ from the bodies, that the latter, pro-

bably like this of Edward I. and the images of many ladies, have the feet tuckt

up in the robe.

The apparelling the corpfe of this monarch in his royal veftments accom-

panied with the enfigns of regality as before deferibed, is not to be confidered

as a peculiar mark of refpedt paid to him in contradiftindlion to preceding

* II. 213. PI. xxxviii. 4. * Montf. II. X. 4. * lb. II. lt. 4.

4 Fabroni fur les Statues de Niobe, p. 10.

kings,

[ cxxxv ]

king?, but as being done merely in conformity to ufual and antient cuftom.He was on this occafion habited more regio , i. e. in the fame manner that

the corpfes of all other kings his predeceffors had been drafted in order to

their fepulture, and fxmilar, except in fome few particulars only, to a mode orregulation eftablifhed by authority, de exequiis regalibus. A copy of this re-gulation is entered in the Liber Regal/s

, immediately after the formulary for thecoronation of our Englifli monarchs. After the body has been wafhed andembalmed, follows the drafting.

“ Delude corpus induitur tunica ufque ad talos longa, et defuper pallio regali

adornabitur. Barba vero iplius decenter componitur fuper pedtus illius. Et poft-

modum caput cum facie ipfius fudario ferico cooperatur. Ac deinda corona regia

aut diadema capiti ejufdam apponetur. Poftea induentur manus ejus cirothecis

cum aurifragiis ornatis, et in medio digito dextrse manus imponetur annulus aureusaut deauratus. Et in dextra manu fua ponetur pila rotunda deaurata in quavirga deaurata erit fixa a manu ipfius ufque ad pedtus protenfa, in cujus virgze

fummitateerit fignum dominicaecrucis, quod fuper peausejufdem principis honeftedebet collocari. In finiftra vero manu fceptrum deauratum habebit ufque ad auremfiniftram decenter protenfum. Ac poftremo tibiae ac pedes ipfius caligis fericis

et fandaliis induentur

“ A fimilar pra&ice of arraying the dead in thofe habits of fplendor, dig-

nity, and ceremony, to which they were intitled in their life-time, antiently

extended itfelf to thofe of inferior degree, as well clergy as laity; moft of which

were ufually buried in the drefs properly belonging to their refpedtive quali-

ties. Thus emperors were entombed in their imperial and kings in their

royal robes : knights were interred in their military garments ; bifhops werelaid in the grave in their pontifical habits

;priefts in their facerdotal veft-

ments ; and monks in the drefs of the particular order to which they be-longed.

Conftantine the Great was put into a cheft of gold, clothed in the imperial

purple, with a diadem of gold, and decorated with enfigns of royalty \ TheNormans demolifhing the tomb of king Clovis, in the church of St. Genevieve,

found part of his royal robes, and feveral jewels, and other treafures

3

. Wehave already feen the contents of Childeric’s tomb, and how Charlemagne wasdreft in his. On rebuilding the abbey church of Weftminfter, by Henry III.

the fepulchre of Sebert king of the Eaft Angles was opened, andpartof his royal

robes feen, with his thumb ring, in which was fet a ruby of great value *. Thelike contents of the grave of Canute

5

,Edward the Confeifor, and William Rufus,

have been already mentioned. The body of William the Conqueror was foundroyally cloathed, as perfetft as when juft buried, on the opening of his tombat Caen, 1522 6

;and his queen in like rnanner, 1562 7

. The younger Henrywas buried 1183, in the veftments that had been confecrated at his coronation 8

.

Henry II. his father, was habited in like manner 9. Richard II. diredled, by

his will, that his body fliould be clad in white fattin or velvet, more regio, and

fo interred, with the crown and feeptre, gilded, but without any ftones, andon his finger a ring, tiiore regio

,with a precious ftone of the value of twenty

marcs Englilh money

1 Archseol. III. ubi fup.1 Eufeb. in Vita, IV. 66. 3 Angle-Norm. Ant. p. £j.4 Archaolog. HI. 390.5 Or rather Henry de Blois bilhop of that fee. See p. a8.

* Antiquitez de Normandie.

’ Refenhere Antiquitez de la Province de Neuftrie.

* Matth. Paris, p. 141. 9 lb. p. 151,** Ryuier, feed. VIII. 75. Royal Wills, p. 194,

“On

[ cxxxvi ]

t£ On a careful infpetftion of both hands of Edward I. no ring could be dis-

covered. However, as it cannot be fuppofed that the corpfe was depofited with-

out that ufual attendant enfign of royalty, we may with great probability con-

je<5ture, that on the fhrinking of the fingers by length of time, the royal ring

had flipt off and buried itfelf in fome part of the robes

William of Windfor, fon of Edward 111 . who died in his infancy, and is

buried in Weftminfter-abbey, has the fliort coat buttoned quite to the bottom,

and on the clofe fleeves from the elbow to the wrift, and girded round the

waift with a rich girdle : over this is a mantle with a {landing cape, having

buttons, but let down and unbuttoned, the feams on the fhoulders trimmed,

and the edges of the mantle, as well as the plaits at the bottom, hatcht like

a nobleman’s gown in our univerfities ; his hofe are all of one piece \

William of Hatfield, in York minfter, is dreft in flowing hair with a coronet of

trefoils, a mantle fringed with fur, fattened down the front of the fhoulder with

four rofes, with which the neckband is alfo adorned ;fuCh alfo go above the back

of his hands, and come down the front of his ihirt ; his furcoat or coat of mail,

richly embroidered or enamelled ;his flockings plain, his fhoes reticulated with

quatrefoils;no fword or dagger. Under his head are two taffeled cufhions,

and at his feet a lion. This elegant little alabafter figure of a royal infant has

been removed from its negledled fituation, and placed out of reach of injury, in a

niche in the North wall of the church, by the care and good tatte of the prefent

Precentor.

Gloves are reprefented on the hands of kings and prelates on their monu-

ments, and gauntlets on thofe of military men. The mother of Aymer de

Valence earl of Pembroke, on the fide of his tomb in Weftminfter abbey, 1323,

holds hers in her hands 5: fo does a lady in Worcefter cathedral. A king

holds his in his left hand, on the tomb of John of Eltham. Montfaucon gives

them on the hands of two lords of St. Louis’ court 4. Officers of ftate, and

other noblemen, are reprefented with one at the right hand, for the purpofe of

fupporting a hawk, while the other is off, and held in the left hand. In the

abbey church of Barbeau in Brie a young man has his glove on his left hand,

which holds the glove of the other hand; fo Robert earl of Dreux, 1233,

holds his right glove doubled in his right hand 5. The laft abbot of Evefham,

1 557 >in Worcetter cathedral, has a glove on his left hand.

The jewels on the back of the gloves appear on the hands of king John’s ef-

figies at Worcefter, and are appendages to moft epifcopal and many abbatial

figures.

Pafs we from kings to nobles, knights, and military men, almoft the only

perfons of the laity who merited diftinguifhed monuments, as they were the

only clafs above the mechanics and peafantry. The profeflion of all this

clafs being arms, their habit of courfe was military, and the diftinguifliing

features of it the helmet, furcoat, and coat of mail or armour.

Hall, in his Chronicle 6

,fpeaking of the preparation for jufts, in the firft year

of Henry IV. gives the following defeription of an armed man : “ Some had the

helme, the vifere, the two baviers, and the two plachardes of the fame curioufly

graven, and conningly cofted : fome had their collers fretted, and other had them

fett with gilt bullions ;one company had the placliard, the reft, the port, the

burley, the taffes, th'e lamboys, the backpiece, the tapull, and the border of

* Archseol. III. Ib.

* PI. XXXIV. p. 98.3 PI. XXXII. p. 94.

1

the curace, all gylte, and another bande had them all enamyled azure. OilG

fort had the vambrafes, the pacegardes, the grandgardes, the poldren, the pol*

lettes parted with gold and azure, and another flocke had them lilver and

fable ; fome had the mainferres, the clofe gantlettes, the guiflettes, the flan-

cardes, droped and gutted With red, and other had them fpeckled with grene*

One fort had the quifties, the greves, the furlettes, the fockettes on the right

fide, and on the left fide filver. Some had the fpere, the burre, the cronet all

yelowe, and other had them of diverfe colours. One band had the fcafferon,

the cranet, the bard of the horfe all white, and other had them all gilt. Some

had their armyng fweardes frelhly burnilhed, and fome had them conningley

verniflied. Some fpurres were whit, fome gylt, and fome cole blacke. One

parte had their plumes all whyte, one had them all redde, and the third had

them of feveral colours. One ware on his head-piece his lady’s fleeve, and

another bare on his helme the glove of his dearling. But to declare the coltlye

bafes, the riche barde, the pleafaunt frappery, both of goldefmithes worke and

embrauidery no leife fumptuoufly than curioufly wrought it would afke a long

time to declare; for every man after his appetite deviled, his fantafy everifying

the old proverb, fo many heades, fo many wittes.”

« The armour of a man at arms, till near the middle of the fourteenth cen-

tury, confifted of the following particulars ;a loofe garment fluffed with cotton

or wool, called a gainbefon , over which was worn a coat of mail, formed of

double rings or mafcles of iron interwoven like the mefhes of a net, called a

bawberk. To it were fixed a hood, fleeves, and hofe alfo of mail. The head

was defended with a helmet, and by a leather thong round the neck hung a

fhield. The heels of the knight were equipt with fpurs-having rowels near three

inches in length. Over all thefe men of confiderable family wore rich furcoats,

like thofe of the heralds, charged with their armorial bearings'.”

The oldefl form of the helmet was the round, though it muft be confeft the

feals of our early Norman kings and the tapeftry of Bayeux exhibit them

pointed alfo. The firft on monuments is that of Robert Curthofe, round, as

is that of his fon William earl of Flanders at St. Omer, though on this earl’s

feals his helmet is pointed \ Henry I. wears one like a cap of maintenance on

his great feal 3. Richard I. both round and pointed. Thofe of Geoffrey Mag-

naville and the Marfhalls earls of Pembroke are round on their monuments in

the Temple-church 4. King John, in the thirteenth century, has a round

helmet on his great feal 5; fo has Edmund earl of Cornwall 6

. Edmund earl of

Lancafter 7

,and William Longefpe earl of Salifbury

8

,on their tombs ; thofe

of Edward I. and his fons, on their feals 9

,and Richard earl of Cornwall IO

, are

fiat on the top. Philip earl of Boulogne, (lain at a tournament at Corbie, 1223,

is reprefented with a helmet flat at top, as were all the helmets of the age of

St. Louis. He is alfo in mail from the helmet to the foie of his foot".

The earls of Flanders, in the twelfth century, have the fiat helmet

Raoul de Beaumont was painted in a chapel of the abbey of Eftival, which he

founded 1210, armed in a fingular manner, with a helmet like a kettle reverfl,

flat at top, after the fafhion of the times. A piece of iron reaching from the

top of the helmet to his chin is intended to parry a blow of the fword. He is

in mail from head to foot and to his fingers’ ends, and wears his fword in an

1 Grofe’s Additions to the Preface to his Antiquities.

1 Sandford, 17, 18. Vredius doubts the arms on his Ihield, p. 1

1 Sandford, 56.4 PI. V. I

’ PI. XXVI.*° ft. 94-

* PI. XIII.' Montf. II. 1

s Sandf. s$.

PI. xiv. 4.

m m extraordinary

[ cxxxviii]

extraordinary manner acrofs his thighs from right to left Thibald count deBlois, who died 1218, has a helmet guarded in front with frame work orgrates 1

: So has St. Louis himfelf 3

; Ferdinand king of Gaftille, who died1252*; Peter de Dreux duke of Bretagne, earl of Richmond, 1250 3

; andother inftances throughout this century*. Gilbert declare, 1295’. HughVidame of Chalon has one guarded by a crofs fleury . That of Sufane theheraid, 1260, is round, and of mail ’ It continued to the reign of Edward III.

See his feal to a deed in the poffeflion of Mr. Aftle, as alfo others of John earlWarren, 1254—1276, who has the flat helmet guarded with lattice work, orgratings, and the efcarboucle of his arms on it.

Thefe flat helmets have the nofe-piece, or grating, or bar work, to the vizorsboth on the French and Engliih monuments before cited

; of which the firlt

inftance among us is on the figure of Geffrey Magnavile. The helmets givenby Mr. Grofe, with fuch defences, are many of them of late date. Theyilluftrate, however, the lifting up and letting down thefe defences. The nofepieces, which he gives to Grecian helmets, in the Britilh Mufeum, if genuine,may be paralleled with thofe in the tapelfry de Bayeux, except that thelatter are more prominent “. Nor does it follow that Pompey’s troops at Phar-falia wanted this defence to their faces

; for the Roman fword was of theflabbing or thrufting kind

;and it is well known Csefar direfted his men to

aim at the faces of their enemies, becaufe they affeSed a too great tendernefsof their perfons. Fauchet fays, that a lucky ftroke on the nofe-piece, ventaille,or vi/lere, would turn a helmet quite round on the head, as happened to aFrench knight at the battle of Bovines.

Of the helmets of the Warren family, that of William earl Warren 1089,in Philpot’s Ebor. MS. Coll. Arm. is round with barrs to the eyes, and a mailapron from them. On Hameline’s feal, 1202, fquare and pointed. A feal ofearl John’s has a pointed helmet with gratings. One of Waleran earl of Wor-cefter, 1 1 66, pointed with a pendant before the nofe.

The mail helmets were always round”. The earls of Burgundy, in the13th century, have flat helmets '*. The round, or, as Mr. Grofe calls them,conical, or cylindrical helmets, he diftinguilhes by the name of chafelle de fer ;

but P. Daniel, whofe authority he quotes, defcribes them as the lighted of all

helmets without vifor or gorget; and like thofe afterwards called Bafinet ’ 3

.

In the 14th century the helmets were both round and pointed. Of the firit

fort is that of John of Eltham, 1334 Philip de Valois, 1330 ’ s. But in

this century the helmets, like the armour, were hammered and plated. Fauchetfays, when helmets better fitted the head, they were called bourguimtes, bywhich I underftand that they were an improvement on the other.

One of the Sewals, from 4 Richard I. to 44 Henry III. or of the Shirleys,from 44 Henry III. to Dugdale’s time, appears in complete armour, with around helmet, in Eatendun church, c. Warwick "*.

Thomas earl of Lancafter, eldeft fon of Edmund Crouchback, is the firfl:

whofe helmet is furmounted by a creft Radulph de Monthermer earl of Glou-cefter and Hereford, and John St. John, have them on their feals appen-dant to the barons’ letter to the Pope, 1300.We fee them on the great feal of Edward III and Edward the Black Prince

and his brothers ». and of Richard II!°. The feals of the dukes of Burgundy,

’ Montf. H. PI. xiv. 7.3 lb. xxx. j.

Pl.VIII. i.x. s . IX. ;,6, 7. 95. is of Henry the Eighth's time.

1lb.

:

3 lb. 34

lb. xxix. 2.

Ib. xxxii. xxxiii. i, 2, 3. xxxvi. 5. See thefe helmets in Grofe,• 16. VIII. 1, 2. X. 1. 3. are of the beginning of the 13th century,

0 •, .2. Sacdf. 139. * Montf. II. xxxvi. « lb. xxix,See another m Grofe, IX. j . ” Montf. IL xxxfiii. ,o.

11Seaux de Bourgogne. PI. I.Fmcli.t and Grot,. They m in ,hc lime of Ed.fard II. .ad HI. and Richard II. s‘l,u had ,r.,„

lb - PI- XXXI. -S Montf. II. xlix. P. t.">

Dtigd. 478.Sandf. 102. Ant. Soc. Seals. PI. IV.

“ Sandf. p. 134. 19lb. p. ,2j. 10 Ib.p.i 9o.

T3T5;

[ cxxxix ]

131s; and fome of the dukes afterwards kings of France, r 3 66, 140 c ; havecrefts . On monuments the creft is on the helmet that lies under the head ofthe figure.

The feals of Hugh V. duke of Burgundy, and Lewis of Burgundy, both1315, have a kind of wings to the helmet*.

Sometimes the part which covers the necks and connefts the helmet andhauberk or mail coat, is fixed to the former; fometimes it is feparated, and is

called a Gorget, or throat-piece, and is generally of mail. In fome inftancesthere is no reparation between it and the helmet of mail, in which cafe itbecomes the hood before defcribed, and is frequently feen on monuments, par-icularly in France, thrown off behind, and falling on the fhoulders, or itreaches to the chm, the ears, or even to the eyes, even when the helmet is notof mail. The chaperon de mailles continued in falhion above two centuries >

What we call the gorget the French diftinguift, by the name of chaperon' orlittle cape. Charles I. king of Naples, and Robert earl of Clermont, and Peterde Dreux duke of Bretagne, all in the thirteenth century, have it on theirtombs *. It falls down on the back and Ihoulders, and was drawn up over thehead in time of aflion. Gaucher de Chatillon conftable of France, 1320 hasthe fame ‘‘chaperon de mailles rebattu fur les epaulesy’ as the greater number ofwarriors on French monuments have. Louis I. duke of Bourbon, 1341Lord Clifford letting it down, or putting it off, for heat or pain, at the bat-tie of Ferrybridge, was fliot in the throat with an arrow. Ros has this to his fur-coat in the Temple church.

This is what Matthew Paris calls the collar, when he fays that Ernald deMounteney loti his life in a tournament at Walden, 1252, his throat beingpierced for want of a collar to protea it by the lance of Roger de Leiburne,which was fharp, when on fuch an occafion it ought to have been blunt 7

.

The mouth-piece, or the gorget, is up to the mouth of one of the figures inthe Temple church, PI. V. fig. 2. and one of the St. Cleres, at Danbury, PI. VI.fig. 3. which is one of the ftrongeft arguments for the antiquity of woodenfigures.

The facings of helmets are various over the forehead and down the fides ofthe face, which may be called frontlet and fide pieces : fome are ftudded in bothparts

; fome in the frontlets only : fome frontlets are enriched with flowersand foliage ; fome, as that of a Vere at Earl's Coin, and a Neville at Staindrop,infcribed with letters, 3)!)tlS i0a3SrCtlUS. This infcription is frequent onrings . On the hinge of Munafiing church-door, in Effex, is this rude infcrip-tion, which has puzzled all antiquaries

:

Jefus Nazarenus Rex Judeorum miferere ?}ieorum.

Albenc de Vere, 1215. PI. IX. had round his helmet a fillet ftudded withftones

; fo have the Nevilles at Coverham, PI. XIV. William de Valence earl ofPembroke, 1304, PI. XXVII. That of Thomas Furnivall, at Wyrkfop, par-ticularly noticed in the rhyming genealogy of his family ’

:

With his helme on his head well en quereWith precious ftones fometyme yt were fette there,And a noble charbuncle on hit doth he hereOn his hedde to fee they may who fo will.

Seaux de Bourgogne, PI. I. IV. V. * Jb. PI. IV. * d* ^

onlf- n- l89’ 4 lb. iji. 162, 163. * lb. pi. lii. 2. 6lb. u. 3.

trachea^LcidkTarE “Ern^nim^ “UCr°Prout deb,,it non erat hebetatus, fub galea Heraldi guttur ej*s cumtrachea pr*ctdit & artenis. Erat emm ea parte d.fcoopertus & carens collarlo, M. Paris, 846.See Hutchins's Dorfet, I. 556. and Gent. Mag. LIV. 134. 827.

’ Mon, Angl. II. 926,'

The

I!

[ cxi 3

The helmets of John of Eltharn, and the Black Prince, and many others, have

coronets or chaplets round them.

The beam, or vizor, of the helmet of Sir Hugh Haftings is exprehly exhibit-

ed as lifted up; and fo are thofe of three knights at the ficles of his canopy.

The mail gorget of the earl of Pembroke there has above it a plated cape, and

his fword has no tranfverfe bar.

The vizor was let down in time of aftion. Richard II. ftopt the combat

between the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, juft as the former had doled h.s

battier '. In the old painting on the walls of part of Thanet-houfe, by lemple-

bar, which being uncovered for rebuilding was copied lor me by Mr. Bafire,

and was of the time of Henry VII. or VIII. l'everal figures had elevated over

their helmets a kind of bar, which, when let down by rivets, would have

guarded the eyes or nofe.

Upon comparing the Engltlh with the French helmets on monuments, 1 find

great variety in the former.

The various kinds of helmets enumerated by Mr. Grofe, in his faentific

treatife on our antient armour, by the names of Cbapelle defer, Bitrgonet, Bajinet,

Salet, Scull or Hujken, Cafile, Pot and Morion, are too light to appear on monu-

mental figures, where parade was principally confulted; tor I do not conceive

the firft of thefe helmets was of the heavy kind, or confined to cavalry.

The armour that covered the body and limbs was divided into two forts,

mail and plated. I do not agree with Mr. Grole’s definition of chain and plate

mail as I conceive mail, from its derivation, to imply net or ring work of

meflies intirely diftinft from the feales of plated armour, which were fewed

together, or on a lining, while the mail mefhes were connefted together like

links of a chain without any other afliftance.

The figure of Sir Hugh Bardolph, engraved Pi. X. and XI. is the completed

fpecimen of an armed knight among us, and moft happily tlluftrated by Mr.

Kerrich's defcription of it, p. 36.

The hauberk was a complete covering of mail from head to toot. It con-

fided of a hood joined to a jacket with lleeves, breeches, (bookings, and fltoes of

double chain mail, to which were added gauntlets of the fame. Faucbet de-

feribes a knight as arming himfelf with the breeches upwards to the gobijbn or

gambefon This he defines a long garment reaching down to the knees, anti

e’etoit un vehement long jnfques fu»' U ckmltt’r commence t f’-rmer par la rimftt, P»'« «*»•« “

dc1„ cuiffes V conrre-pointe. Ce monitre l’autheur et It ptmtrt da 1»K mnwl* L=

Ft tout ainfi comme fai£t eft

Des pontures le Goubifin<

»! Gambefon.

Pourquoi pourpoint les appclle on, isc.

Et encore le mefme autheur dit que e’eftoit la premiere piece du harnois.

Car defom vale Gambefon

Qui armer fe veult par raifon.

par la peurrure oat j'tn .1 il fomhle long iufq»e. ao dtlTonb. da genome : at It mate amhtor o

en portoient fus lour chair, mai. 11 tit c,oyable qu'il. etc,out Itgtrtn,cat coarrt pa,area, jeer

font aujoUrdhdi pour fe monfirer aroir le corps droic ou cacher lour dofauti do nature.

Et fa campagne au Gaubefon

Chantoit une telle cliaufon :

Je chanteray faire le doi

Rien je ne portc avec moi

Au petit guichet retcniie

Ne lerai pas, car je fuis nue.

Delius ce Gambefon ils avoient une chemife de mailles longues jufques a

"'> “0l* * bleu puliaa, forbic, a. rtluif.urt.

femmes

jre dies

r il dit.

defious des genouils aprcjlee Jiulcr nu

m Aubier, qui eft le blanc de tout bois,

Jllba aube, et autres femblables, e

“tlSfoSl'u'; coufut, lot oh.ua. : ct difent It, annalo, do France par,an, d, Ftgoaul, »»Wd. Eau».,to

combatant en la bataille de Bovines. Un capuchon on coeffe aufli dc mail le y tenon pour mett e la tefte dedans,

quel capuchon fe rejettoit derriere apres que le chevalier f’eftoit ote le heaulme, et quand i s vou oie e .

o,t, tout lourh.ro™, «*>**. « *• .noion, Franco!, B.udrior,

,ir fait do cnir foe ct maul! par un B.udroyeur, qui et un ouvrier qui b.udroyc et endure, I lea peau.Le Hauler 01

pource qu’il

en les

rr.iniant.’* li. • i* P- I 07 >

counter

[ cxli ]

counter pointed or fringed, not Unlike what the women wore bv way of boddiceto regulate their fhapes.

Over this Gambefon they had a fhirt of mail, reaching below their knees,called Auber or Hauber, q. d. from Albas, from the whitenefs or glittering ofits feales or plates

**

We fee here the>>r of mail diftinguifhed from the coat of mail, as plainlyin our monuments. The outer coat was afterwards made of plated armour,of which Mr. Grofe gives many varieties, but I think none of great antiquity’He feems to miftake when he fays the mail fliirt was without Jeeves. Some-times the mail lhirt was covered with a furcoat of linen or woollen, like atabard on which the family arms were embroidered

; but this was laid abidewhen plated armour came into general ufe.

I he variety of laftenings of the mail-ihirt are numerous; fometimes like the

plated armour it feems to be tied on the arms or at the elbows, by thongs in ahow, fometimes differently \ Neville at Coverham has it fattened at his ears bya bow ftrap. One of the Rythers, at Ryther, at his elbows : one of the knightsat Harwood, in plated armour, on his elbows and ihoulders. A Middleton inllkley chancel at lus wnfts. It is a fattening common on our Northern monn-mems. Sir Richard Harcourt, 1470, has the plated armour, with bows at theelbows and wrift. James lord Berkeley, i 4 fi 3 , and the figure by his fide, atBerkeley, have two bows on and above each elbow.To this ihirt were fattened the breeches, and a hood of mail, to put the head

into, which hood the cavalier threw back when he put off the helmet, orwould refrelh liimfelf without totally difarming as appears on many fepuichralmonuments;

The Hauber Was girt round with a belt or long ftrap called Battens, and bythe French Baudrier *, from its being of tanned leather.

In France only perfons poffeffed of a certain eftate, called “ un fief de hauber,”were permitted to wear an hauberk, which was the armour of a knight ; efquire’smight only wear a limple coat of mail without the hood and hofe 4

.

The Haubergeon was a coat compofed either of plate or chain mail withoutfleeves.

The Jazerant feems to have been another name for a coat of mail,or rather

for mail itfelf. Thus in the inventory of Louis le Gros, 1316, cited by DuCange are three “ coleretes pizaines de jazz;ran. d’acier et une couverturede jazei an de fer.” And fo Du Cange deferibes it as a garment of woollen orcotton fluff, quilted and fitted to the body, to preferve it from the injury of thearmour, or as the ftatutes of the armourers and coitflre pointier

s

of Paris direttt,

“ que elles foient couchees deuement fur neufes eftoffes Sc pointees enfermees,“ faites a deux f°‘S, bien Sc nettement empties des bonnes eftoffes foient de“ cotton oh d’autres eftoffes,” Sec. No man was to make “ cote gamboifiee ou“ il noit trois livrt-s de coton tout net, fi elles ne font faites en fremes Sc au11 deffous foient faites entremains Sc que il y ait un ply de viel linge emprez l’en-“ droit de demie anlne 8c demy quartier devant Sc autant derriere.” Thus alfo

P. Daniel 5 calls it a kind of long pourpoint waiftcoat of taffety or leather andwadding of wool, tow, or hair, to break the ftroke of the lance. In an inven-tory cited by Du Cange, Alberts and Contrapointes are exprefsly diftinguilhed,

* Under the Hauberk was fometimes worn a bfenflplate of iron, for the greater fectirity in tilting. P. Daniel Mil. Fr,L 388. This is well exprefled by a citation from William le Breton’s defeription of a tilting match.Utraque per clipeos ad corpora fraxinus ibat,'

Gambefumque nudax forat, et thoraca trilicem

Disjicit; ardenti nimium prorumpere tandemVix obflat ferro fabricata patents recofto.

1 See the flraps and knots in the armour of Arthur duke of Bretagne, Lobineau, I. 66c.9 Whence our Bauldrkb. * Grofe, p. 15. * jflil. p r< ^2-,

n n The

[ cxlii ]

The German name Wambafum is nothing more than a corruption of Gambefon,

and is explained, “ Tunica fpiffa ex lino 8c ituppa vel veteribus pannis confute

“ Sc defuper camiffia ferrea.” It is the thorax of the antients, the Jupas of the

Spaniards, the Guipon of the Italians, the Pourpoint of the French, and the Doublet

of the Englilh. The Jack, or Jaque, was of the fame materials, andthe Jacket

or Jaquette of deerikin :

Un pourpoint tie chamois

Farci de boure fus 8c fous. CoquiUart.

The Haqueton

,

or Aketon ,was another name for the fame habit, and a MS;

Chronicle of Bertrand Guefclin defcribes it as refilling the blows which broke

the ihield and good jazeranr, becaule it was made of buckram :

L’efcu li derompi 8c le bon jazerant:

Mais le Haufton fut fort, qui fut de bouquerant

The coat of armour was lined, or had a jacket under it. So Chaucei s

knight

Of fuftian wered a gipon

Alle befmotred with his habergeon.

Baldwin de Betencou'rt, in Orcamp abbey, in France, has the mail and fur-

coat without any lide armour.

The fuit of mail armour in the pofleffion of Mr. Green of Lichfield, en-

graved by Mr. Grofe, pi. XXI. will give a perfect idea of that antient kind of

cafing of the body : the rings at the extremities of the arms and fiiirts are

(mailer than thofe of the body and head, every ring being drilled and rivetted.

On many of our monuments the mail has the appearance of SS, or fuch links

as forms a jack chain. The large fuit in Mr, Grofe’s plate weighs altogether

thirty-nine pounds. On the bread and back are a fet of plates, on thofe on the

bread are clafps to make them fad by a leather drap, the whole coat being open

before.

Over the coat of armour was the furcoat: of duff, of which fome of our fird

examples are the Temple figures. On this the arms were embroidered, but

on the bread of the plated armour they were enamelled or relieved. One of

the fird examples of the fird Tort on the plated armour among us is William

de Valence earl of Pembroke, 1296'. Of the latter, Thomas fecond lord

Berkeley, at Bridol \ In France, of the furcoat, Thibald earl of Blois,

who died iai8 3, in the windows of the cathedral of Chartres, where he

is reprefented tl revetu de /on bla/on,” according to the antient mode of ex-

prelfing, it; fee alfo Peter de Dreux, furnamcd Mauclerc, duke of Bretagne,

and earl of Richmond, 1250, twice in the windows of Notre Dame de

Chartres 4, and others there; but noton tombs till 1279* on that of Hugh

vidame of Chalon at Chalon s. Before that they feem in France to have

been on fmall painted fhields, as if fadened to the belt ;which was a very

general mode in that kingdom, though, according to the general opinion, bla-

zonry and coats of arms were fird introduced in the reign of Louis le jeune, in

the end of the twelfth century. Montfaucon doubts 6if they were worn on gar-

ments fo early, or before the reign of St. Louis, which was near an hundred years

later, at which time they were alfo, he thinks, put into lozenges. Peter de

Dteux, before mentioned, duke of Bretagne, 1250, in the abbey of St. Ived

de Braine, has his arms enamelled on the pomel of his fword. Henry Spanheim

at Ilcmmenrode has a long furcoat over all his armour, and nothing but his

1 Montf. II. 1 1 4. xvi. 3 -‘ PI. XXVIT.5 lb. XXXVI. 5.

4PI. XIV.

* lb. xxx. 2. 3.

fword,

[ ddiii ]

fword, fliield of arms, and fpurs, befpeak him a knight r. The fame may be

laid of Simon de Thouars count de Dreux, i 365 \

John count de Roucy and Braine, “ the lufty earl of Roufli,” as our Shakfpeare

calls him, killed • at Agincourt, 1415, on the day of St. Crifpin and St. Crifpi-

nian, is habited on his monument at Yved de Braine, in a mail gorget and a fur-

coat, which intirely covers his armour, except the lower joint of the arm. His

coat of arms is at the back of his head.

The Black Prince is reprefented in black armour emboft with gold, and with

a golden lion on his breaft, a hat with a white feather, and a large ruby ex-

actly in the fhape of the rough ruby ftill in the crown. Mr. Walpole 3 has

llampt originality on this portrait, and Mr. Godfrey has engraved it 4. It was in

the hands of the Speaker Onflow* now of his fon George, and came out of

Betchworth-caftle, Surry. I know not how to controvert fuch authorities ; but

"the lion rampant,

as here, is neither the Black Prince’s coat nor creft. WhatMr. Walpole calls armour,

the engraver reprefents as a furcoat with a plated

gorget and mail fleeves ; the ruby Rill in the crown would hardly have ever

been in the Prince of Wales’s bonet.

The arms of Robert du Bois, at Fersfield, 1311, are painted alternately with

thofe of his lady on the folds of his furcoat 5, Sir John Say, at Broxborne, about

1473, bears his on the breaft-plate, and fkirts, as well as the arm plates of his

plated armour. In the brafs figure of Trumpington they are on his fhield and

l'cabbard, and on two ftanding fhoulder pieces or pennons behind him 6.

Thefe pennons or gonfannons are extremely common on French monu-ments : Thus Sir Jerre de Bleneu, 1285, at Senlis and Herevil de Cherify,

in Longpont abbey, Robert fifth earl of Dreux, 1329, at Dreux, with arms.

Plain and in front are thofe of St. Peter fire de Candoire, 1297, . at Orcamp

abbey, Guy lord of Plaifier Brioun, Flament, John de Bretigni, 1315. In front

with arms thofe of Sir Oudart Huart, 1261. John fire de Candoirre, 1265.

Jehans, 1300, and two other knights, all in Orcamp abbey. We have one

more inftance among us in a brafs knight at Gorlefton, c. Suffolk.

The furcoat of Sir Robert de Buers, 1361 7,

falls lightly in handfome plaits,

gathered round his waift by a kind of cord, and fringed at the bottom and fides.

His belt, in every part of it, is alfo more ornamented.

That of Simon de Thouars count de Dreux, killed in a tilting match on his

wedding day, 1365, on his tomb in the abbey of Notre Dame d’Eu, is plaited

in the waift, and clofe girt at the waiftband. That of Louis of France earl

ofEvreux* 13195 in the Jacobines church at Paris, is hemmed with furr.

Mail armour maintained its ground from the Norman invafion to the fif-

teenth century^ Henry IV. is the laft of our kings who appears in it on his

great feal8

i

The tranfiitiori from mail to plated armour is ftrongly marked on the brafs of

Creyk. Montfaucon gives no inftance of it in France after the thirteenth century 9.

Chalo de St. Mars appears in plated armour, in the reign of Philip the Fourth 10.

1 Afta Acad. Theod-Pal. III. 49. * Montf. II. xv. 2.

3 Anecdotes of Painting, I. 26. 4 Antiq. Repert. 5 P.82.6 See it engraved in the Antiq. Rep. II. 225. from the drawing by Mr. Tyfon. As my late friend inclined to

fix the date of this crofs-lcggcd figure prior to the year 1312, I ftiall here add, to what has been already obferved,

p. civ. as a confirmation of what is there advanced, the circumftances which he thought intitlcd other perfons befides

Knights Templars to be fo reprefented: t. Having ferved perfonally, though for hire, in the Holy Land. 2. Having

made a vow to go thither, though prevented by ficknefs or death. 3. Having contributed to the fitting out foldiers or

vcflels for the fervice. 4. Having been born with the army in Palefline. Lallly, having been a confiderable benefadlor

to the order of Knights Templars perfons were rendered partakers of the merits and honour of that fraternity, and

buried with their diftin&ions, an idea which has been more recently adopted abroad by many great perfonages who

have been interred in the habits of capuchins.” Antiq. Rep. II. 226. The fourth of thefe reafons accounts for the

crofs-legged figures of fmall proportion.7 PI. XLII. * Sandf. 244. 9 PI. LVI.10 Montf. II. 218. pi. xli.

but

[ cxliv ]

but Montfaticoii refers the painting which reprefents him to the reign of Francis 1 .

Mail occurs On the Burgundian feals, 1405 ;and on thofe of the carls of Flan-

ders, 1349', and mixt with plated, 1366, and as late as 1460*. The gorgets

are mail, while the leg. and thigh pieces are plated, on the foldiers of the duke

of Lancafter, temp. Richard II. in the drawings of that time, engraved by

Mr. Strutt, pi. 29. 31. See alfo Robert Chamberlayrie, in the fervice of Henry V.

at Agincourt, 1417 3, which is a compleat example of an armed knight.

Fauchet, from Froiflart, fays, armour made of plates of iron was not in com-

mon ufe till r33o. The genouailles, or knee-pieces, of Bardolph, 1203, are

plated ; fo are thofe of the Coverham knights;of John lord Montacute, at Salif-

buryin the 13th century. Thomas lord Berkeley, 1361, has the mail coat and

gorget. Sir John Beauchamp, in Old St.' Paul’s, 1361, had the mail coat and

gorget, and round helmet.

Sir Humphry Littlebury, at Holbeach 4,

and Sir Hugh Mailings, 1347,has armour mi-partie

,plated and mail

; as have alfo the figures at the fides of

the latter’s canopy. John lord Montacute has the mail gorget and Ikirt. Thomasde Vere earl of Oxford, 1371, has plated armour, with mail gorget, arm-piece,

fkirts, and fhoes. Edward lord Defpenfer, 1375? has the mail-gorget. Sir

Guy de Brian, 139T, has a mail-gorget, his furcoat richly diapered. Sir Johnde Creke, in the reign of Edward III. has the fame mi-partie armour, gorget,

and mail-coat, finifhing in a point, over which is an embroidered apron and

a furcoat, Ihort and plaited, and an helmet elegantly adorned and incircled

by a fanciful fillet, a fword plain, the knee-pieces ornamented, and the rowels

rofes.

Sir John Crolby, 1475, has the plated armour, llrapt at the elbows, and

buckled at the waiftband ; mail appears between the thighs. Over the fhould-

ers is a falling mantle, with a Handing cape, and round his neck a collar. His

helmet is round, and under his head a helmet and torfe without creft. He is

“ clad in complete Heel s ,” armed from head to foot, or cap a peet q. d. a capite

ad pedem.

Sir Richard Harcourt, 1470, has the plated armour ftrapped on the elbows

and wrift, mail at his gorget and between his thighs, and a kind of ruffle turned

back at his wrifts. A mantle of the garter, with a rich cape and a cordon, his

belt charged with oakleaves, his head bare, and hair flowing ; the garter roundhis left knee. Grey, at St. Albans, 1490, has plated armour buckled at the

waiftband, mail under his gorget or cape, his hands covered to the fingers ends

with one plate; at his elbows a trefoil ornament. The Bardolfs, at Wotton,

1438, have the plated armour, with pointed fhoulder-pieces, tnail between the

thighs, and the hair cut clofe above the ears. John Vere e^rl of Oxford, 1513,at Earl’s Colne, had plated armour buckled at the waift, a ftiff Handing cape,

flowing hair, bareheaded, and over all the mantle of the garter.

John Borel, at Broxborn, 1531, has plated armour, with mail fkirts, gaunt-

lets in feales, clofe at the back of his hands, in his left hand a large mace; his

helmet and gorget under it ; the vizor up.

In France Charles earl of Alencon, 1348, in the Jacobines church at Paris has

mail mixt with plated armour. Peter I. duke of Bourbon, 1357, in the famechurch, fhows mail at his neck, fhoulders, arms, Ikirt, knees and inftep.

Edward Tiptoft earl of Worcefter, at Ely, though in full armour, has hi*

head and hair bare; fo has Fitz Walter at DunmOw, but his hair is cropt

like a roundhead, as by a bowl, fo are Grey, the Bardolfs, the earl of Lan-cafter on Sir Hugh Haftings’ brafs, and two knights at Harwood.

* Vredius, 47. PI. 26.1

lb. 56. PI. xi.

3 Strutt, pi. Iix. « P. 97. Stufccley It. Cur. I.

3 Comus, 420.

When

t cxlv]

When plated armour came into fafliion ' it was compofed of different piecesfor the back, breaft, Ihoulders, arms, hands, thighs, legs, and feet, underthe feveral names of Cuirafs, confining of a back and breaft-piece, Pouldrons,BraJJart, nx Gondebras^ or Avant bras (corruptly in Engliih Vambraces) Gaunt-lets, CuiJJarts, with Genouillieres, Greaves

,and iron fhoes.

The Vambraces included all the defence of the arms from the Ihoulder tothe writ At the joint or bend of the arm they were cut obliquely, anti thevacancies on the lnfide, when the arms were extended, were covered by platescalled Goujets of various forms, as hearts, rounds, ovals, irregular trianglesand fquares, C§?c. more or lefs adorned. Sometimes thefe arm pieces, in theupper divifion, or from, the elbow to the Ihoulder, left the mail fliirt partiallybare, or only covered the outer half of the arms. Sometimes the Ihoulderpieces were divided into feveral fcales or folds, at a greater or lefs diftance fromeach other.

The older Gauntlets were of mail : afterwards they were made of fmallplates of iron or fteel rivetted together in imitation of a lobfter's tail, fo as toyield to every motion of the hand; Tome inclofed the whole hand in one cafe,others were divided into fingers, each finger confining of eight or ten joints,lined with buff leather like a glove ; in general they reached no higher than tothe wrift. The gauntlets, if of mail, were really divided into fingers, thoughapparently the divifion is not lliewn. The plated ones were fingered : and thebrafs of Sir John Harfyck exhibits a lingular pattern of gauntlets reaching onlyto the fecond joint, like cut fingered gloves. Thofe of Gaucher de Chaftillonconftable of France 1329, reach only to the knuckles . So do thole of one ofthe Rythers in Ryther church, c. York.

The gauntlets of John of Eltham are of a new pattern about the wrifts.Thole of Robert de Dreux baron Efneval, in the Jacobines church at Rouen,

1478, hang to the hilt of his fword.

To the back part of the Cuirafs was affixed a piece of armour called Garde delreins or Culettes

, but in the older armour this was fupplied by tajjets, or ikirts,hooked or otherwife fattened on, refembling the finilli of the Roman and Gre-cian coats of armour 3

.

Mr. Pennant defcribes a Pollard at St. Andrew’s Auckland, crofs-legged, armedin mail to his finger’s ends, with a fkirt formed ofJlripes reaching to his knees.Is not this the common plaited furcoat ? The ftrange figure of Sir StephenHatfield, Antiq. Repert. IV. 116. is the fame kind.

The Cuifles were compofed either of ftripes of iron plate laid horizontally overeach other, and rivetted together, or of an intire upper and under cafing, andfometimes only an under, leaving the part next the horfe bare. They weremade flexible at the knees by joints or kneepieces.

The cuifles of Peletot, PI. XLI. are ftudded; as are the gauntlets of a knight

in Kent.6

The cuifles of Charles earl of Alencon, 1346, in the jacobine church atParis are adorned with double rows of flowers. Thofe of Robert de Dreux baronEfneval, at the Jacobines in Rouen, 1478, as well as his greaves have the hollyleaf.

1 Mr. Grofe (p. 74.) fays, plated armour was completely introduced, both here and in France, about the middle ofthe fourteenth century. Pa.ncl de Chaworth held the manor of Eaft Garefton, c. Berks, by fervice of finding a knight,armed with tutted armour . in flip Icincr'v arm,. 1 , fl.c.M .i._ r i (, * ... . ... - _ . _armed with plated armour

, in the king’s army, when it iliould be in the territory of Kidwelly in Wales. (Efc u Ed I’ l5:

B1?‘mtsLTcnu^.P- '40 Blount gives (p. 38.) and Mr. Beckwith (p. 75 .) an original record, Plac. Cor.

2 Edward 1 . wherein Patnc Chaworth holds this manor for finding “ armigeru.n armatum” for the Welfli wars. I do.7* r ,,

e,

dlllinfll0" of the kind of armouri nor was “ probably in the original of the record before cited.

* Grofe, p. 2i. 23.1 Montf. II. lii. ;

O O The

[ cxlvi ]

The mail on Robert de Vere’s cuifles, PI. VIII. is the moft laboured and neat

I recollect.

The knee-pieces of Sir Hugh Haftings have pointed bofles, and alfo thofe of

king Edward on the fame brafs. Thofe of Robert de Buers, PI. XLII. arc

highly ornamented.

Below the knees of William Marfhall, in the Temple, and Brian Fitz Alan,

temp. Henry III. at Bedal, are bands or garters, as if to feperate the cuifles

from the greaves. John of Eltham, 1334, has the like, but ornamented.

Such appear double at the bend of the arms of William de Valence, at Weft-

minfter, PI. XXVII. who has alfo wriftbands, and both thefe and the arm-

pieces are flowered. Thefe bands, when perpendicular on the greaves, whether

of mail or plated armour, denote the feparation of the plates, or mark the

fhin.

The Greaves were either of iron plates, or cafes, covering only the front of

the leg, or of two parts inclofing the whole. They had pointed or fquare broad

toed iron flioes, with joints at the ankle reaching to the toes, and fometimes

they had Sabatons of mail.

The moft antient armour for the foot was long pointed;the plated armour

grew fhorter, and was jointed.

Two forts of fpurs feem to have been in ufe about the time of the Conque-

ror, the pryck or Angle point, and the rouelle or wheel. The firft obtained on

the crofs-legged figures and others to the time of Edward III. and fo do the

other occafionally, and both are ufed by the fame perfon on different monu-ments. Montfaucon noticed it on the figure of Louis earl of Evreux youngeft

fon of Philip le Hardi, who died 1319, in the windows of Notre Dame the

Evreux. It is not ftrait, but waving, as on the Temple knights. The rowel with

points like ftars appears on William Longefpee, at Salifbury, 1226 ; others like

roles, on Sir Hugh Haftings. See alfo the figure of Robert Chamberlain, before

referred to. As it is not eafy to conceive of what ufe the wheel-fpur could be,

we may fuppofe its circle was fbon left off, though the name is retained to

this day.

Of the great variety of Shields,fome reach from the Ihoulder to the ground,

inclofing half the body in a femicircular defence ;others are of a middle fize ;

and others do not exceed the firft bone of the arm. That of Sir Hugh Haftings is

barely of the fize of an efcocheon of arms. The Norman and thofe of the crofs-

legged knights are triangular, vulgarly called by the modern name of Heater

fliields, of great length, generally a little convex, and very rarely flat. This is the

general form on our antient tombs, only varying the length. Thofe in the

tapeftry of Bayeux have the upper extremities circular, if this be not an error

in the defigning. In France the pendant fhield, a mere efcocheon of arms, is

the prevailing fafhion, though not to the total exclufion of the other. I have

feen but one inftance of the pendant fhield among us, and that is on a mutilated

negleCted figure of a lady refting each hand on fuch a fhield on the North

fide of the nave of Selby abbey-church. That of Sir Hugh Haftings is not

of a larger proportion. Some of our longeft fliields, if not fo contracted at

the point, would almoft have ferved the purpofe of the Pavache, a large

fhield, or rather a portable mantlet, ufed as the Teftudo of the ancients to

cover the fap of walls, as when the earl of Derby took the fortrefs of Roche

Milan in France '• Edward the Third’s fhield of ftate in Weftminfter abbey is

three feet long, with a bofs or umbo.

1Froiffart, I. c. 109.

Before

[ cxlvii ]

Before and after arms were put on Ihields they were adorned with a beautiful

work called diapering ; fuch is the Afield of Robert Vere at Hatfield Broad Oak,and fuch probably was that of Richard de Lucy at Lefnes abbey, ill defcribed byWeever*. Such the fliield of Conan duke of Bretagne, 1171, on his feal

2.

This diaper work is a ground of painting on glafs.

The Sword,univerfally of the ftabbing and long kind, is worn either per-

pendicularly by the fide, as in the Temple figures and William Longefpe, or

acrofs the thighs and legs in front, as Raoul de Beaumont beforementioned.

This Montfaucon calls, tepee en bande brochant 3.

Peter de Navarre earl of Mortaigne, 1412, in the Carthufian church at Paris,

has one end of his hilt bent down and not the other.

Grandefon, at St. Mary Ottery, has his fword drawn in his crofted hands 4; or it

is in the a£t of drawing, as by William Marfliall earl of .Pembroke, PI. V.fig. 3. and Robert de Vere, PL VIII. Another Templar, PI. XIX. draws the exaCt

Parazonium 5 on Roman coins 6. It is alfo worn by one of the Nevilles at

Coverham, Berkeley at Briftol, and Sir Hugh Bardolph. This on the tomb of

John count of Spanheim, 1399, at Hemenrod in the Palatinate, is turned withthe point up 7

.

In the annexed plate, fig. 3. is the fword of Edward III. in Weftminfter abbey,

defcribed hereafter, p. 140.

N° 4. at Armathwaite caftle, c. Cumberland, is a falchion with a bafket hilt,

and on the blade,

on one fide, 6DWARDVSon the other, PRINS ANGLIC.

fuppofed to have belonged to Edward II. probably left by him when his father’s

head quarters were at Lanercoft. It is mentioned by Mr. Machel in his MS Col-

lections for Cumberland and Weftmoreland, VI. 679. and in Dugdale’s vifita-

tion of Cumberland, 1665, when the caftle belonged to the Skeltons, but

now to William Milburn, efq8.

Mr. Watfon, Feb. 8, 1781, fent a drawing of a fword belonging to Mr.Thomas Barritt of Manchefter, who faid that lixty or feventy years ago it was

ufed by a park keeper at Garfewood-hall, in Lancafhire, the feat of the Gerards.

Its whole length was twenty-eight inches and an half, the blade twenty-two inches

and a quarter ; the handle flag’s horn, and the cap at the pommel, the guard

and ring on the handle iron, once gilt. On one fide of the blade is written

Edwardus,and after it fome animal : on the other Prins Anglie

; the letters

puncht with a tool, and filled with gold wire. The ftyle of the infcription

would refer it to the Black Prince, who had the title of Princeps Anglie, till hewas thirteen, when 1 343 he was created Prince of Wales. The inverted §and infcriptions on coins would prove it of higher date, and perhaps to have

been the property of Edward fon of Henry III. who was many years Princeps

Anglie,during the reign of his father.

N° 5. is Edward the Third’s fword of ftate, preferved in the chapter-houfe at

Windfor, both edges fharp. It is fix feet long, 8 inches of the point broken off

;

the handle of wood, one foot four inches;

the crofs bar iron, one foot four

inches.

'* Sec p. aS.1 Reg. Hon. Richmond.

3 II. 314. 4 P. 95- 5 ^ee the plate of fwords, fig. t. and 2.

• Count Caylus (Recueil, II. p. 323. pi. xciii. 1.) fuppofes the parazonium to have been the fhort Spanifh

fword, not unlike thofe blades found in England and Ireland, and worn on the right fide, like our dagger. See alfo

Lipfius de milit. Rom. III. 3. 175 . Jofephus fays it was twelve fingers or inches long.

1 Aft. Acad. Theod Pal. HI. 49.

* Burn’s Wellm. II. 343.

N° 6.

[ cxlviii J

N° 6. The fword of Hate of Edward prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall,Mortimer and Ulfter, earl of Chefter, &c. eldeft fon of king Edward IV. It is

fix feet long from pomel to point, the blade near five feet, both edges iliarp,three inches broad at the hilt, the crofs bar fixteen inches long, the handle fif-teen inches ; fingle letters in the angles of the pomel, making together thewords aues fortes : the crofs and two fides of the hilt were alfo charged withDutch rhyming infcriptions, defaced

; on one fide of the hilt, which is brafsare thefe coats of copper enamelled

; O 3 lions paifant guardant G. Kings ofWales. S. bezante, Cornwall. England and France under a label of 3, crownedand borne up by angels. On the other fide Mortimer quartering Ul/ler. Cbejler.Arg. a chief Az. In a round in the middle of the pomel A. a crofs G. St. George.This prince was born 1470, and next year after the death of the fon of Henry VI.'was created Prince of Wales, 1475, duke of Cornwall, earl of Chefter, andcuftos of the realm of England during his abode beyond the fea in France andFlanders. But the Prince of Wales was at Ludlow when the king his fatherdied, living in ftate as Prince of Wales, and being then about thirteen yearsold, he proceeded to London to be crowned, and was murdered in the Tower.For him it is moft probable this great fword of ftate was ufed. It may havebeen made in the Low Countries, and afterwards brought to England, and thecoats of arms added.

Fig. 7. was faid to have been fent as a prefent to Henry VIII. and a cap ofMaintenance, with the title of Defender of tbe Faith : fome parts of the handleare made of rock chryftal, and that mounted in iilver, chafed, and gilt withgold. To this time when the king fits in parliament on his throne the cap isfupported by a nobleman on one fide, and a great fword on the other.

Fig. 8 is the fword, and fig. 9 the dagger, taken from James IV. king ofScotland, when he was fiain at the battle of Flodden. The blade of the fwordis three feet and half an inch, and the handle fix inches and an half : theblade of the dagger fourteen inches, the handle five inches long. The hilt ofthis fword may be accounted the firft advance to the bafket or clofe hilt of the17 th century.

Fig. to. is the fword of Sir William Bruce, temp. Elizabeth, preferved atHandal abbey, c. York (where it is alfo carved in ftone) but now in the pof-feffion of Mr. Beckwith, of York, F. S. A. ; the blade three feet nine inrbe,long, the handle and crofs bar each fifteen inches.

Fig. 1 1 is an antient fword found in the Thames, about eight feet below thebed of the river, by Mr. Smith, who contracted for drawing ballaft out of theriver for the roads, 1745.

fig. 12. is the handle of a fword on the monument of one of the knightsat Harwood, c. York, with the word 1 f) g inferibed on it. Arms are not unfre-quent on the pomels of fwords.

Mr. Brereton ftiewed the Society of Antiquaries, 1764, a fword in form of atuck, which has been in his family above an hundred years. The blade is damaiktwith gold to within two inches of the point, and the twelve apoftles, with theirnames engraved thereon and gilt. It is likely to have received papal benediction,or to have been employed in the crufades. The handle is of agate, with a filverfeallop on one fide of the hilt. Whether the mounting is of the fame antiquitywith the blade is not very clear, moft probably not.

Mr. Henry Baker fliewed another very like it, with the twelve apoftles en-graven on the blade, the mounting quite modern, and nothing fingular in it, andits age unknown.

The varieties of older fwords may be feen in the feveral monuments hereengraved.

The

[ cklix ]

The hilt and fcabbard, as well as the belt, are variofly fhaped and ftudded.

(3ne fees many belts in Montfaucori adorned like thofe of the three Templars,

PI. XIX. Some fcabbardS have the coat of arms on them, as one of the Marken-

fields at Riport, p. 143.

Henry III. in his thirty-fixth year, orders an elegant fword, with a fcabbard 1

Well covered with filk, and a pomel * with filver, and a handfome belt, to be

got ready for him to knight the king of Scots at York the enfuing Chrittmas 3.

The fcabbard of Robert de Buers, 1361, PI. XLIL is highly ornamented.

The fword of horfemeri, frequently on feals, appears to be fattened on by

1 chain.

The dagger \Vas worn on the right fide. This was called the mifericorde .

« Pour ce que de ce ferf'emerit volontiers etoient occis les chevaliers abbatus, et

« lefquels voyans telle's armes en la main de leurs ennemis demandoient miferi-

“ corde s’ils defiroient etre repitez de la mort 4.”

It feems by Fauchet as if this weapon firft came in ufe in the reign of

Philip Auguftus. Pity, in the Roman de la Rofe, is reprefented holding, in-

ftead of a fword, a mifericorde, lharp enough to pierce a diamond. Fauchet

Compares them to the Scotch dagger^, called dagues a roelles,becaufe they had

at the ends of the crofs-bar two rounds to protect the hand completely.

Knyghton 5 defcribes Wat Tyler “ cultellum evaginatum quern dagger vul-

“ gus vocat in manu gerens,” and (lain by Walworth “ arrepto bafilardo * Stowe

calls this latter weapon bafilard\ Froiflart6

, “ grand badelaire qu’il portait.”

Charpentier explains it Coutelas olim Bazelaire,and cites records where it is

called Bafalardum five cultellum ;petit cou/lel portatif appelle Baudelaire.

Mr. Warton 7 explains Curtle-ax in Shakfpeare 8a kind of fliew-dagger worn

on the kirtle or furcoat.

Of the anelace and pavade fee hereafter.

The reft for the fpear on the right breaft is well exprefled in the portrait of

Arthur fecond duke of Bretagne and Conftable of France 1457, in Lobineau,

I. 665. John V. duke of Bretagne, who died 1399, and has a monument in

the middle of the choir of the cathedral at Nantz, has two projections from

the armour on his breafts that refemble refts. His helmet under his head,

like that on it, has a flowered frontlet, and over his mail gorget he has the

collar of Ermines. His armour is plated : the lion under his feet holds in his

mouth a label, with his motto, A ma vie.

Another inftrument in the hands of fome figures is the mace, as in that of

one of Philip the Fair’s attendants, when Jehan de Meun prefented his tranlla-

tion of Boetius de Confolatione 9,and of our Henry V. when John de Galopes

prefented his tranflation of Bonaventure’s Life of Chrift I recoiled but one

mftance of a mace on monuments, and that is on the brafa of John Borrel at

Broxbourn, 1531.

The rich caparifon of horfes may be feen in the pediments of the tombs of

Edmund earl of Lancafter and Aymer de Valence at Weftminfter, and of Sir

Hugh Haftyngs at Elfing.

* fcaulcrg. * fomtllum.

3 Quod cum feftinatione perquirat quendam pulchrum gladium et fcauberg ejufd. de ferico, et pomellum de argento

bene et ornate cooperiri, et quamdam pulchram zonam eidem appendi faciat, de quo rex Alexandrum regem Scocia

eingulo inilitari decorare poffet. Rot. Clauf. 6 Hen. III. m. 31.

4 1IL 34’-1 Col. 2636.

* II. c. 77. p. 130.

7 On Milton, p. 279.* As you like it, A£t I. Sc. III.

» Montf. II. x.10 Archseol III. 194.

The

t cl]

The clerical habit of the times rmv cOf dignified and inferior clergy. PrelLes and abbT

™nOUS ’nonuments b«'hsrof a brafs figured Thom^Card^ff ',^1

j 77^17777* “ “““P'6

only on the fides, and worn at mat's both by the orieft wh T P° °Pmbottom, and by his affiftants and the fi.bdeacon who ha

>

7 r°Und *l.fts np his hands from under the clofe cape are feen *e

^(Oil which are two flans! which i

1 T “ fleeves of the

bde, juft under theaR tfth elHf^fl ^ °* ** ^called, which the prieft wears round his left t

°

r *““**> as i£ is

was firft worn in imitation of the Jewifh or PaIT aC

lflebrates mafs - Jt

napkin when offering burnt facrifices It is enfh 77’ who ufed a towel or

fringed at the bottom At earl r! rembr0ld«ed round with crofles, and

likewife embroidered with croffe ) appl 1T" °f 7 <Whkh iS

priefts wore about their„e£^rTAlb^ 7 “7"*-crofs and fringed at the bottom In the i n T , 7 embroidered with a

flap embroidered with a crofs,' with which isOne of the nchcft figures of what feems h

X ‘

alabafter in the North tranfept of Beverley minfter" 777777 '7 ^well as his Maniple, and over his Chefible falls in r 7

A^

fnnSecl> as

On the hem of the Alb are theft n i J, , 1fr°nt 3 nch Pal1 or fcarf.

and feme de lis a faltire impaling three lion’s naffim™"b

rWeen efc*lloPs>

ami under his head, which is cohered wi l aPT 8 At hiS feet a lion

>

in the porch at’the do^r^ofltTa^”'*"'is the tomb of a prieft habited in his fee dotal velh

7 R°yal “ FranCe

fldes, and not fcollopt , ratfed hf rf“f’ 3 **»' ™md on all

and behind; his maniple no broader at bottom than ton“ at™ 11^77which is not croft on the breaft, but worn iq *t r F

*

WC 1 aS the le’

and the antient monks of Cluny, who in this ^nft^ IlflloPs» Carthufians,

mode: His albe at bottom has omamems col m Mr

T

*d°Pted "° nw

fnch .is called In brtefs^ and ftfll. ufed in”^17“chafuble, cord, two hands marked with the letter P and th

° * ^*7

manip]e’

^7777'

X

b

777 aff wit

e

h 7who died i.694> a„d w7o„,y an Audit of7

lOTd °f ^^the drefs contradift this fuppofition, and it is moreTr h ft

7* th<!^ ^of his anceftors, perhaps lacoues de m 7, probably the tomb of one

of Chartres, fon of the keeper of the ftals of that name7““

*

Le^DUC

f H ?

(>

in

ri

MaHiIl0ry of LamhethPalacc.

86 ^ P‘^Le Baiuf, Hilt, du dioc. de Paris, II. 46 i.

The

C Cli]

JS’JSSSSSzz —««*r b“ ri"“ -M. >»

Milton’s morning “came forth, with pilgrim-ftem Infays Mr. Warton =, is what is called^/*, amiSJuX ,he r

™ S’

gray hooded evening in Comus 4.

Homan ritual; fo the

A prieft in Magdalen chapel, Oxford, has the „r , ,

from his head over his Ihoulders, lhort fleeves 'and

" h°°d d°Wnother. * nc^ an uPper tunic over the

engtvedbyMnttp'e.6 ‘““"S Chali“ in b°* hands, has been

Mr. Pennant 4 deferring the figure of ofwald n„v ,

ments, with his chalice in his hand, in Wenfley church’ Yo kfl

^epitaph fays, had been reftor of the pariih and died

Yorkflure> wh°> hls

habit he was only nominal reftor.” What can this mean V

'

P ““ “ by his

William Bois reaor of Fersfield, i , r 2 had hi, „'

„red, gilt all over in imitation of embroidery and

g°Wn,

pa ‘nted bIack’ caflbck

field of his arms, and fattened round whh“ WMl e™ine the

breaft 6. From the neck to the girdle was the Z" ^ buckled on hls

cumftance rather unufual on a putt’s IaL Z “7 °f

been the original painting. On each fide nf 1

Pre Llme this to have

lomew’s, Smfthfield, kneel two prLfts ifLp1^^ ofT“ ^

black gowns, or at leaft painted fo now6 Pn°r S t0mb ate

^d Of.^isfaff ™their tombs, where they fometimes hold it in tl 1

* 6 Mld lnfcrlbed on

we fee it carved on one'or both fidcs of a croftand fomedmesmmms—

In the will of Edmund earl of March 8 ond otv, , -

are enumerated as me, e ,

> and other wills, thefe various drefles

™r:the churcfl of Dorchefter for two books a nail „

1 " “wneiier gave to

in filver the hiftory of St. Birinus’ h WaS embr0ldered

The maniple is not often part of the abbatial or epifcopal drefs on monuments“SI !Z,of abbots or biihops. Compare the Peterboroughabbots pi. III. who all hold btbles in their left hands; fo do two figures on thewall of t. Leonard’s hofpital chapel at York, and 0™ dug out ofTrls tf

x ; 8 c In f7bV^ Whf 1 faW f00n after * was but which was gone1785: all which bear marks of great antiquity.

was. gone

‘SS- * 1.

1

P. 144. Leboeuf, Hid. du dioc. de Paris II c8Par. Regained, IV. 4,6. . Milton’,' Poem,,1 our in bcotland, 1772, p.348.

Rojd'will,, p. ,0(. . uLaTHo"' d' Richm- P- *ss-

The

Cclii 3

The habit of monks, if we wanted examples, may be feen on the fides of the

tomb of bifhop Burgherfli at Lincoln.

Prior Rahere has the fame habit on his tomb ; and fo have the two monks

who kneel on each fide of him ; but they are mifreprefented in flowing hair,

whereas they really are (home.

The old Salifbury bifliops, and one coeval difcovered at Glaftonbury, 1783*

now fixt up in the abbat’s kitchen, are habited as priefts, the maniple ex-

cepted;and Roger, as I fuppofe him, has down his bread in addition to his

habit a pall, whereon is the infcription which fo pointedly marks him in myeyes. See PI. IV.

Robert Waldeby archbilhop of Dublin and York, 1397, has the complete

habit with maniple, pall, and fringe;

Bifhop Burgherfli, at Lincoln, is richly habited and fringed, but his mitre

gone.

Archbifhop Langham and bifhop Goodrich have a double fringe.

Archbilhop Wolftan, buried in Ely cathedral, when removed by bifhop Nigel

into the North Weft of the choir, was found in his cafula and pallium fattened

together with gilt pins

Bifhop Inglethorp, at Rochefter, 129T, appears to have the maniple. He

and bifhop St. Martin there, 1273, are copies of the Margate prieft, as is

the brafs figure of bifhop Goodrich at Ely, 1554, on which he bears the great

feal as chancellor \ Bifhop Heaton at Ely, has the pontifical robe without the

mitre 3.

Luxemburgh bifhop of Ely, 1443, is the only inftance of a cardinal’s figure

and habit among us 4. Archbifhops Langham and Courtney, and bifhop Beau-

fort, the only prelates raifed to that dignity who have monuments with figures

on them among us, are content to wear their mitres. Kemp and Wolfey’s hat§

appear only on the gates eredted by them at Gawood and Chriftchurch.

The copes of many of our prelates, both in ftone and brafs, are thick fet

with faints and apoftles. Bifhop Waltham, in the ConfefTor’s chapel, has them

down his pall in front, where bifhop Roger has an infcription. The copes of

Thomas Eyre and John Newcourt, deans of St. Pauls, 1400 and 1485. William

Rythyn minor canon, 1400, in the fame cathedral, are richly embroidered with

fucli figures, and even fcripture hiftory.

Bifhop Fitz Hugh has a rich embroidered rochet. Bifhop Braybrook, Thomas

Okeford, Richard Lichfield, Roger Brabafon, canons: Dean Worfley, Dr. Grene,

have rich embroidered facings to theirs.

.Bifhop Heaton, 1609, at Ely, is a Angular inftance of a bifhop after the Refor-

mation having faints embroidered on his cope.

I am told, bifhop Wykeham’s robe, kept at New college, is faced with filk

and the buttons are rubies.

The jewels on the back of their gloves are not confined to archbifhops, as

appears on thole of Betun, Melun, Foliot, and Brufe, bifhops of Hereford ; bifhop

Ruthall of Durham, archbifhop Grey at York, Peckham and Langton at Can-

terbury ;abbot Ramridge, at St. Albans ; Hawford abbot of Evefham, at Wor-

cefter; alfo abbot Colchefter of Weftminfter, in Dart’s print, but not at prefent.

Archbilhop Kemp’s gloves are yellow, and well reprefented in the marriage of

Henry VI 5.

Langton bifhop of Lichfield and Coventry, 1321, has gloves more ftrongly

exprefled. He has a jewel en croix on his breaft : fo has the figure called Con-

ftantine the Great in York minfter. Dean Aquablanc has a lozenge.

* Auratis fpinis affixum.1 See Bentham, pi. XXV. 1 Jb. PI. XXVI. lb. PI. XIX.5 Walp, Anccd, of Painting, I. 37.

The

[ diii ]

The ufual pofture of prelates’ right hands is to be lifted up, with the two fore-

fingers extended, giving the benediction.

The mitres of Chriftian prelates were borrowed from the Apex or Tutulus of

the Flamen Dialis

In the collegiate church of St. Marcel-

at Paris is the tomb of the celebrated

Peter Lombard, who died bifhop of Paris, 1160. His figure and infcription

are not of that time ; but above an hundred years later, as is thought from the

height of the mitre *.

The mitres of abbots differed a little from thofe of bifliops, who carried their

crofiers in their left hand, but the abbots in the right 3. In the proceflion roll,

3 Henry VIII. the abbots are drawn with barons’ caps, not mitres, as MS Afh-

mole, but in the parliament houfe, 1 5 Henry VIII. they are drawn with

mitres on their heads, as Fiddes’ Life of Wolfey, p. 303. Mitred abbots had

epifcopal authority within their own limits, and were exempted from the juris-

diction of the diocefan, but were not always fummoned to parliament nor necef-

farily fo in confequence of being mitred 4.

Mr. Bridges 5 defcribes in Wapenham church, near Towcefter, in the middle

aile, under the pulpit, part of the brafs pourtraiture of a religious perfonj

mitred, with a label out of his mouth, iufcribed Ibut mercy ! and four fhields,

torn from the corners of the flab.

The rules before mentioned from Anfelm’s “ Palais de l’Honneur,” fay, <£ As

to what concerns ecclefiaftics it is ufual to reprefent them clothed in their

facerdotal habits, the canons with the furplice, fquare cap, and aumaffe or

amice ;abbots with their mitres and crofiers turned to the left ;

bifhops with

their great copes, their gloves on their hands, holding their crofiers with their

left hands, and feeming to give the benediction with the right ; their mitres

on their heads, and their armorial bearings round their tombs, fupported by

angels. Popes, Cardinals, Patriarchs, and Archbifhops, are likewife all repre-

fented in their official habits.”

The varieties of crofier heads are infinite from the plain one in bifhop

Grofted’s coffin to the highly finifhed one of bifhop Wickham at New College,

Oxford. The holy Lamb is ufually placed within the circle of the crofier, but

in Wykeham’s his own figure on his knees.

The abbatial ftaff was a paftoral crook of the fimpleft form, barely curled

like thofe of the two antient bifliops, and bifhop Poore 6

,at Salifbury, and the

abbots at Peterborough. That of Philip Hawford laft abbot of Evefliam, in

Worcefter cathedral, is more like a beadle’s ftaff, without any curve at top ;

fuch an one is in bifhop Bridport’s hands at Salifbury, 1263, and there is no

appearance of its having been longer. Bifhop Fauconberg, 1228, in Old St.

Paul's, has fuch another, more like a mace than a crofier 7. An abbefs at

EInflow, c. Bedford, has a more ornamented one of the ufual form.

« The paftoral ftaff of the archbifhops of Rouen any more than that of antient

bifhops and abbots, is not bent, as we fee it on their tombs, for the laft 300

vears. It has only on the top a kind of nob (pomme) on the top of a cane. In

later times it has been reprefented like a fhepherd’s crook ;and afterwards the

end was turned up, as we fee at prefents

.

There feems no ground for Mr. Goftling’s conjecture, that the paftoral ftaff

was derived from the lituus\ the rudeft reprefentation approaching nearer

to the fliepherd’s crook.

1Falfter, II. 7. Pat=n Sueton. init. Paneirol. Thefaur. Var. Left. I. 85. Landini Numifm. p.a6.

* Lebccnf, Hi ft. da ville & dioc. de Paris, I. 97.

3 Anftis in Appendix to Fiddes’ Life of Wolfey, p. 113.

4 Tan. Not. Mon. Pref. xxvi. rf. f.

,5 Northamptondi. I. 214.6

PI. XU.7 Dugd. p. 80.

* Moleon, Voyage liturgique de France, p. 271, 9 Antiq. Repert. II. 164.

q q The

[ cliv ]

The Peterborough abbots, all but one, tread on double or Angle headeddragons, whom they pierce with their ftaves, expreffive of the triumphs ofChriltianity over the old ferpent

; fo does the old bifhop at Salilbury, and others.“ All the archbilhops in Rouen cathedral have their faces turned to the Eaft

;

like all thofe that I have feen in other places made before the 16th century,which lliews that the contrary cuftom of burying bifliops and priefts at prelentwith their face to the Welt, is altogetner modern. The new ritual of Rheims,Sens, Mets, and the Ambrolian, order that they fhould be buried with their faces

to the Ealt, like the laity

“The new ritual of Rheims, 1677, ordains, that, according to the antientcuftom, the priefts fhould be buried in the fame manner as the laity, fo as tohave their heads towards the door or bottom of the church, and their feet to thealtar

; and we fee the bifliops, abbots, and priefts, on the antient tombs fo placed 2 .”

“ Lewis de Bellamonte bifhop of Durham, who died 1317, had, before thehigh altar in the choir a moft curious and fumptuous marble ftone, which lie

prepared for himfelf before he died, being adorned with moft excellent work-manfliip of brafs, whereon he was moft excellently and lively pidtured as hewas accuftomed to ling or fay mafs, with his mitre on his head and his crofier

Raff in his hand, with two angels finely pidtured, one on the one fide of hishead, and the other on the other fide, with cenfers in their hands cenfing him,and containing alfo moft exquifite pictures and images of the twelve apoftles

divided and bordered on either fide of him ; and next them are bordered oneach fide of the twelve apoftles, in another border the pidtures of his anceftorsin their coats of arms being of the blood royal of France, being a white lionplaced upon the breaft of his veftment, underneath the verfes 3 of his breaft withflower de luces about the lion, and two lions pidtured, one under one foot ofhim and the other under his other foot, fupporting and holding up hiscrofier ftaff, his feet adjoining and ftanding upon the faid lions and other twolions beneath them, the nethermoft border of all being moft artfully wroughtand fet forth all in brafs, manifeftly beautifying the faid trough 4 of marble,wherein was graven in brafs fuch divine fayings of feripture which he had pe-culiarly feledted for his fpiritual confolation, at fuch time as it fhould pleafe Godto call him out of this mortal life

; as the following

Epitaphium :

In Gallia natus,

De Bellamonte jacet hie Ludovicus humatusNobilis ex fonte regum comitumq’ creatus,

Pra2ft.1l in hac fede cceli ketetur in asde

Pneteriens fifte, memorans quantus fuit ifte,

Ccelo quam dignus, juftus, pius, atque benignus,

Dapfilis ac hilaris, inimicus femper avaris.

Super caput

:

Credo quod redemptor meus vivit, &c. c. 5

In pedtore

:

Repofita eft haec fpes mea in flnu meo.

Domine miferere.

Ad dextram :

Confors fit fandtis Ludovicus in arce Tonantis.

Ad liniftram:

Spiritus ad Chriftum qui fanguine liberat iftqm 6.”

* Moleon, Voy. lit. p. 273. » lb. 3 ofiij, ?

* Qi coffin, or altar tomb, not unfrequently called fo in the North of England.'

As on bifliop Gravel'end’s, at Lincoln, p. 60. Ji hn Hetor, reUor of Benifield and Lufwick, c. Northampton.Bridge, II. 247. and others

;alio ilTuing from a heart on a brafs plate of a vicar of St. John's church, Margate. Lewis’s

Tanet, p. 78. and on the tomb ot Thomas Knyghtley, efq. 1516. inFawlley church, c. Northampton. Bridges, I. 68.'Antiquities of Durham, p. 19, ao.

I the

[ civ]

I the rather infert this at length as, not being now'remaining, it could not bementioned in its proper place, and may ferve as no bad fpecimen of prelaticalmagnificence : another inftance of which may be the larger lize of the flabsufed to cover their graves. That over bifhop Bubwith at Wells, i ion, is calledby Godwin Marmor ingem. Bilhop Longefpee’s, at Salilburv, taoi, is fixteenfeet eight inches by feven feet eight inches. Bilhop Gravefend's, at Lincoln1279, twelve feet.

“ The cuftom of burying bilhops in old times was to bury them with theirAlb, Stole, mAPbannel', and their other veftments wherein they ufed to faymafs, a mitre on the head, and a crofier ftaff in the hand, and fo laid in thecoffin, with a little chalice of fiver, other metal, or wax, which wax chalice wasgilt finely about the edge, and the knobs in the midft of the ffiank of the chaliceand about the edge of the patten or cover, and the foot of it alfo was gilded • whichchalice was fet upon his breaft in the coffin, and its cover nailed down \"

Cenfing angels are not peculiar to bilhops : an attitude fo grofsly mifunder-flood by fome antiquaries that Dr. Salmon miftook their cenfers for fifhingnets in the windows of Stapleford church, Herts. King John has two bilhopsto do him that kind office, that his evil deeds might acquire a better odour

Thefe angels are much more common in France, occuring almoft in everymonument, and on that of archbilhop Cherney at Sens two Angle hands holdthe cenfers.

The conveyance of the foul to heaven in a iheet, by angels, is not unfrequenton the monuments of religious in France from the twelfth to the fixteenthcentury 3

.

Sometimes there, and with us on the pediment of the fine monumenton the North fide of Beverley choir, the Deity himfelf places the foul thuson his knees. At the head of a lady at Nanteuil two bilhops carry off herfoul. The fouls of two abbots of Herivaulx, whofe figures are on the fameHone, are conveyed by angels in one Iheet together

; fo are thofe of two menand their wives in the Jacobines church at Chalons

; and a widow and hertwo daughters all three together. That of George lord de Preaux in the churchbf Notre Dame in the caftle of Loches is held at his head by a mitred faintperhaps his patron. The fouls of Anfculph and Jofceline de Vierey bilhops ofSoiffons in Longport abbey are. pontifically habited and mitred.

It is not unufual on French monuments to fee a hand pointing down fromheaven over the head of the party, either altogether expanded or with two ofthe fingers clofed, as in the aft of benedidtion : but I do not recoiled! this inEngland.

Abbots Eaftney, 1438, and Kirton, 1466, are both pontifically habited ontheir braffes at Weftminfter. Q. if a mitred abbot dreft more pontifically ?

The laft abbot of Perlhore is as much undreffed, appearing only as a limplemonk on his tomb, in the chapel, now the fchool-houfe, at Perlhore.

Paul, fourteenth abbot of St. Albans, who died 1093, 5 Rufi, and wasburied in the chapter houfe there, was tire firlt that wore the pontifical habit, ashis figure on his marble tomb fhewed

; primus pontificalibus redimitus (prout in/arcofago fuo marmoreo teftatur ipjius imago) dignofeitur in hac ecclefia \

“ Thomas de Merleberg abbas Evefham primo fculpfit fuper duas tumbas“ prredecefforum fuorum ad honorem et oftenfionem dignitatis ecclefia; imagines“ epifcopales, et fibi ipfi cum eifdem fecit maufoleum, et incidit in lapide mar.“ moreo fuperpofito imaginem epifcopalem ad honorem ecclefia;. Obiit. A. D.“ 123 6 The mitre had been obtained by abbot Roger, who died 1160.

* Maniple. * Antiquities of Durham abbey, p. 74.3 In an old print of a dying man, by C. de Mallory, after Stradun, this conveyance is beautifully touched4 Matt. Par. v. Ab. S. Alb. p. go4 Tanner, Not. Mon. pref. xxv. note (e) ex Hiftor. Evelham. Bib. Cott. Vefp. B. xxit. Nafh, Wore. I. 339.

The

The oldeft original paintings of bifhops in their habits of ceremony may be

fuppofed thofe in the North wall of the old choir at Ely, built in the reign of

Edward 111. which, before the removal of the choir to its prefent fituation,

were copied by Mr. Tyfon, 1769, who gave them, 1778, to Mr. Cole. From

the laft of thefe gentlemen I received them, for the purpofe of having them

engraved for this work. The account of them in the old MS Liber Elienjis

now in the hands of the Dean and Chapter, is in thefe words :“ Ifti funt con-

“ feflores Chrifti quorum corpora jacent ex parte aquilonari chori ecclefie Elienlis

“ in locellis leparatim in pariete lapideo. iVlftanus Eboracenfis arcliiepifcopus,

“ OJmundus epus Swetheda regione, Helfwinus Helmamenfis epus, Elfgarus Hel-

“ mamenfis epus, Ednodus abbas Ramyfienfis epus Lincolnienfis, Adtheljlanus

“ Helmamenfis epus, Brithnodus dux Northanimbrorum ftrenuiffimus.” They

were brought thither from the old conventual church in the reign of Stephen by

Nigellus bifhop of Ely, and their names were legible over their painted effigies '.

They were found on taking down the wall. The manner of their difpofition was

cxadlly conformable to the above account, the bones of each being placed in fepa-

rate cells, each cell twenty-two inches long, feven broad, and eighteen deep,

within the wall, under their feveral names and painted effigies, each figure

two feet five inches and three quarters high. They were put, 1771, into dif-

tinft cafes, and depofited under the arch of bifhop Weft’s tomb in his chapel,

with their names and dates painted on the front % over a row of fmall Gothic

niches of ftone correfponding with the cells, and an infeription over all.

Over fig.

1. W’lftanus epus Helmamenfis.

1. Ofmundus ep’s [in Suetheda regione]

3. Alwin’ epus Helmamenfis.

4. Elfgar epus Helmamenfis.

5. Ednodus ep’s Lyncolnienfis.

6. Athelftanus ep’s Helmam’fis.

7. Brythnodus dux Northanympbrorum.

,Among the monuments of Danifli nobility 3

,publifhed by Klerenfeld, is a

brafs one of an archbifhop, 1497, at Lunden, pontifically habited, with \

double fringe to his ftole, like archbifhop Langton, and on his albe a flower

as on that of Cardiff. His arms and hands are croft, in his right a crofs ; and

at his right elbow a crofier. The helmets on his arms are furmounted by a

crofier. The infeription round the tomb is in our common black letter, between

a double border of vine branches, and at the corners the fymbols of the evan-

gelifts with labels.

I^ic. facet. rctJcreDifli 9. T. x\ pater, tins. tins. IJofjcjs. broffroup. 61.

grJ. quoDa, arep’ IfiDe-

fuccie. p’mas. ct. aplicc. feD’. legat\ 60. 6ccrcto;ti. baral ”. cui\ aTa- rcqclraf. T. pace

q. 6. a. Out, IU’ C 6 97.

A brafs figure of a prieft in Great Adington church, c. Northampton 4, has

on his breaft IHC, perhaps the hoft. Another fo early as 1286, at Higham

Ferrars in the fame county 5, JFtlt HDflt nttfCtCTC IUCI-

John GrotlVurft retftor of Horfmanden church in Kent has behind his

elevated hands a fcroll reciting his gift to Beyham abbey.

£lut Dealt mancr/uin Dt 3Ubtfl)0tIjc abbati tt conbcntm Dt

JBcgiiammc aD ttiDcnicnDum ttnunt pcrpctniun capclla-

num ceiebrantcm tn ccclcfta be i^orfmonDtimc tt capclla Dt

Hobtfljotljt‘ Bentham’s Ely, 85.

1lb. 285, 286. Archaol. II. 365.

3 “ Nobilita* Daaix ex raonumentis curant; T. de Klerenfeld.’’. 13 fol. plates.

4 Bridges, IL 205, 1 lb. 175.6 Thorpe, Reg. Roff. p. 881.

Cliaucet

VftmTTTtTTXf.

[ clvii]

Figures of priefts in ftone are not unfrequent under arches in the wailsof village-churches. They are fuppofed founders or rebuilders, and they mayhave been incumbents or chantry priefts, or perhaps relations of the lords ofthe manor, or otherwife connefled with the place. They feldom have any in-fcriptions. Such a figure in the wall of the South aile of St. Hippolyt’s churchnear Hitchen is vulgarly called St. Hippolyt himfelf. Salmon conjedtures hewas the founder *.

On the North fide of the chancel at Lilford, c. Northampton, is fuch anantique freeftone figure who, from his habit and tonl'ure of his head, appearsto have been a prielf \

Next to the ecclefiaftics rank the ftudents or graduates of our univerfities,whofe habits may be feen on their monuments in the feveral college chapels.Perhaps the largeft colleftion of them is in the outer chapel at New College,Oxford. I have engraved one fpecimen in the brafs afcribed to Robert Egglef-field, founder of Queen’s college there, 1349, which reprefents a prieft in a capand rich rochet, powdered with fleurs de lis and lozenges, and faced and hemmedwith a different border, and fattened on his breaft with a jewel : the fleeves of hisblack gown are faced with fur J

. In Dowdefwell church, c. Gloucefter, Mr.Rudder defcribes a figure in a long robe femde with mullets and fleurs de lis,

but which is the exadt counterpart of Eglesfield only fmaller. A Kentilh prieft,

engraved by Mr. Thorpe, has exaflly fuch a habit, except the cap and the dif-

ferent ornament on the breaft. Indeed priefts are oftener thus reprefentedand diftinguifhed by the tonfure, than veiled for the altar, as is the phrafeof our defcribers from Aubrey to the prefent time.

Hacomblen in King’s College Chapel has the like habit, with a furred cape,reaching down to his elbows, his head bare, and crown Ihaved.

John Perch, A. M, M. B. in Queen’s College, Oxford, has his gown fattenedby a buckle with the St. Suaire, and faced with ornaments like fleurs de lis,

fleeves to his wrift under very long ones almoft to his feet, and a kind of longtippet over all. Another brafs figure in the antechapel has the like habit, theinner fleeves longer, the gown faced with fprigs of rofes, fattened by a rich

ftudded broche, the fur tippet round his neck and pendant, a fizar’s cap on hiscropt hair.

The poor Oxford fcholar’s overejl courtepy, or uppermoft fhort cloke, of coarfe

doth, was “ thred bare 4.”

At the inftallation feaft of Richard Clifford bifhop of London, 1407, was alubtylte of a dodtor in a pulpit, in a clothynge of grene taberde and hode with a

rolie on his hede, and thereon written, In Deofcilutari meo 5.

Chaucer’s fpruce parifh clerk Abfolom had

Poules windows corven on his fhoes 6.

i. e. They were reticulated or laced with fret work.

In hofen red he went ful fetifly.

Yclad he was ful final and properly,

All in a kertle of a light waget 7

,

Ful faire & thick ben the pointis fet,

And therupon he had a gay furplice,

As white as is the blome upon the rifes.

* Herts, p. 180.

* Canterb. Talcs, 1 . 392.1 watcbtt

,blue.

* Bridges II. 243.

* Noble boke of Cookery.* Ubi 1'up. 3315—23.

5 PI. XXXVI. p. ioj.* Millar’s Tale, 1 . 3318.

The

[ clviii }

Thfe only clafs of laymen, except the military, feem to have been Burgefl'es

and Merchants of the Staple. Thefe are chiefly to be found in borough towns,

or the parochial churches of large commercial counties where the woollen manu-facture flourifhed. What a profufion of workmanlhip was difplayed on their

monuments appears by thofe of the mayor or burgefs of Lynne, the clothiers

of Campden and North Leach, and other inftances in the wealthy counties of

Norfolk, Suffolk, and Gloucefter.

The firft inftance I have to give of a lay habit of a burgefs is that of Sir

William Delapole father of the firfl earl of Suffolk of that name ', who, onhis tomb at Hull, is habited in a cloak with a {landing cape and buttons in

equi-diftant fets of three, over a clofe coat open at the knees, and buttoned

at the waift with the fame arrangement, and with a full row on the clofe fleeves,

which before they reached the wrifls had fome kind of plait or ornament. Atan ornamented girdle hangs by a plain belt a couteau. He wears his hair, forked

heard, whifkers, and fhoes. His wife over her tunic has a gown buttoned to

the waift, and from thence open below ; the fleeves clofe and buttoned to the

back of the hands, and over her fhoulders, pafling under her arms, a loole

cloak;over her head a veil headdrefs.

The next is the burgefs of Lynne, with a more fplendid monument of

brafs *, habited in a plain clofe coat flit and turned back from the knees down-wards, and laced on the flit and hem, with long clofe fleeves buttoned from the

elbows to the wrift, and long hanging fleeves from the elbows ; {landing cape

open in front fallen down; {lockings dark and coarfe ; his pointed fhoes

faftened on the initep with a lace or latchet. The five men at the fide of the

canopy are habited one in a fhort coat buttoned in front with long hanging fleeves,

piked {hoes, one with the hofe, a hat faftened as an hood under the chin : the

fecond in a like fhort coat girt with a belt, and a fhort cloak over the flioul-

ders;

a hooded cap on the head : the third a long cloak buttoned on the

breaft whence the hands juft iffue : the fourth a fhort cloak buttoned on the breaft,

and plaited at the lkirts, which do not reach to the knees; the fifth is in a

coat, and cloak only over the left fhoulder, and held up to the waift : thefe

two laft have the hooded hat, and all have the piked {hoes and hofe of one piece.

John chatelain of Thorote and his wife, 1325 and 1353, in Orcamp abbey,

very much referable this burgefs and his two wives.

The principal figures of the men at the feaft below are habited in longcloaks over clofe coats with fleeves, hooded hats or caps 3

.

It has been fuggefted to me by an ingenious friend, that the muficians, whoare two men blowing trumpets, and a little boy with a pipe, appear as if fewn upclofe in leather dreffes, to fhew the fhape of the bodies

;a circumftance he has

heard or read, not unufual in great entertainments.

Robert Attelathe, another burgefs of this wealthy corporation, is my third

example 4. He is habited in a cloak with a {landing cape, falling off his

right fhoulder and over his left arm, covering a clofe coat girt round the waift,

and buttoned from a little above the girdle down to the inftep, with buttons in

pairs. The fleeves of this coat are buttoned at the wrift, and on the back ofthe hands is a half-glove of a rich flowered pattern. His flioes are piked, andfaftened on the inftep, with a buckle. He wears his hair in buckles, fhort

whiikers, and a fhort divided beard.

John Fountain, who died 1403, is reprefented on his brafs at Narford in along plaited coat girt about his waift, with a broad belt, a {landing cape, and onhis head a round cap like a bowl. His tlyee wives have the long plaited gown

1 Pl.XL/VI p. 11

PI. XLV. p. 11 5.

J So Chaucer ddcribes his merchant, " And on his hed he wore a Flaundrilh leaver bat.” Ubi iup. 371.4 rt. xxxvi. p- wi.

with

t clix ]

with a broad belt at the waift, and {landing capes, and two have on their headthe latefl imitation of the mitred headdrefs with the falling veil, and the thirdhas the veil only.

The firft of thefe inftances was the very Frankelein of Chaucer

An anelace and a gipciere all of {ilk

Hung at his girdle white as morwe milk

;

A fhereve had he ben and a contour

;

Was no where fwich a worthy vavafour.

At fefiions ther was he lord and lire,

Ful often time he was knight of the {hire.

The anelace was a knife or dagger ufually worn at the girdle. Matthew Paris a

defcribes Peter de Rivaulx as “ geftans anelacium ad lumbare quod clericum nondecebat." The five city mechanics in Chaucer 3 are defcribed as wearing knives, andprobably at their girdles.

Hir knives were ycbaped not with bras,

But all with filver wrought full clene and wel ;

Hir girdeles and hir pouches every del.

See a very good reprefentation of one at the left fide of the girdle of WilliamGrevel at Campden.

This at the fide of a brafs figure in Baldock church before defcribed

has a letter knife inferted in its fcabbard.

Occleve’s picture of Chaucer reprefents him with a knife hanging from a but-

ton on his breaft, probably a Sheffield whittle.

The {hip-man had

A dagger hanging by a las [lace]

About his neck under his arm adoune 4.

On fuch a weapon we may fuppofe the king-making earl of Warwick’s roaft

beef was Carried away by his guefts. With fuch an one the earl Marlhall was{tabbed in the back by an Irilhman, who lifted up his coat of mail 5 and plungedhis anelace up to the hilt

6.

The gipciere, Fr. Gibeciere, was a purfe;of which hereafter.

Chaucer’s character of his tradefmen in their livery-men’s gowns, is, that

they were fit to make aldermen;

Wel femed eche of hem a fayre burgeis

To fitten in a gild halle on the deis 7.

i. e. at the upper end of the hall on the huttings or raifed floor, as now at the

Guildhall of the city of London, and in college halls, and formerly in all halls.

The Knight’s fon the Squire in Chaucer 8 was,

a lufty bachelor

With lockes crull as they were laide in preffie,

Short was his gowne with fleves long and wide.

The Phyfician in Chaucer,

In fanguin and in perfe he clad was alle

Lined with taffata and with fendalle 9.

1 Ubi (up. 1. 357— 361.1

P. 405. 3 Ubi fup. 1 . 367—370.4 lb. 1

. 393. 3 loricamfublcvando.* Mat. Paris, p. 400.

7 Ubi fup 1 . 371. ’ lb. 1 . 80, 8i. 93. 9 lb. I.441.

The

clx J[

The habit of a Judge may be Teen on the monument of Gafcoigne, at Har-wood, c. York. He appears in a robe or mantle, with long puffed fleeve^ edged

with ermine, and under them ftrait fleeves buttoned to the wrift, over a tunic

girt with a belt ftudded with rofes, whereat hangs his anelace or dagger, andunder his left elbow his purfe. On his head and fhoulders is a coif covering

his ears, which appears through, and falling in a flap at the fides of his face,

his hair juft feen under it.

Chaucer’s Sergeant of the Law ware and wife,

He rode but homely, in a medlee cote,

Girt with afeint1 of filk, with barres fmall \

The Alderman’s robes occur on the brafs figure of Jeffrey Qwynfy, 1461,in the church of St. Clement the Martyr, at Norwich 3

.

The habit of a Sheriff of London, 1381, fee in John Lions, p. 137.

Stowe 4, fpeaking of the proceedings of the infurgents under Wat Tyler in

the reign of Richard II. fays, “ They took in hand to behead all men of law, as

well apprentices as utter barrifters and old juftices, with all the jurors of the

country whom they might get into their hands. They fpared none whomthey thought to be learned, efpecially if they found any to have a pen andinkborne about him

:

they pulled off his hood, and all with one voyce crying,

Hale him out, and cut off his head.” A tomb in the North tranfept at Chrift

Church, Oxford, of the 16th century, has an inkhorn and pen-cafe in compart-

ments at the front and fides, and nothing elfe remaining to afcertain it.

Chaucer’s Millar (who Was alfo a thief),

A white cote 8c a blew hode wered he 5,

A fwerd 8c bokeler bare he by his fide6.

and the Reve got his mafter’s thanks,

and yet a cote and hood.

A long furcote of perfe upon he hade,

And by his fide he bare a rufty blade

;

Tucked he was, as is a frere about 7.

Of the Millar of Trumpington Chaucer fays,

Ay by his belt he bare a long pavade,

And of a fwerd ful trenchant was the blade ;

A joly popper bare he in his pouche,

Ther as no man for peril dare him touch ;

A Shefeld thwitel bare he in his hofes

.

Pavade is a dagger, popper a bodkin, thwitel a knife. They are all ranged

together as the Miller’s defenfive weapons, and whoever affronted or attacked

him,

he wold be flain of Simkin

With pavade, or with knife,or with bodkin 9

.

Thus the poet explains himfelf.

* Ctinture, girdle. 1

Canterb. Tales, 1 . 330.1 Blomef. II. 818.

* Lond. p. 48. 5 Ubi'fup. i. 566. * lb. 1 . 360, 1 lb. 1 . 614. 619, 620. 623.* Iteve’s Tale, 1. 3917-31. 9 lb. 1. 3937—9.

On

On holidays the miller wore “ his tipet ybounde about his hed” 8c red flock-

“ ings. His wife’s gite or gown was of the fame colour* ; fo was the wife ofBathe’s *.

Chaucer’s friar’s tippet was,

ay farfed full of knyves

And pinnes for to given fayre wives 3.

For there was he not like a cloifterere,

With thredbare cope as is a poure fcolore

;

But he was like a maifter or a pope;

Of double worjled was his femicope

That round was as a belle out of the prefTe 4*

Chaucer’s knight’s yeoman

Was cladde in cote and hode of grene,

A fhefe of peacock arwes bright 8c kene

Under his belt he bare full thriftily.

Wei coude he drefle his takel yemanly1

.

His arwes drouped not with fetheres lowe,

And in his hond he bare a mighty bowe.

A not-hedde had he with a broun vifage

;

Of wood-craft conde he well alle the ufage.

Upon his arm he bare a gaie bracer,

And by his fide a fwerd and bokeler,

And on that other fide a gaie daggere,

Harneifed well and fharpe as point of fpere

;

A criftofre on his breft of filver fhene

An home he bare, the baudrick was of grene,

A forller was he fothely, as I gefTe *.

A figure cumbent on a graveflone in the churchyard at Glinton, c. North'’

ampton, might ferve as an illuftration of this defcription

:

His gay yeman under a foreft ride,

A bow he bare, and arwes bright and kene

He had upon a courtepy of grene.

An hat upon his head, with frenges blacke 6.

They had alfo about that time, fays Camden 7,a gown called a git,

a jacket

without fleeves called a baketon , a loofe jacket like a tabard,a fhort gabbardin

called a court pie,

a gorget called a cbevefailt for as yet they ufed not bands

about their neck, a pouch called a gipfer.

The Gite was a woman’s gown. See Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, 1.3952.6141.

The Haketon was part of a military habit, and as fuch worn by the dainty

Sir Thopas

:

He didde next his white lere

Of cloth of lake fin 8c clere

A breche and eke a (herte,

And next his (hirt an haketon,

And over that an habergeon,

For percing of his herte,

And over that a fin hauberk

Was all ywrought of jewel worl

‘ Chaucer, lb. 1. 3950— 1

—

2. * lb. 1 . 6141

4 lb. I.261. s Ubifup. 1 , 103— 1 18.

S S

* Canterb. Tale*, 1 . 233, 334.

• lb, 6963.1 Rem. p. 334.

The

Ful ftrong it was of plate :

And over that his cote-armoure,

(As white as is the lily floure)

In which he wold debate

Mr. Tyrwhitt obferves, it is difficult to fay what fort of cloth is meant by

lake here. Laccken , Bclg. fignifies both linen and woollen cloth. Kilian.

The Tabard was worn by the nobility and gentry in the reigns of Henry IV.

and V. It was a fhort coat, without fleeves, as ftill worn by the heralds, on

which their arifts were embroidered : whence the term, a coat of arms ; Fr.; cotte d'armes. The coat having the creft in profile was the fleeve or fide coat.

It is often found in portraitures in old glafs-windows *. In Queen’s College,

Oxford, are fcholars called Taberders,who wore fuch an habit. Before the

civil war the fcholars of New College were obliged to wear a black tabbard

of fluff and a ruff when they went abroad. Scholars of other houfes wore

them, as alfo pilgrims antiently 3. Chaucer’s plowman rode in a tabard, and

perhaps our ploughmen’s fhort coats ftill keep up the refemblance.

The Courtepy was the fhort cloke before mentioned worn by the Oxford

fcholar and by the gay yeoman 4. It is a Teutonic word, from kort, curtus,

-and pile, penula coaflilis ex villis craffioribus. Kilian, Tvrrwhit.

The Cbevefail is a necklace in the Roman de la Rofe, 1 . 2189, fallened bytwo gold clafps ; and fo tranflated in Chaucer’s verfion of it, 1 . 1082. Camdenfeems to have imagined it a cape.

The Gipfer,

or, as Chaucer calls it, by its French name, Gipciere ; DuCange,

GibajfariuSy and Charpentier Gibacaria, was a purfe; of which we have various

inftances on our monuments. Pei'haps judge Gafcoigne’s is the faireft.

Montfaucon has engraved in his Monuments 5 a fplendid one of the princes of

Dreux and Britany, embroidered with their arms, from the collection of M. de

Gagnieres, who fays it was appropriated to reliques. The chimney piece of the

principal room in Tatterfal tower is adorned withpurfes, in allufion to thepoft:

-of lord high treafurer held by Ralph lord Cromwell, who died 1455.“ Bagges or purfes” remained in Leland’s time 6

,in the chapel and other

^places of the houfe at Collywefton, which belonged to the fame nobleman.

At the foot of Vitaille de Query, knight, ferjeant, 1400, and his wife, ontheir tomb, in Froidmont abbey, are five figures of men ; two are religious,

with hoods fallen; two of them have the purfes, and hoods on their heads, not

unlike Chaucer’s : ‘the others are laymen, in coats girt with belts. The ferjeant

himfelf is in a furred gown flit up to the knee in front, girt round with a belt

on which is the arms of France and a crowned fhield, pouch fleeves furred

at the wrifts, and under them a buttoned fleeve;

his cape fallen difcovers fome-thing like a ruff, or plaited collar : his half-boots are laced on the infide of his

-legs.

Simonet, fon of the vicomte du Bois, 1354, on his tomb at Bonport abbey,

Normandy, has a fhort coat to his knees, long waifted, and full buttoned, longfleeves buttoned to wrift, and fleeves pendant, a falling cape edged with an em-battlement, and at his belt a pouch with four buttons and a lock.

John Hannetay, merchant, 1479, in Vauluifant abbey, has a purfe widerthan long, with two taffels at the ends and one in the middle.

John Clerk, prieft, at Bafildon, Berks, 1496, has a pouch at his right fide, anda rofary at his left ; a furred gown and cap 7

.

A man at Nanteuil has a very fmall purfe.

* Ubi flip. 1 . 157. 90. * Aubrey. 3 lb. * Canterb. Tales, 6964. 5II. pi. xxxr.

* It. I. a5. 7 Aubrey.

A man

A man in Brunoy church in the Ifle de France has a long coat with but-

toned fleeves, and five buttons Jike a lapell. on the left Ihoulder.

Such is alfo appendant to the figure oi Henry I. fourth duke of Lorrain andBrabant on his tomb in St. Peter’s church at Lovain. A great chamberlainof France of this time has one of the fame kind at his girdle. The cuftomof wearing the purfe at the girdle came from the Eaftern nations, where it Bill

obtains, and did in Europe till pockets were invented, which feem a confequence

of Ihort Ikirts of tighter bodied garments. Thefe purfes wrere of leather, or

more coftly materials.

Some judgement may be formed of the firft coats from the pictures ofChaucer, and one of Nyte, in the chancel window of Kington St. Michael,

as well as from the monuments of burgeffes before defcribed. They were loofe

down to the calf of the leg, with wide fleeves, and fucceeded gowns gathered

at the girdle '.

The coat, long as the oldeft falhioned ones of the prefent century, with but-

tons down to the toes, appears on the figures at the fides of lady Montaeute’s

tomb at Chrift Church, Oxford;

of that of Thomas Vere earl of Oxford,

at Earl’s Colne; of Thomas Beauchamp earl of Warwick; of Edward 111 . &C*

On the brafs of Braunch, and on the tomb of Edward III. we have both the

long and the Ihort coat.

The tomb of Thomas Beauchamp earl of Warwick furnifhes the greateft

varieties of habits for both fexes of any that I know of. With this view I got

Mr. Carter to make the feparate drawings of each figure in PI. LI. though I

could have wilhed he had fucceeded better writh them. There are the mantle,

flowing, buttoned on the breaft, or on the fhoulder, with one or more buttons,

or thrown acrofs like the Roman Paludamentum, and with or without the hood;

the long coat buttoned to the waift ; the Ihort coat united with the hofe, and

the buttons continued below the waift, the cape ftanding or fallen, the hood,

hat, or bonnet ; the Ihoe of different lengths.

Alan Fleming at Newark, 1373, is dreft in a clofe coat with a ftanding cape,

and flits for pocket holes : his fleeves are long and clofe, and his mantle faced

with miniver.

If we can depend on the portrait of Charles the Good, thirteenth count of

Flanders, in Montfaucon, II. pi. xi. the clofe coat with buttons and the ftand-

ing cape will have been in falhion fo early as 1127, in which year that prince

was murdered.

The coat of Thibans Plante Oignum, bourgeois de Biauves, in Chaalis abbey

cloifter, is flit at the fides and in front, and faced with miniver.

In Barbeau abbey is a figure of Peter le Maire, 1353, in a coat with long

buttoned fleeves iffuing from others at the elbows, and pocket holes : his wife

has a pointed hood, and her mantle is faced like it, with miniver, long buttoned

fleeves and pocket holes.

“ In the beginning of Henry the Fourth’s reign the fafliions of drefs were ex-

travagant, efpecially of gowns with deep wide fleeves, commonly called Pokys,

Ihaped like bagpipes ,and worn indifferently both by fervants and matters.

They may rightly be called “ the devil’s receptacles : for whatever could be

ftolen was popt into them : fome of them were fo large and wide that they

reacht down to the feet, or at leaft to the knees, full of flits and devils. Whenthe fervants were bringing up pottage, fauces, or any other liquors, thefe fleeves

went into the diflies, and had the firft tafte : and all that wras given them, or

that they could get, was fpent to clothe their uncurable carcafes with thefe

pokys or fleeves, while the reft of the habit was cut Ihort \

1 Aubrey.1 Vita Rich. II. 172. In primordio hujus regis excrefccbat nimis infolentia indumentorum in regno Sc maxime toga-

torum cum profundi* Sc latis manicis vocatis vulgariter pokys ad modum bagpipe fermatis adeo ut cis tarn a fervis quam

dominis indifferenter utcbatur. Qua: quidem receptacula dsmoniorura rede did &c.

The

*

t clxiv ]

The long pocketting fleeves, as Camden calls them ', continued in ufe in the

reign of Henry IV. which Occleve fays “ pennilefie groomes” might clear

the ftreets of their dirt. Such were in vogue in Edward the Firft’s reign, as ap-

pears by the figures on the fide of John of Eltham’s tomb, both men and

women.

The monk’s fleeves in Chaucer 1:

Purfiled at the hond

With griSy and that the fineft of the lond.

Gris was a fpecies of furr;of which and of miniver hereafter.

Richard de Bofco abbot of Eftrees in Normandy has his arms croft, hangingdown in his fleeves, which come over his hands. One of the fuite of Louis de

Bruges, in the reign of Charles VIII. in Montfaucon IV. PI. iv. has fuch a

fleeve over his left hand.

Our hat is derived by Skinner from the Teutonic and Dutch Hoed and Hat,

and that from Hoeden and Hatten^ to preferve ; as if no other part of drefs was

a defence. It was a fuccedaneum to the Hood, and the Saxon J;>ar was a cover-

ing of the head from the tiara and mitre to the modern round hat, which is

but a diminitive of the cardinal’s red hat on Luxemburg’s tomb and Wolfey’s

college. The Malays and Chinefe, and all Afiatics who wear hats, have themround

;fuch is even the turban. Varro derives the Roman Galerus

,which

Ifidore calls a fhepherd’s bonet, from Galea. In Juvenal 3

, and other writers, it

is equivalent to a wig or falfe hair. Chaucer wears on his head a hood falling

down behind. His monk’s

For to faften his hood under his chinne.

He hadde of gold ywrought a curious pin 4.

The bonets of Peter count d’Alentjon and Robert count de Clermont, in Mont-faucon 5

,are of different forms : that of St. Louis 6

is very like a modern hat

:

thofe of Louis XI. and Philip le Hardi duke of Burgundy 7 are bonets of particular

orders. See alfo thofe of the orders of St. Michael, inftituted by Louis XII 8. That

of the order of the Crelcent, inftituted by Rene king of Sicily, is an abfolute hat 9;

fo is alfo that of Charles VII '°.

John Edwards, apprenticiatus in lege, 1461, in Rodmerton church, c. Glou-cefter, has a cap like that of the Prefident au mortier. Rudder 11

fays he i^

habited in the antient drefs of a lawyer.

The form of the half-boot may be feen on a brafs figure in Copel church,

c. Bedford. The boot feems to have been fattened at the fide with clafps, like our

fpatterdalhes. The merchant’s in Chaucer were

“ clapfed fay re and fetifly

Somewhat like the flioes beforementioned, p. clvii. were the Canipaga andReticuli of the Roman emperors and nobility mentioned by Trebellius Pollio and

Julius Capitolinus, and defciibed by Salmafius as fo called from the flexibility

of the ftraps that fattened them, and from the net-work which they formed onthe leg. The Reticulum, or ftioe, of the Roman ladies was fet with emeralds * 3

:

“ Patriciorum calcei et imperatorum ita vocabantur a corrigiarum flexuris et im-“ plicaturis quibus circumligabantur. Hinc campacos reticulos appellare folebat

“ Gallienus, quod reticulaturis decuffaturifque multis circum crura flexuris aliis

“ fuper alias fcandeutibus connedterentur. Hinc Latinis campacus ejufmodi“ calceus appellants qui multas wpnx; et decuffes in calceanda faceret ex corrigi-

“ arum alligaturis' 4.”

' Reni. 335. * Ul.i fup. 193. 3 VI. 130. * Canterb. Tale», 1. 195.4 II. xxvii. 8.9. 6

IS. II. 7 lb. III. lxii. 1,2.4. * lb. Ixi. * lb. xlviii. 10lb. xlvi.

." P- 633.11

L’lufup. 1.^75. 13 Maximin. jun. c. 1,14 Salmafius in Capitolini vita Maximiui jun. c. 2.

I have

[ clxv]

I have met with no fatisfaftory reafon why the Conqueror’s eldefl: foil, Robert,had the name of Curtbofe

; or Henry II. that of Court mantel. Camden ' fays,the tormer ufed the tliort hofe, or, as Trevifa, in one part of his tranflation ofthe Polychromcon, has it, Short hoot, though in another he writes Short hoofes.But as the Saxon drawings prove thefe were antiently ufed by the Englifh, Mr.Strutt thinks it more fikely Robert fet the falhion to his Normans

;and in the

fame manner he accounts for Henry the Second’s fobriquet, that he was the firftNorman prince who adopted the Saxon Iliort cloak.

The drefs of young perfons may be reprefented on the monument of Ed-ward the Ftrft’s infant children in Weftminfter-abbey. The boy has his flowinglocks bound with a fillet, a mantle fattened by four fluids on his right Ihoulder,a doublet, a richly ftudded belt, breeches and ftockings of one piece, and lhoesfeparate. The girl has a horned headdrefs, boddice ftudded in front, and apetticoat, a mantle tied by a cordon, with a rofe and two quatrefoils ftudded \

See alfo the drefs of William of Hatfield fecond ton of Edward 111 . on hismonument in York minfter before deferibed p. cxxxvi.

Henry Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. when he went to make hispeace with his father, was apparalled, fays Holinfhed ", in a gown of bluelattin full of fmall oeillet holes, at every hole the needle hanging by a filkthread, with which it was worked

; about his arms he wore an hound’s collarfet ful of SS of gold, and the tyrrets likewife of the fame metal.

Henry VI. at his wedding is reprefented in a rich flowered robe with longcuffed fleeves, through which his arms come out

;his hair long and lank, in

his right hand a cap, not unlike that of Philip de Valois, before mentioned.His bride has a mantle fattened on the breaft by a cordon andjeu r

els, a robe, onwhofe hem in a frame of jewels are letters embroidered, her fleeves long, thecuffs drawn over the fingers of the left, but the right hand clear

; her hairflowing, a coionet on her head. Mr. Walpole thinks the painter has conveyeda reflection on her virginity inconfiftent with the long hair *. The nimbusfignifies the king’s fanflity at his death.

Edward earl of Rutland, the lord Spencer, earl of Arundel, and others,the lords appellants who impeached the duke of Gloucefter before Richard II.

at Nottingham, were clad in red gowns of filk,

garded and bordered withwhite filk, and embroidered with letters ofgoldK Round the hem of the Queen’srobe in the pifture of Henry the Sixth’s marriage in Mr. Walpole’s poffeffion,are feme letters, which are far from being fo intelligible as the other beforementioned. The words are involved in the folds ; what appears are, Vol.falv.Regin. On the abbefs s girdle is Vel ave, as little to be decyphered as the other.There is a third inftance of letters on garments on the robe of the EmperorCharles IV. on his interview with Charles V. of France, 1378“. Charles VI.of France, 1422. has the hem of his robe, on his tomb at St. Denis, chargedwith Jamais repeatedly. An Etrufcan ftatue in bronze in Dempfter’s EtruriaRegal is ", has three lines of infeription on the hem of his robe. There aretraces of letters down the front of a lady’s garment, on a monument at WeftTanfield in Yorklhire. Thofe on the pall of bilhop Roger at Salifbury arerather part of his epitaph. The Grand Falconer of Charles VIII. of Francehas his initials on his fword hilt *.

’ p->3 >- ’n. xxxiv. " r. . 160.4 Anecdotes of Painting, I. 38.5 Chron. 316. in Pari. Hitt. I. 49;. Peck’s Annals of Stamford, :a. 39. Walp. Anec. of Paint. I. 38 4toIn the reign of Edward III. fays an old chronicle in Mr. Ives’s podeUion, cited by Mr. Strutt, the Eno|i(].e

’

weclojhede all in cootes and hodes peynted with lettres and with floures." JjopSa Anjekynuan, II. 83.

°

P* 40. 7I. a8t. • Montfaucoi IV. PI. tv.

1 Montf. Mon. III. i

Henry

'[ clxvi ]

Henry VI. according to Stow ufually wore a cap or hood of red velvet,

which was afterwards preferved a long time on his tomb. His high cap ot

aftete, called Abcocket, or Abococke,was garni filed with two rich crowns *.

The beau of Edward the Third's time was a party-coloured animal. He wore

hofe of one colour on one leg, and of another on the other ; fhort breeches

which did not reach half way down his thighs ; a coat half white, half black,

or blue ; a long beard;

a filk hood, buttoned under his chin ; and embroidered

with grotefque figures of armorial dancing men, &c. and fometimes ornamented

with gold, filver, and precious Hones 3.

When the rioters plundered and burnt the duke of Lancafier’s palace at the

Savoy they took his rnofl precious garment, fuch, fays Walfingham 4, as we call

a Jacketancl ^uck 11 on a *Pear>

as a mark for their arrows, and when they

found they could not damage it fufficiently by (hooting at it, they chopped it in

pieces with fwords and hatchets.

The fliovvy luxurious habit of a Gafcon Knight, to whom Francis de la

Marque, a French gentleman, prefents his hiflory of the latter part of the reign

of Richard II. 5 deferves attention. When the knights were not clad in armour

they wore a drefs that feems to have more than Afiatic foftnefs and effeminacy6.

In the fame MS the long pointed flioes of that reign, before defcribed, are par-

ticularly expretfed

7

; and it is remarkable, that in the drawing of Rutland’s refig-

nation to Henry IV. from a MS of Froiffart in the royal library, (xviiiE. II.) the

falhion is altered, and the toes Ihortned *. Joan countefs of Kent, mother of

Richard II. wears them

9

;and they appear to have been revived in the reign

of Edward IV ,0. Thofe of Edward III. and his two royal prifoners, David

king of Scotland, and John king of France, are broad, but picked, and em-

broidered with net work ".

We may fuppofe the figure painted in Hungerford’s chapel at Salisbury re-

prefents a beau or gallant of the reign of Henry VI.

In the year 1369, 44 Edward III. “ as the book of Worcefter reported, they

began to ufe caps of divers colours, efpecially red, with coflly linings : and

1372, 47 Edward III. they firft began to wanton it in a new round curtail

weed, which they called a cloak, and in Latin armilaufa,as only covering the

(boulders ; and this notwithftanding the king had endeavored to reftrain all

thefe inordinances and expences in clothing by a£t of parliament in his

36th year, forbidding the ufe of gold and filver, and other ornaments, to

all who could not afford to fpend {10a year;and all furr and precious coflly

apparel to all who could not fpend (100 a year

The author of the Eulogium cited by Camden’ 3 fays, “the commons were

befotted in excefs of apparell, in wide furcoates reaching to their loines,

fome in a garment reaching to their heeles, clofe before, and flrutting out

on the fides, fo that on the back they make men feem women ; and this

they called by a ridiculous name goivne ;their hoods are little, tied under

the chin, and buttoned like the women’s, but fet with gold, filver, and pre-

cious Hones ; their lirripoppes 14 reach to their heeles, all jagged. They have

1 Chron. p 424..a Grafton, p. 661. Hollinlh. IJ14. See Spelman in voce.

3 Camden’s Rem. p, 154.* Hilt. p. 249.5 MS. Harl 1319.

6 Strut, pi. xx. p. 16. 7 Ih.pl. xix. lb. pi. Jtxxii.

* lb. pi. xxxv. from a Regifter of Benefactors to St. Alban's abbey. Nero, D. VII.13

lb. pi. xlvi. “ lb. pi. LI «i. L 1 V.

*' Oinne ornamentum aureum five argenteum erat damnation nifi in talibus qui poffint per annum expeodere 10 li-

bras, et ut nulli pannis pretiofis aut pillura merentur nifi qui pollent expendere per annum too libras. Walfingh. v. E. 11I.

p. 173. The continuation ofAdam of Murimuth’s hift. fays 40 lib. which is moll likely. S.rutt 11 , 84.

13 Remains, p. 233.14 A tippet round the neck, hanging down before. SeeHarl. MS. 219.

another

[ clxvii ]

another weed of filk, which they call a paltock ' ; their hofe are of twocolours, or pied with more % with white lachets, which they called heelots,they tie to their paltocks, without any breeches. Their girdles are of gold an£filver, fome worth twenty marks : their lhoes and pattens are fnowted andpiked more than a finger long, crooking upwards, which they call crackouees,

relembling the devil’s claws, and fattened to the knees with chains of gold andfd ver.”

Chaucer 3 alfo makes the fame complaint cenfuring {t the coft of enbrouding,

the difguyling, endenting, or barring, ounding, paling, wynding, or bending,

and femblable watte of clothe in vanitie : the coftlewe furringe in hir gounesfo much pounfoing of chefel to make holes, fo much (lagging of fheres, with thefuperfluite in length of the forefed gounes trailing in the dong and myre onhors and eke on foot, as well of man as of woman, that all thilke trayling

is verely as in effetft wafted, confumedj thred bare, and rotten with dong.

—

Upon the other fide, to fpeak of the horible difordinate fcantynefs of clothing

as bene thefe cuttcd Jloppes or banfelines*y

that thro their fliortnes cover not

the lhameful membres of men.” He proceeds to inveigh againft the party-

coloured hofe departed in white and red.

Petrarch, in his letter to the Pope, 1366 5

, exprefles the fame indignation at

the monftrous fantaftical fafhions which his contemporaries had invented to

deform, rather than adorn, their perfons : the long pointed flioes, the caps

with feathers, the hair twitted and hanging down with tails, the foreheads of

the young men, as well as women, formed into furrow's, with ivory headed

pins, their bellies fqueezed with cords, and the indecent parts of their drefs of-

fenfive to every modeft eye.

Harding, in his Chronicle, c. 193. f. 194. rebukes, in as ftrong terms, the

watte of materials in the expenfive falhions of this reign.

Ther was great pride among the officers,

And of all men furpaflyng their compiers,

Of riche aray, and much more coftious

Then was before or fith, and more pretious.

Yomen and gromes in cloth of filke arayed,

Sattyn and damalke in the oublettes and gounes

In cloth of grene and fcarlet for unpayed

Cut werke was great bothe in court and tonnes,

Bothe in mens hoddes and alfo in their gounes.

Brouder and furres, and goldfmith werke ay newe

In many a wyfe eche day they did renewe.

Fabian 6fays, in the reign of William Rufus “ preiftes ufed bullied and

“ breyded hedes, long tayled gownes, and blafyng clothes, Ihinyng and golden

“ girdelles, and road with guilt fpurres with ufyng of dyverfe other enormities.”

All which Anfelm would have corrected, but was not fupported by his brethren

the bifhops. Henry I. enabled that priefts fliould wear apparel of one manner

of colour, and fhoes after a comely fafliion 7.

1 A clofe jacket like a waiftcoat. Camden calls a jacket without fleeves a haketon. Hoqueton was alfo a cloak.

1 This was not confined to thofe, but we meet with figures habited in garments divided in the middle llrait down, one

fide of one colour, and another quite different. In a Cotton MS. Nero D. VI. John of Gaunt, as High Steward of

England is fo reprefented. Strutt, Reg. Ant. PI. xvi. where fee others, pi. xxxix. A famous inftance of this party-

coloured fafliion is in the portrait of Sir Anthony Browne, at Cowdry, who in fuch a motley drefs is faid to have

efpoufed Anne of Cleves by proxy.3 Parfon’s Tale, f. 103. 1598. Urry, p.198. Tyrwhitt, III. 183.

4 Trmv/trs, fo fltort that tying at the hips could not reach below the thigh at rood, and the hofe were drawn up

flrait, and rolled up under them;which hanging loole round aoout [trail have been very indec«it when a man ftooped

to the ground. Strutt, II. 85.

1 Opera, ed. Bafil. p. 81 a.

* Chron. II. c. 234. p. 9.7 Holinfh. p. 340.

Richard

[ clxviii ]

Richard II. was fo fumptuous in his apparel that Holinfhed fays he had,among other gorgeous fuits, one coat of gold and precious Rones valued at

3000 marks;and Sir John Arundel’s wardrobe exceeded his matter’s, for he had

a change of no lefs than fifty-two new fuits of cloth of gold tiffue

Chaucer thiis defcribes the luxuriant drefs of the prelates of his time :

They hie on horfe willeth to ride.

In glitterande golde of grete arai,

Painted and portrid all in pride

;

No common knight maie goe fo gaie :

Chaunge of clothing every daie;

With golden girdels grete and fmall.

Miters they werin mo than two,Iperlid as the Quen’is hedde

;

A ttaff of gold & pirrie lo !

As heivie as it were made of ledde,

With clothe of golde both newe 8c redde *.

We are not to lay all the ttrefs that fome do on the fatirical reprefentationwhich the Scots make of the fafhions of Edward the Third’s time. He learntFrench fafhions by his conquefts

; they adopted them by their alliances. Whilethey reprefented us as if,

Long beerds befteles,

Peyntede whoods witles,

Gay cotes graceles,

Maketh Englonde thrifteles.

Walilngham ’ feems to date the introduaian of French fafhions among usfrom the taking of Calais, 1347.

Of the fame kind are the reproaches caft by a monk of Glaftenbury on thefafhions that prevailed at the time of the inftitution of the round table atWindfor, 19 Edward III. “ The Englifhmen hawnted fo moche unto the folye“ of ftrawngers that every yere thir clamyed em in diverfe fhappes and difgi-

fingges of ciothengge; now longe, now large, now wide, now ftraite, and“ every dlf dothingges newe, and deftitute and deferte from alle honefte off“ old arraf and Soc,e ufage : “nd another tyme to fhorte clothes and fo ttreite“ walrted

> with full deves anti tapetes of furcotes and hodes over longge and“ aI > “ naggedes and knet on every fide, and alle to flattereedde, and‘ aH“ botenedd

fthat tf yweth fir alle fay they weren more lyke to turmentours

‘ an< d <=veles 111 ther clothyng, and alfo in their fchoyng and other arraythan thei femed to be like menne. And their wymmene weren more nycely“ arraiedde and pafied the menne in alle maner of araies and curious clothing

;“ for thei vveredde fuch ftreite clothes that they had long fortailes fewedc“ " lth >'nne their garments to hold them forthe for to hede their pofteriors V>

* Chron. p. i r ig.* Works by Urry,* Hill. Angl. n i(

(f. Cdtun/U.)*

See alfo Vita R. IT. p. 156, before cited,

p- X79, in Henry’s Hid. of England, IV. 587.8. lunc fuperbire catperunt matron* Anglican* in apparatus matronarum Gallije celticetn

J Douglas, Monk of Glaflenb. Harl. MS. 4690. f. 82. Strutt. II. 2;.

[ clxix]

As the heads of military men recline on helmets, with or without their creftsifothofe of kings and queens, ladies, ecclefiaftics, &c. reft on Angle or doubleculhions, laid flat or anglewife on each other. The double cufhion is called in theLmcolnflure church-notes of 1629, MS. in the Britilh Mufeum, a pillow andbolder The fupporters ofthefe cufliions are generally angels

; but an old knightin Royfton church, and the figure called Sevens in York minfter, have two lions.

r wC

«?,rnS in 'he l6th C“tury fucceeded the or matrafs, as under dean

Colet William Thynne, efq. 1584; Sir Francis Vere, 1608, atWeftminfter-though this was not unfrequent before, and the cuihion is retained in fememonuments of the later ageSj as Sir Francis Norris in the time of Elizabeth atWeitminfter.

In Burford church, c. Oxon. under the figure of Sir Laurence Tanfield, baronof the Exchequer 1625, is his ikeleton lying on a mat, exquifitely carved inmarble.

The firft inftance of the Garter that has occurred to me on tombs isthat of Sir Richard Pembridge, at Hereford ; The next is Richard Vere earl ofOxford, at Earl’s Colne, 4 Henry VI. Le Neve mentions it on Sir WilliamChamberlain, 1463, at Eaft Harling *. On all thefe it is round the left knee,and on the firft round both knees. John Vere earl of Oxford, i S 1 2, at Earl’s Colnehas it on his mantle on the left flioulder

; and fo it is worn on the brafs figuresof the officers of the Order in St. George’s chapel at Windfor, John de Vereearl of Oxford, who died 1539, on his monument in Caftle Hedingham church,has it on the left ihoulder of his mantle. We fhall fee it alfo worn by ladies.

Mr. Blomefield > defcribes the habit of Sir Thomas Shardelow founder" ofThompfon college, c. Norfolk, on a Hone before the college chapel in theparifli church there as like a prie/Ts. In the Cordeliers church at Senlis is amonument of Janico du Halde archer des ordonance du roy notre feigneur de lacompagme de monjieur le due de Lorraine foubz le capitaine monfieur de Bajart,lequel trefpaja a Senlis et fut enterre en habit de St. Francois le in jour de Juing,MVXIIII. He is reprefented in the monkiih habit, with a cowl and cord, andholds in his hands a fcroll inferibed. Libera me domine de morte eterna.Guy de Dampierac, a monk in the Cordeliers church of Champagne, near the

priory of Souvigny in Bourbonnois, has his habit and cowl and a knotted cordhanging down before him. John de Bafleing, 1482, another monk in thecloifter at St. Denys, has his hood over his eyes. A daughter of the good St.Louis wears the habit of St. Francis.

An article of drefs common to both fexes was the Ring .- worn among theRomans from the higheft ranks to the loweft—of gold and iron. Pliny hasa curious difquifition on the antiquity of this ornament, of which he finds nomention in Homer or the Trojan times. Whoever, fays he, firft introduced it, didit with hefitation, on the left hand, where it would not be feen, whereas ifit had been deemed a mark of honour it would have been exhibited on the right 4

.

Againft the ufe of gold rings he thus exclaims, “ Peffimum vitae fcelus fecit qui“ id primus induit digitis,” and he takes every opportunity of inveighing againft it.

He fays, the Gauls and Britans wore the ring on the middle finger 5,but the Ro-

mans antiently on the third finger only 6

, for which he refers to the ftatues ofhuma and Servius Tullius : then on the forefinger, as on the ftatues of the Gods :

then on the little finger, and at laft on feveral, fome wearing on the little fingerthree rings, and fome only the feal ring. Our figures on monuments, both offtone and brafs, have it on all fingers.

PI. L1V. p. 135. * Blomef, II. 224. 3 jj faycundtenter id fecit, latvifque manibus latentibus, cum fi honos fecums fuiflet dextra fuerat

ottent . N. H. XXXIII. 1. s Galli* Britanniatque in medio [dieito] dicuntur lif*. Ib.tor tne phyhcal realon of this, fee Macrob. Sat. vn. 13. Gellius, x. 10.

u u by

t clXX }

The number and fituation of rings oh antient ftatues are variqus. Biihops

and abbots wear their rings on various fingers ; either of a circular or oval

form : the former principally appears on monuments : the latter has been dug-

up in the ruins of their palaces. A gold ring fuppofed to have been worn

by Richard duke of York, becaufe dug up on the fpot where lie was laid to

have been killed, and fenced round ever fince, was bought out of Ralph Thorei-

by’s Collection by Mr. Benj. Bartlett, who permitted it to be engraved in the

new edition of Camden’s Britannia, is of gold, circular, adorned with figures

of faints, and this infeription within: $0Ut bOlt aiHOUf. 1 have feen fuch

another found in the ruins of St. Alban’s abbey, plain on the outfide, and in-

ferred within. 1 have a third, with the infeription in relief on the outfide, and

fet with a blue ftone.

Our ferjeants rings may be taken from thofe worn by the Roman judges *.

Juvenal1 fhews they were worn by pleaders in his time, and that they fometimes

made part of their fee.

Among the varieties of inferiptions on rings the following feem intended for

wedding rings

:

On an old filver ring adoriied with two hands conjoined, CU t) 0U at.

On another gilt and broad, like a ferjeant’s, found at Caine, ^tlUOUt tfjtf Ct.

Within a brafs one, with a heart, £l9ourv ceoj It Scut :on the outfide,

fine Dofttc cn foitt.

On a gold one found in Effex, R AMI AMGS AMI6 AVGS. and on another

found in Sir John Webb’s garden at Canford, Dorfet, AGDIG AVGZ AMI AV6Z.

On an old brafs ring flat ferrated on the outfide, JLoflC ItDlt 1UC tO lilt

lemetl. On the other fide, Jloltt C’t fit me pOl’tC.

On a thick gold ring, within, DYE. DONA. A. QVI. LV. PLEAT.

A gold ring found in Suffolk, 1755, had on the outer circuit ten knobs, on

the firft acrofs, on the reft characters which were read J&QUt fOUTCtttt.

One ploughed up near Caftle Hedingham, Effex, had Ctl ftU?C lOttlll*

Mr. Drake has engraved, in his Eboracum, p. cir. a ring with Runic charac-

ters, like one found at Harwood in Yorklhire, and fliewn to the Society of Anti -

quaries 1737- 1740. Mr. Drake’s was found on Bramham-moor, about 1734,

and was quite plain, with fquare edges ; the letters cut, raifed, and filled up

with enamel to a fmooth furface. It might be the ring of fome chieftain of

the Danes, who ftormed York, 1066, and were defeated by Harold at Stam-

fordbridge or Battleflatts, where many relics of the battle are ftill found 3. This

rinv weighed near five guineas, or one ounce fix pennyweights, and was fold in

London, among other like curiofities, by Whifton Briftovv, 1765, for £.15.

Of the abbatial kind was a gold ring with a great alloy of filver, weight five

pennyweights, found at Kirkftall abbey ; ihewn to the Society of Antiquaries by ’

Dr. Byron. On it a crucifix, the Virgin and St. John : farther on St. Anthony’s

crofs, a Tau, and within this infeription, HU l fUJttC.

A gold ring, or fibula, found at Canterbury, had on the outfide,J0enfC5 It

par xittiitU within, 31 c fui ici cn Mu.Another, filver, 31cfus nasaremts r.

Another, filver, the middle made up of two hands conjoined, had the fame-

infeription.

Another, filver, IHESVS NAZARENVS REX.

The fame infeription feems to have been on a gold ring dug up at Alva, in

the county of Sterling, 1766. diameter five eighths of an inch, weight twenty-

feven grains.

Mr. Peck had a large filver ring, fuppofed of an abbot, with a capital

1Flin. xxxin. 1.

1Sat. VII. 140. 142.

1 Ebor. p. 83, 84.

A gold

[ clxxi]

Seals of aims and devifes were worn on rings. The valuable antique gethiqwhich frequently difcover themfelves among our monadic feals, were l'et inningsthat were worn. Charles I. had a ring dial which he highly prized George 111 .

had the firft ring watch. -Demofthenes and Annibal carried poifon in their rings.A gold ring found at Durham-yard was oval, heavy, and fet with a fnuili

blue ftone carved with a ftar : a thinner of the like form, with a plain bluedone, found at Llandilo in Glamorganthire, 1760, and (hewn to the Society ofAntiquaries 1762. may have been epifcopal

; and a third of the fame fort, of alubftance between both thefe, was found in bifhop Grofted’s coffin. Arch-bifliop Langham at Weftminfter has on the middle and left finger a feal ring,on the firft of the fame hand a plain one.

Andrew Richer bifhop of Chalcedon, 1555, wears his rings over his gloveson his monument in Vauluifant abbey.

A lady in Harwood church has rings on the fecond, third, and fourth fingersof each hand.

A knight there has a ring on each third finger, and the half-handed gauntlets.But no lady is fo charged with them as the fair Matilda at Dunmow % who

has on her left little finger two together, on the third one, on the fecond two,feparate, on both thumbs one fquare, and one on the middle, third, and little

finger of her right hand.

On the beautiful monument in Methley church, c. York, with figures ofSir Robert Waterton and lady, in the time of Henry IV. the has rings on everyfinger, and feveral on fome, and on every joint; alfo the fame collar of SS a3her husband. Dr. Nafii, from Abingdon’s MS colle&ions, defcribes a lady at

Dudley with the fame collar J.

A mantle and ring were given to ladies who took on them the vow of chaftitv.

See an admiffion of this kind 1393.“ 15 Mar. 1393. Dlia Blanchia rel'idta tfni Nicfii Styvecle, milit’ allegans ipam cfle pchian. dm Joh'

epi Elicn’ eid’ epo humiliter fupplicans qd votum fuum caftitatis admittere et cidem mantellum etannulum intuitu caritatis conferre dignaretur, &c. et poftea c!£a dna Blanchia in capella malm dcDodyngton Klien’ dioc’ coram fummo altari in prcfcncia dci rev’ patris miflam tunc ibdm folempnitercelebrantis votum vovit folempniter caftitatis prout fequitur in hec verba.

“ Je Blanche jadys femme de Monsr Nicholas de Styvecle, chevaler, vow a Dieu et a notre dam®feinte Marie et a touz feinz en pfence de vous reverent pere en Dieu John per la grace de Dieu eveiqued’Ely qe je feray chafte deforefnavant ma vie durante.

11 Etdidhis rev. pater votum hujusrecepit et admilir, et mantellum e t annulum dee voVentis folempniterbenedixit et impoluit fuper cam pradentib’ iBm dnis Jolie Wynteperie redtore de Kcrtlyngc, Rob’ Drumredore deGranfden, Johe Fcndour pbito et Rob’ Flat, notario publico.”

Reg. Fordham epi Elien f. 181. b.

Henry III. in his picture over the fhrine of Sebba in Weftminfter abbey has aring on each little finger over his gloves.

Of the phyfical reafons for appropriating a particular finger to the weddingring % fee Mr. Brand’s edition of Bourne’s Antiquities of the common people 5

;

but he does not recollect the antiquity of this ring; that the Romans applied it

fo6

, and their widding ring was of iron, and without a gem, fo late as Pliny’s

time 7. In this application as a pledge of love and fidelity it came to be worn

by kings and fovereigns of all ranks 8

,as alfo by prelates and abbots, and the in-,

feriptions before given are to be underftood in this fenfe. It was confidered as anearned: by the Goths 9

. Yet Pliny feems to think rings were at firft worn rather

as feals.

* Walpole, II. 49.1

PI. VII. 3 Worccfferfli. I. 3 6f

.

* quia in medio eft quedam vena procedens ufque ad cor, fays the riibrick of the Salifbury manual, 1542, which direft?,“ that the man is to put the ring on the woman's thumb, faying, In nomine patris

;

on the forefinger, etf/ii; on themiddle finger, et fpiritusfandii ; and on the third, Amen. '

p. 33^ 334.* F.t digito pignut fortafle dedifti. Juvenal, fat. vi. 27. Tertullian calls it annulus pronubut. ’I'bifup.* So the Doge of Venice wedt the Adriatic, over whop he is fovereign, by throwing a ring into it annually.* Du Cange in voce.

THE

t clxxii ]

T H E hardeft talk yet remains—to defcribe the varied fafhions of femaleapparel : fafhions more varied than any held forth on the cloak of Afmodeus,whether the waifts of my fair countrywomen were confined in the ftiff boddice orfurcoat and their aubern trefles in the reticulated headdrefs of the fourteenth cen-tury

;or nature left in her more graceful proportions in flowing robes of blazonry

and embroidery, and female coeffeure more bedeckt with drapery and flowingtrefles in the fifteenth century. Dr. Henry thinks it would be ungraceful todwell on this lubjed, and therefore gives but one fpecimen, the high headdrefs.How much muft Antiquaries regret the want of Newfpapers, to record the fa-fhions of the twelfth and fifteenth centuries* which require fome induftry topick them out of Gloffaries ! The grave recitals of hiftorians flievv however thatfafhions were not fo changeable as in the eighteenth.

The Norman Queen Matilda is attired like a matron oil her great feal inSandford

; while the confort of Edward I. unbinds her trefles, lets her mantlefall about her fhoulders, or fattens it by a cordon on her breaft, and then foldsit gracefully near her feet. So this fair example of conjugal affedtion is attiredon her monument in Weftminfter abbey ’, her trefles failing gracefully on herfhoulders. The attitude of Ifabel of Arragon, firft wife of Philip the Hardyking of France, who died 1271, is the fame on her tomb at St. Denys \ Hergrandaughter the German Philippa is vetted in nearly the fame manner whichfhe lefs becomes, and her hair is confined in the ftiff reticulated full drefs.Montfaucon gives the firft inftance of this ftiff hair-drefling in the effigy ofBeatrix countefs of Clermont daughter-in-law of St. Louis, and calls it andher coronet extraordinary

; her fhoes alfo are long and pointed 3. Richard the

Second’s confort, perhaps a la Bohemienne,

is without the mantle, her hairdifhevelled, her fleeves lengthened below her wrifts. Eleanor of Woodftockappears in the habit of a nun, which fhe affumed at Barking on the untimelydeath of her lord. Joan of Navarre, queen of Henry IV. is habited in looferand richer garments, perhaps after the fafhion of her own country, her necknnd breafts barer and decked with jewels

; but her headdrefs reticulated.The next royal female is the venerable Margaret countefs of Richmond, in herermine robes, with a veil falling back. The queen of Scots and Elizabethher rival fcarcely come within our plan.

The firft inftance in this work is the lady of Alberic de Vere earl of Oxford1215, formerly in wood, at Earl’s Colne 4

. She is habited in a clofe mantlewith precious Hones. Her headdrefs gathered clofe under her chin, and boundin part by a fillet ftudded in like manner

;a cordon hangs from her fhoulders

on her breaft.

The next fpecimen is about thirty years later, of Jane wife of Thomas lordBerkeley, who died 1 243, and is buried in Briftol cathedral 5

; flie has themantle gathered over her arms, and falling firft to her knees, and then to herfeet : on her head an hood fattened under her chin, and falling over her ears onher fhoulders.

from hence an interval of about fifty years more carries us to Queen Eleanor,1290, who has the mantle clofe round the neck, open in front till below theknees-, and on her flowing hair a coronet 6

.

Between the two laft fhould come in Aveline countefs of Lancafter, whofedrefs on her monument in Weftminfter abbey, as defcribed by Sir Jofeph Ayloffe,is a loofe robe, over that a mantle in elegant foldings reaches down to her feet.

1 Monrf. II. xxxv. 5.4 PI. IX. f. 4.* PI. XXIII.

On

1PI. XXIII. p. 63.

3 Montf. II. p. 163. Pi. xxvin its PI. XIV «.

[ clxxiii]

On her head is a coif, which a little below her temples joins to a baric thatpaffes over the lower part of her chin and covers her neck

Thefe are all my authorities in the thirteenth century. In' the fourteenthwe have the lady in Worcefter cathedral, p. 80. and another there, who bothhave the fame mantle gathered up fliorter, before it falls to the feet, a deeperbarbe and plainer coif. Lady Warren, as called, at Worcefter has the wimplevery deep, and reaching almoft to her mouth. The mutilated ftatues on thefides of Aymer de Valence and John of Eltham’s monuments * are inftances ofthe fame kind.

To particularize a little the feveral parts of drefs here mentioned :

In the earlier periods the treffes were left to their natural flow, as thofe ofqueen Matilda beforementioned. The coeffure of the 1 3th century concealedthe hair intirely. In the middle of the 1 4th century, as clofer headdrefs wasintroduced, the hair was fhewn only in curls on the forehead, and coveredwith a veil, as on Joan de Cobham, 1354=.

What objeftion the ladies had to the difplay of the hair (the greateft ornamentof the human face) is hard to fay: it was certainly more becoming, howeverformal, than either the falhions which foon fucceeded, or perhaps obtained atthe fame time (the end of the fourteenth century) of muffling up the whole headand almoft the face in drapery, or of purfmg up the hair in protuberant nets,which covered the ears, or, which was ftill more ugly, was raifed above them.This latter fafliion appears at the beginning of the fifteenth century.

The reticulated headdrefs appears firft on our monuments and thofe on thecontinent about the middle of the fourteenth century. Perhaps it was intro-duced into England by queen Philippa, who died 1369, and has it on hermonument 4

.

Lady Berkeley at Berkeley, 1360, has the long clofe headdrefs, adorned withnet work of quatrefoils, a ftrait robe reaching up to her chin, and parting juftbelow it ; a border with a cordon 5

. It continued with us as late as the begin-ning of the 15th century, as appears on the brafs of Joan wife of Richard fonof Robert lord Poynings, in St. Helen’s church, Bifliopfgate, 1420, whofe veilfolds over it in front of the head in form of a furbaft arch, like that of the ladyof Judge Gafcoigne, near the fame time, in Harwood church, Yorkfliire, who hasalfo the reticulation. John of Gaunt’s duchefs in Old St. Paul’s had the reticulationwith the pediment.

The queen of Rene of Anjou, and Joan de Dreux lady of Seirant, 1336,have the clofe reticulated headdrefs. The latter, with her hulband, are re-prefented kneeling on a monument of the 16th century, in St. George’s abbey,near Angers.

It is not faithfully reprefented in the engravings of Mary wife of Frank vanIlalen lord of Lillo 1415, in the metropolitan church of Malines in the Theatrede Brabant 6

; and Matilda countefs of Spanheim, at Hemenrode, 1357, who hasalfo the long buttoned Beeves 7

.

The hair of Cecilia Kerdefton sis richly dreft in three rows. That of Maud de

Cobham, in the fame plate, fig. 2. in one mafs of zigzag work, in five rows, whichappears again at the bottom of the treffes. She has a fingle row of jewelry onher forehead. That of Catherine wife of Sir John Harfick, who died 1384,has the plaited or braided hair only at the fides of the face, it being left

a la nature on the crown, and a Budded fillet on the forehead. Joan dutchefsof Burgundy firft wife of Philip de Valois, who died 1348, has the fame head-drefs 9

. The wife of Sir Miles Stapleton fhews the fame plaiting at the ears, whileher hair on her forehead curling naturally is incircled by a ftudded fillet. Sir

’ Sir Jofeph Ay Ioffe, p. 5. * PI. XXXII. 3 P1.XXX1X. 4 PI. XUX. * pj. XL1V.1 - 48- 7 Ada Theod. Palat. III. p. 49.

1pi. XXXIX. 3.

9 iMontf. II. xnx. 3. Les cheveux treflhz d'une maniere particuliere.

X X Thomas

[ clxxiv ]

Thomas Chaucer's lady at Evvelme wears a veil covering the whole of her heath

In all or raoft of thefe cafes I doubt whether the hair be inclofed in net work*

as the Spaniards of both fexes do up theirs in filken redenillas, over which the

women throw a veil, or gathered up in fome kind of cloth as feems to be the

cafe on lady Beauchamp’s figure at Warwick ', in which fuch plaits as thefe evi-

dently appear to come round and finilh in a facing of that fort ; and on that of

Ifabel duchesof Clarence, about 1477, at Tewklbury, it is more ftrongly markt,

Thefe were the antient couverchefs, in after times called kerchiefs.

One of the Marmion ladies at Tanfield, about the reign of Henry III. or

Edward I. has a clofe Ihort cap fhewing her ears, but no hair.

Later ladies dreffed their hair clofer, with a narrow ftudded fillet : the gownplaited, large loofe fleeves, mittens, and girdle. A little figure in Chefhunt church

age unknown has clofe braided hair, with this clofe headdrefs and fillet, her ears

left uncovered: file wears a kind of loofe gown or frock, with bag fleeves dole at

the wrift, a Handing cape or collar, and mittens on her hands.

We fee the headdrefles of the 14th century trickt and frounced in proportion

as much as in Drayton’s time \

With drefling, braiding, frouncing, flowering,

All your jewels on me pouring.

Or as Spenfer defcribes 3,

Some frounce 4 their curled hair in courtly guife,

Some praunche their ruffes .

The female headdrefs of the 14th century appears by the pidture of Ifabel

queen of Edward II. before cited, in a MS of Froiffart, in the king of France’s

library 5,

to have been of the fugar-loaf or conical form, very high, with lace

floating in the air : a falhion which Montfaucon obferves continued in France

near two centuries, to the end of the fifteenth. A lady in Mr. Walpole’s pi&ure

of Henry VI. whom he takes for Jaquelina duchefs of Bedford, in a widow's

habit, has the fame headdrefs.

So have feveral ladies in Montfaucon, who calls it a conic ornament, which

continued in falhion near two centuries, and on Mary of Burgundy, wife of the

Emperor Maximilian, appears of an extraordinary length, having fattened on the

top a very long gauze, which hangs down on both fides to the ground 6. This

is the origin of our lappets. Ifabel de Bourbon wife of Charles duke of Bur-

gundy has the fame headdrefs, which Montfaucon there calls a Jugarloaf from

the form, whence falls a gauze fo fine and loofe that though it covers her eyes

and the greatett part of her face, her features are feen diftin&ly through 7.

Ifabel de Maille wife of John de Brie wears that great pointed headdrefs which

continued near two centuries, and lafted till near the end of the fifteenth8

. See

alfo Margaret of Scotland, who married the Dauphin of France, fon of CliarlesVII.

1436 \

When Ifabel of Bavaria, the vain voluptuous confortof Charles VI. of France,

kept her court at Vincennes, 1416, it was found neceffary to make all the

doors of the palace both higher and wider, to admit the headdrefles of the

queen and her ladiesio

. Her rich drefs and train may be feen in Montfaucon,

who adds, we have not yet feen a queen fo fet off as flie' 1

.

The high headdrefs was however in falhion fifty years before ; as we fee by

the dutchefs of Bretagne, 1341* PI. L.

1 Nov. Elyf. Nymph. II. vol. IV. p. 146. * F. Q. I. IV. 14.4 fromf-oncer, Fr. to curl. 4 Montf. II. xi.11. p. 233.8 Montf. IV. vi. p. 59.

7 III, lxi v, 2.8

lb. III. p. 166. PI. liv. 9 lb. III. xxxvm.ro Jouvenal des Urfins gives this curious account of them: “ Et quelque guerre qu’il y cut, tempetes et tribulations,

“ les dames et damoifelles menoient grands & exceffifs etats, et cornes merveilleufcs, hautes et longues, et avoicnt de“ chacun cote, en lieu de bourlees, deux grandcs oreilles ft longes que quand ils vouloient palter l’huis d’une chambre“ il falloit qu’elles fe tournaflent de cote et baiflaflent, ou elles n’euffeut pu paffer.” Brantome fays, “ Ou donne le

“ las a la reyne Ifabelle de Baviere, femme de roi Charles VI. d’avoir apporte en France les ponipes & les gorgiafetez

“ pour bien habillcr fuperbement et gorgiafement les dames.” Hift de la Reine Marguerite.

Villarct, XIII. 423. Monftrelct, f. 39. col. 2. Pafquier, p. 578. Henry’s Hift. of England, V. 557.11

III. xxv. p. 108. 11II, xlv. p. 256,

To

IjA

[ clxxv ]

Tb ftlpport the breadth of thefe dreffes they had a kind bf artificial horn fliteach fide of the head, bending upwards, on which many folds of ribbands andother ornaments were fufpended. From the top of the horn on the right fidea dreamer of filk, or fome other light fabrick, was hung, which was fometimesallowed to fly loofe, and fometimes brought over the bofom, and wrapt aboutthe left arm Thefe horned headdrefies, imperfeaiy reprefented by MrStrutt ‘ from illuminated MSS. are what are otherwife called mitred, and feemto have been introduced about the reign of Richard II.

The headdrefs defcribed by Rofs as before cited as “ tiara aha et cornuta ”and known to antiquaries by the name of mitred, is not fo common on foreignas on Englilli monuments, though frequent in illuminations in Montfaucon’stome III. Mr. Pennant’ calls it a remarkable mitre-Jbaped cap, deferring the monu-ment of Sir Thomas and lady Boteler, in Warrington church, about the time ofEdward the Firft. I am led to diliruft my own conjeaure on the monu-ments affigned to the Fitz Walter family at Dunmow, where the knighthas plated armour, and the lady the mitred headdrefs

; both which were notintroduced till two centuries later. I can only plead the tradition of the placefuppoited by the regifler of the houfe, and fuppofe the monuments made folong after the time of the perfons’ death that no regard was paid to the drefsof the time when they lived. Compare my print of this monument withthat in Antiq. Repert. III. p. 17. Matilda has what Montfaucon would callthe Mortier, the mantle, the ftrait-bodied long- fleeved tunic, a collar of SS.and a profufion of jewels and rings. No figure like hers is to be found in theMonumens de la Monarchic Francjoife.

The headdrefs of lady Say, 1473, in Broxborn church, refembles a cylinderwith hoops, having wires at the end to buoy out the flowing veil. She hasa kind of falling double cape of fur and lace, and a jacket under her furcotreaching to theknee. JoandeBokenham, in Great Livermore church, Suffolk, anda lady at Long Melford in the fame county, about 1425, has fuch an headdrefs.

The headdrefs was fometimes pointed at top like a pediment. So Aubreydeferibes tile wife of one of the Mortimers earl of March, in the time of Ed-ward III. in Maule church, c. Hereford. He fays it was made of velvet or clothembroidered. Henry the Seventh’s Queen, in a pifture by Holbein, at White-hall, is fuch. Such is Anne Bulleyn’s reputed portrait at Hever Caftleat Knoll, &c.

Margaret countefs of Saliffmry, daughter of the king-maker earl of Warwick,beheaded 1541, has this kind of headdrefs like fo many on tombs h It camein about the reign of Henry VII. and is very common on ftone figures, braffes,and pictures. I have not found one inftance of it out of this country.

Inftances of this divided headdrefs not fo high are to be found among thehoufe of Bourbon in the middle of the 15th century, on Mary wife of Peterd’Orgemont, 1470 !

, and two other ladies of the reign of Louis XII on whichlaft Montfaucon obferves ’, that they are dreft in the habit of the times, andtheir headdrefs is extraordinary, and both draft dike. See alfo two ladies aboutthe middle of the 1 4th century *

; and the two peaks gradually diminifiied almoftto a concave form in the monuments of the fucceeding age. On the ladies ofthe Funtayne family at Narford, c. Norfolk, 1453,’ tliefe peaks appear to theveil, which on one of the wives is flat, as on lady Harcourt about 1470.

The barbe or wimple was a kind of chin-cloth of fine linen, worn by mourners.No lady under the degree of a baronefs was permitted to wear it on her chin.Knights wives were to wear it under tlieir chins

j and efquires’ wives and' Montf. 11 . pi. VI.4 See Ant. Repert. IV.1 IV. p. 146

169.

1II. XLV.

5 Montf. IV.

. 8, 9.9 Blomef.III. 52

Voyage to the Hebrides, p.Ib. PI. after xxviii. 1. 3.

gentlewomen

tSGBsk

[ clxxvi ]

gentlewomen of note wore them beneath their throats '. This is the obfervation

of Sir Jofeph Ay Ioffe, in defcribing that of Aveline, but we have no authority

for it.

j; j[

! Mr. Pennant * deferibes a figure in an arch in the wall of Warrington church

in a long robe muffled up to the chin; a ghaftly figure; the head wrapt in a

fort of cap, and bound with a neat fillet. What idea does this defeription con-

vey ? or is the ghaftly figure a prieft or a lady in a wimple ?

Gymple and furcot are female habits in the Roman de la Rofe, 1 . 8916. 9349.

D’ung chapperon en lieu de voile.

Sur la Guimple euft couverte fa tefte. 1 . 1343

The wife of Bath was ywimpled well 3.

It appears to perfection on the brafs figures of Joan wife of John Cobham,and the lady at Worcefter, in the 14th, and on the figure of countefs Aveline

in the 13th century ; and remarkably well plaited on one of abbefies at Elnftow.

It is alfo plaited on the wife of Sir Thomas Chaucer at Ewelme, 1436.Amelia wife of Lewis Elector of Bavaria, 1502, has the wimple over her

mouth 4; and fo has Margaret wife of Henry III. duke of Brunfwic, 1528. On a

buft in the ceiling of Lincoln cloifter it aflumes a different form, as if pinned upunder the chin to the coif 5

.

In France we fee the wimple on Ifabel d’Alencon, Mary de Bretagne, andIfabel d'Artois, Huns of St. Louis de Poiffy, about 1350, 1344, I 37 I > very

ftiff, like a chin-cloth, with a ftrait gorget, on Margaret countefs of Evreux,

1 31 1, in the Jacobines church at Paris, and Alice countefs of Bretagne, 1221,at Ived de Brain

;and with the gorget plaited on Joan queen of Navarre, 1 349,

over her heart in the fame church, and on the ftatue over her corpfe at St.

Denis. Catherine duchefs Alencon, in the Carthuiian church at Paris, 14 . .

Thiephaine la Magine wet nurfe of Mary of Anjou and her brother Rene king of

Sicily has the wimple and divided headdrefs on her tomb at Notre Dame de

Saumur, 1458. Her figure holds the children fwaddled in her hands, and over

her is this tender epitaph :

Cp sift la nourtce Xljttpljaine

magine cut ot grant paint

% notirtt ot Itt tn tnfance

t]3ant Donjon JJopne ot jfranct

€t aprts fon frtrt 33tnt

SPuc O’^njott tt Dtpins nomtContmt tntor tt rop Ot Snullt

£3ut a Doulu tn ctftt pfllt

iPour grant amour Do noun'turc

jfaire fa fepulturt

ot fun a lautrt tut Debotr faqutete

pour aOo:r gract tt tout otouit

£0(1 CCCC cmguatttt tt ljutt

On mops Ot mars pij jour-

3t sous prit tous par bon amouraffin r

:u tilt ant utt pou ou <H’re

Donnes lup un patrt noftrt.1

Sir J. Ayloffe ubi flip. note.,

1 Voy. to the Hebrides, p. to.* Chaucer, 1 . 472. .

4 Ryner, MonumentaLandgraviorum Thuringia, Sec, 5 Carter N° 8.

Helen

[ clxxvii]

Helen de Melon countefs of Eu, i471 , in the abbey church of St. Anthonyat Paris, has the like clrefs.

* 7

It appear5 flit in front on Joan countefs of Dreux, i 37s, in the abbey of Eu,whole husband was killed at a tournament on his wedding-day

abbe>

bd lady °f N°10n Andd®’ I2 ° 9 ’has i£ on her f°mb at Joyenvkl

On Aveline’s coif is a long Paris hood, which falls down in eafy folds to thefront part of her fhoulders This I call the veil.

On the head of Philippa duchefs of York, in Weftminfter, j 474 ,it is finely

plaited; as alfo of lady Montacute at Chrift Church, Oxford, i„ 4 where itis blended with the reticulated headdrefs.

354

.

Eieanor duchefs of Gloucefter has a plaited headdrefs; under it her wimple

is alfo plaited. She is a complete pattern of female drefs, and her cordon ter-minates in taflels.

As the wimple, muffler, or neckerchief, gathered up to the chin appearsfirft among us on Avelirie cduntefs of Lancafter, who was dead before 4 Edward I.fo in France on Joan wife of Alfonfo brother of St. Louis, who died i 261 andon Ifabel a daughter of the fame king, who died 1269, and is reprefented inthe habit of the order of St. Francis, with his cord round her waift • andthough another religious lady has it », it is not confined to the religious habitbut worn by others in the following century *.

Margaret queen of St. Louis wears the fame neckerchief on his tomb at StDenys =. Joan d’Evreux, third wife of Charles the Fair, 1370 s

; and Joan ofNavarre, queen of Philip the Fair, on her ftatue at the gate of the college ofNavarre ’. Joan has the buttons on her long clofe fleeves, and two dogs at herfeet. Eleanor duchefs of Gloucefter has the fame clofe long buttoned fleeves.

The veil is either pendant or gathered up over the head as a part of themantle, and tied under the chin

; the firft is the more ufual falhion : the laftappears on the figure of Yoland de Montaign in Montfaucon *.

Montfaucon makes the veil a mark of widowhood in the i4th century »• as

the antient ftole or veil covering the head and fhoulders was worn only’ byfuch of the Roman matrons as were diftinguifhed for the ftiictnefs of theirmodefty.

The Carpenter’s wife in Chaucer wore a white volupere, or cap, tied with

tapes of the fame fuit of here colore, with a fillet brode of filk, and fet fullhigh. The volupere Worn by men was anight cap

Mr. Brydges " miftakes the habit of a married woman, l 43 7 , in Wollaftonchurch, for that of a nun, probably only from her veil

; but why he gives herhusband a religious habit I cannot guefs.

The garment called the Surcot appears of different lengths. It is explainedby Du Cange “ Robe a femme, fuperhumerale, and the longer kind is thus defcribedin the MS Gefta Erminas cujufdam puellas Remis, an. 1396, ifi St. Viflor’s libraryat Paris. “ II me vint deux femmes qui portoient feurcos plus longs qu’elles“ n’eftoient environ une aulne, et falloit qu’elles portaffent en leurs bras ce qui“ eft01t bas ou u trainnaft a terre, et avoient aUffi poingnes en leur feurcos pendans“ aus coudes & leurs tebns trouffes en hault.” By this laft circumftance itlhould feem to have been of the flay or boddice kind. It was forbidden tonuns and abbeffes by the council of Treves, 1227. 13 Monks were alfo forbid-

1 Sir Jofeph AyfofFe’s Account.a Montf. II. xix. 1 . 3 . 9 lb. xxxvi. 1 .

‘ II. xliii. 6.9 III. 2t>. PI. IT.“ n - P- 1 99*3 Du Cange, v. farc/jolus,

yy

4lb. xxxviii. 4. 6. 9.

1 lb. xxxvii. 4.

[ clxxviii ]

den to wear it '. Such an habit was worn by foldiers at home, but not permit-

ted on fervice \ In a MS. cited by Charpentier in voc. Surcotium,the long and

fhort furcot are exprefsly diftinguiftied, and the latter has fleeves to it. “ Un« 1 furcot lone de mabre fourre de gros ver, un furcot de mabre fourre de gros ver,

“ a manches fourrees deleaffes.” So alfo Phil. Moufkes in Carolo M.

A tousjours en ivier ft ot

A mances un noviel furcot

Fourre de vair 8c de goupis

Pour garder fon corps Sc fon pis.

And in Vitas patrum MSS among female apparel are enumerated,

Lor feurcors at lors cortes botes*

Et font faire les longes cotes

Ou a fept aunes et demie.

The materials of which the fhort furcot was compofed, here called mabre*

were cloth or fluff of various colours, or, as we fhould now fay, marbled pattern.

Mabre or maubre,or the Latin marbrinus,

marbretus, or mebretus,being all

derived from the French marbre, and explained pannus ex Jilis diverfi et varii

coloris textus,or draps tixus de diverfes laines comme marbres ou camelins. A MS

cited by Charpentier has “fupertunicale de marbreto fourratum de bougre.”

Another mentions “ une cote de marbre nuefve afemme 3. The feveral colours

of this marbre are recited in an antient account book, 1351 4, verdelet, ver-

meillet,broufequiny

caignezt

acole, de graine> dojien.

As a long boddice or gown open at the arms like it, and of a piece with it,

the furcot appears on Joan queen of Navarre, at St. Denis, 1349 5; Joan queen of

Charles V.6 and three princeffes of that reign 7

; Mary daughter of Charles IV.

13418

;Blanche de Navarre, 1349 9

;Blanche de France, 1392 ,0

; alfo on Philip

and John Ions of Louis VIII. who died young, before their father, who died

1226 "; and on Catharine countefs of Vendofme, 141 2.“

The furcot and gown and mantle appear united with the mitred headdrefs in

the portraits of a family in the windows of the abbey church of St. Pere at

Chartres. Margaret de Feireres wife of John lord de Flonguy and Pomerel,

1414, in Eilree abbey, Normandy, has the reticulated headdrefs and furcot,

and her arms are horfe-fhoes.

Margaret de Pali a jolly dame in the church of Chartrees near Melun, 1357,has a plain full furcot and petticoat, and buttoned long fleeves, mantle and

wimple, and reticulated headdrefs, (hewing very little hair. Agnes d’Autun,

in the fame church, is habited in the fame ftyle, but without a mantle, and has

a little coronet.

Of this form it appears on Ifabel duchefs of Clarence atTewkfbury * 3.

In its fhorter form, Montfaucon firft gives it the name offurcot,when he de-

feribes it on Mary of Burgundy wife of the Emperor Maximilian, who died 148 1,14

and on whom it appears intirely of furr. Elle porte, fays he, un furcot determines.

It continued to the middle of the 16th century, and he gives on Sufanne de

Coefmes wife of Louis lord of Rouille and Granville, ufur le taut de fa juppe elle

“ port un furcot a la maniere ancienne ' 5 .” Surcot is alfo mentioned in the lift

IStat. Conradi archiepi Colonienfis. 1 Du Cange, v. Syrcotum, ex confti t utionibus Frederici regis Sicilia-, c. 96.

3 The tunica audax,or ba'diata, or cote ardie, a garment common to both fexes, but exprefsly diliinguithed from the

fupertunicale or furcot, was alfo made of marbre, and faced with furr. Charpentier, v. Hardiata tunica.4 Comput. Steph. de Font, argent, reg. Charpent. v. Marbretus.s Montf. II. j.. 3.

6lb. III. xn. 5.

7III. xm. 1. 3. 4.

* II. xlix. 6. * lb. 4.IO

lb. 5.II

lb. II. xvm. 11lb. III. xxxiv. 2. ‘5 IV. vi. p. S9.

14 In Rous’s life of Richard BeaCichamp earl of Warwick, Bib. Cot. Jill. E. IV. engraved in Strutt, II. xli. the

prefs of Germany has it ; but her attendants and the Engiifh ladies, pi. xlix. at the beginning of the 15th century,

liave it like a modern flay. ** IV. xlix. 4. p. 365.

of

t clxxix 5

i n- . „) ~ ‘ 3y :> , n anumes a

different form. On the wife of Oliver de Cliffon conftable of France who hasalfo the reticulated headdrefs, it is of fur ", as on Valentina before mentioned -

and on Margaret of Orleans, 1466"; on Joan daughter of king John

;

and onFrances d’Amboife. On Agnes de Bourgogne wife of Charles I. duke ofBourbon, in the middle of the 15th century <, the ftomacher and furcot are ofone piece ; Montfaucon fays her drefs has nothing uncommon Laflly thewife of Denis de Chaiily of the fame date, has furcot; jacket, and fleeves, allof one piece '

. Ifabel wife of John de Brie lord of Serrant has a clofe jacketor boddice with fleeves, but no border The ftomacher is alfo varied. OnMary daughter of Charles IV. 1341. it is divided and fquare and on Margaretde Beaujieu, 1336'*, divided and pointed

; on Joan queen of Navarre, 1340"and Mary countefs ofEvreux, 1379 ", Angle, and rounded off at the point. Ithas frequently a fillet of jewels running down the middle “.

The furcot is alfo worn by Joan daughter of Louis Hutin and her daugh-ter Blanche of Navarre * 3

.

The countefs of Roucy, 1 410, at Yved de Braine, has the furcot ftuddedin front, the gown with long fleeves powdered with fpread eagles, and theHurt emblazoned, a coeffeure of jewels and lappets loofe at the Tides

; her head ona blazoned cuihion. Another countefs of Roucy, 1396, has the wimple andveil, mantle blazoned, lined with ermine, which appears in an elegant fall, aftrait gown, with bag fleeves, and under them within her cuihion, blazonedat the ends, but plain under her head.

Catharine d’Alenfon duchefs in Bavaria countefs Mortaign wife of Yefme deSt. Silvaing and du Thuit in Normandy, who died 1462, has on her monu-ment in the church of St. Genevieve du Mont, the veil, wimple, mantle, gown,mitten fleeves, furcot faced with precious ftones. So has Catharine d’Alen-foni wife of Peter de Navarre earl of Mortayn, 1412, in the Carthufian churchat Paris

; but her furcot is over her mantle, and her headdrefs ftiffer. Catha-rine countefs of Vendofme, in St. George’s church at Vendofme, has a cordonfaftened like an efcucheon before her furcot ; her fleeves end in wriftbands.The fame cordon is on Mary of Spain countefs d’Evreux wife of Charles d’Alen-con **. Ifabel d’ Artois, 1379, at the abbey of Eu, has the furcot over the man-tle, which falls back, and mitten fleeves ; 10 has Helen de Melun wife of Charlesi)’ Artois count of Eu, 1472, in the abbey of St. Anthoine at Paris. JoandeSau-

1 Montf. III. xxfr. * lb. HI. xxxvi. 9. 3 Ib . L1I<IX- 5 HI. XXVIII. e. 6

TTT. xttvt. A.

Montf. III. liv. 6.

• Ib. L. 5.11

T.ohinrait11 Lobineau, I. 678.** Ib. III. l. 5. p. 261 i

y Ib. lit. 4.10

Ib. II. 288. pi. L. 4.

III. xxxvi. 4.

III. XXVII. 2 .

Montf. III. li 1. 1.

n'a rien quc d’ordinairej

II. xlix. 6 .

III. 1 . 7. 9. LI. 4. II. Liv. 8. SJII. pi. XLIX. 4. LI.

veufe

[ clxxx ]

veufe wife of Charles d’Artois count of Eu, who died 1448, has the fame furc'ofc

and wriftband-fleeves, but no mantle, on her tomb in Eu abbey church.

Blanche of Navarre, fecond wife of Philip de Valois, who died 1398;Blanche countefs of Beaumont, daughter of Charles the Fair, 1392; Mary

daughter of Charles IV. T341 ;and Joan daughter of Louis Hutin and wife of

Philip count d’Evreux, 1349 ; and other ladies of this period ‘, have fome habit

like a bib and apron or long ftomacher, under their mantles and over their

gowns. The ftatue of the latter lady, on the tomb which contains her heart in

the Dominican church at Paris % has on its head, inftead of a coronet, only a

circle, or a kind of mortier, like her husband ; and Mary countefs d’Alencon,

1379 \ has a ftudded ftrap that hangs down over her long furcot in front.

With us it is firft feen on Edward the Third’s infant daughter Blaunch de

la Tour, who has a plain border over her furcot, which is buttoned in front

;

alfo the long dole buttoned Beeves and mantle, fattened acrofs the breaft,

but no cordon. See alfo the portrait of Joan wife of the Black Prince, in

Strutt, pi. xxxv. A Marmion at Tanfield, fuppofed of the reign of Henry III.

or Edward I. has it.

Margaret wife of John de Vere earl of Oxford, who died 1513, had the

furcot and apron, the former faced with ermine, with long clofe Beeves : a

triangular cordon confines her mantle : round her neck a necklace, and on her

head a ftudded morter or filleted coronet.

The mantle of Maud de Cobham 4 is fattened below the neck with a double

cord to two rofes. Her juftaucorps has a petticoat with a long fringe.

The wife of Richard Poynings, 1420, before mentioned, has the fame juftau-

corps, but terminated in folds : the upper part of it above the cordon is in-

fcribed tttCp ! Lady Crofby has a juftaucorps exatfty fitted to her fliape.

The drefs of Margaret de Beaujeu wife of Charles de Montmorenci, whodied 1336, a mantle letting her arms through the flits, Montfaucon notes as

very remarkable 5.

The lady of Sir Richard Harcourt, who was Bain 1470, has a furcot and

apron, and clofe robe, the Beeves buttoned to the wrift ; over it a loofe mantle,

gathered over and under her feet : a falling veil covers her head, and conceals

her hair. The garter is round her left arm juft above the elbow. This is the

third inftance of a lady with the garter ;the countefs of Suffolk at Ewelme is

the fecond, and has the fame drefs, with a double cordon, the mantle folded

over and under her feet, the garter round her left wrift, the veil and wimple

to her chin, and a coronet on her head.

The wife of Oudart Huart, at Orcamp, 1259, has her mantle powdered in

front with ffiields of her arms. Her arms come out as from a horfeman’s great

coat, leaving the mantle clofe in front.

In Eftoile abbey is a figure of a lady in a mantle, long buttoned Beeves,

wimple, and veil. At the fides of the tomb fix figures, two or three religious,

a woman in a pointed bonet, a man in hood and doublet, a woman reclining

on right arm, which refts on left hand;the fixth may alfo be a religious.

The cape of the mantle is unbuttoned in front, and falling down, on the

figure of Mary wife of John de Bretigni, undated, in Orcamp abbey.

Joan deSt. Verain, 1297, has a large cape with buttons to her mantle, like

that of a horfeman’s great coat6. Such appears on the figure of judge Gafcoigne’s

lady at Harwood;her waift is remarkably flaort, and the juftaucorps plaited and

girt round it with a broad belt fattened with a large buckle. The ladies of JohnFuntayn’s family, at Narford in Norfolk, 1453, have the fame kind of belt almoft

* Montf. II. xlix. 4, s, 6.1 A third inftance of double ftatuei, tobeadded to thofe before mentioned.

3 lb. LI. 1. 4 PI. XUV. 5II. m. 4.

6II. XXXIX. 2.

up

[ clxxxi]

So alfo Joan Bokenham, at Great Liver-

up to their breafts over plaited gowns,more, 1425.

as- «*»- --The Queens of Henry the Second, John, and Richard the Firft have th

snF'ZX*rsr rr -^

ssais =iher feal in Reg Hon Richmond, and Joan wife of Dreux de Traine], 2g? ,

’ °n

Agnes duchefs of Dreux, who was living i 202 has tZ r l „buckled belt on her tomb 4

; but on her feal is fwarheH a ^^lnd °f

different bandage, and wears long hanging ileeves 5 • aS

by a

I 3^5b‘ Agnes has at her girdle a purfe 7 like n .*

1

^ 1 ^ Stapleton,

Petronilla, wife of Relude Marcelles on a coffin f iVm

°i T*W°Fk baSS ‘ S°

»bhey. A .ady in the choir t^SuU^ “ R™‘The Carpenter’s wife in Chaucer had

by hir girdle hung a purfe of lether,Taifeled with filk and perled with latoun *.

Jane wife of Robert Thornton, in the South chanrp) c.in the North Riding of Yorklhire, about the reign of ^ Edward IV^has^buckled round her wait!. Her garment, like a carter’s frock, with a Handingcape, is buttoned in front to the waift.

Handing

Tllhe l0"S b

!fon£d fleeves came into ufe in the r 4th centuryThey appear firit among us on the princefs Blanche before cited. -Jhofe of ladyMontacute, !3S4, Chrill Church, Oxford, are embroidered with rofes and

below thfelh Ilnro"deaux ’ Thofe of Joan Cobham are buttoned little

on v ib l l- k’ “i

buttoned at the wrift. Maud de Cobham Ihews

tolt^l Tlr °f her “itten flEeVeS 0Ut of her mantle.

et Anth d

^

S

rTfe °fAdamV,COmte deMeIun, 1306, in the abbey church ofSt. Anthony des Champs at Pans, and Margaret d’Artois, wife of Louis' of Francecount of Evreux, 131 1, have the buttoned fieeve on their tomb in the Jacobines’church at Pans >, not unlike Joan Cobham.

jacoDines

The lleeve of Gabrielle de Bourbon wife of Louis de Tremonillekilled at the battle of Pavia, has a falling cuff, befides one buttoned behind iton her monument at Thouars. She died i S x6. Catharine de Dreux, at Pa-vdly, has the loofe lleeve and clofe gown of later date. The figure over the heartof Mary de Bourbon wife of John firll of the name earl of Dreux, at St. Ivedde Brain, 1274, has a falling cape and long fleeves, or a.lhort mantle. Thefle ves of Margaret de Fo.x duchefs of Bretagne, 1487, at Nantz, are buttonedto the wrift, and continued to the knuckles.The wife of Renb duke of Anjou king of Sicily, on their tomb in the cathe-

toltL fleeves

‘ ““ tiShter on her left ™d buttons

Peter de Bretagne duke of Bretagne, , 4S7) has the fame drefs on hisleft arm, on his tomb at Nantz.

1 Montf. If. xii. 3.4 lb. xii. 6.

|Millar’s Tale, 1 . 3*50,

1lb. II. xv.

1 &• S- • H. ILV.«* Montf, u. xxxvii. g.

Z Z

5II. xvii. a, 3.

The

The wife of John de Rocquemont, about 1327, in the abbey church of

Chartris, has the long buttoned fleeves ilfuing from others which reach only to

her elbows.

In Barbeau abbey Mary de Gaunefie, 1321, has the wimple and the maniple

hung acrofs her left arm, like the nuns of Port Royal. Emeline de Montier,

in the fame church, 1302, has a plaited mantle and fallen cape of miniver.

This lady, and another in the fame place, wear a Angle jewel on the tunic

under the mantle, not intended as a fattening, but an ornament : and the like

is on the bread: of the tunic of Tebald de Montmorence.

Lady Crolhy has a very clofe gown, with a kind of flat tucker at her neck,

the fleeves long and clofe, covering over the back of the hand;a belt girt

obliquely round her waift ;the cordon falling at her right fide : the feet of the

gown gathered up clofe : a ftiff open mantle over her fhouklers down to her

heels, and on her head a clofe ftiff cap with lappets at her ears, and flat on the

top, and a veil flying behind.

Mary of Hainault daughter of John II. count of Hainault, wife of Louis I.

duke of Bourbon, aunt to our queen Philippa, wears in a drawing engraved

by Montfaucon ', the fame long fleeves as her niece on her tomb at Weftmiilfter.

So does the wife of Jakemes Loucart % Ifabel countefs of Clermont, who died

1385 ‘, though Montfaucon* dates them of the fifteenth Century, when the

MS where this is painted was written. They appear however on the ladies of

Charles V’s court s.

The firft article on the figure of countefs Aveline is a loofe robej

over that a

mantle in elegant foldings reaches down to her feets.

One of the moll: elegantly dreft female figures in this colleftion is that of the

wife of Sir John de Creyk in the reign of Edward I. Her veil falls in graceful

folds ;her tunic has long clofe plain fleeves, her mantle with a fcallopt hem,

and fattened at the breaft with a plain cordon, folds about her a la Grecque.

Mahaut countefs of Bologne has a long clofe gown with long clofe fleeves

like a fhift, and on her head a fillet adorned with pearls fattened under her

chin by ribbands. Joan, a fucceeding countefs, has the fame robe girt with a

belt, and three diftinft fringes or broad hems at the bottom of it8

,and the like

fillet on her flowing trefles.

The cordon on one of the figures at the fide of lady Montacute’s tomb in

Chlift Church, Oxford, feems to hang from the waift only, from the point of

the waiftcoat, which is buttoned in front. The habit of another female figure

there refembles a modern gown gathered back.

Margaret wife of Jakemes Loucart, ’fquire to the king of France, and foun-

der of Magdalen chapel at Orcamp, has a pointed neckerchief of ermine, or ra-

ther the cape of her mantle turned out in that fliape, long buttoned fleeve, the

wimple and veil *. Joan de St. Verain in Vauluifant abbey has the like, but

fhorter ; and Joan queen of Navarre

The wife of John Chaftelain of Thoroti and lord of Hovrecourt, [353, has

a like neckerchief, Hoped off at bottom, her gown flowered, and ftudded wrift-

bands, and her mantle blazoned, her headdrefs reticulated, and her veil brought

clofe to her eyes. This is the monument I compared with that of Braunch.

Mary of France, daughter of Charles VI. has it fquare, and more like a

ftomacher ,x.

A lady of filename of Agnes, in Jovay abbey, 1270, has a mantle of miniver,

wimple, belt, and long purfe, and paued flioes. The wife of Pierre laRagne,

1II. li. 5.

' lb. xxxvm. 8. 3 iyi, 4.4 P* 3*6-

s II. xii. 5.6 Sir J. Ayloffe’s account.

7 Montf. II. xiv. c.* lb. 6.

. „ lO TL . . 11 Th_ XXXV II. 1 .

[clxxxiii ]

in Lagny abbey, 1384, has her coeffeure drawn forward towards her forehead

and fillet, like the creft of an antient helmet.

The wife of Sir Anthony de Fay lord of Farcouft, in Cauvigny church,i5 2i,

has a rich ftudded furcot and gown emblazoned without a mantle : the wife

of Sir Gilles de Fay lord of Richecourt, 1485, is habited in the fame manner,

but in a plainer furcot.

Judge Gafcoigne’s lady is habited in a clofe gown, buttoned on her bread, and

belted round her waift with a fquare buckle fet with ftones : the fleeves long,

clofe, and buttoned over her gown as a mantle, with a falling cape. Her headdrefs

is reticulated-, but fpread wider at the ears than any other inftance I have feen*

The dog at her feet feems wrapt up in the mantle which reaches below him.“ Within the rails of the altar at Horton church, on a large marble lying oil

the ground, are three figures in brafs : in the midft is a man in armour, with

a fword hanging down before him, and on each fide of him a woman in the

habit of the times viz. in ftrait boddices with fleeves coming down and cover-

ing the back of their hands to their fingers \ their gowns long and covering their

feet, and laced one third part from the bottom upwards;

their headdreffes fall-

ing back upon their fhoulders like a fhort hood with a cap behind like the

crown of an hat, with a girdle buckled at the waift, and the end of it falling

down to the ground.” This is for Roger Salisbury, efq. 1492, and his two

wives. Mary wife of Sir William Par lord Par of Houghton, 1555, has a mar-

ble figure in the fame church, in “ a refembling habit with thofe of the pre-

ceding monument, having a mantle clafped with a buckle hanging down be-

hind to her feet, and a bracelet round her neck \

Among the Danifli monuments before referred to is one in brafs of a man in

flowing hair, long coat with long fleeves and falling cape, and pointed fhoes*

and at his left hand two wives : the firft in a veil, wimple, and mantle;the

other in the jacket and petticoat, collar, and reticulated headdrefs; all three

under feparate arches ;round the tomb this infcription in black letter :

alio. tint, mcccrjrt. in. Die. ftanctceti. tm0. Ijelugufi. molfe&e. miles, rlbt”. Die. anricta.

coTs. raarcie. t. Dna. elcebe. uror. fnar, 9 Dna. crittina. ujwr. tint, fircom’.

The two wives of the burgefs of Lynne 3 are habited alike, in hoods or

coifs, the wimple or neckerchief gathered under and round the chin, their

gowns clofe about their arms and waifts, hut falling thence in elegant folds and

gathered and held up on the right arm of one and left arm of the other, the

long clofe fleeves richly embroidered in nearly the fame patterns on both la-

dies, from a little above the elbow, where they are divided by a kind of

border ;the long fleeves fall down open from the elbows ; the wriftbands

clofe and double banded : the hems and linings of their gowns are like-

wife richly flowered, but with more variety of patterns. The three women at

the feaft below have the clofe boddice, and their hair unconfined. The two at

the Tides have mantles and vails. The elegant flowing robes that fwept the

ground which appear on thefe Lynne ladies, had not been adopted by lady

Stapleton of Ingham, their contemporary. Her hanging fleeves are alfo re-

markably awkward, being fo long and narrow ;whereas thofe of the above-

mentioned ladies are broader and fhorter, and fall more conveniently behind the

elbow.

Mr. Blomefield 4 gives an epitaph at Norwich for an Aldrefs, or alderman’s

lady, 1567, but does not mention her habit.

• In the bahit of the times is a phrafe frequent in Mr. Bridges and other church noters— without defining the timeu

* Bridges, Northamptonfh. I. 369, 370. 3 PI. XL1V, * II. 595.

Mt.

[ dxxxiv]

Mr. Strutt is of opinion, that the chief diftinaion between married and un-married ladies appears to be an additional robe over the gown which hangsdown not unlike the facerdotal robe of a prieft. If he means the mantle, itis common to married and fingle women

; and I have given inftances where itis omitted on the former in French monuments. This diftinaion has not oc-cured to me ; nor is it illuftrated by him by any example. He adds, Robert deBrunne, in his llluftration of Peter Langtoft’s Chronicle ', defcribing the flightof the emprefs Maud from Oxford, in the reign of Stephen, fayt, (lie got

tvttoouten kirtelle ore kemfe, fave koverchief alle tare vis.

i. e. without a kirtle or petticoat over her drift, and only the koverchief or veilover er head. Mr. Hearne tells us kemfe is the tWapttrav, or inoyfa*, theJhift or Jmock ,

but mutt here denote a white garment over the queen’s likethe camifa of the Latins

; and mpmot or yj[m, of the Greeks, dignifying aprieft’s white garment or furplice. Robert Brunne had not fo much delicacy°r

,

“ndernefs tor the ladies who run over the frozen Thames ten miles toWallingford in a cold night, as the reft of the old hiftorians, who fay theQueen and her retinue cloathed themfelves in white iheets or white linen clothor alba, vejles. ’

Female ftatues, whether cumbentor (landing, hold the cordon on the breaffiin the left hand 1

; fo all the figures on the fide of Crouchback’s tomb, PI. XXV.the right being filled with a fceptre. The right hands of the hufband andwife are frequently joined : as Richard II. and his queen; Henry Beaufortearl of Someriet and lady, at Wimborn minder; Sir Robert Goufel and ladyat Hovenngham, c. Nottingham

; Sir Thomas and lady Boteler, in braffes atWarrington \ Sir John Harfick and lady, and many more.

Precious (tones were a confiderable part of female ornament. Ifabel coun-tefs of Warwick gave to the monks of Tewksbury, “ fo that they grucht notwith her burial there, and what elfe (lie had appointed to be done about thelame, her great templys with the baleys \ fold to the utmoft. Thefe were jewelshung to the foreheads of ladies by bodkins thruft into their hair 1

. Eleanorqueen of Henry HI. fet up in the feretory of St. Edward at Weftminfter theimage of the Bleffed Virgin Mary

; and the king caufed Edward Fitz Odo keenerof his works at Weftminfter, to place upon her forehead for ornament anemerald and a ruby taken out of the rings which the bifliop of Chichefter hadleft him for a legacy 7 *

Gloves * feem to have been no part of female drefs till after the Reformationunlefs they are held by female figures, on the tombs of John of Eltham

Smocca is the oldeft name in our language for a limn covering whetkerof female drefs early in the fifteenth century, and confequently not novel, appearffrom theTenance imn'f'dT

3

hithnri Tflin nn Flir^h-rh ri, or__. c._ *,.

’ PPe r9 trom the penance impofed by arch-b.fhop Klip ou Elizabeth de Juliers countefs of Kent, for breaking her vow ofchaftitythat file Ihould once a weak eat only bread and a raefs of pottage „„ r„Jt\ 'he, ofoand. She died 141 ,. Dugd, n. 94 , «. «* Reg. l£p . See the cipeMr't 'wif^

P"‘ ? *- vcral kings, and other men, in Montfaucon, hold their cordons in their left hand* Prnnaat, Voyage to the Hebrides, p. 9.

d marrying a fecond hufband :

pecially in the abfet

Chaucer, 1 . 3138.

p,Lmor bilu "' wh“h

-

“gr w,^.

g

4

v“ rtin *• til *7™;,.

hoidivide'di^i^^^i-rbetdriSir^....

.

“• , ,

would be Ied t0 think that they were firft introduced into Europe bv the ruin-”’

7PTr Cafaub°n h,

aS pr°Ved« °n Athen*u », XU. a. that the autients knew ofT* ‘

'an

the^ hands. See Du Cange, in v. Chirothtca. The Roman de la Rofe defcribes the hands of Oyfeufc, but he does not fay of what material, though moll probably of leather :

bullies by white glo\

fuch covering for

guarded from the

Et pour mieux garder fes mains blanches,De halier elle eut ungi gans blancs. *• 575 -

Robert Thornton before mentioned in the reign of Edward IV. feem, to have Ihort glove, on.

and

[ clxxxv ]

and Aymer de Valence, and on the hands of a lady in Worcefter cathedrah

They were worn by kings, nobles, and prelates, and were a coftly article

of drefs, and richly decorated, being fometimes, particularly thofe of bifhops,

adorned with precious (tones '. But the hands of the fair were loaded withas many rings as the ladies of Indotlan wear on their fingers and toes. Thefleeves were lengthened mitten faftiion to the knuckles, as we fee in the

Turkifh and Ruffian female dreiles, but no more of the hand was concealed.

I am not clear whether thefe mittens were not fometimes diftindt from the

fleeve, like modern ones. They appear ot one piece with the fleeve on ladies

Harficke and Stapleton, 1365. 1384. and a lady at Eallon, Suffolk, of the 15thcentury. They come from under the fleeves of the wife of Henry of Nottingham,

at Holm, Norfolk, in the reign of Henry IV. and of Cecilia de Kerdefton, 1391;and are buttoned on the Elnftow abbefs

; and they feem to be diftindt from the

fleeve on Maud de Cobham, Lady Burgate, 1409, Frances Poynings, in St.

Helen’s, Bifhopfgate, and the abbels at Goring, and on Idlenefs in the Romauntof the Rofe before cited \

At the fale of the earl of Arran’s goods, April 6, 1759, the gloves given byHenry VIII. to Sir Anthony Denny were fold for £.38. 17 s. thofe given by

James I. to his fon Edward Denny for £22. 4s. the mittens given by QueenElizabeth to Sir Edward Denny’s lady for £2$. 4s. the fcarf given by Charles I.

to one of the family for ten guineas : all which were bought for Sir ThomasDenny of Ireland, who was delcended in a diredt line from the great Sir AnthonyDenny, one of the executors of the will of Henry VIII. who had a particular

efteem for him. Sir Thomas died at the caftle of Tralee, 1761 ;and by his

death an eftate of ^4000 per annum defcended to his eldeft fon Sir William

Denny.

Thefe may be fuppofed fome of the oldeft gloves extant. Of others in fuc-

ceeding reigns fee Thorefby’s Ducatus Leodienfis, p. 481.

VA

The oldeft monument of an Abbefs I have feen is at Romfey : a marble figure

with a lion at her feet, under a rich arch, which has no relation to her ; the

figure being, as I recoiled!, dug up in the choir. Perhaps there may be another

at Worcefter. Leland mentions the habit of a vowefs, i. e. nun, as votarijl in

Comus 3 in palmer’s weed is a pilgrim.

The firft drefs of an abbefs is fuggefted by Mr. Walpole in his marriage

of Henry VI. though I think on uncertain ground. I doubt it for this reafon,

becaufe the king was married at Soutbwick,which was a priory of Auftin,

canons, and at Tichfield was a Premonftratenfian abbey, confequently no Englifli

abbefs could have affifted on the occafion, for there was no nunnery at South-

ampton, nor at any place nearer than Winchefter, to Portchefter, where (he

landed 4. The marriage is reprefented as celebrated before the church door,

which, though the general pradtice, was hardly obferved even by this confcien-

tious prince. This circumftance barely corroborates the defign of the pidture.

I (hall engrave two abbefies from Elnftow, c. Bedford, and a third from Goring

in Oxfordfhire, which efcaped induftrious Hearne when he took church-notes

there. There are two more in Denham and Ifleworth churches, c. Middlefex,

not fo remarkable, and a fixth in the church of Clerkenwell in London.

1 Rot. Pip. 53 Henry III. 1267. is an entry “ de ii paribus chirothecarum cum lapidihu.” Warton’s Hiil. of Englifli

Poetry, I. 182. where a pair of gloves are mentioned on a lady’s hands in Romanee,

2 Thus tranflated by Chaucer :

And for to keepe her hondes faire

Of gloves white lhe had a paire.

31 . 189. * Carte, II. 725.

a a a Th«

[ clxxxvi ]

The Elnftow abbefies have wimples finely plaited, and coming up over the

chin ;and on one of them it covers the fides of the face, like a hood : both

have the mantle. The abbefs at Goring, in the 15th century, has very little

of the appearance of a religious;her mantle refembles thofe of lay ladies

;her

gown is buttoned in front down to the toes ;file wears the mitten fleeves

buttoned ; her headdrefs is reticulated and ftudded, and her trefles fall loofe on

her fhoulders;

at her feet is a dog of the maftiffkind. One of the abbefies of

Elnftow holds a fine crofier, but thefe of Syon at Denham and I fieworth dying

after the diflolution have no marks of their dignity, except that the firft has the

ring on the fore-finger of her right hand ; but all except her at Goring have the

veil.

Chaucer defcribes his priorefs,

Ful femely hire wimple yprinched was,

Ful fetife was hire cloke, as I was ware.

Of fmale corail aboute hire arm fhe bare

A pair of bedes gauded 1all with grene ;

And thereon hong a broche of gold ful fhene,

On which was firft ywritten a crouned A. 1

And after, Amor vincit omnia.

Mr. Blomefield gives two infcriptions in brafs for nuns (Sandte Moniales) in

Hilburgh church, but without dates or figures 3.

Mr. Bridges defcribes a nun in a black and white habit at Rufhton, 1567. * ^

and another, 1577, at Wollafton s.

Ifabel d’Alencon daughter of Charles de Valois count d’Alencon, who died

1346, on her monument on the church of St. Louis de Poifly, where fhe was

a nun, has the mantle, gown girted round her waift, the wimple over her cheft,

and from it an apron, and on her head a veil or flowing hood.

The cloifter of Portroyal des champs between Verfailles and Chevreufe, nowdiflolved, abounded with monuments of abbefies of the Ciftertian order, who,

agreeable to St. Bernard’s rule, wore no crojje ;neither did the laft abbefs ; and

there were in this houfe religious women confecrated by a bilhop, two of which

were reprefented on the fame tomb with a kind of maniple 6.

The fituation of the nunnery of Montmartre, founded by Adelaid wife of

Louis le Gros, 1133, on the top of an high hill, made it fo cold that the

abbefs Helifenda, 1231, ordained, that they fhould have an allowance of three

fols apiece on All Saints day, to buy them furred boots 7. VVeever 8

has a curious

circumftance about taking a nun out of a nunnery, and making her refume a

fecular habit. “ I find, fays he, inter Brevia regis, E. III. a. r. 24, that William

Fox, parfon of Lee near Gainfboro’, John Fox, and Thomas of Lingefton,

friers minors of that convent in Lincoln, were indited before Gilbert Umfrevill

and other Juftices, in partibus de Lindefey, apud Twhancafter die Sabbati poft

1 glimits, trinkets, gawdiesj

fo Philippa countefs of Maien bequeathes a pair of rings, the gaudes of red crofles ena-

melled. Royal Wills, 130. And Eleanor Bohun duchefs of Gloucefter, a pair of pater nefters of coral of fifty large

beads, with five gaudes of gold“en manere des longets, fvvages, et ponfonez." Ib. 180. Some werefilver gill, andfome

had mottoes over them.1 The initial of Ave, as a crowned M. fo common on church porches and windows, was of Maria ?3

III. 438. 4 Norihamptonfh. II. aoz. s II. 72.6 Moleon, Voyage Lit. 234.7 Gallia Chriftiana vn. 615. Lebeuf Dioc. dc Paris, II. no. We have feen Jhortboots amongfemale apparel before.

! P-7*.

feftum

[ clxxxvii3

feftum S'ci Joh’nis Baptifte, in the laid year, for that they came to Bradholme, anunnery in the county of Nottingham, ] 8 kal. Feb. and then and there ra-puerunt et abduxerunt Me contra pacem Domini regis quandam monialem nomi-ne Margaretam de Everingbam farorem didie domus, exeuntes earn habitu religi-onis, et induentes earn roba viridi feculari, ac etiam diverfa bona ad valorem 40folidr The nuns who profeffed chaftity wore black ; the feculars colours:viridis is varius in the old books. Bradlon, 1. 111. See Jacob’s viridis rofa

At the interment of queen Jane it is faid that the ladies left off their bonets,and took [for mourning] white kerchers to apparel their heads, called Paris boods,with white kerchers coming over their fhoulders 2

.

Silk, we are told by Mr. Camden 3, was firft brought into ufe among us in the

reign of Henry II. bombycina made by filk worms, whidh firft came out ofGreece into Sicily, and then into other parts of Chriltendom

; ioxfericum, whichwas a down kembed off from the tree among the Seres in the Eaft Indies asbyjjus was a plant or kind of filk grafs, as they now call it, was unknown.“ There was alfo, adds he, a coftly fluffe at thefe times here in England, cqjled inLatin Aurifrifium: what it was named in Englilh I know not, neither do imagineit auripbrigium

,and to fignify embroidery with gold, as Opera Phrygia were em-

broideries. Whatever it was, much defired it was by the popes, and highlyelteemed in Italy.” Du Cange has clearly fhewn that Aurifrafium

, Aurifrigia,An-

rifrijca , Aurifrifum, Aurifres, Orfreys, Orfroy, Orfrais (for by all thefe names it

is called in antient writings) means a gold fringe ; but he confines it I think tooclcfely to ecclefiaftical veftments. “ Limbus acu pidtus auro plerumque argentove* diftindtus qui ad veftes facras afluitur.” It was very broad on the copes, fet

croffwife on the chafubles, brought from the fhoulders behind and before inthe tunics, on the albs only before and behind the lower edge and at the extre-mities of the fleeves, and in that part of the garment which went over thehead. Frederic bifhop of Strafburg excommunicated thofe priefts who woreon their habits double fringes, commonly called Bortum

,a corruption for

Bordum from Borde,a border. The Benedidtine editors of this moil: excellent

Gloiiary add, that Aurijrigium is fynonymous with “ Opus Pbrygium auratis filis

intextum and fo the Roman de la Rofe defcribes the rich gown of Lyefe orGladnefs.

Et un chappeau d’Orfrays eut neuf,

Le plus beau fut de dix et neuf

:

Jamais nul jour vu je n’avoye

Chapeau fe bien ouvre de foye.

D’une fainture moult doree,

Fut elle fur fon corps paree 4.

Of Orfrais frefh was her garland

;

I which feene have a thoufand.

Saw never ywis no garland yet

So well wrought of filk as it

;

And in an ovir gilt famite

Clad fhe was by grete delite 5,

‘

Dr. Taylor’s MS. penes me.* M.6. p. 1. MS in Coll. Arm.3 Remains, p.232,*

1 , 872—877, * Chaucer’s Tranflatiou.

Another

i

[ clxxxviii ]

Another lady reprefenting Riches wore a beautiful purple gown embroidered

with figures of Emperors and Kings.

Pourtraitfles y furent d’Orfroys

Hyftoyres d’Empereurs et Roys \

Thus in Chaucer’s tranflation:

With Orfreis laced was every dele,

And purtraied in the ribanings

Of dukes ftories and of kings.

Oyfeufe

D’Orfraiz eut ung chappel mignot

Qu’oncques nulle pucelle n’ot

Ne plus coint ne plus defguys&,

Ne l’auroye a droit devis£,

Ung chappel de rofes tout frais

Eut deflus ce chappel d’orfrais *.

Thus tranflated by our countryman ;

And of fair Orfrais had fhe eke

A chapelet fo femely on

Ne never wered maide upon ;

And faire above that chapelet

A rofe garland had fhe fet.

Thefe aurifrigia were fometimes of opus Cyprenfe 3; and garters are em-

broidered of filk and Cyprus gold 4. Cyprus was a thin tranfparent texture like

gaufe or lawn;and hence Milton’s ftole of Cyprus lawn 5

; fo that they fhould

feem like our modern gauze trimmings. It is alfo applied to crape, and then is

black, for widow’s weeds : and fometimes Cyprus is a Jhroud.

A fringe, or perhaps only a broad hem, appears on the tunic of William de

Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1 296.* A fringe or furr to the mantle of William de

Hatfield, fecond fon of Edward III. at York 7. A double fringe is not uncom-

mon on the monuments of our prelates. Chefubles with fringes are among

prefents to churches and to religious houfes8

.

Samit, or as the Latin writers call it, Samittum, Samitium, Scyamitum,

Xamitum,or Exametum,

is defined Pannus bolofericus, and taken for Silk in gene-

ral 9,

as Satinus is defined pannus fericus rafus.

“ Silk manufactures were introduced from the Eaft into Italy before 1130

The crufades much improved the commerce of the Italian ftates with the Eaft

in this article, and produced new artificers of their own. Diaper occurs among

the rich filks and fluffs in the Roman de la Rofe

Samites, dyapres, camelets.

, lb ! I0 -0.» lb. 1 . 564. 568.

3 See Charpentier in voc. & aut. ibi citati.

4 Pro opere in MCLII gart. operat. de feric. & aura de Cipre, Comp. Rob. Rolleftan. cult. magns gardLr. 9 Hen. V.

Anftis’ Black Book of the Garter, p. 17 1. note b. The materials there faid to be ufed in the compofmou of a garter are

Tartcrin, aurum de Cipre,

filk, cord,, bohr [q. bukram], pakjil [packthread], and//, or thread. Ib. Tarterin fhould feem

to be filk from Tartary or China. See Du Cange in voc.

5 11 Penferofo, 1 . 35. and Warton on it, p. 66, 67.

‘ PI. XXVII. 7 Drake, 491.

• Papa dono dedit ecclefis Ortante unam planctam de examito rubro cum aurifrigio decenter ornatum. Du Cange,

V. Exametum.9 Du Cange in vocibus.10 Giannone Iftoria de Napoli, XI. 7.

11I. 21867.

where

where it ferns to fignif? damajk. 1 find it alfo in the Roman d’Alexandre writteii

about 1200 \

Dyapres d’Antioch, famis de Romaine.

Here is alfo a proof that the Afiatic fluffs were at that time famous ; andprobably Romanie is Romania. The word often occurs in old accounts of richecclefiaftical veftments. In Dugdale’s Monafticon 2 we have “ fandalia cumcaligis de rubro fameto diafperato brendata cum imaginibus regum 3

. This rich

pattern of flioes and boots muft be added to thole before mentioned, p. clvii. andclxiv.

The Carpenter’s young wife in Chaucer 4 wore afeint (ceinture,girdle) barred

all of filk.

A barme cloth 5, eke as white as morwe 6 milk,

Upon her lendes 7 ful of many a gore.

In the fifteenth century fatin was fo common that it was worn in all procef-

lions. Thus at the receiving of Henry VI. into Paris, a. r. io. the provofl

met him with a great company all clothed in red fattin with blue hoods : theprovofl of the merchants and fheriffs of the town received him with a rich

canopy of blue velvet richly embroidered with fleurs de lis of gold s.

Sattin, in Beaumont and Fletcher’s time, was become fo common, that a lady,

in one of their plays ’, is introduced faying

That fourteen yards of fattin give to my woman j

I do not like the colour, ’tis too civil.

In the reign of Edward I. the general wearing of furr on garments began to

be ufed, whereas before thofe ornaments were confined to the coronation robes

of kings and creation robes of nobles ,0. It was forbidden to proflitutes by

a flatute 27 Edward III.11

It was firft called Fares from the Pontic moufe,which Scahger on Ariftotle fays is brown with a white belly

; and by Benjaminof Tudela is called Feergares or Fairs gris. Hence pelles variorum for vairoramand pelles varide. The council of Saltzburg, 1386, forbid it the clergy, except

dignitaries,2

. Montfaucon, as we have feen, gives female habits faced with it

The furrs of fables, ermines, foxes, &c. were ufed about the fametime, thus enumerated by Guifeppe Barbaro in his travels to the Don, p. 456.“ Sibelinos ' 4

, Armelinos, Doffos,

Fares, vulpes, et id genus animalium alia illi of-

“ ferentes.” The Roman de la Rofe, fpeaking of Avarice, fays,

Au manteau n’avoit penne vaire 15

i. e. Pelifle ou peau fine du fourrure fine et precieuse pour doubler les habits.

Gloflaire.

1 MS. Bodl. fol. t. b. col. 2.a

III. 31.4. 321.3 Warton, Hift. of Englilh Poetry, I. 177. n.4

!• 3 2 35—6

—

7 -5 Apron or lap-cloth, from bajim, lap. 6 morning. 5 loins.

* Hall’s Chron. f. cxvi. b.

9 Woman’s Prize, Aft. III. Sc. II. V. VIII. p.221. where civil,may mean fit only for citizens.10 Strutt, II. 83.

11Stowe, 254.

2* Du Cange and Charpentier in voce Fares.

* 3 Particularly II. xvii. 2, 3. Blanche of Caftile wife of Charles VIII. 1200. whofe mantle is “double de voir reit-

•uerfe

:

doublure que nous verrons fouvent dans le fuite,” p. 1 19. This is exaftly like Fair in Heraldry.

A fuit of fables was the richeft drefs that could be worn in Denmark. Stcevens on that famous pailage in

Hamlet. **1 . 222.

b b b Again,

•Again, 1. 5500.Le roy a fa penne vaire

Again, Auffi tres bien fe Dieu me gardeMe garantit et corps 8c tefte

Par vent, par pluye, 8c par tempefte,

Fourree d’aigneaulx far gros bureauxComme pers fourre d’efcureaux.

Mes deniers ce me femble persQuant j’ai pour vous robes de pers,

De camelot, ou de brunette,

De vert, ou d’efcarlate achette,

Et de vair 8c de gris la fourre

Miniver, which occurs in old wills, &c. is Memte vair, minutus varius

,

inoppofition, I fuppole, to the furrs of larger animals.

John de Moutfort duke of Bretagne and his dutchefs both wear fur, 1341. *

The old portrait of queen Edyve, in Canterbury cathedral library, engravedin Hafted’s Kent, I. 464. reprefents her in a furcot and long fleeves, all ftuddedand the furcot faced with ermine, and a mantle lined with ermine

; fhe has adouble cordon, and the veil headdrefs, furmounted by a crown. Lady Tiptoftin Enfield church, has a furcot of ermine, with a kind of flap or Ihort apron ofthe fame to it before.

r

That valuable furs were not unknown in the time of Henry III. appears fromthe order to his taylor, to make two cloaks for the king and two for thequeen againft Chriftmas day, to be furred cum ermino

, and “ fupertunicte demtnuto vano 1

; and two robes “ cum aurifraxis Jemilatis et varii coloris V>There was a further order to make three robes de quintijis s

,viz. one of the belt

violet coloured famit embroidered round with three little leopards in front andthree behind, and two more of the bell cloth that could be got

William de Hatfield fecond fon of Edward III. on his monument at York isreprefented in a mantle fringed or furred, a clofe coat embroidered, with longclofe fleeves, his hole and breeches of one piece, his fhoes embroidered anda ducal coronet on his head 7

.

In the more antient colleges of our univerfities the annual expences forfurring the robes or liveries of the fellows appear to have been very confider-able. Milton 8

talks of the,

Budge doftors of the Stoic fur.

Explaining, fays Mr. Warton », the obfolete word by a very aukward tautologyStowe ” derives Budge row from Budge, furr, and Ikinners dwelling there DrHacomblen provotl of King’s College, Cambridge, 1528, has the cape of his’doctor’s robe covered or lined with a rich heavy fur on his figure in brafs in hiscollege chapel. Richard Peyton, at Ifleham, 1574, has a long gown linedthroughout with fur.

‘*• 9495—9S°4-

1Montf. II. xlv. 256. 3 Clauf. j6Hen. III.

5 See cointijes, p. clxxxix. cxcii.

0 Gowns were furred cum bejls de erm. & erm. ventr. Record before cited fromalfo •ventr. men groff. & men. pur.

7 Drake, 491. * Comus, 1. 707.l* Survey of London, ed. 1618. p. 455.

m. 30. 4 lb.

Anftis, 9 Hen. V. We have

9 P. aif.

there

Robert

[ cxci ]

Robert the third of the name, earl of Dreux and Braine, who died i 2 , 2 ,is reprefented on his tomb of what the French call pierre plate, in the abbeychurch of St. Ived de Braine, has a mantle lined with ermine

; fo has the wifeof Robert de Dreux lord of Ben, about the fame time, in the fame church.The mantles of two nuns of St. Louis de Poiffy, I344 . I37I . in their con.ventual church, are lined or faced in like manner.Two figures on the fame tomb, beautifully enamelled of Alice countefs of

Bretagne, 1221, and Joland de Bretagne her daughter, 1272. in the church ofYved de Braine, have their mantles faced with vair, white on a blue groundlike their arms. ° }

In the fourteenth century fur appears very frequent on the ladies gowns, attheir wnft, like a long ruffle turned back, alfo about their necks, and as a fringeor hem. 6

Mede in Piers Plowman is thus defcribed 1:

I was ware of a woman worthlyich clothed,Purfiled with pelure the fineft upon erthe,

Crowned with a crowne, the king hath no better;Fetiflich her fingers were fretted with golde wier;And thereon red rubies as rede as any glede,And diamonds of dereft price and double maner faphirS,Orientales *8

c Ewages venemis to deftroye :

Her robe was full rich of red fcarlet engrained,With ribandes of red gold, and of rich ftones

;

Her arrayne ravifhed, fuch riches faw I never.

Knyghton defcribing the drefs of the women of falhion at public diverfionsin his time, A. D. 1 348. fays’, “ Thefe tournaments are attended by manyladies of the firit rank and greateft beauty, but not always of the moft unble-miilit reputation. They are dreft in party-coloured tunics, half of one colourand half of another ; their liripipes, or tippets, are very iliort, their caps re-markably little, and wrapt about their heads with cords ; their girdles andpouches ornamented with gold and filver, and they wear lhort fwords, calleddaggers, before a little below their waifts. They are mounted on the finefthorfes with the richeft furniture : and in this attire they ride about from placeto place in queft of tournaments

; thus fpending their fortunes, and not un-frequently ruining their reputations.

The wife of Bath’s

—covrechiefs weren ful fine of ground,

I dorfte fwere they weyeden a pound.That on the Sonday were upon hire hede

;

Hire hofen weren of fine fcarlet rede,

Ful ftreite yteyed, and fliooen ful moift 3 and newe,Ywimpled wel, and on her hedde an hat

As brode as is a bokeler or a targe ;

A fote mantel about hir hippes large 4.

Of the lady’s trains, fays Chaucer,

It is full fayre to ben ycleped Madam,And for to gon to vigils all before,

And have a mantel reallich s ybore.

1 Paflus fecundus. * col, 3597.3 frefli, oppofed to dale, * 1. 458. 473. s royally.

The

[ cxcii ]

The magnificent and coftly dreffes of the barons and knights who attended

the marriage of Alexander III. king of Scotland to Margaret eldeft daughter of

Henry III. at York, 1251. are thus delcribed by Matthew Paris', who was prefent

at the folemnity :“ It would raife the fpirit and indignation of my readers if I

attempted to defcribe the wantonnefs, pride, and vanity, which the nobles dif-

played on this occafion in the richnefs and variety of their dreffes, and the

many fantaftical ornaments with which they were adorned. To mention only

one particular : the king of England was attended on the day of the marriage

by 1000 knights, uniformly dreft in filk robes, which we call CointiJ'es ; and the

next day thele knights appeared in new dreffes no lefs fplendid and expenfive.”

The duke of Gloucefter met Henry the Sixth’s queen, Margaret, 1444, onBlackheath, with 500 men in one livery. The other lords andeftateshad great

retinues of men in fundry liveries, with the fleeves broidered, and fome beaten

with goldlmiths works, in molt coftly manner \

The preaching of a Cordelier juft returned from Jerufalem, at Paris, 1429.had fuch an effetft on his audience that the gentlemen burnt all their gamingtables, cards, dice, billiards, and bowls ; and the ladies their headdreffes, whichthe chronicler who tells this ftory called bourreaux truffes ,

the leather andwhale-bone boddices (pieces de cuir & debaleines) their horns and trains (leurs

comes-, leurs queues 3.

During the 1 5th and the middle of the 16th century plated armour kept its

ground on the figures of men of all ranks above that of merchants or burgefles,

who were fuppofed of too peaceful a difpofition and too deeply engaged in

commercial purfuits to buckle it on. The falhion of it grew more fantaftic

aad fhewy from about the middle of the 15th to the middle of the 1 6th century.

In the beginning of the 17th, during the reign of James I. who wilhed neither

to difturb the peace of Europe, nor to be interrupted in his own repofe, it wasexchanged for doublets and trunk hofe, but refumed in the reign of his fon, as

if preparatory to the troubles that were to enfue, and maintained its groundon monuments to the clofe of the ^aft century, and the long fword was wornnnder the doublet, with the knee and Ihoe firings.

I obferve fome clumfy varieties in kneepieces and other parts of armour in

the 15 th century, which will be noted in their proper place, together with trnnkhofe plated in front. A knight at has a tabard of arms over his plated

armour, his head with flowing hair refts on a cufhion, and he holds up his handsin front fpread. The coats were fhorter, the mantles or cloaks lined with furthroughout, and had long hanging fleeves, fometimes adorned with crofs feamsor facings, as Richard Peyton of Ifleham 1514, or with two openings for

the arms at different intervals; the hofe and breeches of one piece, the latter

frequently paned in whole or in half, and trunk or ftrait ; ruffs and clofe capswere worn by men in the 16th and 17 th century, the hair clofe cropt or ftrait

;

beards and whifkers. Eldred the navigator has a fhort cuffopen and buttonedas in modern times, and a clofe cap or coif, a very fhort coat tied round himwith a bow-knot, a piked beard and whifkers, and large ruff. Thomas Barwickphyfician at Bury, who died r 590, has on his monument at Farnham All Saints,

a clofe coif, long fleeves, moderate ruff, and a coat buttoned from his chin.

1 p - 8=9 1Fabian fub anno.

' Journal of the reign of Charles VII. in Lebcuf, Hill, du Dioc. de Paris, III. 23.

In

[ ckciil ]

The attitude began to change in the 16th century: John Brcoke and Johft

Borrell, ferjeants at arms, at Broxbourne, appear in profile, as walking : the

former has his head on a helmet, yet turns both face and feet to his lady, and

ten years after it became almoff the univerfal falhion for the figures both in

brafs and Hone to kneel fronting each other to a prie dku or deik. Sir

Clement Higham, in Barrow church, Suffolk, has a fon in a fhroud kneeling

behind him. The profile attitude continued as late as brafs plates. We fee it in

the reign of James T. and there ate inftances of men praying Handing in profile :

fometimes the helmet is thrown on the ground at the party’s knees, and the

gauntlets hung on the front of the defk. On a brafs in Barwell church, Lei-

ceftcrfhire, ,engraved for the appendix to Mr. Nichols’s !

* Hiffory of Hinckley,”

Mrs. Torkfey and her 5 daughters are kneeling to a delk, before which is a

pulpit with her hufband in it, who died in 1613. An infant in a Ihroud lies

between her defk and the pulpit.

In the reign of Edward IV. female apparel affumed a more coftly form*

The firff wife of Thomas Payton, at Ifelham, is habited in the richeft

flowered filk and a fancy necklace of precious Hones', her veil flies behind

her head, but fhews very little hair, and in the coif under the veil is an

infcription, which feems lorde jefu,mercy ! On her wrifts fhe has fomething

like the Hiff turned back ruffle of fucceeding times : her feet are concealed

under the folds of her robe. The fecond wife, who appears older, has the

fame kind of headdrefs, the fame necklace and ruffles ;but thefe lafi are of fur

with which her breafi and fhoulders are covered, and her robe trimmed at

bottom. Both thefe ladies have very flender fflapes, and are girded with broad

belt-like girdles. The drefs of the French ladies was very different at this

time, and had lefs departed from the antient falhion \ The lurcoat was not left

off in 1481. 3

In the middle of the 15th century female drefs made great approaches to that

worn in the fucceeding one;the long fleeves were left off entirely, the mantle

exchanged for a flowing gown, tightened more indeed round the waiff, but

training in the fkirts like modern drefs. The headdrefs floated more at cafe with

veil-like lappets Hretched on wires, and fupported by a Hiffened cawl ; or if at

all confined it was in the pediment form before mentioned, p. clxxv. of which

we have innumerable inffances on braffes. A lady at Eaffon in Suffolk retains

the long mitten fleeves, with a tighter gown, which feems to reach only to the

knees, and {hew a petticoat ;her girdle drops fo low that her purle is at her

knees. This is one of the laff inffances of a culhion under the head. The

wife of Thomas Broke ferjeant at arms to Henry VIII. 1518, in Broxborne

church, has the pediment headdrefs with very long lappets before and behind,

while other ladies have only the lappets in front, and a kind of hood or clofe

veil behind. She has alfo a belt reaching to her feet. About 1546 we come

to ruffs round the neck and wriffs, puffed fleeves with oiellet holes, large falling

hoods and jewels in front, Hiff flays, laced apron, long petticoats, as Benet

wife of Richard Dering, 1546.

1 Such I fuppofe as Stowe deferibing Sheriff Lion’s gown, 1381. (fee p. 137.) calls “ branchtd damafle wrought

with the likenefs of flowers,” like Milton’s flowtry-kirtltd Naides (Comus, 254.) See alfo Mary of Burgundy,

Montf. IV. vi.

* See Montf. III. p. liv. Ixvi.

5 lb, IV.

c cc In

II

In the reign of Elizabeth and James I. the ftay or boddice was not fo ftraitly

laced, the fleeves at the fhoulders were fet in with raifed and puffed work, the

gown and petticoat and apron were diftindt, the ruff confined to the neck, but

enlarged '. In James’s reign the women wore heavy fhoes like men’s, and high-

crowned hats with ribbands or bands. Even the youngeft daughters retain the

mother’s habit, but fometimes have a kind of fly cap. Such a cap is worn by

Mary Payton of Ifelham, about the end of the fixteenth century. She has a

ftanding cape to her gown, a ruff round her neck, her fleeves tied with ribbands

from the fhoulder to the wrift;

a kind of fringed fafh tied round her waift, and

her gown opening in front difcovers a rich embroidered petticoat. Radcliffe

wife to Thomas Wingfield of Eafton, Suffolk, 1607, has a clofe cap, hair drawn

up high and ftiff in front, ftanding ruff, pufft fleeves, with falling laced ruffles,

very narrow pointed boddice, gown puckerd up over fardingale, and fhewing a

rich embroidered petticoat. Elizabeth lady Culpeper, in Ardjngley church, Suf-

fex, 1633, has an almoft Vandyck headdrefs, a mantle wrapt round her, puft

and corded fleeves, with pinked ruffles, a falling band or ruff, and an embroidered

petticoat. A young lady of this family, in the fame church, 1634, is dreft

fomewhat like her, except the mantle, and has a talfel to her girdle. In the

middle of this century we fee the veil falling over a black hood tied under the

chin, and over the neck and fhoulders a lquare white kerchief, as on the

monument of John Oneby and wife in Hinckley church, engraved in Mr. Nichols’s

Hiftory of that town, pi. vi. and worn both by the mother and daughters.

The hufband, who was a barrifter of Gray’s Inn and fteward of the court

of records at Leicefter, is in the drefs of his profeflion, with a coif and large

band.

Dr. Henry, who has given a fhort view of the drefs of each reign at the

end of his hiftory of each reign, is rather too tender of his contemporaries,

when he fays, “ Upon the whole, I am fully perfuaded, that we have no goodreafon to pay any compliments to our anceftors of this period at the expence

of our contemporaries, either for the frugality, elegance, or decency of their

drefs.”

1 In France at this time the fleeve was long, to the wrift, and puffed at the fhouldert, the gown fometimes open in

front, fometimes fattened with bows : the ruff fmall ; the gloves fhort early in the fixteenth century;fee alfo later

Catharine of Medicis, Elizabeth daughter of Henry II. Margaret daughter of Francis I. (Montf. V. pi. v. ix. xi. xn.)Margaret de Bourbon has a tucker without a kerchief; Diane de France, natural daughter ofHenry II. has a handfomelaced kerchief and larger ruff. Ib. pi. xn. j, 6. The kerchief of Elizabeth queen of Charles IX. is of fur, lb.

pi. xxiv. Magdalen de Corbie, fo late as 1562, has the old-falhioned clofe fleeve buttoned at the fides, and iffuing outof larger, and terminating in a kind of ruffle, lb. xv. 2. The hair of Frances princefs of Conde, pi. xxvn. is divided

at top mitre-falhion. That great piece of fluff, as Montfaucon calls it, (V. p. 63) rifing up over the fhoulders, at the

back of the neck and head, appears in moft of the portraits of Catharine de Medicis. Ruffles appear as early as 1 joj.

and long furr cuffs, pi, xxvii.

COPY and Tranflation of the Dutch Inscription at the back

int Jaer dnizft vyfhondert en xxiii' op ten. xxix dach in

December foe hebben adriaen adriaenifzende jonc vrauw

paefchine van den fteyne gefondeert bennen defz kerb op

SinCte Cornelis ouCtaer eene eenige tnijje daechs de

Welke de kerckm’rs angenomen bebben te doen doene en

Tonderhoudene. te begginnene de daegtmifle altyt nader

Clock flach van thien nurn daer den priefter vooren hebben

Zal vn poont g’s vlaems t fiaers jn vier termine den cofter dieter

Voorft mifle luiden fal de groote fcelle V. IT. ge t fiaers op Ante aechte

Dach els men huer beyder jaergetyde doet oft des ander

Daechs daerna jndien zy op eenen fondach com’t ende op

Gheenen dach anders foe zullen de voorn kerckm’rs of die

Befitters fyn fal t favens ter vigelie ent fmerghens ter mifle

Doen brengben ben gracht pelle en faerge ende daeir updoen

Steilen vm bernende ftallichten van wafle ende de vier

Kerckm’rs de iiic heleghegheeftm’rs endeken en beleeders buyfor

Van Sinte Cornelis oudtaer zullen come zitten ten grave ter

Vygelie van ix leffen en ter mifle van requiem die deroom’

Bezitters doen finghen zullen mette’ voile’ chore met andoenders

En providerders Ieverendaer toe dat offerliec.ht daer de voile

Choer de kerckm’rs helegheeftm’rs deken en baleeders van de

C/orkenluiders huere huyfiranwe de prifter bezitter van dezer

Mifle cofter coftriflen ende bodel mede zullen gaen offeren

Singhende onder de offtrande de Sequentie Dies ire dies ilia, &C,

Coraelmeeftar ij ge elcken capelaen ende mercenarius .1. ge ende

EIck chorael xii te ende des anderdaechs jn de mifle diefgelyke

Wei inftaende zoe en zal niement van hemluiden hierafgauder

Dan die p’nt zyn van beghinfel van den dienft tot eynde noch

Zullen zy betalen den priefter die de mifle voerfz finghenzal vi g*

De endoenders elcxii gcdie providierder ii g

e de cofter ii ge de

Coftriflen t famen vi ge voor t decken en’ de kaeTfen t ontfteken

This feems to be a contra£t in the Dutch language for an annual mafs.

The parts defaced are filled up by conjecture, as may be feen by the words in

Italics ; only as the words eenwig [eternal, perpetual], and eenig [fingle], begin

both with ee, and the reft of the word is effaced, this word is therefore very

dubious ; but fortunately in the fenfe it makes no difference; for if a fingle

of the brafs plate in Norton Difney church, mentioned p. cxxii.

In the year thoufand five hundred and xvm on the xxix day in

December fo have Adrian Adriaenff. and young LadyPaefschine Van Den Stainc founded within this church onSaint Cornelis altar a Jingle mafs daily

which the churchmafters have accepted to caufe to be performedand continued to begin the daymafs always after the clock

has ftruck the hour of ten, for which the prieft is to havevii pound gr. Flemilli a year, in four termes

; the fexton, whoat the forefaid mafs fliall ring the large bell, v gr. a year on Saint Agatha's

day, when both are yearly paid; or on the following

day, if this day comes on a Sunday, and onno other day ; fo fhall the before-mentioned churchmafiers, or hewho Jhall be pojfejfor, in the evening at the vigils, and in the morning at

Mafs, caufe to be brought the grave cloth and ferge, and thereon caufeto be put viii burning torches of wax, and the four

Churchmafters, the iii Holy Ghoftmafters, and the dean and the wife of theDire&or of Saint Cornelis altar, fhall come and fit at the grave at

Vigils of ix leffons and at the mafs of requiem, which the forefaid

PofTeffors fliall caufe to be fung with the full quire with affedtors

and providers furnifhing thereunto the oblation light wherewith the

full quire, the churchmafters, the Holy Ghoftmafters, the dean, and the directors

of the bellringers, their wives, the prieft-poffeffor of this mafs,

1'he fexton, fextonefies, and beadle, fliall go and offer,

Singing, whilft offering, the Sequences Dies ine Dies ilia &c.Wherefore the forefaid poffeffors fliall be obliged

to pay at the vigils to the dean mi groats, to every canon, vicepaftor,

Choralmafter, n groats ; to ev’ry chaplain and mercenary i groat ; and

to ev’ry choralis xn . . . ; and the day following, at the mafs, the fame ;

Being it well underftood, that nobody of them fliall profit hereof

unlefs they be prefent from the beginning of the fervice to the end.

Likewife they fliall pay to the prieft who fliall fling the forefaid mafs

vi groats, the affedlors each n groats, the provider 11 groats, the fexton n groats,

the fextonefies together vi groats for covering and lighting the candles.

or eenige mafs is always annually performed, it becomes an eenwige or perpe-

tual mafs. To keep the clofer to the original, the tranflation is made very

verbal, as may be feen in the woid kerkmeeflar,here tranflated churchmajler

;

churchwarden would have been more modern, but not fo near to the original.

d d d

£ cxcix]

T A B L E.

Xlth CENTURY.*°^5 T?dWARD the Confessor,I074 Editha his Queen,1069 Archbilhop Stigand,

1073 Bifhop Leofric,

1084 Arfaft, _ __“*

1089 William Warren, Earl of Surry,1081 Gundreda his Countefs,1085 Abbot Vitalis,

1092 Bifhop Remigius,1059 Dudo,*088 Gifo,

1089 William the Conqueror,1086 Maud his Queen,992 Bifhop Ofvvald, ..

1095 Wulftan,

1099 Ofmund,* Raynelm,

1080 Richard, fon of the Conqueror,1090 Conilance, daughter of the Conqueror, _

Weflminjler,

Winchejler,

Exeter,

Tbetford

,

Lezves,

Wejlminjler,

Lincoln,

mils,

Caen,

Worcejler,

Salijbury,

Hereford,

Winchefler,

St. Mclaine,

8

»3

14

Xllth CENTURY.1 100 William Rufus,

Ingelrica,

Juga Baynard,

1107 Robert Fitz Hairaon,1108 Bifhop Gundulf,hi 5 Raynelm,1 1 19 Theulphus,

— Lolinga,

1122 Blowet,

1125 Abbot John, _Edith D’Oilli,

1134 Robert Curthofe,

1135 Henry the First,

1139 Bifhop Roger,

1147 Robert, Earl of Gloucefter,1 148 Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke,

Bifhop Betune,

Geoffrey de Magnaville,1150 Bifhop Chichefter,

11 55 Henry of Huntingdon,Abbot Martin, -

1159 Waldevus, _1160 Blois,

Archbilhop Theobald,1167 Bifhop Melun,

Emprefs Maud,1 170 Robert Fitz Harding,

1174 Bifhop Blois, .

1176 Abbot Laurentius,

1178 Richard de Lucie,

1 17 1 Archbilhop Roger,1182 Prince Henry, fon of Henry H.1184 Abbot Crifpin,

1189 Henry the Second, —• Bifhop Toclive,

1191 John,

1197 Longchamp,1198 de Conftantiis,

Walter J .

Matilda, /Fitzwaiters,

1199 Abbot Andrew,Bifhop Vere,

Richard the First, —St. Cleres,

Winchejler,

Hatfield Eevetei, 16Dunmow,Tezuke/bury

,

Rocbejler,

Hereford,

Norwich,18

Lincoln,

Peterborough,

Ofeney,

Gloucejler

,

Reading,

Salijbury,

Brijlol,

Tintern,

Hereford,

Ibe Temple,

Exeter,

Lincoln,24

Peterborough,

Mailros,

IVeJlminJler,

Canterbury

,

Hereford,

Rouen,

Brijlol,

Winchefler,

Wejlminjler,

Lefnes,

2 ork.

Rouen,

Wejlminjler,29

Font Evraud,Winchejler,

Exeter,

Ely,

Worcejler, —Dunmow,

3 1

Peterborough,

Hereford

,

Foul Evraud,Danbury,

XHIth CEN-

[ cc ]

XHIth CENTURY.1200 St. Hugh, -

1201 Bifhop Bleys,

1202 Abbot Alan,

1203 Sir Hugh Bardolf, —1205 Archbilhop Walter,

1206 Bilhop Marfhall,

Blefenfis, —1215 Brufe, —

Alberic de Vere,

1225 Prior Philip,

1219 William Marfhall, Earl of Pembroke,

1219 Bifhop Mapenore,

1221 Robert de Vere,

1222 Abbot Humez,

1223 William de Tracy,

122b William Longefpe, Earl of Sarum,

John Lord Montacute, —1227 Robert Lord Rofs,

1228 Archbifhop Langton,

122b Bifhop Fauconbrigge, —1229 Jorwerth,

1249 Anfelm, —1230 Ifabel, Countefsof Cornwall and Gloucefter,

1231 William Marfhall, —

—

1237 Bifhop Poore

JZ40 Lhewellin, Prince of Wales, —1241 Bifhop Niger,

Lord Berkeley,

1243 Thomas Berkeley, —1246 Abbot Berking,

17.47 Bilhop Biogham,

1250

Wendover,

1251 Robert and Ralph Neville, —1252 Sir Henry de Bathe, —

Blanche, Queen of France,

1253 Abbot Pvobert,

1 2 C4 Bifhop North wold, *

Groflete,

1257 Roger de Wefeham,

1255 Archbifhop Gray,

1256 Bifhop Kilkenny,

1257 Children of Henry III."1

—128.1 Children of Edward I. J

—1256 William Plantagenet, 1 —124X Gilbert Marfhall, J

1258 Archbifhop Sewal,

Ifabel, Countefs of Athol, —Abbot Crokefley, •

—

1261 Bifhop Ethelmar,

1262 Abbot John de Caleto, —1 .63 Bifhop Bridport,

Hugh de Vere earl of Oxford, —1264 Bifhop Button, ~

12 5 Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicefler,

1298 Bithop Aquablanc,

1270 de la Wyle,. Sir Folk de Kerdcllon, —1272 Henry the Third,

1274 Bifhop Ru ton,

1279

Gravefend,

1280 Brownfcomb, —1282 Nicholas de R\ e,

—Bilhop Cantilupe, —

1286 Prior Paris,

Prior ClifTe,

1 295 Prior Baling,

1289 Bifhop Wykehampton, —1290 Eleanor, Queen of Edward I.

Eleanor, Mother of Edward 1 .—

1290 Bilhop de la Corner, 1 —129

1

Longefpe, J

Lincoln, 33—36

Tewkejbury

,

—Banbam

,

—Canterbury

,

*35Exeter, —Lincoln, *36Hereford, —Earl’s Colne,

—Cbrifichurch, Oxon. —the Temple

,

37Hertford, 39Hatfield Broad Oak,

—

*

Wefiminfier,—

Morthoe, —Salifbury, 4‘

the Temple, —Canterbury, 42Old St. Paul's, —St. David’s, —

Beaulieu,

the Temple, 43Salifbury,

Llanrufi, —Old St. Paul’s

,

44Brifiol,

Wefiminfier, —Salifbury, —Wefiminfier, —Coverbam, 45Chrficburch, Oxon.

Pontoife, 46Tewkejbury, —Ely, —Lincoln, 47Litchfield, 49York, —Ely

,

—Salifbury, —Wefiminfier, —the Temple

,

—York, 52Canterbury, —Wefiminfier, —Wincbefier

,

53Peterborough,

Salifbury, —Earl’s Colne, 54Wells,

Evcfijam, 55Hereford, 56

Salifbury, 57Repebam, —Wefiminfier, —Wells, 58Rocbefter, 59Lincoln, boExeter, 61

Old St. Paul’s, —Gofberton, —Plereford, 62

Peterborough, —Wincbefier

,

_Salifbury, 63Wefiminfier, —Ambrejbury

,

66

Salifbury, 6 7

1292 Archbifhop

ngz Archbilhop Peckliam,

1293 Agatha de Narborough —

•

• Aveline, Countefs of Lancafter, —1295 Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford, —

Urien de St. Piere,

1296 Edmund, Earl of Lancalter, —1298 Bilhop de Luda,

Sir Robert Shurland,

Elias de Bekingham, —Ralph de Hengham,Alban, —

—*— William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke,

Canterbury,

Narborough,

Wtftminfter,

Earl's Coin,

St. Piere

,

Wejlminfter,

Ely,

Minftre,

Botejham,

Old St. Paul's,

Much Hadham,Wejlminfter,

XIVth

El a Longefpe,

Bilhop Gifford, ;—March,

Archbilhop Corbridge, —John Warren, Earl of Surry, —Dean Hufee,

Henry Lacy', Earl of Lincoln,

Edward the First, —Bilhop Bitton, =

Canon De la Barr, —Bilhop Hafelthaw,

Sir Robert Bu Bois> —-

Bilhop Swinfield,

Dalderby,

Dean Aquablartc, *—Bilhop Langton,

Patelhullj

Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke,

John Benllead,

Adam de Frampton, —Sir John de Freville,

Bilhop Stapeldon, —Hugh le Defpencer, jun. —Edward the SEtioND, —Archbilhop Reynolds, —Bilhop Mortival, -

Abbot John,

Abbot Knowle, —Emma de Mountalt, •

—

Abbot Curtlington, •—

*

Archbilhop Mepham,Abbefs Joan,

John of Eltham,

Bilhop Hotham,William Grandifon, —William of Wyndfor, 1 —Blanch dc la Tour, j

Abbot Mentemore, —Bilhop Burgherft,

Thomas Charlton,

Henry, Earl of Lancaller, —Sir Humphrey Littlebury,

Bilhop Aungerville, —

-

Gower, 1

Sir Hugh Haltings, —Archbilhop Stratford, —

— Bradwardin

Abbot Sutton,

Robert Egglesfield, —William de Rothwell, —Bilhop Hethe,

William de Bois, *

1354 Elizabeth Lady Montacute,

JohnJoanAgnesMaud

—— Cecilia Kerdefton,

13C4 Robert de Hungerford,

1356 Bartholomew Lord Burgherlh,

1358 llabel, Queen of Edward II.

* 334-

1 3 3 7

T342J 343

134513461 345r 347

1348

1349

1 35 1

* 35 2

Cobham,

Ofeney,

Worcefter,

Wells,

Southwell,

Lewes,

Wells,

Old St. PauVs

,

Wejlminfter,

Exeter

,

Hereford,

Wells,

Fersfield,

Hereford,

Lincoln,

Hereford,

Litchfield

,

Wejlminfter,

Bovingdon,

Wiberton,

Little Sbelford

,

Exeter,

1‘ewkejbury,

G/ouceJler,

Canterbury,

Salijbury,

lewkejbury,

Briftol,

Stradfet,

Wejlminfter

,

Canterbury,

Romfey,

Wejlminfter,

Ely,

Si. Mary Ottery,

Wejlminfter,

St. Alban's,

Lincoln,

Hereford

,

Leicejler,

Holbeche,

Durham,St. David's ,

EIM.Canterbury,

Dorchefter,

Queen's Coll. Oxon.

Rothwell,

Rechefter,

Fersfield,

Cbrijlchurch, Cxon.

Cobham, ^

icJj

10410 5

ic6

107Repehdm,

Hungerford, —Lincoln, 108

Grey Friers, London, too

1380 Henry,

t^6o Henry, Duke of Lancafter,

Bifhop Trilleck,

1361 John Lord Welles,

Philip Peletot

Robert de Bokking,Robert de Buers,

— Johnj* JLord Ncvlll=-

Thomas Lord Berkeley,

§358 Sir John Beauchamp,

1363 Bifhop Applebee,1396 Welton,

1364 Robert Biaunche,

1365 Sir John Maltravers,Sir Miles

\ c1422 Sir Bryan, /

StaPy ,ton »

Sir Oliver Ingham,Sir Roger de Bois,

1366 Archbifhop Ifhp,

Sir Walt, r MJcbyffe,1367 William de la Pole,

Thomas (obham,13^9 Bifho.i Louis Charlton, _

•

Phu.jl.ppa, Queen of Edward III.1 ’63 i :onel, Duke of Clarence,1 7° Sir John de Erpingham,

John Evefham,1370 Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick,1^71 Thomas Vere, Earl of Oxford, —

.

1 c 51 Guy de Beauchamp, .

1372 Nicholas Lord Cantilupe, —

•

Edward, eldelt fon of the Black Prince,John de Bleobury, ——— Joan Wynfton,

* 374 Archbifhop Wittlefey, -

1275 Bifhop Wivrll, - ...

Edward Lord Defpencer, _13 ,6 Arihbifhop Langham, ~1 375 Joan, Countefs of Athol, _

Sir Richard Pembridge, —1376 Edward the Black Prince, —

Robert Atielath,

137' Edward III. —Hugh Courtney firft Earl of Devonfhire,Sir John de Creke, —

1381 William )Earl of Suffolk,

•

Markenfield, —— Richard Lion», —

Bifhop Hatfield,

1 383 Joan, wife of the Black Priafl^ —1384 Sir John Harfick, ——— William Dybbys,

Philippa de Beauchamp,Abbots Bircheflcv, Bebington and Merfhton,

1385 Margaret de Cobham, —1336 Nicholas Littlington, abbot of Weftminller,J420 William Colchefler, abbot of Weftminfter.1386 William Eftfield,

1388 Sir Simon Burley,

13S9 Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk,

1390 William Weft,

1391 Margaret lady Willughby, —

.

Guy de Brien, .—— Robert Swynborne, —1392 Henry de Cobham, - .

*

John Harold, dean of Hereford, —

*

J 394 Sir John Hawkwood, —*395 John Waltham, bifhop of Salifbury,

Lady Mohun,1396 Thomas de la More, abbot of St. Albans,

Archbifhop Courtney, .

Sir John Golofre, -

1397 Archbifhop Waldby,Thomas of Woodftock, Duke of Gloucefler,— Thomas Holand, Earl of Kent,

T.ciceJleY,

Hereford*Lincoln, j 1 1

Watton, 1 1 ^Stanfted Mountfitcbet

,

—Anon,

Durham» 114

Berkeley,

Old St.Paul's, _Carlife, 1

, 5

Lynne

,

Lecbiot Maltravers, 11

7

Ingham

,

1, 9

Canterbury,

Acefler Mallebis,

Hull;

Cobham,

Hereford,

Wtjiminjler,

Erpingham

,

Worcejler,

Warwick,Vcndofme

,

Earl’s Coin,

Lincoln

,

King's Langley,

Sbillingford

,

Nation,

Canterbury,Salifbury

,

Tcwkejbury,Wcftmtnfler,

IVeJlminfler,

Hereford,

Canterbury,

Lynne,

Wejlminjler,Exeter,

llejttrjf IVaterlefs

,

Campaffe

,

Ripon

,

London,

Durham,Stamford,

Harfick,

Campden,

Neblon,

Chefter,

Cobham,

Wejlminjler,

Tickhi/l,

Old St. Pauls,Wingfield,

Sudborougb

,

Spiljly,

Tewkejbury,

Little Horjley,

Cobham

,

Hereford,

Sible Hedingham,

Wejlminjler,

Canterbury,

St. Albans,

Canterbury

,

Wejlminjler,

120

121

122, 177

I23

**5126

I27

129130

I 3 I

* 3 *

1331 34*35

136138

13924

*43

MS146

*47

148

M9

150*5*

*5*

*53*54

*55156

*571398 Sir

139 s Sir Thomas Hbngerford* „14*2 Walter de Hungarford,— fi'XLrfBroS;

DuKhefiff1»“«<ler,

* William Manwaring,Richard Pia Alan, Earl of Arundel,Richard II. *

*395 Anne, Queen of Richard IL __John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter,

Additional Monuments not exaffly afertained.

Middleton,

Sir Martin de la SeeAldburgh,William 1 , _ ,

John, jdeRythre.

Brian Fitz Alan,'

Thomas Fitz Brian,I S°9 Thomas Makyon,

Saltmarfh,

Robert Marmion,"]— Fitzhugh, k _>hn Marmion,

J*

Walter Malbyffe,^ -

Monuments at _ '

-

Brufes,

Moreby, -

1311 Thomas Topcliffe*

Monuments at _ —

*

Scat-gill, ~ ~Monument at

—

Thomas and William Fumivall, _Thomas Neville, —

1373 Alan Flemyng,_

Monuments at —Ranulph de Kyme,Monuments at

Spayne, -

William Lord Willoughby, *

Robert his fon, _____’

William de Willoughby,Nicholas Rye, ^

Creffy,

Robert de Grelly,

John de Hartelhull, .

1369 William de Patelhull, “

1398 Henry Denton, —Eat‘ °f“ Shrcwlbury7

Sir Simon Harcourt,J

Sir John Beauchamp, l .

Two Ladies,J

Earl of Hcreford'

}Breton, - .

J

Robert of Ewias, 1“

Roger de Clifford, L

Caducan, bifhop of Bangor, JMonuments at

1367 Humphry Bohun, Earl of Hereford,Monuments of abbots and others,1 eger de Parr, - . -

Monuments of religious,

Bifhop Dudoc, ^Gifo,

/Joceline de Welles, /

William Briton. r

— Burnell, 1

de Marchia,J

HafelfhawDrokede Salopia,

Gojberkirk,

Surfleet,

Swinejhedy

Afhton,

Dodington

,

Higham Ferrars,Sbrewfbury,

Worcejler,

Hereford

\

Doret

—

-

195

Wejlon Bagard, andGreat Delwin, —

Glouce/ler,

,

5tewkejburyy 19s, 196

Wells

y

196, i 9?

—197

198Bifliop

t ]

Bilhop Harewell,- — Ergum,King INA.Bifhop Brichwy,

Lacy,

St. Quintin,

Templar,Monuments at

Draitons,

1387 Sir Robert de Grey,

1291 Bilhop Inglethorpe,

12 14 Glanville,

Sir Roger de North wold.

Sir John de Gonlhal,

Lancrock, —Baa,

John and Mariote de Crcye,

1375 Peter de Lacy, —Abbot, —

1335 Abbot Wallingford,

Hermits Roger and Sigar,

Abbots,

1500 Richard Standen,

Bartholomew Halley,

Robert Beauner,

John de la Lee,

Monument at

Robert de Gravele,

Walter de Molington, -

Grey or Freville,

Monument at

Sir Walter de Pattelhull,

Richard Montfichet,

Monuments at

Walter Roloun, "}

Nicholas Roland, jMonuments at

John Covefgrave,

1339 Sir William Bemak,1372 Joan Wynfton,

Cecilia Kerdefton,

Henry de Nottingham,

1373 Ralph de Shelton,

Brafs figure at

Monument at

Cloptons

Lionel, duke of Clarence,

1317 Robert de U fford,

John Wingfield,

Another,

William de Boville,

Efmound de Brundilh,

Trumpington,

Chambrelan,

Monuments at

Burghs, —1255 Bilhop Everdon,

Sir Nicholas de Styvecle,

Monument in

1

Wells, 199

Glaffenbury, —Henkjlridge, —Hinton St. George, 200Exeter, 201Kingszveer and Ilfra~

combe. —IVincbefier, —Dorcbe/ler, —Rotherjield Grey

,

202Rocbejler, —

•

— 203Minjlre

,—

AJh, —— 204Ickham, —Stroud

,

—Northjleet, —St. Alban’s, 205

206

207— —Albury

,

208Royjlon, —Watton, 209

Little Mundane, 210King’s Langley, —Eajlwic

,

21sTollejhunt Knights, —Statijled Montjichet, —

-

Tuddtngton

,

212

Cople, —lempsford. —Eton Socon, —Hetherfet, 214Neblon, 215Reepbam,Holm,

Shelton,

Gorlejlon, 216Stonbam Afpal, —Long Melford, —Clare, —Rendlejham

,

217

Letberingham, 218

Brundifh

,

Trumpington, 219Lanabeach, 220Ely, —Burgh green, 221

the Temple, —Great Stukeley, —Sandleford chapel. 222

CENTURY

2Dcatl) tame oryDyngc after, ano alt to oult pafljea

Bings a Baxters, Bntgljtcs a iSopts,

jicamco ne IctDeO, ijc ne let no man ftanse

Xljat Ijc Ijittc ePen Ijc neper ftotic after.

^anp a loPclp laop * lemmans of Bntgljtcs

SsiDoncD $ fpjcltco for forrolP of aocatijc’s Dintes-

Piers Plowman.

'T'HE tomb of Edward the Confessor, the laft of the Saxon line, may I0 6s

,

fairly be faid to be the firft of Norman work among us. His original onebefore the high altar > was too inaufpicious to his fucceffor to let it remain long.Wolftan, bifhop of Worcefter, a great favourite of king Edward, refuted to re-hgn his fee to any other than the prince who placed him in it. He went to hisbenefactor's tomb, and ftruck it with his ftaff, which immediately adhered to it,fo that it could not be plucked away by any prayers or hand but Wolftan’s *.

The Conqueror, on his firft coming to London, paid a vifit to this tomb, andmade an offering of two palls to lay over it. He not long after altered the tomb,and built a more curious one of ftone, faid to be very coftly ».

In his charter to Weftminfter Abbey, by which he gave them other lands inexchange for Windfor, which the Confeffor had given them, after a gift of /i oo.of filver to complete the building of the Abbey, he adds, « Ob reverentiammmu amons 5uem eS° in Ipfnm inclitum regem Edwardum habueram tumbum

‘ ejus 8c reginae juxta earn pofitae ex auro Sc argento fabrili opere artificiosC de-cons minfice operirr feci 4.” This was the leaf: refpeft he could drew to the

memory of a prince whofe pious chaftity had left the fucceffion open to him.The coffin of the Confeffor was firft opened 36 years after his death,

when Gilbert Crifpin was abbot, 1101, and found perfectly incorrupt, thejoints flexible and found, the flefh whiter than flow, and the beard of thelame colour. Gundulf, bifliop of Rochefter, would fain have got a hair of it,

but it would not ftir. I ffiall tranfcribe Alured abbot of Rievaulx’s account ofthis firft tranflation, as he calls it. “ Accedunt ad tumulum fulfil viri qui ad

hoc fuerunt invitati, fullatoque lapide quo farcofagum claudebatur, tanta odoris“ fragrantia omnium nanbus, ut et ecclefia repleretur, 8c in fepulchro aromata“ fcatu«re putarentur. Primum deinde pallium quo facratiffima membra fue-

1 Widmore’s Hid. of Weftminfter Abbey, p. 15.3 Dart’s Antiq..of Weftminfter Abbey, I. $2. & aut. ibi cit.

1 Ailred Rieval de vita Edw. p. 40S.4 Walpole’s Anecd. of Painting, I. ig

[-2

]

“ runt involuta priftinam venuftatem & integritatem refervaffe confpiciunt. Spfc

<£ deinde gloria? potioris animati extra&o pallio csetera ornamenta veftefque con-

“ fiderant, 8c omnia folida invenerunt Sc integra. Froducunt brachia, plicant

“ digitos, articulos explorant, 8c omnia fana, omnia flexibilia, 8c antiquo repe-

“ riuntur vigore fifrnifiima. Invefiigant poftremo carnis integritatem pariter 8c

“ colorem, qua) vitro purior nive candidior futune refurretflionis gloriam pras-

“ ferebat. At cum defideratam faciem ejus attingere omnes pariter timuiflent,

“ prasfatus epifcopus RofFenfis teftimonio confcientiie vel amoris fadtus audacior,te fudario quo caput fandtifiimum tegebatur manum injecit, 8c a parte inferiori

Xl difcendens barbam beata canicie niveam fide plenus extraxit, earn ac 11 viveret

“ mento firmius inhaerere pnefentiens. Deledlatus miraculo 8c deilderio igni-

“ tus pilum unum extrahere, fibique fervare conatur;fed hcefit firmius, nec fe-

<c quitur voluntatem effedlus.—Itaque retento pallio quo fandtiflima ejus membra11 fuerant involuta, aliud leque preciofum apponunt, diligenterque curatam glebam“ illam dulcilfimam fuo recondunt-in thalamo

Miracles multiplying at the tomb, abbot Gervafe de Blois, about 1158, applied

to pope Innocent II. to get Edward canonized. His want of fuccefs did not difcou-

rage the next abbot Laurence, who, in a fermon, publicly called upon Henry IL

and his fubjedls to fecond his wilhes. Such an application could not fail of

fuccefs* Pope Alexander III. ifiued an order for the canonization of the “ glo-

rious king Edward.” Henry II. at the inftigation of Becket (who little lufpedted

how foon it would be his turn to be martyred and fainted) prepared an higher

tomb and rich feretory> into which his reliques were tranflatecl 1163 *, 77 years

after his buriah This folemn ceremony was performed at midnight;and, upon

opening his coffin, his body was found uncorrupted : for which reafon Flete,

the hiftorian of this abbey, fays, preciojftffimum incorrupti corporis fui thefaurum

in hocJacro monqjlerio reponi mandavit. The habit in which he was dreft was taken

off, and likewife the ring which he had given to St. John the Evangelift difguifed

as a beggar, and which the apoftle had returned him by certain pilgrims fromthe Holy Land* Of the burial clothes {tres panni) abbot Laurence made three

embroidered copes {papas brudatas). The body was arrayed (as it appeared, if

the late difcovery by Charles Taylour, who drew out of the coffin pieces of gold-

coloured and flowered filk and linen, were true) vejiimento holoferico as ufual, de-

pofited in a cheft of oak, and removed into the aforefaid feretory.

From this time the royal tomb became a facred fhrine. When Henry III. rebuilt

the church, he eredted, in a chapel dedicated to St. Edward, an higher tomb, in

which it is faid he inclofed the two former feretories, (though Mr. Dart doubts this)

and placed over him a third of gold and precious ftones. In this fhrine his body was

lodged 1269 3,the king himfelf, his two fons and brother, and the chief nobility,

aflifting to carry it; and in or near it was placed in a gold cup the heart of Henry,

fon of Richard, king of the Romans, flain at Viterbo 4. This fhrine Mr. Widmore,

from Wykes, fays, was made 1 269 5. Mr. Widmore adds, and after him Sir Jo-

feph AyIoffe6

,that Henry had before made one, 1241; but that was not fufli-

ciently fumptuous, or not conveniently fituated, or it might be new made for the

fake of the Mofaic-work, then probably firfl introduced into England from Rome.Mr. Vertue did not know of the fhrine made 1241, but refers 1269 to that of

Pietro Cavallini, who, he fuppofes, was commemorated on it in an infcription

to the following effetfl, not noticed by Camden in his account of the monumentshere, 1600, 1603, 1606. Great part of it was remaining in Keep’s time, whofays the other was of a late hand 7

.

P. 408, 409. * Bromton & Matthew of Weftminfter. “ Prefente rege Henrico qui hie procu^avcrat.' ,

Mat. Par. 99. See the Ceremony in Taylor, 19—31. 3 Dart, ubi lup. I11 a coffin of pure gold. Wccvcr, 435.* Wikes, 88. Ann. Waverl. 225. and Widmore, p. 75.

5 1266, Knighton, col, 2438.* Account of the Weftminfter Monuments, p, 14.

7 P. 138.

Anno

Anno milleno Domini cum feptuageno

Et bis centeno, cum completo quafi deno,

Hoc opus eft fadtum, quod “ Petrus duxit in adtum“ Romanus civis,” homo, caufam nofcere ft vis,

Rex fuit Henricus fandti prefentis amicus.

!Mr. Ver'tUe adds, the words marked by inverted commas only remained inApril 1741 ; and in June following they were picked out and erafed.

The cavities of them in the cement are ftill very apparent; and at the eaft end,or head of the Ihrine, I read, Apr. 14, 1781, the following words :

uxit in adtum Romanus civis ho.

They are cut in the moft antient iimple Gothic letters of this century, withoutabbreviation

:

!x/tOinaetvm roj

No more of this original infcription is now to be difcovered. A coat of plaifter

has been laid over it on the north and fouth fides, and at the ends of the eaft

fide, which has totally concealed it; and on this coat coloured black has been

written in gold capitals the following infcription in Richard the Second’s time 1

:

O Omnibus infignis O virtutum laudibus O heros fandtus Edwar O dus.

Eaft ftde :

co [here follows the infcription in Gothic letters] die.

North fide :

O moriens 1063 fu O per aethera fcandit O furfum corda.

The rounds in both inferiptions are in relief, and formerly contained mofaic-

work. At the head and end of this fecond infcription are thefe figles, which to

better myftagogues than myfelf may unravel the whole. The firft is moft un-faithfully'given* the other totally omitted, in Vertue’s and Dart’s plates.

11

It is controverted whether the Ihrine was eredted by the king or his chancellor

Ware, who was chofen abbot of this houfe 1260, 43 Hen. III. and went to Romefor his confecration the fame year. There it has been fuppofed he met with Ca-

vallini, then in high fafhion, having juft finilhed, 1256, at the expence of

Giacomo Giovanni Capocci and his wife, in the church of St. Maria Maggiore,

an elegant Ihrine of St. Simplicius and Fauftina, which, on the new paving the

1 Mr. Dart is miftaken in fuppofing the infcription of Richard II’s time to have been put on when the old one, which

was inlaid, was worn away. Wc have feen many letters of it remain fo lately as 1741. But perhaps the greater part

were picked out much fanner,,

church

church i? 68, was brought over to England, and is now at Strawberry-hill, letwith Hones in mofaic-work, and fupported with wreathed columns.

Ware was lent to Rome by Henry 111 . i 267, to procure workmen for his newbuilding. Mr. Dart ‘ remarks a material difference between the work of thelhrine, and that of the pavement of the Confeffor’s chapel and the high altar :

that of the llirine being of a thin mofaic, like the tomb of Henry III.

The conformity between the llirine and the tomb is moll ftriking, whetherwe obferve the title of the defign or the inlaying : the capitals of the pillars atthe corners of Henry Ill's, tomb and thofe of the niches of the Confeffor’s arethe fame : the porphyry is of the fame polilli.

The artill brought over by the abbot executed the fingularly rich, but now mi-ferably negledted, pavement of the high altar at Weftminfter; on the north fideof which the abbot bad a monument with this infeription, alluding to thispavement

:

Abbas Ricardus de Ware qui requiefeit

Hie, portat lapides quos hie portavit ab urbe.Ware died 1283.

The firft invention of mofaic-work has been generally aferibed to Giotto, whofebirth is dated 1276, and his death 1336, at the age of 60.

When Giotto is celebrated as the inventor of the art of working in mofaic, itmull be underltood of his executing elegant figures in it : for the general prac-tice ot this art had been long before him revived in Europe. In 977 the bellartills were brought from Conllantinople to Venice for rebuilding the church ofSt. Mark, which was ornamented with feveral works in mofaic . The great domeatPifa, in which were the like works, was begun in 1016 ; and in 1225 a hea-ven in mofaic was begun at St. John Baptiil’s church at Florence =. Befides St.I etei . at Rome, pope Innocent III. reilored in 1200 fome mofaics then decayed hWe have no real'on to be furprized that there were able artills ikilled in this

manner of working fo early as the reign of Henry HI. and among them a Ro-man citizen named Peter, who fliould, on account of their merit, be invited bythis magnificent monarch to adorn his grand and coltly cathedral dedicated toSt. Peter.

Andrea Taffi acquired great reputation by his works at Florence, particular-ly a large figure of Chrill feven cubits long, which was much celebrated. Hedied 1294, aged 81.

Gaddo Gaddi, of Florence, worked with reputation both in Rome and Flo-rence in mofaic-work. He died 1312, aged 73. Thefe were both earlier thanGiotto,

v Cavallini’s mafter.

It is extraordinary what confufion we find in authors about Pietro Cavallinl.Mr. Vertue > endeavours to prove, that the fhrine of the Confeffor, and the tombof Henry I. who died 1 272, were executed by this artifl, who, he adds, madethe fhrine for the Capocci 1256, and died, according to Vafari and his epitaphat Rome, 1364, at the age of 85. By this lafl date, Cavallini could not havebeen born till 1279. Vafari fays, Cavallini was born when Giotto refloredpainting to life, aflifted him in his famous Bark of St. Peter (which was finifliedin 1 3 1 9) and died at the age of 83. He does not afeertain the year of his death,nor does Baldinucci give the dates of his birth or death (contrary to his ufual cuf-tom) but contents himfelf with telling us, that he flourifhed about 1310, andis of opinion that he drew towards the end of his life in 1372 5

. He was ofRome, and was buried there in the church of St. Paul without the walls ’. P.

4 tJ’

2*‘ *'Ridolfi, Part I. p. 12.

,®onan

.

ni Hid. Tempi! Vatican!, p. 33.s Archsol. I. 33.

alari. I cannot find any account of hi3 monument in travellers.

3 Cinelli, Bcllezze de Firenze, p. 27.

Decen, I. Sec. II. p. 6, 7.

Refta

[ 5 J

Refta puts the birth and death of Giotto 1276—1336, of Pietro Cavailini1304— 1379, but thefe Jaft dates are erroneous. Pietro Cavailini was bom in1279, and died 1 364The name of Petrus Romanos Civis, has led Vertue ftrangely aftray. We do

not find* indeed, any other Peter, a Roman. The probability feems to be, thatthis Peter was fome workman fent either by Taffi or Gaddi to execute their de-figns. If any weight could be given to the accuracy of expreflion in monkifh Latinrhymes, duxit in atlum would feem to mean, carried into execution

; but the writersof thefe jingles always facrificfed meaning to found, fo that no argument can fairlybe drawn from their etfpreflions.

It is not to be doubted,- but the artift, whoever he was* executed both theflirine of the Confeffor and the pavement at the fame time, if he did not flayhere till the death of Henry III. or perhaps returned again to do the monument.I am inclined to think from the words cum completo quafi deno

, the date of theinfcription of the flirine is to be tranflated 1280 inftead of 1270, and thenhe may well have executed all three together

; and there will be no improba-bility in Mr. Walpole’s giving him the honour of defigning the Eleanor crofTes.

Mr. Vertue adds, the defign of Sebert’s flirine on the fouth fide of the altar, andthe paintings over the flirine; and Sir Jofeph Ayloffe, the monument of Aveline,countefs of Lancafter. But admitting the objections above Rated to Cavailinibeing the artift, not only the merit of thefe works, but that of the invention ofworking in Mofaic~work will be taken from him.

Mr. Talman drew the flirine of the Conteilbr, when nearer its original ftate,

and the Society of Antiquaries employed Vertue to engrave his drawing.On the north and fouth fides of the lower ftory, which is folid, are three

niches or arches* and another at the eaft end not half the depth of the others;the back of each is inlaid with mofaic in as many different patterns

; the lit-

tle wreathed pillars inlaid with beautiful coloured mofaic, fome of which is

ftill in high prefervation; Mr. Dart feems miftaken, when he fuppofed thefe

niches to be intended for the lick and infirm to repofe in.

On this bafement or pedeftal is a feretory or frame of wainfeot, which Mr.Dart fuppoles of original ere&ion, and to have been formerly covered with plates

of metal ; I rather think it was painted in pannels with figures of faints. It

confifts of two ftories, very neat and regular, faid in time paft to have been cu-rioufly plated with gold, and adorned with precious ftones, but Mr. Dart fays

it does not feem ever to have been covered over head. Great part of what are

called precious ftones is ftill there ; for on the pilafters between the arches is

a kind of Mofaic-work of ftained glafs2

,a cuftomary ornament at that time, as

appears by the tomb of Edmund Crouch back on the north fide of the altar,

which is inlaid after the fame manner 3. In the fpandrils, the glafs in one

Angle place feems to cover colours, and fliew them through. The frame wasoriginally terminated at the top by a third ftory or pediment, as appears by“Bandford’s and Vertue’s print, and that in the oCtavo account of the abbey

1722 ; but that upper frame is now funk in. Over all was the curious onementioned by Paris 4

.

Mr. Dart was of opinion* from the difference of workmanfhip, that the

flirine was built or repaired at different times. The pillars at the Eaft end are

very unlike each other 5

, one having a Doric capital, the other a rich wreath ofvine-leaves wretchedly expreffed in the plate, and both ftand on the bafe of the

tomb : the pillars at the Weft end have no capitals, and their bafes are buried

in the earth. This laft circumftance he accounts for, by obferving, that under* Sec Pilkington’s Dictionary, articles, Taffi, Gaddi, Giotto, Cavailini.1 Dart II. 24..

5 See the Antiquary Society’s print. 4 Dart lb,1 Thefe differences in the pillars are expreffed in Vertuc’s print, but not in Dart’i, though he gives the fame fide.

C the

[ 6 ]

the coronation-chair the floor is paved with tiles different from the Mofaic pave-

ment, in which place he inclined to think were fteps to defcend under the

tomb, where very probably the enfhrined body of the faint lay. The cuftom of

enfhrining, he fays, was very different; fometimes the coffin was placed level

with the furface of the eafth, fometimes upon it, and fometimes in altum. Thefirft was for men of exemplary piety and mortification, which was the cafe of

this faint : the fecond for men of more early example, and was firft a cuftom,

as in the cafe of St. Cuthbert before he WasTainted, and others, but afterwards

allowed as a favour to faints of the fecond rank : the elevated body was ufually

for martyrs. Upon the moll attentive examination, and the intermixture of red

tiles with the pavement, I am inclined to think the fame part of mofaic pavement

Was originally laid on fuch tiles. They now appear not only through feveral

round holes, whence the mofaic has been removed, and where one might fuf-

pecft them of being inferted by way of repair, but in other parts where they

feem coasval with it. So that whether there was or was not a way at the back of

the high altar under the coronation chair, by which to defcend into the Con-

fefior’s vault, it was probably once covered, as well as the whole floor of this

chapel with mofaic, which is broken into only by the tombs of the dutchefs of

Gloucefter, John Waltham, bifhop of Salifbury, 13 95, and another older at the heady

afcribed by Dart to Richard de Wendover, bifhop of Rochefter, 1250. ThoughI do not think Mr. Dart has accounted for this variation of the pillars at the Weftfend, I cannot fubftitute a better hypothefis. I once conceived, from the plain face

of the lower part of the fhrine here, and rich inlaying, of the upper, there might

have been an altar againft this end;but this is contradicted by the mofaic-work

continuing clofe up to the fhrine here, unlefs we fuppofe it removed hither at

the diflolution. It is aftonifhing to oblerve on what a haFd ftone this beautiful

and rich mofaic ha$ been inlaid in rounds, lozenges, ferpentine wreaths, and

other forms.

Within this fhrine lay the coffin, of firm ftrong wood, bound about with iron.The

boards of this coffin being broken after the coronation of James II. and a hole of

about 6 inches by 4 made in it, oppofite to the fight breaft of the corpfe, Mr.Taylor,-

or Mr. Keepe, on Saint Barnaby’s day, 1685, after morning fervice, accompanied by

two friends who had been viewing the tombs, examined the place by the help of a

ladder. He put his hand into the hole, and turning the bones, drew from under

the fhonldef-bones a crucifix richly enamelled and gilt, affixed to a gold chain

two feet long, which he fhewed to his friends ; but fearing to take them awaywithout the knowledge of the bifhop of Rocheftef then dean, and not being

able to obtain accefs to him, he acquainted one of the choir with the difeavery,

and fhewed him the things. This perfon advifed him to take charge of them till he

Could fee the dean. He did fo for near a month, when he fhewed them to the

archbifhop of York, Dr. Dolben, who introduced him with them to archbifhop

Sancroft, After this the dilcoverer had drawings made of them, and they were

fhewn to Sir William Dugdale, whopromil'ed to write fome obfervations on them.

The dean of Weftminfter at laft law them, and the finder had the fatisfaction of

depoliting them in the royal hands. In conlequence of this, the coffin was fe-

cured in a new one of two inch planks, fattened together with iron wedges.

The chain is defcribed as being 24 inches long, of pure gold; the links oblong,

and curioufly wrought. The upper part to lie in the nape of the neck, wasjoined by a locket, compofed of a large knob of maffy gold of the fize of a

milled fhilling, and half an inch thick. Round this went a wire, on which half

a dozen little gold beads finely wrought hung loofe. On each fide of the locket

were fet two large fquare red ftones, fuppofed rubies, and from it, fixed to twogold rings, the chain defcended, and meeting below, part through a fquare

piece of gold made hollow for the purpofe, wrought into feveral angles, and

painted

c 7 3

painted of different colours, refembling fo many precious ftones. To this waSjoined the crucifix, to be taken off at pleafure by a fcrew. It was in fliape like

a crofs humette flory or botontb ; the upright part four inches, the tranfverfe

fcarce three : all the ends neatly turned, and the botons enamelled with figures.

The crofs had enamelled on it the figure of Chrift crucified, and an eye abovecalling a ray on him : on the reverfe, a Benediftine monk, and on each fide ofhim thefe Roman capitals.

On the right limb* on the left,

(A) PZ A X AC

A HThe crofs was hollow, opening by a fcrew, as if to inclofe fome relique. Thedifcoverer drew the head to the hole, and found it very found and firm

; theUpper and nether jaws whole, and full of teeth ; a lift of gold about an inchbroad, like a coronet, furrounding the temples. There was alfo in the coffin

white linen and gold coloured flowered filk, that looked indifferently frcfh, butbn a touch fell to pieces.

The author of this difcovery quotes Allred abbot of Rievaulx’s life of St. Ed-ward p. 402, as faying, that after his death, “ his body was wafhed, and embalmedwith fweet fccnting odors and aromatick fpices, wrapped in white and precious linen,

and thofe covered with rich and coftly veftments; a coronet on his bead,a crucifix

on his breajl,and other regal enfigns of majejly.” But all Ailred fays is, “ Parantur

regales exequke, preciofis lintheis 8c optimis palliis corpus involvitur.” Hoveden(p. 256.) fays, he was buried the next day after his deceafe.

Such is the ftory told in the quarto pamphlet printed 1688, and figned Cha.Taylor. The truth of this difcovery was queftioned by Mr. Talman, who drewthe lhrine, fince engraved by Vertue for the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1722could find no traces of the coffin having been opened '. But this is not extra-

ordinary, fince the writer exprefsly fays it was newcafed immediately after. Hearne,

in a MS. note in my copy of this trad, fays, Cha. faylor was an affumed name for

Henry Keepe,the author of the firft Englifh account of the Weftminfter monu-

ments. Mr. Dart 1calls him Youngs and fays it was H. Keepe who turned papift

under James II. Who the writer was, and whatever credit is due to hri narrative*

we have already feen he is very little to be trufted in his extracts from the old

hiftorians who relate the feveral tranflations of the Confeffor’s body.

Mr. Le Neve imagined that what Taylor found was pait of the jewels offered at

this fhrine by Alphonfo the Third, fon of Edward I. with the golden coronet of Lle-

wellyn, prince of Wales. But it is very unlikely fuch offerings Ihould get with-

in the coffin. At the fame time I am not without my doubts, that the crucifix

and chain were not depofited with the body originally, or at any fubfequent tranf-

lation.

I fhall juft add, that the prefent ftory among the Vergers is, that the difco*

verer found with the chain a fceptre three feet long, which, after fhewing to one

of his friends in Tothill-ftreet, was fliewn to the archbilhop, and by him to the

king, who, when he abdicated the throne, carried it away, and prefented it to

the pope, among whofe regalia it is ftill to be feen. If any more ftrefs could

be laid on the oral than the printed ftory, one would fulpedf, that the Confeffor

was buried like Edward I. with his fceptre, 8cc. in his hands; and that by the

decay of the coffin fome fuch paraphernalia came to light.

Within the wooden coffin ftrongly bounded with iron in the middle of the

ffirine the body is ftill fuppofed to be lodged 3. By a meafurement which I

* Antiquary Society's minutes. * II. 25.* Axuiq. of Wdlmv I. 174. ditto by p C. 154. Keepe, 138.

took

][ 8

took of it April 14, 1781, it appears to be feven feet fix inches long, by two feet

one inch wide at the head, and twenty-two inches at the feet, and twenty-two

inches deep. It lies within the ftone-work at the depth of about fifteen inches

from the top of the fide arches, and five from the ftone-work at each fide.

1074. The ConfefTor’s virgin wife EdithA, daughter of earl Godwin, who furvived

him fix years, and died 1074, was buried on the north fide of his tomb, buthas no diftindt memorial. The words before cited from the Conqueror’s char-

ter feem to imply that fhe and her hufband had one common tomb.

1069. The celebrated archbifliop Stigand died in prifon at Winchejler,and was

buried there. Bifhop Fox lodged his remains in the fame leaden cheft with Wina,firlt bifhop of Winchefter, with this fhort infcription :

Hie jacet Stigandus.

They were diflodged 1647 and are now in another leaden cheft on the wall

of the choir, without any diftindt memorial.

1073, The monument of Leofric, firft bifhop of Exeter, who died 1073, and wasburied in what was then the cemetery, but fince, by the addition of buildings,

made the fouth tranfept of his cathedral, has been long fince demolifhed. Thateredted by the dean and chapter, 1568 2

, is in the ftyle of the age in which it

was eredted;an altar-tomb under an elliptic arch garretted at top, fpringing from

grouped pillars, having the fame above their capitals. The firft border underthe table is adorned with angels, the fecond with quatrefoils and little arches,

and the lowermoft with plain compartments. On the upper border is this in-

fcription in gold letters

:

Iconic, tljc fqff Wfljoppe of fete?, Ipetfj fjc?e*

1084. The monument of Arfast, firft bifhop of fbetford, who died 1084, is gonewith the cathedral in which he was buried.

1089. No better fate has attended that of William Warren, earl of Surrey, whodied 1089, and was buried in the Chapter-houfe at Lewes. His epitaph pre-

ferred in Dugdale 3 from the abbey regifteris as follows

;

Hie, Guillielme comes, locus eft laudis tibi fomes,

Hujus fundator 8c largus fedis amator.

Ifte tuum funus decorat, placuit quia munusPauperibus Clirifti quod prompta mente dedifti.

llle tuos cineres fervat Pancratius heres,

San&orum caftris qui te fociabit in aftris.

Optime Pancrati, fer opem te glorificanti

;

Daque poli fedem talem tibi qui dedit aedem.

10S1. But that of his countefs Gundreda, who died before him in child-bed 4 at

Caftle Acre, May 27, 1085, has been recovered by a fortunate accident. Thiscoffin-fafhioned tomb ftone of black marble, 5 feet 5 inches long to the break,2 feet broad at head, and 22 inches at foot, was accidentally difeoveredby Wm.Burrell, Efq. fixed over the tomb of Edward Shirley, Efq. who died Mar. 16,1550, and was fon of John Shirley of Isfield, clerk of the kitchen to Henry VII.and cofferer to Henry V III. fome of which family probably removed it from themonaftery foon after the diffolution into Isfield church, feven miles from Lewes.

Godwin, nj. 1 Lc Neve’s Fafti 80. 3 Bar. I. 74. 4 Vipartus cruciata. Lewesreg.

It

[ 9 i

It was removed from thence i 774> at Mr. Burrell’s coft, to St. John BanditSouthover church by Lewes, as neareft to its original fpot, which it was to havea fecond time covered, could it have been determined in the ruins of the abbeyIt is now mclofed within a pew, and this infcription over it

;

Within this pew Hands the tomb-ftoneof Gundrad, daughter of William the

Conqueror, and wife of William the firft

Earl of Warren, which having been depofitedover her remains in the Chapter-houfeof Lewes priory, and lately difcovered

in Isfield church, was removedto this place at the expenceof William Burrell, Efq.

A. D. 1774.An elevation of its modern front was engraved with the ftone itfelf for Mr Wat-fon’s Hiftory of the Earls of Warren. The latter makes a head-piece to thiscentury.

The form of the letters anfwers to thofe on the tombs of bilhop Roger at Sa-lilbury, William Deincourt at Lincoln, between ioS 7 and 1 100, UbertdeChazat Monkton Farley, and that of Hilperic at Cologne '. One may account fotthe intermixture of the Saxon and Roman capitals here, by fuppofing the emaintained its ground with the Saxon names and orthography longer in thefefouthern countries. The ligle occurs on our coins as late as the three firltEdwards.

The infcription is in leonine verfe, and contains a turn of fentiment unufualin monkilh epitaphs.

Stirps, Gundreda, ducum, decus evi, nobile germen,Intulit ecclefiis Anglorum balfama morum

:

Mar[tis or tha]

vit miferis, fuit ex pietate Maria.Pars obiit Marthe, fupereft pars magna Marie.O pie Pancrati, teftis pietatis & equi,

Te facit heredem, tu clemens fufcipe matrem.Sexta kalendarum Junii lux obvia carnis

Ifregit alabaftu

The fiift line comprizes her illuftrious defcent more comprehend vely thanbilhop Roger’s. The fecond alludes to her merit in firft introJucing intoEngland the Cluniac order, a reform and perfecting of the Benedidtine, andthis is the balfama morum. Then follows a beautiful allufion to the charaftersof the two filters, Martha and Mary, in the Gofpel, with the happy appli-cation of the contrail between them. The poet, concealing the blameablepart of Martha’s attachment to the world, ingenioufly reprefents her worldly-mindednefs as directed to and governed by the belt views, thofe of providing forthe necelfaries of life, and relieving the diftrefled. Enough remains of the thirdline to fhew that the comparifon begins here, that the firft word is the name ofMartha, and that her example was followed by Gundreda in charitable diftribu-tions, while in her devotion fhe copied the example of her other filter, whofat at Jefus’s feet attentive to his dodtrine.

The corporal part, in which this good lady refembled Martha, came to the end ofall flefli. The pars magna Marice

, which I underftand as fynonymous with the better

Pa*tji* e * foul, furvives. The addrefs to St. Pancratius is peculiarly happy.

He was the patron of the new foundation, and of the old church which preceded

* Montf. I. 175.

D it.

t 10 ]

it. The endowments of this houfe were very confiderable; fourteen churches

and chapels in Yorkfhire, befides large poifeflions in Sufl'ex, and the church be-fore of wood was rebuilt of {tone. The revenue at the Diffolution amounted tobetween /goo. and /looo. a year. As the countefs died in child-bed, and themother only is recommended to the regards of the faint, it is probable the in-fant furvived. The feventh line fixes her death to the fixtb calends of Junewith Dugdale and Sanford, though an antient record feen by Le Neve ' makesit the eighth calends. Notwithftanding the harfhnefs of the conftrudtion, Icannot underftand obvia in the fenfe of hqftilis. Thefe two lines do not rhymetogether. The comparifon with the two fitters holds very confidently with fiyl-ing this good princefs’s devotions the breaking the alabader box of her flelh andbody, in allufion to the alabader box of precious ointment with which Mary,the filter of Lazarus, anointed the feet of Jefus preparatory to his death; andwith this the balfama morum correfpond. Ifregit wants, indeed, the mark of theN over it, and makes the verfe hobble

; but there is a fimilar omiiiion overherede in the fecond line, where it is indifpenfable

; and indances of fuch hobblingare not unfrequent.

Ordericus Vitalis is guilty of two midakes about this lady. He makes her fur-vive her huiband, which is exprefsly contradifted both by the regider of Lewesabbey and the earls charter to it*; and he calls her daughter of Glrerbod, aFleming, to whom the Conqueror had given the city and earldom of Cheder 3

;

in which he is copied by Du Chefne 4, Imhof !

,and Dugdale 6

. Milles 1 andSandford ' make her the Conqueror's fifth daughter. The ledger book of Leu'esabbey » calls her daughter of Queen Matilda mother of Henry 1 . confequently ihewas daughter of the Conqueror.

1085. The monument of Vitalis, twenty-fird abbot of Wejlminfler, and fecondafter the Conqued, who was eledted 1076, and died 1082; (though Widmoreputs his death 1085) is fuppofed to be dill fubfiding in the fouth cloider there,midaken for that ofLaurentins, another abbot. But fince Flete defcribes it as being“ a one of white tnarble at the feet of Gervajius'i and Sporley, as “ of whitemarble, plain, almod even with the pavement,” I do not fee how one of theiethree figures of abbots now there, and which are of grey or blue marble, can beafcribed to him

; much lefs one with brajjes defcribed by Keepe. Thefe three fi-

gures are probably of this or the next century, and being without mitres, mudprecede Laurence, who procured the mitre for this houfe but I doubt they havelod all the criteria for afiigning them to their owners. See Widmore, p. 20.Dart’s Appendix to Vol. II. p. 11. Mr. Dart’s print is much too flattering. Mr. Ba-fire’s here annexed is a faithful reprefentation of their prefent date. The middle-mod, which is alfo the ruded, being in fo low relief as to be hollowed in the done,and inclofed in a border, and without a mitre, which was granted afterwards, is

now infcribed Gilbertus C ills pines, who immediately fucceeded Vitalis, anddied 1 n 7 ,

as Widmore, but as the prefent infcription 1 1 1 4. Widmore gives themiddlemod to Getvajius, who died 1160, but Dart denies it.

\ italis s epitaph now gone, though the poetry be mean enough, is yet, faysMr. Widmore, better than thofe of fome of his fucceflors. It was this :

A vita nomen qui traxit, morte vocante,

Abbas Vitalis tranfiit, hicque jacet.

1^IS ” note >n Dugdale’s Baronage in my pofleflion.

1 Mon. Aug. I. 616. ^ p .i2 a c5

fP.s.Tab.XVIlI. • Bar. I. 74."

,/ .... 9 M°n - Ang. II. 909. in addit. ad .um x.“ 1 he fecond is dated 1176, confequently the mitred one cannot be Vitalis as

who died 1222. Add. Epit.

Tab. Geneal. com. Warr. & SunCat. of Honor. 62.

p. 10S3.

v infcribed. Dart gives it to Humez,

Gilbert’s

there never ofthefiteof tjtombs ^fLd^ ^there might have been, like that on the ikies of

fix arches with purfle/pedtaems" but^f’Jd °fI ° 92i

feet within are double pannels of rich diverged foliag Tn the fomh f“rof the lowermoft of the two tombs covered by it are two^mrf •, .

,

f °nt

^«th a**“ <- -Hujus FUNDATOR TEMPLI REMIGIUS URNAHac jacet atque erevi: sit satis apta VIRO IM TAMEN INGENTI TRIEUES AtQUALE SEPULCHRUMEjUS PAR MENTI, MENS EA QUANTA FU1T '

Sit tumulus templum quod struxeraT Ipse, minoreNec possit tumulo, avt nobiliore tegi.

tion, and on the north front are two figures writing The firft of thef ! T*

Both he and his fuccefor Bloet, who finifhed the church, andtd^ ’areld

,n t^ b ^Ve^een blmedin the church of Remigius’s building

•

’the firftin the choir, the other in the north tranfept, and bofh to have had’ contigous monuments, or as he calls them chapels, on the north fide of the choft ftfeems probable, that the prefent monuments afcribed to both were eredted’overthen remains within the old choir, when it was rebuilt by biihop Alexander!he reign of Henry I. and Stephen. This choir was continued funhe e! about

ffFd !!?enJy

cn ’

S - reiSn’ andtbefoeen, rood-loft, and Halls, madfin thatfEdward II To fome of thefe periods may thefe monuments be afcribed Theycan therefore be mentioned here only by anticipitation, being the work of the ft!ceeding century. For this remark I am indebted to MnEflex’s intimate acquaintance with every part of this cathedral. The knights on the fro,”of thismonument may denote the foldiers placed to guard our Lord’s fepulchre • as ona tomb in the north fide of the altar at Northwold, in Norfolk, where are threearmed men between three trees, all in a reclining pofture. Thefe fepulchreawere always erefled on the north fide of the altar. Thomas Fienes, lord Date

Hurftmor’ ke^ath

fd hls body to be buried °n the north fide the altar atHurftmonceaux, and ordered, that a tomb ihould be made for placing there thefepulchre of our lord. Sir Henry Colet wills to be buried at Stepney, at the fe-

LC

of

e

the!urchf'’ 3nd hiS m°nUment “ ftU1 “ bE on tbe

The laft Of the monuments on the fouth fide without the choir at Wells is by ro toGodwm . referred to biihop Duno, who died 10 s 9 ; and that on norths

8

tlide to his fucceilor Giso, who died 1088 s.

Though the Conqueror had no grave or monument in England, the circum-io8q,fiances that attended his death are connefled with the prefent fubjefl. He hadno former breathed his laft at the abbey of St. Gervafe, on a hill out of Rouen tohe weft, than all his domeftics not only forfook him, but plundered his apart-1

Cathedrals, II. 46.4 P. 365.

3See Arch. IV. 150—156. * Blomfield’s Norfolk, I. 517 518.

‘ Iba 366.

ment9

t 1* ]

ments fo completely, that his corpfe was left naked, and he would have wanted

a grave, had it not been for the more grateful clergy and the archbifhop of

Rouen, who ordered the body to be conveyed to Caen, and one Herluin, a gen-

tleman ot the place (pagenfis eques

)

from pure goodnefs of heart {natural} boni

-

tate) took upon himfelf the care of the funeral, provided the proper perfons

(pollinSlores & vefpiliones) and hired a carriage to convey it to the river, andthence quite to Caen. There the abbot and convent, attended by crouds ofclergy and laity, came out to meet it. But as they were proceeding to pay the

proper honours, they were alarmed by a fudden fire which broke out in a houfe,

and deftroyed great part of the city. The diftradted people went to give the ne-

ceffary afiiftance, and left the monks, with a few bifhops and abbots, to go onwith the fervice ; which being finifhed, and the farcopbagus laid in the ground,the body flill lying on the bier, Gilbert, bifhop of Evreux, pronounced a longpanegyric on the deceafed ; and, in concltifion, called on the audience to pray for

his foul. On a fudden ftarts up from the croud Afcelin Fitz-Arthur, and de-

mands a compenfation for the ground they flood on, which he faid William hadforcibly taken from his father to found his abbey on it ;

and in God’s name for-

bids the burying him on his property, or covering him with his turf. The bi-

fhops and nobles having fatisfied themfelves about the truth of his demand, wereobliged to pay him immediately fixty fhillings for the grave, and promife anequivalent for the reft of the ground, which they afterwards gave him. Theythen proceeded to the interment : but in laying the body in the farcophagus, it wasfound to have been made fo fmall by the ignorance of the mafon, that they wereforced to prefs the corpfe with fuch violence, that the fat belly burft, and diffufed

an intolerable flench, which all the fmoke of the cenfers and other fpices couldnot overcome. The priefts were glad to hurry over the fervice, and make the

beft of their of their way home in no fmall fright

William Rufus eredted to his father’s memory a coftly monument, executed bythe goldfmith Otho, to whom he caufed to be delivered a great quantity of gold,

filver, and precious ftones;and the following epitaph, compofed by Thomas,

archbifhop of York, was put on it in gold letters \Qui rexit rigidos Northmanos, atque Britanos

Audadler vicit, fortiter obtinuit,

Et Cenomanenfes virtute coercuit enfes,

Imperiique fui legibus applicuit

;

Rex magnus parva jacet hie Gulielmus in urna

:

Sufficit & magno parva domus domino.

Ter feptem gradibus fe volverat atque duobusVirginis in gremio Phoebus, & hie obiit.

In 1522, Peter de Marigny, bifhop of Caftres, and abbot of St. Stephen at

Caen, at the follicitation of a great cardinal, an archbifhop, and an Italian bi-

fhop, defirous to fee the remains of the Conqueror, opened his tomb, and foundthe body in the original fituation. The abbot caufed a painting to be taken ofit on wood juft as it appeared. But in 1562, the Hugonots, not content withdeftroying this painting, demolifhed the tombs of the Conqueror and his wife,

with their effigies in relief to the life, and broke in pieces with their daggers the

Conqueror’s biere made of pierre de volderil,and fupported on three little white

pilafters. They expedled to have met with fome treafure, but found only his

Porro dom corpus in fnreofagum mittcretur, & violenter, quia vas per imprudentiam exmentariorom breve ftruftumerat, complicaretur, pinguiflimus venter crepuit, & intolerabilis fitor circumftantes perfonas & reliquum vulgus imple-vit. Fumus thuris aliorumque aromatum de tfyuribulis copiofe afeendebat

; fed teterriinum putorem excluderc non pra:-ralcbat. Sacerdotes itaque feftinabant exequias perficere, & aftutum fua cum pavore mappalia repetere. Ord. Vit. 663.

Verfus hujufmodi ex auro inferti funt. Ord. Vit. lb. Pcncilledia letters of gold upon his tomb. Sandford, p. 6.Rather inlaid, as on the Confeflor’s Ihrine.

bones,

[ - 1

bones, ftill joined together, and covered with red taffcty. Thofe- of the arms andlegs were thought longer than thofe of the talleft men of the prefent age. One ofthefe facrilegious wretches, named Francis de Gray de Bourg 1* Abbe, gave them toDom Michael de Comalle, religious and bailiff of the abbey, who kept them inhis chamber, till Admiral Coligny and his reijlres ruined and deitroyed every thingthere

The Conqueror’s wife Maud was buried, 1086, between the choir and altar, 1086.in the nunnery of the Holy Trinity, which fhe had founded at Caeri. A tombof gold and jewels was eredled over her, and this epitaph *

:

Egregie pulchri tegit hasc ftrudtura lepulchri

Moribus infignem, germen regale, Mathildem.Dux Flandrita pater, huic extitit Hadala mater

;

Francorum gentis Roberti filiaregis,

Et foror Henrici regali fede potiti,

Regi magnifico Willermo jundla marito,

Praefentem fedem, praefentem fecit & cedem,

Tam multis terris quam multis rebus honeftis,

A fe ditatam, fe procurante dicatam.

Haec confolatrix miferum, pietatis amatrix,

Bonis difperlis pauper fibi, dives egenis.

Sic infinites petiit confortia vita?,

In prima menfis poll primam luce Novembris.

The monuments of bifhops Oswald and Wolstan at Worcejler, under the 992.window of the Lady Chapel (mifcalled by Dr. Thomas, bifhops de Conjiantiis and 1095.Gifford.,

who lived one and two centuries later) are very much in the ftyle of thofe

of Roger and the other bifliop at Sarum; the fame attitude and the fame foliage un-der their heads, as under the latter. It is remarkable, that both the Worcefterbifhops hold a mere bacillus, or ftaff 3

,inftead of a crofier (though both Thomas

and Green call them crofters 4) and have a rofe on their breaft. Ofvvald died

992; Wolftan, 1095. The monument in the Lady Chapel, mifcalled Wol-Jian\ is more probably bitliop Gifford's , who died 1301 : the altar part of it is

adorned with fix figures of apoftles fitting in quatrefoils ; and on it lies a figure

in pontificalibus, the hands elevated, but not joined. At the head is a rich ca-

nopy, on which fit angels.

That of Osmund, bifliop of Sarum, in the midft of the Lady Chapel there, 1099.

is a plain coffin-fafhioned ftone infcribed in modern characters ANNO MXCIX,yet faid to have been brought from the old church. The Sarum Obituary fays,

he lies inter capellas Salve Regina & S. Stephani s.

The tomb in Hereford cathedral, on the north wall, a little above Stainfbury’s 1099.chapel, commonly given to bifliop Raynelm, is by Godwin 6 afiigned to Ro-bert Lofinga, the firft bifliop of this fee after the Conqueft, who rebuilt this

church, and died 1095. I fliall in the next century give my reafons for

differing from this opinion.

* Meulan’s Hift. gen. deNorm. Rouen, 1631, fol. p. 239, 240. 1Ord. Vit. VII. 648.

3 It is remarkable, that the ftaff of. the antient archbiihops of Rouen, like thofe of other antient bifhops and abbots,

is nor bent,as we fee it on their monuments within the laft three centuries. It was only tipt by a ball

(pomme

)

fomethinglike the top of a cane. Afterwards it was made like a fliepherd’s crook ; and at laft the end was curved (recourb'e) as at

prefent. Moleon, Voy. Liturgique de France, p. 271.4 Green’s Hift. of Wore. 74, Thomas’s Antiq. of Wore. 39.

5 Tanner Bib. Brit. 565, * P. 481.

E Richard,

[ 14 ]

Richard, feccnd fan of the Conqueror, who came to an untimely death as he

was hunting in the New Foreft, was buried in the fouth aile of the choir at

Winchejler,where is an altar tomb fet in the wall, under a fmall Gothic canopy,

on which is this infeription, in Roman-Saxon capitals.

Hie jacet Ricardus Willi fenioris regis fil. et Beorn. Dux.

On the ledge above, in the fame letters :

Intus eft corpus Richardi Wilihelmi

Conqeftoris filii et Bernie ducis.

William of Maimfbury ' fays it was reported, that this young prince, whohad a fpirit above his years and delicate perfon, was ftruck by a blaft of foul air

as he was hunting in the New Foreft. Gemeticenfis 2 only fays he died of a

wound received by the blow of a tree, of which he lingered a fliort time. Orde-ricus Vitalis 3

,that as he was purfuing his game full fpeed a hazel branch bruifed

him againft the pummel of the faddle, and gave him a mortal wound, of whichhe died within the week, univerfally regretted. Thomas Rudbourne 4 fays, he died

fuddenly. The iliort Chronicle of Gloucefter Abbey, in Mon. Ang. I. 994,puts his death 1080, and his burial in that church. He certainly does not wit-

nefs a charter of his uncle Robert earl of Morton to St. Michael’s mount in Nor-mandy, which Mr. Haberlin refers to 1076 5

.

Sandford deferibes his monument as two black marble ftones, inlaid into the

new work built by bifliop Fox, one of which ftands edgeways in the wall, andthe other lies flat, containing an epitaph on the verge thereof in Saxon letters,

flgnifying the perfon therein interred to be duke of Bernay in Normandy 6.

JO90. Constance, fecond daughter of the Conqueror, wife of Alan Fergant dukeof Bretagne, died 1090, and was buried at St. Melaine. Her corps was found

1672, under the Tow'er. It had been wrapt in leather, of which only the frag-

ments remained, as alfo thofe of a coarfe woollen cloth, with her fcull and other

bones, and a leaden crofs, whereon were engraved her name, date of her death,

and the name of her father and hufband 7. Alan died 1119, and was buried in

Redon abbey 8.

William’s four other daughters were, Cecily abbefs of Holy Trinity, Caen, wherefile died and was buried 1 1 27 9

: Adeliza,a nun, betrothed to Harold king of

England, but died before marriage, before 1066 10: Adela or Alice, wife of

Stephen earl of Blois : Agatha,betrothed firft to Harold, after to Alphonfus, king

of Galicia, but died before marriage, agreeable to her prayer for pure virginity;

buried in St. Mary’s church at Bayeux ".

’ Richardus magnanimo parenti fpem laudis alebat puer delicatus, 8c lit id setatul* puGo altum quid fpirans : fedtantam primsevi floris indolcm mors acerba cito depafta correpit. Tradunt cervos in nova forefta terebrantem tabidi

aeris nebula morbum incurrifle. III. p. 62. b.

* I£tu arboris male evitat* aigrotans, poft paululum hominem exuit. viii. c 9. p. 296.3 Dum prope Guentam in nova forefta venaretur, & quandam feram caballo currentepertinaciter infequeretur ad fell*

clitcllam valido corili ramo admodum conftrittus eft, & lethaliter l*fus. Dehinc eadem liebdoinada poenitens & abfolutus,atque facro viatico communitus eft : nec multo poft cum magno multorum luftu in Anglia defundtus eft. V. p. 57;.Idem, p. 781 & Chron. Tinmouth ap. Lei. Coll. I. p. ii. p. 325.

* Ap. Lei. Coll. I. ii. 417.s Familia Aug. Will. Conq. Gotting. 1745. 4

0. p. 7.

‘ P. 8. 7 Lobineau, I. 104. II. 353. * lb. I. 128. * Ord. Vit. 549. Sandford,*° Ord. Vit. 285. 492. 573.

11lb. 573.

C E N-

Ye pallid fpirits, and ye afhie ghofts,

Which joining in the brightnefs of your day,

Brought forth thefe ligns of your prefumptuous boafts,Which now their dufty reliques do bewray,

Tell me, ye fpirits, (fith the darkfom river

Of Styx, not paflable to fouls returning,

Enclofing you in thrice three wards for ever,

Do not r'eftrain your images hill mourning),Tell me, then (for perhaps fome one of youYet here above him fecre'tly doth hide)

Do ye not feel your torments to accrue

When ye fometimes behold the ruined pride

Of thefe old Gothic works, built with your hands,Now to become nought elfe but heaped fands.

Spenser, Ruines of Rome.

CENTURY XII.

the twelfth century the moft antient monument is perhaps that afcribed toWilliam Rufus, in the middle of the choir of Winchejler. Whoever at- n 0 o,

tends to the flovenly, hafty, contemptuous manner, in which this wretchedprince was conveyed to his grave ', will not be furprized at the plainnefs of histomb, which is only a common farcophagus of grey marble, with a cover en dosiFane. 1 his being broken open by the Parliamentarians in the civil war wasrobbed of fome pieces of cloth of gold, a ring fet with rubies, faid to be worth^500. and a fmall filver chalice

:: circumftances which would rather induce one

to fufpecft that this was the tomb of fome religious perfon 3 than of a king, ef-

pecially if it be further confidered, that the bones of William Rufus had alreadybeen lodged by bifliop Fox, at the Reformation, in the cathedral, in one of thechefts on the fide of the choir, along with thofe of king Canute and otherSaxon kings and illuftrious perfons, who had been depofited in the San&umSantftorum, or, as Rudburne calls it, 'The Holie Hole 4

, behind the altar s. Hence

* Mortuo rege plurcs optimatum ad lares fuos de faltu manicarerunt, & contra futuras motiones quas timebant res fuasordinaverunt. Clientuli quidem cruentatum regem vilibus utcunque pannis operuerunt, St veluti ferocem aprum vena-bulis confoffum tie faltu ad urbem Guentanam detulerunt. Clerici autem St monachi St cives dumiaxat, egeni cum viduis& mendicis, obviam proceflerunt, & pro reverentia regix dignitatis in veteri monafterio Sti. Petri eelerirer tumulaverunt.Porro ccclefiallici, doftores St prxlati, fordidam ejus vitam St tetrum finem confiderantes tunc judicarc aufi funt, St eccle-fiaftica velut biqthanatum abfolutione indignum cenfuerunt quern vitales auras carpentem falubriter a nequitiis caftigarenequiverunt. Signa etiam pro illo in quibufdam ecclefiis non fonucrunt, qua: pro infimis pauperibus St m-ilierculis crebrodiutiflime pulfata tunt. De ingenti xrario ubi plures nummorum acervi de laboribus miierorum cougefti iunt elemofynxpro anima cupidi quondam polfelToris nulls iu opibus erogatx funt. Ord. Vit. x, p.782. Langtoft, by an evidcncmiilake in tlie writing or print, fays,

At Wejimynjire is he laid, in St. Peter kirke.

In a tomb purtraid, the bifliop did it wirke.

At Winchcjirc is, &c.

* Sandf. 23. 3 Bifliop Blois, who died 1 171, was buried before the high altar in his church, according to fome, butperhaps arClugni. See Peter abbot of Clugni’s letter to him. Ep. iv. 23. Richardfon ad Godw. 216. t.

4 Qi If “O' “ corruption of the Holie of Holies. 3 Hift. Maj. Wint. Ang. Sac. I. 207. Hill, of Winch. I. 40. 48.

it

it is that we find no monument for Canute;but on the fcreen behind the high

altar are niches and pedeftals for the ftatues of all the kings and holy men depo-

fited in thus grand repofitory, with their names infcribed on them.

In’Gelrica, wife of Ranulph de Peverell, miftrefs to the Conqueror, who hadby her William dc Peverell of Nottingham, and foundrefs of Hatfield Peverel pri-

ory, Eflex, has a better monument of the fame date. Her figure, cut in ftone, with

a lion at her feet, is faid to lie in one of the north windows of the priory church.

I confefs myfelf almoft inclined againft the opinion of my late ingenious friend

who drew the monument, to refer it to fome religious, and that what ilie holds in

her hands, commonly luppofed a heart, is a chalice, were I not aware that Lclandexprefsly fays Edith D'Oilley, foundrefs of Ofeney, had a heart in her hand on the

north fide of the high altar there '. The figure might pojfibly have been at firft

placed as it now ftands. It is raifed fix or feven feet from the ground, and there

might be an altar beneath for mafles. The window I fliould think is not older

than the reign of Edward III. Moft probably the figure lay on the ground, andwas removed to the window when that part of the aile was pewed. Both the

figure and window are drawn on a fcale of one inch to a foot. See.PI. II. Thefhields were intended to be put up in the window by Mr. Wright the proprietor

of the eftate and patron of the church. They are the arms of all the pofleflors

fince the diflblution. On the left hand thofe of Giles Leigh,

to whom it wasgranted by Henry VIII. 1537. On the right the fame impaled by thofe of

John Allen who married Margaret eldeft daughter of Leigh, and fucceeded to his

eftate on his death the following year \ In the centre are the arms ofJohn Wright,

efquire 3

,who rebuilt the priory-houfe on another fpot, and repaired the church

about 20 years ago, and fince procured the curacy to be augmented to a vicarage.

The tomb given to the foundrefs of Duntnow priory, Effex, Juga Baynard,who died in the beginning of this century, is a coffin of grey marble, the cover

en dos dane, with a crofs fleury on the ridge, in the South wall of the pre-

fent chancel, originally the nave; from which circumftance, though the ancient

tradition of the place is againft me, I fliould, were it not that Leland defcribes

fuch a crofs on the tomb of Henry D’Oilli, fon of the foundrefs, at Ofeney 4,

ra-

ther afcribe this tomb to fome prior. See the plate at the head of this century,

fig. 2.

07. Robert Fitz Haimon, of the blood of duke Rollo, nephew to William the

Conqueror 5,who founded 1’ewkejbury abbey 1102, died 1107, and was buried in

the chapter-houfe there, was removed, with his wife, by abbot Parker, 1397s

,

into a chapel of free-ftone, beautifully carved, with a border of oak-leaves

round it, and a gilt fafcia of rofes, having letters now almoft vaniflied, probablythe infcription given by Rudder 7

, and at the corners angels hold fcrolls infcribed,

Requies hie dulcis manna,and other fentences too high and indiftimft to be read.

The infcription before referred to was

In ijla capella jacet Drills Robertas Filius Haimonis.

Leland 8gives it in camerafacelli

,

Hiejacet RobertasJilius Haymonis hujus locifundator.

1It. II. 19. 21. 1 Morant’s Eflex, II. 131.

3 Mr. Wright has here the three fine bulls in terra cotta of HenryVII. Henry VIII. when a boy, and bifiiop Fijhtr%from the Holbein chamber in the gate laft taken down at Whitehall.

4 II- 1L IT - 5 Lei. It. vi. 96. 6 Willis, Mic. Ab. p. 185.Glop. p. 746. * IJbi fup, p. 96.

Within

17 3

Within this chapel is an altar tomb of fpeckled marble, having on the fouth

fide five niches, and one at the feet : thofe on the north gone. On the flab wasinlaid his figure in brafs, with a pointed helmet, long fword, lion at the feet,

under a canopy, above which were two fhields, and at the fides a brafs ledge ;

all gone. On the eaft wall of this chapel are indiftindt traces of painting of a bat-

tle. Two knights in it have on their furcoats Az. bears’ heads muzzled, cref-

cents, and bezants. Another knight has a fword and fhield, and by him is anangel, and over him a little favage. I am not certain whether there are riot tworows of three figures in compartments. The ftone roof of the chapel is com-pofed of beautiful fan work, of the age of Henry IV or V. This monument is

defcribed here by way of anticipation, being two centuries later.

Robert Fitz Haimon was the chief adtor in the conqueft of Glamorganfhire.

Mabel his eldeft daughter married Robert earl of Gloucefter, natural fon to

Henry I. who became patron of this abbey in right of his wife, and from theman heir female carried it to the family of Clare, who were created earls of Glou-cefter, and from them it pall through the Difpenfers, Beauchamps, Nevills, &c.till the diflolution. Jeftin, fon ofGurgunt, lord of Glamorganfhire, beingunable to

defend himfelf againft the invafion of Rhys ap Theodore prince of South Wales,fent one Enion his fervant to Robert Fitz Haimon then knight of the privychamber to Rufus, 1091, with promife of large reward for his affiftance. Ro-bert having retained twelve knights, marched into Wales, flew Rhys and his

fon Conan ; but Jeftin breaking his word with them, they turned their vidto-

rious arms againft him, and having defeated and flain him, divided his terri-

tories among them, giving his fon and friends a fmall part ’. He adhered to

Robert Curthofe againft William Rufus % whofe death was revealed to him in

a vifion 3, and died of a wound by a fpear at the fiege of Faleife in Nor-

mandy, 7 Hen I 4. His body was brought over and buried in the Chapter-houfe

at Tewkfbury, wrhich church and tower he rebuilt i; whence it was removed

betwixt two pillars on the fouth fide of the choir, where a daily mafs was fungfor him. He married Sibill daughter of Roger de Montgomery earl of Shrewf-bury, by whom he left four daughters 6

.

Gundulph, bifhop of Rochefter, who died 1107, was buried before the 1107.high altar of his cathedral, in bafilica fedis fua 7

; ante altare crucifixi ecclefuz8

quam ipfe conjlruxerat ; probably on the fouth fide, near to the confefiionary,

in a cheft without any effigies ’. Whether his remains are interred in the an-

tient large ftone cheft of gray marble covered by a flab of the fame, ftill re-

maining on the fouth fide of the high altar within the rails is not certain ,0. It

does not l'eem to admit of a doubt, that the former was the place of interment

if we believe the contemporary author of his life in Wharton. But it wouldbe committing too great an anachronifm in the sera of monuments to fuppofe that

his was the brafslefs flab which had the figure of a bifhop, under a rich ca-

nopy, with four fhields, and a ledge with four rondeaux at its corners, and twoin the middle of each fide, now lying before the fteps of the altar, or that

other brafslefs flab with a canopy at the foot of the fteps of the altar.

The monkifh hiftorian fays, the bifhop’s body and hands which had always

been black in his life time, after his death turned fuddenly white. While hewas in extremis the monks laid him on a board", on his hair cloth, near the

I Powel’s Hift. of Wales, p. 124.1Malmlb.p. S8. 3 Mat. Paris, A. D. 1100, p. 53.

4 Malmlb. p. 89. s Mon. Ang. I. 135.6 Ord. Vit. p. 578. Mon. Ang. ubi fnp.

’ Wharton, Ang. Sac. I. 406. * lb. II. agr. * Willis, p. 287. Hift. ofRoch. p. i2r. 10 Hid. of Roch. 65.II Tabula de more percuffa.

When a religious of the abbey of Cluny dies, they walh him at prefent on a table in the very place where he died.An old ftone lavatory ufed on thefe occaftons is preferved in a chapel there; it is fix or (even feet long, feven or ei<dtt

inches deep, with a ftone pillow of the fame piece with the trough, and a hole at the feet end to let of!' the water.There are limilarones in the cathedrals of Lyons and Rouen, and in the hofpital in Cluny in the middle of the hall of thefick poor. That in the fecond church of Cluny ferves now only to lay the body in after it is dreft, till the proccflton

and fervice begins. It was formerly in a hollow in the ground, on the left hand of the door of the great Infirmarywithont. Moleon, Voy. Liturgique, p. 1 51 ,

152.

F

[ i8 ]

chapel infirmary, and after he breathed his laft they carried him wafhed and

cloathed in pontificalibus into the church of St. Andrew and laid him be-

fore his altar.

1 1 15. In the north aile of the choir at Hereford, under a pointed arch, with a bor-3*1. iiJ-. dcr of nailhead quatrefbils, a mitred head in point, and two in caps at the bafes,

is a handfome figure of bilhop Rainelm ; his right hand gloved blefling; in his

left a crcfier, the top broken off ; at his feet a bracket. He died 1 1 1 5. The in-

lbription painted over him for a long time gave it to bilhop Lozing, to whom God-win s and Leland 5 had afligned it, and to whom it is now fixed, by the name ofRobert. It was repaired 1768. Over it is painted,

Dn’s Robertus de Lotharinga epus’ Heref. ob. A. D. 1095.

Bifliop Godwin’s reafon for transferring this tomb from Rainelm to Lozinga is,

that the figure on this holds in its hand a church, as if alluding to him as foun-der of the church. It is true Lofinga began to rebuild it, on the model of that

erected at Aix la Chapelle by Charlemagne, and at the fame time that Remi-gius began that at Lincoln. But it is no lefs true that he lived to finifh onlythe nave, and left the reft to his fuccefibr ; and that Rainelm eredted the

tower, with the fpire and two tranfepts. The church w'hich he holds in

his hand exhibits the ftrudlure thus completed;and I have engraved it,

that my readers may judge for themfelves, whether this monument be-

longs to Lofinga or Rainelm, and whether the figure of the church re-

fers to the beginner or finilher thereof.

Willis 4, after laying that Lofinga was buried “ on the fouth fide of the high

“ altar” (inftead of which, in ftridtnefs he fhould have faid, in the fouth aile ofthe choir) but by miftake of the painter is “ called Rainelm,” prefently after fays,

that Rainelm was bitried “ under an arch on the outfide the fouth aile” (he fliould

have laid north) oppofite to the choir, by miftake painted Lofinga.

Godwin 5 buries Theulphus, bifliop of Worcefler, who died 1115, in the

nave at the entrance of the choir, under a ftone whereon were to be feen the

figures of two bifhops, reprefenting himfelf and his predeceflor Samfon. Thefeappear in no late accounts of this cathedral. Two bifhops on the fame flab are

not uncommon on the French monuments.

11 19. Herbebt de Lozinga, who transferred the fee from Thetford to Norwich,

1094, and died 1 11 9, was buried in his own cathedral, before the high altar,

under a tomb about an ell high. When the pulpit in the late civil wars wasplaced at the pillar where now bifliop Overall’s monument is, and the aider-

men’s feats were fixed at the eaft end and the mayor’s feat in the middle at the

high altar, the height of the tomb being an hindrance to the people it was pulled

down. It had, many years before, loft its infeription, which may be feen in

Weaver. The tomb continued demoliflied till 1682, when the prefent altar

tomb, inclofed with iron rails, in the middle of the choir near the fteps of the

altar, was erefted by the dean and chapter, adorned with their arms and thofe

of the fee on the fides and ends, and on the top an infeription faid to be drawnup by Dr. Prideaux, which may be feen in Blomfield, II. 334.

In the north aile of the choir of Hereford,under a pointed arch is the figure of

bilhop Clyve pontifically habited, the top of his crozier broken off, and over himthis infeription.

Dn’s Godfridus de Clyve ep. Hereford, ob. A. 1 1 19,

H22. Robert Bloet, bilhop of Lincoln, who died 1122, was buried in the northtranfept of his church, but had a chapel on the north fide the choir, where it

now remains at the head of Remigius, as already deferibed, p. 11. with three1 The Cathedral. 1

P. 481. He adds bifliop Clyve lies a little above his predccelTor Robert.5 It. VIII. 86. In bar. in/ua bori Robertas de Loreine epifeopur Hcrrfordcn, He calls him de Loreint becaufe he was

a Lorrainer. 4 .uivey of Hereford Cathedral, p, 512 * p, 456.

foldiers

foldiers fleeping on its fouth front. His portrait whole length in pontificaUbtk

painted on the weft wall of the north tranfept is the only memorial of him nowover the place of his atftual interment.

John abbot of Peterborough,who died 1135, had a monument in the cloifter ui -,

there, with his figure in relief in a rich robe ; in his right hand his ftaff piercing3 "

a dragon under his feet, in his left a book : two angels fupport his head. Thismonument is at prefent in the fouth aile of the church. See plate III.

Edith, wife of Robert D’Oiley, foundrefs of Ofeney, who died temp. Hen. I.

had on the north fide of the high altar there a ftone figure in the habit of a vowefs,holding a heart in her hand, and on the wall of the arch over the tomb waspainted the hiftory of her coming to Ofeney, Radulph, her confeffor, waiting onher, and the chattering of the pies Her fon Henry was buried in the middleof the prelbytery, under a flat marble, whereupon was a crofs fleuri.

The figure of Robert Curthose or Courtois, eldeft fon of the Conqueror, 1134;in a chapel in the north aile of the choir at Gloucejier, might pafs for one of thefirft genuine monuments of this age. It is certainly a curiofity in its kind, andits materials befpeak its antiquity. It is made of lrifh oak, in armour, and crofs-legged‘, lying on a tomb of the fame material, and covered by a grating of wire.Tradition fays it was broken in pieces in the civil war, but Sir Hugh Tracey ofStanway bought the fragments, joined them together, and reftorefl them to theirplace at the Reftoration. Leland", however, fays, this image was made longfince this prince’s death, which happened in 1134.

Inftances offepulchral efligies made of wood are not uncommon amongus. I havefeen one of a knight unknown in Buers church, Suffolk

; one in MeJJing church,Effex, called William de MeJJing,

its founder ; and two in Danbury church in thefame county ; a fifth crofs-legged, at Abergavenny

; and a fixth in the fame at-titude in St. Mary Overy’s church in Southwark. William Valence earl ofPembroke, at Wejlminjler

,has both altar-tomb and figure of wood ; and William

Longefpee, earl of Sarum, who died 1226, has a ftone effigy lying on a woodentomb at Salijbury. But there appears no reafon for putting off a prince of theblood with fo cheap a memorial, unlefs from the hard condition to which hisbrother’s injuftice reduced him. His eldeft fon William, earl of Flanders,has a handfomer monument in St. Benin's church at St. Orner’s, engraved bySandford 4 from Vredius 4 with an efcarboucle ‘ on his Ihield, and a very lingularhelmet.

Robert is habited in a hauberk and gorget of mail, a coronet of oak leaves andfleurs de lis alternately

;his right hand croffes his body to draw his fword, which

is pendant from his left fide, and held in his left hand. On his breaft are threelions paffant guardant. The flab of the tomb is adorned with a light border ofleaves and flowers. On the fide are 1. The Confeffor’s arms. 2. G. a lionrampant, O. 3. O. wings, or, as Sandford, three birds flying 4. Per pale Oand ... a fpread eagle S. beakt G. impaling G. three fleurs de lis O. At thehead an efcarboucle

;the fhield at feet broke out. Sandford fays this laft was

the arms of France and England quarterly, which fliew the efcocheons to have* Lei. It. II. 19. 21.1 Mr. Lctheiullier, (Archaeol.il. 294.) obferves, that this Robert was not of the order of Knights Templars in allu-

fion to which fo many figures are fuppofed to be crofs-legged : but he forgot that Robert was a leader in the firft crufadc1095. See Malmfbury, III. 62. b. Probably the other inftances Mr. L. mentions were at leaft of perfons who had takenthis vow. if they did not attually fulfill it.

3 It. IV. 172. 4 P. 17. s Sigilla Com. Flandrix.6 This efcarboucle, which Sandford feems to call Gironne of eight pieces O and Az. an inefcocheon G was the re-

puted arms of the Forrefters and firft earls of Flandefs ; which Sandford well confutes : But quatre if William had itnot from his father on whofe tomb we fee it.

been

ITJ

T3

[ 20 ]

been painted fince the reign of Henry IV. He calls the reft the arms of feveral of

the Worthies. But whence he got his lionJitting in a chair, and holding a pole ax

for the fecond coat I cannot conceive, lince they are plainly as above given, taken

by me, July 27, 1781. He fays that Robert was buried in the choir of St. Peter’s

church at Gloucester, before the high altar: but neither Ordericus Vitalis ’, nor

Gulielmus Gemiticenfis, whom he cites, fay more than that he was buried in

that church. Leland 1fays he is buried in the Prejbytery.

1135. The corpfe of Henry I. was removed from Chateau Lyon, or the royal palace

of St. Denys in the Foreft of Lyon 3 where he died 4,

to St. Mary’s abbey at

Rouen. The next night the fat carcafe was opened in the archbilhop’s cham-

ber, by a Skillful perfon, and embalmed 5. His bowels 6

,brains, and eyes, were

carried in an urn to the town of St. Ermentrude, and buried in St. Mary de la Pre

church, which had been begun by his mother, but finifhed by him. His body,

after having been gafht with knives, and fprinkled plentifully with fait, was

fewed up in bulls’ hides, to avoid the flench, which was fo great as to affect the

afliftants, and the perfon who was hired at a great price to cleave his head with

an ax, in order to extradt the infedted brain, though his own head was wrapt round

with linen clothes, died of the flench. This, fays Hoveden, was the laft of many

who owed their death to king Henry. While the corpfe waited at Caen all the

fait and leather envelope could not prevent a black ftinking matter from oufing

through, which was received in veflels fet under the bier, and thrown away. Ro-

bert de Sigillo bifhop of London, Robert de Vere, John Algafa, and others, both

clergy and laity, conducted the bier (feretrum) through Pont Audomar and

Bonamville, to Caen, where it was kept in the choir of St. Stephen near a month,

waiting for a wind' to bring it to England. After Chriftmas it was conduced from

thence by the monks, and honourably enterred by the king his fucceflor, the

bifhops and nobles, in Reading abbey \ Dr. Stukeley8 fuppofed the chapel of that

houfe was remaining 1721. a large fhell 16 yards by 28, with five lancet femi-

circular windows towards the eaft, and three windows over three weft doors.

Sir Henry Englefield takes this for the hall, 42 feet by 79, and fuppofes the

church intirely deftroyed 9.

it 39. I flattered myfelf I had, by a plaufible conjecture at leaft, afcertained one of

1 . IV. the three tombs of bifhops under the fouth arches of the nave of Salijhury

ig. 1 . cathedral, to Roger third bifhop of that fee after its removal from Sherborne

1P. S93. * VIII. b. 75.

3 Orel. Vit. p. 901. If we believe Robert of Glouccfter, the King had recourfe to the amufement of the chace to

relieve the diltrefs of his mind for fome quarrel between his beloved daughter Maud and her fecond hulband Geffrey earl

of Anjou.“ The kyng hyre fader was old man and drou to feblefle

And the anguyfle of his doght hym dyde more deftreffe,

And akelde hym wel the more, to yt feble he was.

So yt he wende an honteth aday to abbe folas." P. 442.4 Gemetic. p. 309.s Ibi noftu a perito rarnifice in archiprarfulis conclavi pingue cadaver apertum eft, et balfamo fuaveolenti conditum.eft.

Inteftina vero ejus Ermentrudis ad villam in vafe delata funt. Ord. Vit. 901.6 The heart, tongue, and bowels of this prince were buried before the high altar at that time (for it has been fince re-

movedj

of the prion- of Bonnes Nouvelles, or de Preez, at Rouen. (Defc. de haut. Norm. II. 51.)

Kyng Henry brayn and gottes and eyen ybured were

At Reynys in Normandye, and futhe the bones lie here,

Wel yfeld 8e yfode to the abbeye of Rcdyag,

And yburede ys there vayre ynon, as vel to an kyng.

Rob. of Gloc. p. 446. Hoveden, 276. a.

7 Corpus cultellis circumquaque diflecatum 8t fic multo fale afperfum coriis taurinis reconditum eft & confutum,

caufa faetoris evitandi, qui multus Sc infinitus jam circumftantes inficiebat, unde St ipfe qui magno pretio condu&us fecuri

caput ejus diffiderat ut feetidiflimum cerebrum extraheret, quamvis linteaminibus caput fuum obvolviflct mortuus tamen

ea caufa pretio male gavifus eft : hie eft ultimus e multis qilos rex Henricus occidit. Inde vero coipus regium Cadomui.i

fui deportaverunt, ubi dum diu.in ecclefia pofitum in qua pater ejus fepultus erat, quamvis multo fale replctum effet Sc

multis coriis recofiditum tamen continue ex corpore niger humor Sc horribilis coria pertranfiens decurrebat, Sc vafis fub-

pofitis fub feretro fufeeptus a miniftris horrore fatifeenttbus abjiciebatur.

* Itin. Cur. I. p. 59.9 Archatol. VL p. 62.

to

fi. iv.fi.

AJNDO NT)*l°>U -11AA •VAV T> •S'-HAW •

21 ][

to Old Sarum. That it belongs to one of the prelates who fat at the latter place,

and whofe tombs were brought from thence on the removal to Salifbury, is

clear from the evidence of Leland, though he miftakes the north for the fouth

aile The infcription on the pall is given by that induftrious antiquary, and

it is probable that round the edge was never railed above the pavement, till I

procured it to be raifed 1770, and the pavement difpofed round it in fuch a

manner that it can in future receive no injury nor efcape the notice of the cu-

rious. William de Wenda, who wrote the account of the building of the

prefent church, mentions the removal of only three bilhops from Old Sarum,

1226, Ofmund, Roger, and Joceline. The monument of Ofmund the firft

bilhop is well known to be in the Lady Chapel ; Herman anfwers to none of

the characters in the epitaph. Thefe three are the only bilhops of Old Sarumthat could be buried here : the fourth and fifth were tranflated to Canterbury,

and the lixth and laft was buried at Wilton. Of all who filled the new fee,

except one or two of lefs note in the 13th Century, the monuments are well

known in and about the choir, as will be hereafter lhewn in their order.

I conceived the various traits of the epitaph to be decifive in favour of bilhop

Roger. His great influence with his fovereign Henry I. and his reciprocal

mutual efteem for him I traced in the words Principibus gemma reluxit

:

his ad-

miniftration of juftice as chancellor and regent of the kingdom intitied him to

the name of Enfis Juflitice,as did his munificence to his infant church to that

of Pater ecclefue Salejburienjis. His impregnable fortifications, as well as his

irreproachable conduct made that non timuit fajlus potentum ; as his high rank

in the ftate made him clava terrorque nocentum. By his great wealth difpofed

on religious foundations miferos aluit\;and if we confider the fad reverfe of his

fortune in the fucceeding reign, dum viguit is not without its meaning. Thewords infcribed on his pall mole ftrongly mark the diftrefles of his declining

age. After opem, devenies in idem,

is an earneft addrefs to the fympathy of the

fpe&ators, warning them, at the fame time, of the uncertainty of humanevents. The conclufion Prope que tibi qui gemma reluxit feems an addrefs to

the church, reminding her of the luftre he reflected on her while he prefided

as bilhop in her former fituation at Old Sarum. My only difficulty was about

the words de ducibus de nobilibus primordta duxit. He may have been the younger

fon of fome noble family in Normandy, which the maker of the epitaph mayhave known from fome evidences not noticed by general hiftory ; or it mayhave been introduced merely to eke out the line and the verfe. Gervafe de Blois,

Stephen’s baftard, abbot of Weftminfter, 1160, is flyled in his epitaph de regum

genere.

Thefe ideas I had communicated to the Society of Antiquaries, who thought

them worthy of a place in the fecond volume of the Archceologia, p. 188, 8cc.

It has lately been fuggefted to me by a learned member of the church of Exeter

that the laft words of the epitaph fhould rather be read,

Prope quos tumbo quaji or quoque gemma reluxit.

referring to fome memorials of noble or royal perfons interred in this church.

Such, fays he, may lead to a difcovery of this bilhop, whom Mr. Gough, on very

infufficient grounds, fuppofes to be bilhop Roger, who fat from 1101^1139.He then proceeds to quote a paflage from the Continuation of Trivet’s Annals,

that in February, 1309, the water rofe fo high as to come up to the feet of the

kings which Hand at the weft door of the choir here, fo that mafs could not be

1It. HI. 64.

G faid

t « ]

faid for two days He adds, William Longfword, fon of Henry II. died

1226, and is buried in Salifbury cathedral. His fon Nicholas, bifhop of Salif-

bury died 1296 % and is buried near his father, fays Godwin, at the entrance

of St. Mary’s chapel, under a large marble tomb, adorned with brafs plates, and

with the arms of his family.

Nothing gives me greater pleafure than to have the beft founded opinions

controverted in purfuit of truth ; but though I offer mine only as a plaufible

conjecture, and profefs myfelf at a lofs as to the meaning of the word$ in quel-

tion, I cannot adopt the propofed reading for the following reafons. There are

not more noble perfonages buried in Salifbury than in our other cathedrals, andthere are no royal ones. There are not now any figures of kings on the fcreen

of the choir, only twelve arches ftopt up ; and it feems a very forced allufion to

refer to fuch ftatues, which, like the portraits in windows, are frequently the

invention of the artift, and not hiftorical memorials, much lefs fepulchral mo-numents. The reference muft have been to figures eredted, or perfons buried in

the old cathedral ; for that the monument is of that sera muft be admitted fromLeland’s teftimony, to whichever of the bifhops of Old Sarum we refer it, and it

does not appear that any royal bodies lay in that church, though the monu-ments of Longefpee and the other earl of Salifbury might be brought fromthence. Bifhop Longefpee’s tomb, ftript of its brafles, remains to this day in

the place afligned it by Godwin, and we cannot fuppofe the reference reached

from the nave thither.

There is a ftriking conformity between the figure of this bifhop and that of

Leodegaire on a bas-relief inMontfaucon’s Monumens, I. pi. XXXI. p. 348. Thelatter lived in the middle of the feventh century. The monument at Salifbury is of

blue fpeckled marble, with the figure habited in pontificalibus,

his right hand lifted

up to give the blefling, his left holding the crofier. The infcription is cut on the

perpendicular edge or fide all round in large capitals, and continued on the front

of the robe. The letters are of a form which appears to have been in ufe amongthe Romans. On an altar dedicated to Mercury, found at Middleby in Scotland,

and whofe sera is by baron Clerk fixed to the reign of Julian, we fee feveral

letters included in larger ones. But they are more common in the Gothic ages,

as has been fhewn before on the article of letters ufed in epitaphs among us.

None of the antient hiftorians who mention the death of bifliop Roger tell

us where he was buried. Dr. Richardfon 1

fays he was buried in his ownchurch. Browne Willis, in his fhort account of the church at the end of his

Mitred Abbies, only fays he was removed hither ; but neither of thefe writers

produce their authorities. Mr. Price fays, he was placed in the wall of the north aile

of the prefent church, in an arch made for the purpofe, by tradition. The tombIhewn for his by the vergers is that in the north wall of the prefbytery, which

PI. IV. I think belongs to bifhop Mortival, who died 1329, or perhaps to fome inter-

f. 5 . mediate prelate.

If it be objedted, that the three old monuments of bifhops now in the nave,

added to Ofmund’s in the Lady-chapel, make more than Wenda exprefsly fays

were brought from Old Sarum, and that therefore one of them muft be given to

fome prelate of the new fee ; I fubmit to any impartial critic in thefe matters,

whether any of them fuit with the ftyle of the 1 3th century.

I forefee but one more perfon to whom this monument may fuit, and that is

Ofmundy who was of Norman extraction, enobled and inverted with the fame

* A. J309. 16 kal.Feb. Inundatio aquarum qualis non vifa fuit multis annis antea. Ita quod in ecclefia cathedraliSarum aqua ilia regum pedes qui ad oftium chori occidentale aftant atringebat : unde per duos dies non cantabaturniilTa in eadem. Continuatio Triveti, ed. Hall. 1722. p. 7.

1Triveti Ann. * Note on hit life in Godwin.

7 high

[ 23 J

«gh office, and honoured with his confidence, by William I. as Roger was bvHenry I. but if it can be rendered probable that the monks of Salisbury whenthey placed his remains in the Lady chapel, threw this venerable tomb hffo thenave or it ,t can be proved that it was the praftice thus to feparate the corpsand the monument, I confent to this transfer, and admit, that as Lady chapelsare of later date, the corps might be afterwards moved into it, and that thetone now there is a bare memorial erefted after the diffolution

; but ftill I thinkhe would have been lodged originally in a more diftinguilhed place.

The other antient unaffigned tomb in the nave is engraved pi. IV. f. , ,t t mav

belong to bilhop Herman or Joceline.' ^ y

Robert earl of Gloucester, natural fon of Henry I. who died 1

1

47 , was Iu ,buried in the middle of the choir of St. James’s church, Briflol, “in afepulcher“ °f

fe)r mlrble ’ fet uP°n Pillars of a fmall height V’ In his tomb wasfound a writing containing the time of his death and what he was, which abrewer in Britol had K ’ ™ a

Gilbert he Clare earl bf Pembroke, who died u 4 8, 1 4 Stephen, was„ 4 8buried m Tyntern abbey, Glamorganlhire, which his brother Walter had firftfounded. When the late duke of Beaufort had the fcite of this fine churchcleared, to be preferved in a manner worthy himfelf and it, they found a figureof a knight in free-ftone, in complete mail

; his right hand 4 croffes his bread tohts Ihield which is on his left arm

;a dagger in his belt, and encircling around his

flat round helmet j his crofled legs-, with the dog or lion at his feet, were brokenoff, and kept in private hands. The tomb appears to have been very littleraffed from the floor, and to have been divided into two compartments length-wife, without admitting a figure on either hand. A beautiful moulding offlowers and leaves runs round it. Being opened at the time of its difcoverv itwas found to contain the bones of more than two perfons. The tradition ofthe place afcribes this to Strongbow

,fon of Gilbert, Conqueror of Ireland. Buthe is exprefsly find by Leland*, to have been buried 1 176, in the Cllapter-houfe

at Gloucelter, with this infcription

;

Hiejacet Ricardus StrongbowJUius Gilberti comitis de Pembroke.

Above biffiop Melon’s monument at Hereford is a fimilar one for billion „Betune. Over it, ^1148.

D’nus Robertus de Betun epus Herefordenfis.

In the temple church, London, is the figure of Geofrey De MaOnaville, firftearl of Essex, fo created by Stephen, A. D. 114S. He is reprefented in mailwith a furcoat, and round helmet flatted on the top, the nofe-piece of whichvery much refembles that worn by Raoul de Beaumont, who lived 1 2 1 o, in Mont-faucon

, who calls it a bar of iron to defend the nofe from fwords. His headrefts on a cuihion placed lozenge falhion, his right hand on his breaft, a longfword at his light fide, and on lus left arm a long pointed Ihield, charged with

* x;

535- % a green jafper ftone, from Lei. It. 6. icr. b. 1Lei It , h an.

";r£ io ,,,,,

“•ssrst^ r,r^ •* -=see* m s-

an

[ *4 ]

an efcarboucle on a diapered held. The chronicle of Walden-abbey ', which lie

founded, fays, after his creation he augmented his family arms, which were

quarterly A. and G. with an efcarboucle : pojlquam gladio comitis accinHus erat

arma prpgenitorum cum Carbunculo nobililavit . This is the firft inftance of arms

on a fepulchral figure among us. They obtained in France 40 years before.

This noble earl, driven to defpair by the confifcation of his eftates by king

Stephen, indulged in every ait of violence, and making an attack on the caftle of

Bunveil, received his death’s wound, and was carried off by the Templars, who,

as he died under fentence of excommunication, declined giving him Chriilian

burial, but wrapping his body up in lead (canati inclujum plumbeo) hung it on

a crooked tree (torva arbore) in the orchard of the Old Temple, London. Wil-

liam, prior of Walden, having obtained abfolution for him of the pope, made

application for his body, in order to bury it at Walden ; upon which the Temp-

lars took it down, and depofited it in a mean manner, in the cemetery of the

New Temple *. They probably afterwards gave him more honourable fepulture

in the porch before the welt door of the church 3. See pi. V. fig. 1.

1150. Robert Chichester bilhop of Exeter,who died 1x50, was buried on the

Couth fide of the high altar of his church 4. Godwin 5 al'cribes to him a tomb of a

bilhop, contiguous to which, and oppofite to the door leading to the billiop’s

palace, is the monument of a knight of the lame family, as appears by the arms

on his fliield. Leland 1 places the latter tomb in the fouth aile of the choir.

iljS- A blue ftone, with uncial letters, in the fouth ailc of Lincoln choir, maybe

that aiiigned by Willis in his plan to Henry of Huntingdon, who is fuppofed to

have died after the year 1150.

1159. Martin abbot of Peterborough, who died 1T55, had a monument in the

cloiiler there, with his figure holding a crofier and book, treading on a double dra-

gon, \vho bites the pillars of the flowered arch of his canopy. See PI. III. fig. 2.

It is now in the fouth aile of the cathedral.

Waldevus, fecond abbot of Mailros,who died 1159, lies on the fouth fide of

the high altar there, under a tomb of beautiful blue marble, engraved in the fron-

tifpiece to this century, fig. 3. He was fon of Simon de St. Liz, and canonized by

Pope Alexander III. His body being found uncorrupted twelve years after his

death, this polifhed marble was put over him. The cover being raifed by one of

the lay brethren, when they were preparing to lay his fucceffor William the 7th

abbot by his fide 1206, 48 years after his death, there iflued from the tomb an

extraordinary fragrance, and ou applying a candle the corps was feen entire, and

all the veftments were found as frefli and entire as at firft ’. On opening this

tomb a third time (1240) the body was found crumbled to duft [incineratum],

except a few fmall bones which were carried off by the afliftants

» Mon. Ang. I. 448. * lb. 450. 3 lb. 448. This is the circular part of the church in which his figure now lies.

* So bifhop Lvttlc'on, in his obfervations on the cathedral of Exeter, MS. pen. Soc. Ant. s P. 4°*-6 Ic - 111

;

33>

7 Eordun Scotichr. viii. c. 66. Hoc anno, qui eft quadragelimus oftavua a deceflu &ti. Walthevi, hie Willelmus abbas

feptimus poft eura moritur, Sc ut juxta corpus ejus tumularetur provifum eft, tamquam alter Walthevus vita: fanftitate.

Cum vero esmentarii tumulum tanti viri in loco prefato ad dextram ejus conderent, incitantibus quibufdam monachis,

frater Robertas latomus invitus quafi & valdc formidolofus operculum marmoreum tumbae Sti. Walthevi paululum iuble-

vabat, & ecce fuaviffimi odoris fragrantia evaporans illiqs fe infundit naribus ac ft monumentum repletum fuiffet aroma-

tibus. Et quia nofiis crepufculum aderat accenfa candela per aperturam intromifla idem frater ac ceteri circumftantes

introfpiciunt, Sc corpus fanftum integrum, Sc omnia ejus indumenta incorrupta cum integritate & venuftate priftina repe-

ritmt, icil. fex mcnachi & totidem converfi, qui pia ac devota indagine fed prsfumptuola domicilium iUud virtutum

virginitatis balfamo delibutum confpexerunt.

* Chron. Mailros, p. 205.

Gervase

£ 2 5 3

Gerva'se de Blois, natural fon of king Stephen, and abbot of Weftminftcr, i i6o.ivas depofed, and buried 1160, according to Flete, under a little plain black

marble flab, in the fouth cloifter, at the feet of abbot Humez ; (not under the

great fmooth one, commonly called Long Meg of IVeJlminJler,which Keep mis-

takes for it ;) and had this epitaph

De regum genere pater hie Gervafius ecce

Monftrat defunCtus mors rapit omne genus.

The beginning of which refembles bifhop Roger’s at Sarum. Matthew Paris

fays % he was clarior genere quam moribus,and charges him with mif-fpending

the revenues of his church. Mr. Widmore afligns the middlemoll: of thk three

ftones now in the cloifter to him;but Dart denies it. Sandford gives the epitaph

in the Gothic capitals 3.

In the fouth wall of Trinity, or Beckct’s, chapel, at Canterbury, oppoflte the 11 bo,

tomb of the Black Prince, “ we fee one of a Angular form, fo unlike all the“ monuments Ance the Conqueft that I have met with the descriptions of, that“ I Should look on it as a piece of Saxon antiquity rather than Norman : per-“ haps brought hither to be preferved as Such after this chapel was built. It

“ was deflgned to ftand clofe to a wall, but is not fo here. It is Shewn as the“ tomb of archbilhop Theobald [who died 1160], but there is very little rea-“ fon to think it So. It has been conjectured to be that of St. Anfelm

; but of“ this there is no probability. His remains were depoflted in the old chapel at

“ ftrft dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, but from his being entombed there“ called St, Anfelm’s chapel to this day. This chapel efcaped the Are, and here“ it is probable his bones refted till the demolition of Becket’s Shrine, when it is

“ much more reasonable to believe his remains Shared the Same fate, than that

“ the commiSAoners for destroying all remains of fuperftition here would re-tc move his bones from the chapel where they had been worshipped to

-

a more“ honourable place. St. Anfelm being a native of Piedmont, in king George“ the Second’s reign the king of Sardinia defired to have his remains lent over“ to him, and his ambaSSador had Succeeded So far as to obtain leave and<{ authority to have a Search made for the purpofe. A perfon commiSAoned to“ make this Search applied to a member of this cathedral, whom he thoughttl belt able to aSAft in his enquiry, and inform him whether this tomb might“ not probably contain the remains of that prelate ; but was fo fully convinced“ by him that all Search after any Such relics would be fruitlefs, that the monu-“ ment was left entire, and the deAgn laid aAde. The writer of this account“ gives this from his own knowledge 4.”

After Such authority as is here adduced it would be prefumption in me to fug-

geft a conjecture, that from the form of the monument, refembling a fhrine,

and the four heads on it in high relief, two mitred, one Ihorn, and the fourth

covered with a cap, it may have been the depoAtary of the reliques of Some pre-

late who Ailed this fee in the Saxon times. Godwin 5 adopts the tradition that

gives it to Theobald. “ Sepultus fertur (fays he) ab auftrali parte facelli quod“ D. Thomas dicitur ; tumulum vidimus marmoreum Satis elegantius fere ad“ teBi formam fajiigiatum."

As it may Seem a little extraordinary that archbilhop Becket had no other

tomb than his fhrine, I lhall beg leave to transcribe a little more from Mr.Goftling. In a MS order of chapter appropriating the vaults to the preben-

daries among Mr. Somner’s collections the ftrft prebendary is to have the vault

' Dart. II. xiv. Widmore, p. 26.1 Vit. Ab. St. Alb. p. 73. 3 P. 44;

4 Golling’s Canterb. p. abS, 269. s P. 71.

H called

[ 26 ]

called Bifhop Bechet's t'onib under our Lady’s chapel. Mr. Somner corrects this above

our Lady’s chapel. Mr. Goflling obferves, that the aflailins threatning to return*

and call his body out a prey to birds and beads, the monks buried him privately

next day, in the vault under the eajl end of the church,and in a new farcophagus

of marble. Without flopping to account for thofe threats, this hafty burial,

and this new marble tomb procured on a fudden, Mr.Goftling conceives he was laid

in a common grave. This grave he thinks was opened in archdeacon Batteley’s

time, who had a ftone in the undercroft taken up, under which was found a

grave, with no remains of corps or coffin, but all perfedlly clean, the earth

having probably been difpofed of, as an invaluable relic. Mr. Goflling goes on to

conjecture that the circular tower added to the eaft end of Trinity chapel, and to

this day called Bechet's crown ,was eredted in honour of him, the ground room

defigned for a chapel to be dedicated to him, and an altar to be prepared

there, for the reception of his relics, when it fhould be thought proper to

remove them thither : that this ffiould be called the tomb of St. Thomas, ra-

ther than his chapel, by way of diftindion;

for other churches might foon have

chapels or altars to him, but his tomb was only to be found here : that there-

fore this place was called his tomb even when it was carrying up, and com-municated its name to the adjoining vault, through which was the way to it, as

his ffirine did that of the martyr, to the whole church not long after : that

over this chapel fhould be one of our Lady, perhaps in allufion to his having

invoked her with his laft breath. That there was fuch a chapel in this tower

appears from the place and dimenfions of an altar to be feed in the pavement,

and from the flops up to it, and that it was dedicated to the Virgin Mary appears

from a figure of her ftill in the window over it. If it be objected, that no figns

of a tomb appear in the place which Mr. Goflling propofes to call by that name,he anfwers, that the votaries becoming too numerous for this chapel to contain

them, the monks tranflated the body to the more capacious one of the Trinity,

where the flirine could be feen on all Tides. Gervafe fays, Becket was buried in

a little chapel added at the outfide of the circular wall at the eaft end of the

church, in which he was particularly fond of performing his devotions. Ananonymous correfpondent of Mr. Goftling’s has alfo accounted for the delay of

tranllating 36 years, from 1184 to 1220, that the monks waited till they hadan archbilhop fo zealoufly attached to their interefts, and fo obfequious to the

Pope, as to confent to give up the profits of this flirine to them from the fee.

This archbifhop they found in Stephen Langton '. The chapel at the eaft endcalled Bechet's crown was begun about this time, but left unfinifhed at the dif-

folution, till a citizen of Canterbury gave £ 100, 1748, to complete and bring

it to its prefent figure \ Erafmus deferibes the flirine as a coffin of wood covering

another of gold (i. e. plated with gold, or gilded metal) 3, and drawn up from

it by pullies and ropes. “ The flirine (fays Stow) was builded about a man’s“ height, all of ftone, then upward of timber plain, within which was a chtffl

“ of iron, containing the bones of Thomas Becket, fcull and all, with the wound<c of his death, and the piece cut out of his fcull laid in the fame wound 4

. The“ timber

1 Godwin (p. 77.) infinuates, that the body was not taken out of the fibltrrancous crypt -where it was firft buriedtill its tranflation and enfhrinement in the eaft part of the church.

* Goftling, lb. 111, in.Sub capfa ex auro puriffimo fabrefadta k lapidibus pretiofis innumerabilibus, margarhis nitentibus velut porta

Jerufalem, & gemmis corufcantibus ornata, ac etiam imperiali diademate coronata. Symeon. 6.4 He fhould have added the point of Sir William Traci the fourth afrafTin’s fword, which broke off againft the pave-

ment, after cutting off the top of his fculljt'fo that the brain came out.

In thulke ftede the verthe fmot, yt the other adde cr ydo.And the point of is fuerd brec in the marbrefton a tuo.

Zat thnlkc. point at Canterbury the monckes lateth witeVor honor of the holi man yt therewith was ifmite.

With thulke ftrok he fmot al of ye fcolle Sc eke the crouneThat the brain ora al ebrod in the pauiment ther donne. (Robert of Glouc. p. 476.)

6In

C *7 j

tc timber work of this ilirine on the outfide was covered with plates of gold, da-maiked with gold wire, which ground of gold was again covered with jewels

“ of S°W. as rings» 10 or 12 cramped with gold wire into the faid ground of“ gold, many of thofe rings having Hones in them, broches, images, angels,

Preaous ft°nes, and great pearls; the fpoil of which ilirine in gold and

“ Preclous ftones, filled two great chefts, one of which fix or feven ftrong men“ could do no more than convey out of the church at once; all which was“ taken t0 the king’s ufe, and the hones of St. Thomas, by command of the“ lord Cromwell, were then and there burned to aihes, in September, 1 53 8.

30 Hen. VIII The figure of this ilirine, engraved by Vaughan in theMonafticon *, from a Cotton MS. and copied by Dart, allowing for bad draw-mg, may bear fome refemblance to that of the Confeffor, fuppofing the archesbelow to be drawn out of proportion. “All above theftone work was wood TheChnodic » were fet with gold and jewels, covered with gold plates, and bound withgilt bands, like bracelets, fet with jewels, adorned with figures of Genii and ringsto the number of about ten or twelve, forming a golden circle. Thefe facred fpoilsfilled two large chefts, which fix or eight of the ftrongeft men could hardly carryout of the church. A rich jewel, with an angel carved on it* [probably an antiquegem with a viiftory], which had been offered by the king of France, Henry VIII.had fet in a ring, which he wore on his thumb. The iron cheft below containedthe bones; fcull, and broken part of the latter, which occaiioned his death.The three bouquets on the top of the ihrine were gilt, and weighed two ofthem fixty ounces, the middlemoft eighty ounces 5.”

In the fouth aile of the choir at Hereford, under a pointed arch, with two 1167.borders of lilies, and a biihop's head in the point, and two at the bafes, is thefigure, pontifically habited, of biihop Melun, who died 1167. Above ispainted*

D niis Robertus de Melun, epus Herefordenfis,

Obiit A. 1167*

The emprefs Maud, mother of Henry II. was buried, according to Hoveden 6

, 1 1 67.at Rouen, m the abbey, or rather priory, of St. Mary de Prd, or des bonnesnouvelles. But the Chronicle of Bee fays, in that abbey before the high altarwhere her corps was found 1282, ante fede»i majoris aliens, done up in anoxs hide, and that in 1421, the Englifli, in plundering the monaftery, laidopen the tomb of the emprefs, which is in the middle of the choir. Laftly inrepairing this altar, February, 1684, they found her bones diredlly under thelamp which burns before the holt, and taking them up, inclofed them in a wood-en cheft, with leaden plates. A copper tomb was made, to perpetuate her me-mory, and the bones were depofited in the fame place the 2 2d of December fol-lowing 7

.

'M tZfj'r',h' PT!t E

'?fin 'h' "f T™“>' ““l* 1

. « tword'a point

and wrote hi, life V. T s t u W3S cLrofs -bMrer *° Beckct, and had hi, arm almoit cut offin defending him

Loin- th kf

’f}

’ ?Ugh,. the fabdeacon, who had joined himfelf to the aflaifins at Canterbury fcooued fut hilbrains with the point of a fword, and fcattered them over the pavement. Lyttelton’s Hid. of Henry U IV 261th

B*res

wthe

ftV

hrec ffns

°r tl,e fouth porch of the cathedrai*Tuf !, Fuji 1, Bern. We mud fuppofe he overlooked the fourth figure (for there are four empty niches I and mve lforeign found to the names of Tracy, Fit« Ur/e, and Briton. Patrick’s note in loc,

“d a

Chron. p. 576. Ed. Howes. GofUing, p. 278. m . i. 2UJ Clenodium or clinodium, a trinket or jewel, bijou. Du Cange

Robert

E *s ]

1170. Robert Fitz Hardyng, who founded the Auftin Monaftery at Bnjlol and died

1170, has onthefauth fide of the beautiful Lady chapel in that cathedral, under

a canopy, an altar tomb, with his figure in com pleat armour, and a lion at his

feet, and that of his wife Eva by him. At their feet is a fhield, with their

arms projecting from the wall, and at their head a modern infcription, probably

put up when the whole was repaired, 1742.

1 17 1. Henry de Blois, brother to king Stephen, who died bifhop of Winchester

Xi 7 1, was buried before the high altar of his church. Some have fuppofed

this the church of Clugni ;but on new paving the choir at Wincheiter, about

25 years ago, they, difcovered, clofe on the right hand of Rufus’s tomb, almoft

by the bifhop’s throne, juft below the furface, a ftone coffin, containing an en-

tire fkeleton, which fome imagined the body of Canute ; but others, more juftly

that of this prelate. It was wrapt in a brown and gold mantle, with traces of.

gold round the temples; a wooden crofs about two yards long and of the fize

of a common walking ftick lay by its fide, and a large gold ring with a ftone

of great value, which was lodged in the treafury.

e 1 76. Five' years after comes the laft of the three abbots of Weftminfter before

mentioned, Laurentius, whofe name is now cut over an unmitred figure, con-

rary to what one would expert for the man.who procured the mitre for this

houfe. This figure fhews a fimple religious ;it never had any thing abbatial about

it, though Keepe 1

defcribes it as having mitre, ring, and paftoral ftafF. See plate I.

The form of the ftone is uncommon, and I do not recoiled another inftance.

Mr. Widmore 1 has appropriated this to Vitalis ;Dart 3

,from the mitre, gives

the tomb infcribed Vitalis to a later abbot (Humez, 1222), but it is moft likely

that his tomb was mifplaced or broken at the rebuilding of the church by

Henry III. The epitaph preferved and once, fays Mr. Dart, cut in the ftone ledge

of it, was as follow's :

Clauditur hoc tumulo vir quondam clarus in orbe,

Quo praeclarus erat hie locus, eft, 8c erit.

Pro meritis vitae dedit ilia laurea nomen,

Detur ei vitae laurea pro meritis.

1178. Richard de Lucie, chief juftice of England, who firft planned the juftices

of aflize throughout the realm, was buried 1178, in the abbey of Lefnes, which

he -founded 1177. In WeeveFs time fome workmen digging for ftones on the

fite of the church, found feveral ftone coffins, and a handfbme freeftone effigy

of an armed knight, his l\vord hanging at his fide in a broad belt, on which

were engraved many fleurs de lis 4,lying on a flat marble, which lay as a lid to a

tomb of white fmooth hewn afhler ftone, in which wrapt in a fheet of lead

lay his dry body, whole and undisjointed, having on its head fomething like hair 5.

Sir John Hippifley, the owner, covered it up, and planted on it a bay tree, flou-

rifliing 1753. His fon GeofFry, bifhop of Winchefter who died 1204, was alfo

buried here, being a benefactor.

1 181. ArchbifliOp Roger’s is the oldeft monument in the cathedral at York. It is

wrought in the north wall of the nave, under a furbaft or elliptical arch, furround-

ed by a fafeia of very rude oak leaves, projecting in the middle, with an angel or

‘ P. 180.1

P. 29. * II. xix. but p. xi he acknowledges his miftake.4 Weever fuppofed the fleurs de lis a rebus of the name of Lucy ; but befides that this would be founded only on the

corruption of Jlower dt luce, this ornament is not unfrequent on belts and in the diapering of fliiekls.

* They found other fuch ftatues of men and one of a woman, with many grave-lloncs and banes. Wecv. 77;.

Suikelcy, Arch. I. 47. Hafted. 1 . 102.

figure

t "9 ]

figure in relief. The front of the tomb is compofed of pierced quatrefbilsj

through which, Mr. Drake ‘ fays, may be felt with a ftick his leaden coffin,

which feems alfo to have been laid in the wall. He died 1 1 8 1

.

Henry fon of Henry II. who died n8l, has a tomb on the fouth fide ofnSst

the altar at Rouen, with his figure, royally robed and crowned (he having been

crowned in his father’s life time) a lceptre furmounted by a bouquet in his left,

his right on his breaft, a long belt, and his mantle fattened on his bread by

a fibula *. He was firtt buried at Mans, but foon after, by his father’s com-

mand enforcing his own bequeft, at Rouen 3.

Mr. Dart 4 afcribes to Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Weftminfter, who died 1184,11841

the middlemoft figure in the fouth cloifter, at the feet of Vitalis, which he ob-

ferves has no mitre, that being acquired afterwards, by Laurence, between 1160

and 1176; but Mr.Widmore thinks his graveftone is not remaining. It was of

black marble, and had this epitaph not legible in Flete’s time

:

Hie pater infignis, genus altum, virgo, fenexque,

Gilleberte, jaces ;lux, via, duxque tuis.

Mitis eras, juftus, prudens, fortis, moderatusi

Doctus quadrivio, nee minus in trivio

Sic tamen ornatus nece fexta luce Decembris

Spiramen coelo reddis, 8c offa folo.

Flete fays it was in eadem tumba marmorea fculptum. Widmore, round the torfib,

Petrus Blefenfis gives him and Geffrey abbot of Croyland this common cha-

rafter. “ Ambos Franciae genitos Sc nutritos, ambos in feptem liberalibus artibus

“ infignes dodtores, fenfu celebres, fenio reverendos s .”

Henry 11 . who died 1189, and was buried at Fontevraud

,

had a monument 1189

there in the ftyle of the time. It is a figure without a beard or whilkers, roy-

ally robed and crowned. His mantle is now Azure, his furcoat red embroidered

with flowers and lozenges, and his mattrefs with croffes and lozenges, a culhion

under his head. On the back of each hand a jewel, which Montfaucon ‘ knew

not what to make of, and which appears hi Dr. Stukeley’s print of king John’s

effigy 1. This figure, with thofe of his queen, his fon Richard I. and Ifabel wife

of king John, were removed from their original tombs, and laid together on

one altar-tomb, under a magnificent arch, highly ornamented with emblema-

tic figures and feftoons, 8cc. by the abbefs of Fontevraud, daughter of

Henry IV. of France, 1638, who fent Sandford a drawing of it by her own

feenographer,—to whom it does no eredit.

The manner of this king’s burial was as follows. He was cloathed in royal

robes, a crown of gold on his head, gloves8 on his hands, boots of gilt wrought

work, and fpurs on his legs % a great ring on his finger, his feeptre in his hand,

his fword by his fide, and his face uncovered In this manner we may fup-

pofe fucceeding kings were buried, and their effigies on the tombs copied from it.

Edward I. was found in nearly the fame circumftances, and Henry Ill’s ftatue

anfwers to this idea. The four figures fingly are engraved by Montfaucon,

1P. 421.

1 Montf. Mon. II. p. 114. pi. xv. 3.3 Chron. Norman, p. 1004. Sandf. 67. 4 Append, xiii,

5 Contin. Ingulphi, p. 130.6 Mon. ll. 114. pi. xv. 1.

1 Itin. I. pl.xviii.

* Sandf. 64. calls them white, but the original gives no colour.

9 Calceamenta auro texta in pedibus et calearia. M. Par. boots of gilt leather and gilt fpurs, Sandford.

10 Math. Paris, p. rji. Sandf. 71.

HisI

'His epitaph infcribcd on his tomb is thus given by Matthew Paris, the thirdJine alluding to a common faying of his, that “ the whole world was not fufficient“ for a great prince ' and the laft to the dying words of Severus to his urn :

“ Thou wilt hold the man whom the w hole world could not contain

Rex Henricus eram, mihi plurima regna fubegi,

Multiplicique modo, duxque comefque fui.

Cui fatis ad votum non effent omnia terne

Climata terra modo fufficit octo pedum.Qui legis hate penfa diferimina mortis, &. in meHumanae fpeculum conditionis habe.

Sufficit hie tumulus cui non fufficerat orbis.

At the corners of the tomb the abbefs placed two modern kneeling ftatues ofwhite marble, of Joan queen of Sicily, third and youngeft daughter of Henry II.

who died 1195, and of her fon by her fecond huiband Raymond, earl of T011-loufe

; who both had tombs and figures in this church 3.

1189. On the north wall of the Prefbytery at Wincbejler is this Infcription for bi-fhop Toclive :

Prtefulis egregii paufant hie membra Ricardi

Toclive, cui fummi gaudia funto poli.

Obiit Anno 1189. 4

II9T. In the fouth wall of the fouth tranfept at Exeter is an altar tomb, withquatrefoils at the fides and ends, and a black marble ilab, the brafs gone. Thisis the place aifigned by Leland 5 to bifirop John. If this means John who waspromoted from the chanterlhip of this church 1 1 86, and died 1191, I doubt amonument adorned with braffes does not fait this early period. No other biihopof this name was before Leland’s time buried here.

1197. The heart of William Longchamp, fourth bifliop of Ely, -who died 1 197,and was buried abroad, was depofited in a little marble tomb near the altar ofSt. Martin ' in his cathedral 6

. He gained the confidence of Richard I. whopromoted him to the higheft dignities in the itate.

1 1 9 8. Under an arch on the north-weft fide of the choir at Worcejter is a defaced mo-nument of a bifliop, lying on a double cufiiion, and at his feet two lions. Johnde Constantiis, who died 1 1 98, was buried on the north fide of the altar, inor near this fpot. Gifford, in the next century, eredted himfelf a handfome tombin the fame place,juxta magnum altare a dextra parte, fays his will

; but by orderof the archbifhop of Canterbury, January, 1302, John’s remains were replacedhere, and Gifford was entombed on the oppofite fide of the altar \

1198. In the fouth wall of Little Dunmow church, Effex, is an altar tomb of alabafter,with the figures of a knight in armour, his helmet under his head !

, his hair cutround ; his feet with the lion at them broken off. His lady has the mitredhead-drefs richly flowered, a rich ftomacher and necklace

;and at her feet,

which are wrapt in her robe, two dogs. On the north fide of the tomb are

icpe1Dio, lxxvi.

V Util) u3 Sandford adds an 8th line,

Res brevis ell ampla cui fuit ampla brevis.Godwin, 217. Warton, 102.

3 It. III. 32. 6 Richardfon on Godw. p. 254. ex MS. Barlow. Bentham’s Ely, p. 144.Q. it not the firft inftance of the helmet under the head.

7 Green, p. 72.

fhieUs,

'l.l/.J

t ]

finelds, alternately pendant and held by ravages; Fitzwalur fingie and impalingVane O. and Az. or G. and A. Bohun, or Bobun quartering Az. an inefcocheoiiG. on a chevron 3 eftodes S. tingle, and impaling Bobun. A Fitzwalter (hieldl refcued from the head of a grave in the churcli-yard. The whole monumenthas buffered by removing from before the high altar, when the chancel wasde-molifhed at the dlflblution. It is afcribed to Walter F,tzwalter, who died1190, 10 R. I. and his fecond wife Matilda Bohun.

His grandaughter Matilda, who is faid to have been poifoned by king Johnabout the beginning of the next century for refufmg his folicitations and ac-cord.ng to the Chronicle of Dunmow in the Monafticon II. 76. was buried interduas columpnas m cboro ex parte meridional!, has now a monument overagainfthim. Her hgure of alabafter has on its head a covering like a woollen night-cap, a collar of SS. a necklace of pendants, falling from a rich embroidered necker-chief, a rich girdle, her fleeves clofe to her wrift, and flit there. , Her fingersflamed with a red colour, which they pretend reprefents the effeft of the poifonut more probably retaining traces of original painting, are loaded with rings’

there being two on fome of them; on her left little finger two together, on the

third one, on the fecond two feparate, on both thumbs one fquare, and one onthe middle, third, and little fingers of the right hand. Her face is round andfull, but rather unmeaning. At her head two angelsj at the fide of her feettwo dogs This figure with its flab is now laid on a grey altar tomb, decoratedwith flnelds in quatrefoils parted by pairs of arches, and evidently of a moremodern ftyle Though this fituation above afligned will fuit the prefent choir,it mill be obferved, that what now ferves as choir is only the eaft end of thefouthaile, all the reft being pulled down; fo that the bodies to which thefetombs originally belonged are probably in the ploughed field

1

that now occupiesthe lite or the cnoin r

I am indebted to the pencil of my ingenious and lamented friend Mr. Tyforitor the drawings of thefe monuments. PI. VI. 1 Sc 2, 8c PI. VII.

Andrew the third abbot, inthefouth wali ofthefouth aile of the choir at 1100Peterborough, has a rich Gothic canopy, and holds a book and a crofier piercing adragon at his feet. Thefe three porphyry figures were brought from threearches of the chapter houfe now remaining in the fouth wall of the cloifters-and over them is written on the wall,

IIos tres abbates, quorum eft prior abba Johannesj

Alter Martinus, Andreas ultimus, unus

Hie claudit tumulus; pro claufis ergo rogemus;

Thefe three, buried in one grave, were John 1 8th abbot; who died niqMartin 20th, n 53, and Andrew 23d, ugq'.

Below them lies a fourth, under an arch in the wall, without any animal.In a chapel in the fouth aile is a fifth abbot with book and crofier, piercing

a double-headed dragon. This figure, which feems the oldeft of the five has notbeen afligned to any particular abbot. See plate III.

In the fouth aile of the choir at Hereford bilhop Vere, third fon of Aubrey „„„de Vere, firft earl of Oxford, who died 1 r 99 , has the fame arch and figure as hispredeceffors Clyve, Betune, Foliot, and Melun, with this infeription,

D’nus Gulielmus le Vere Epifcopus Herefordenfis.Obiit. A. 1 199.

And the arms of Vere. This tomb is railed in.

1

Willis, 488. Gunton, ay.

Bifliop

[ 3 * 1

«(hop Godwin juftly obferves, that thefe font monuments, with the figures

on them! holding crofters in their left hand, and bleffing with the right, arefo

exadly alike that nothing but the place and rank diftinguifh them.

, IqQ Richard I. who died 1199, and was bnried at the feet of his father had a

tomb at Fontevraud, with his figure in beard and whlikers, royally robed and

crowned, his mantle adorned with flowers and lozenges (now as well as his tunic

painted) and jewels on his hands, which are laid on lus breaft and belly ’. This

Lure is now on the modem maufoleum. The fame king has another figure on

the tomb, in which his heart was interred at Rouen. It has no beard, and the

crown is different ;his right hand hangs down, his left holds a fceptre, fur-

mounted by a bouquet ;a fibula like that of Henry II. but longer, confines his

robe on the breaft ;and a long ftudded belt is round his waift ». His bowels

were buried at Chalons; Sandford - fays, in difgrace of their unthankfulnefs,

which if he means it as a reflexion on the bowels, 1. e. the king himfelf,

who behaved fo very ungratefully to his father, the punifhment ihould have

been inflided on his heart ;if on the city of Chalons, it feems none ; for bodies,

hearts, and bowels, were, at that time of day, frequently buried in different

places 5.

Two wooden figures of crofs-legged knights, under arches in the north aile

of Danbury church, Effex, are by Mr.Morant 6 referred to fome ot the St. Clere

family, who had lands there from the reign of Stephen to that of Edward II,

and probably founded this aile. The Darcies, to whomWeever’, from the

current tradition of the place, afcribes them, were not lords here till the end of

the i eth century. They are engraved, PI. VII. 3, 4 - from drawings by Mr. Tyfon,

who much admired the elegance of their workmanfhip. There is a great re-

fcmblance between them and the monuments in the Temple church.

In opening a grave, Odober or November, 1779, near this fpot, was found

a leaden coffin, in which was enclofed a body, preferved in fome fort of liquor.

As far as the liquor covered it the body was well preferved : the hands were re-

markably perfed, the nofe decayed. This difcovery led Mr. Tyfon, who com-

municated it to me, to conclude with great probability that the above figures were

not lids of coffins.

p. 484.1 Montf. II. 1 14. xv. 4.

3 Montf. II. 114. xv. 5.

s See his epitaph, Sandf. 79.’ 6

Hift. of Eflcx, II. 30.

4 P. 79 *

7 P. 640,

Ye heavenly fpirits, whofe afhy cinders lie

Under deep mines, with huge walls oppreft,

But not your praife, the which Ihall never die

Through your fair verfes, ne in allies reft:

If fo he ftirilling voice of wight alive

May reach from hence to depth of darkeft hell,

Then let thefe deep abyfles open rive,

That ye may underftand my fhrieking yell.

Thrice having feen, under the heaven’s veil,

Your tombs devoted compafs over all,

Thrice unto you with loud voice I appeal.

And for your antique Fury here do call.

Spenser, Ruines of Rome.

/?33.

/i’tf.F. , :y l\CENTURY XIIL

HE XHIth Century fliould open with St. Hugh the Burgundian, bifhop 120a.

of Lincoln, who had a magnificent fhrine and filver cheft,- into which

his reliques were tranflated by the kings of England and France, 1282, 5 John,behind the high altar of his cathedral. Only the traces of it remain in the pave-ment. It has been fucceeded by a table monument, eredted by bifhop Fuller, be-

tween 1667 and 1675 ;with an infcription, which may be feen in Browne Willis*

account of the cathedral The monument or fhrine commonly afcribed to him/and engraved by Dr. Stukeley % was fuppofed by Mr. Lethieullier to be that of

Hugh> a child, crucified and canonized 40 Henry III. I fhall infert here his account

at large* in a letter to Mr. Gale, printed in the Archaeologia, I. 26.“ In looking over the feveral monuments within the cathedral of Lincoln I

took particular notice of the poor remains of one in the ifle on the fouth fide

“ the choir, which I recolledted the author of theltinefrarium Curiofum had given“ a draught of as entire (without mentioning from whence he had his authority),

“ and called it the fhrine of St. Hugh the Burgundian, bifhop of this fee.

“ The fiory of this bifhop is well known. We are told, that in regard to his

“ fandlity he was carried to his grave on the fhoulders of two kings : that heu was interred at the eaft end of this church, which he had built, and had a“ fhrine eredted over his grave, which in the inventory of the riches of this

“ church (an original of which was fhewn me in their archives) is faid to have“ been of gold, the marks of which ftill remain in the pavement and againff

“ the pillar 3 where it ftood, and in its place, bifhop Fuller* a great reftorer of“ the antiquities of this church, placed a table tomb, with an infcription on it

tf that has frequently been publifhed.

“ Now I believe there is no infiance of the fame faint having two fhlines“ dedicated to him in the fame church, and from what I have above faid we mayu therefore conclude, that the forementioned fhrine in the fouth aille never belong-“ ed to St. Hugh the bifhop; but fome other faint mull be looked for to hallow' it.

1

P 49*2

I f Cur. I. pi. xxix.3 This pillar is the firft North Eaflern one from the back of the high altar: but it maybe doubted, whether the holes

on the pavement, and marks of irons in the pillar, did not rather belong to another monument. It fhouldfcem that toeflrrine would occupy the centre of the area, or nearly the fite of the tomb crefted by Bifhop Fuller.

K “ This

34 Ic

“ This faint I think I may venture to affirm was a child named Hugh, who“ was crucified by the Jews dwelling in the city, 40 Henry III. and whofeil torments in the Chriftian caufe were in the zeal of that age thought lufficient“ to merit canonization. But before I attempt to prove that this fhrine was“ eredted to this infant faint it feems neceftary to produce fome evidence that“ fuch an one ever exifted : fince M. Rapin, in his hiftory of the reign of“ Edward I. fpeaking of the baniffiment of the Jews out of England by the fol-“ lowing paffage calls in queftion the certainty of any fuch crime having ever“ been committed. As for the imputation, fays he, of crucifying, from time“ to time, Chriftian children, one may almolt be fure that it was only acalum-“ ny invented by their enemies. But to omit all the retailers of this ftory,“ which are many, I refer you at once to Matthew Paris, an hiftorian of veracity“ and credit, and who probably could not be impofed upon in a fadt he was con-“ temporary with, it happening about five years before his death.

“ That author has given us the ftory in a very full manner, which I ffiall not“ trouble you with repeating, but only obferve, that he tells us the name of“ the child was Hugh, and that the canons of Lincoln procured his body, and“ buried it honourably in their cathedral

“ M. Paris’s relation is fully confirmed by the two records you fent me copies“ oi ; the one being a commiffion from the king to Simon Paffelewe and William“ de Leighton to feize to the king’s ufe 1 domos 1

quse fuerunt Judaeorum Line.“ fulpenforum pro puero ibidem crucifixo,’ and the other a pardon to one John

I fhall lay before the reader the original account at large.“ Anno quoque fub eodem [ia S 5l circa feftum apoftolorum Petri St Pauli Judati Lincoln!* furati funt unum puerumHugonem nomine, habemem state odto annos Et cum ipfum in quodam conclavi fecretiilimo lade & aliis puerilibus

ahmentis nutrirent, milerunt ad omnes fere Anglia.- civitates in quibus Jud*i degeba.it, St convocavcrimt de unaquaqueciyitatc aliquos Judamrum, ut in contumcliam & opprobrium Jefu Chrifti in.ereffent facrificio fuo Lincoln!*. Habebantemm, ut d.ccbant, quondam puerum abfeonditum ad crucifigendum. Et convcnerunt multi Lincolni*. Et conveniencesconltituerunt unum Judsum Lincolmenfem pro judice tanquam pro Pilato ; cujus judicio St omnium favore affeftus eftpuer diverlis tormentis, verberatus ell ufquead cruorem& Iivorem, fpinis coronatus, Sdputis & cachinnit lacelfitus Et infu-per & fingul is punfius cultcllis qui dicitur Jnclatis *, potatus felle, derifus probiis Sc blafphemiis, Sc crebroab iifdem fren-dentibus Jefus pleudopropheta vocatus. Et poftquam diverfimode illuferant ei crucifixerunt : & lancea ad cor pupu-gerunt. Cum expiraflet depofuerunt corpus de cruce, & nefeirur qua ratione evifccrarunt corpufculum

; dicitur autemquod ad magic,is artes cxercendas Mater autem pueri filium fuum abfentem per aliquot dies diligenter qutefivitdictumquc ei a vicinis quod ultimo viderunt puerum quern quarfivit ludentemeum pueris Judatorum fibi coztaneis & domumJuiUci cujuldam intrantem. Intrayit igitur mulier iubito domum illam, 8t vidit corpus pueri in quondam puteiim prieci-pttatum. ht caute convocatis civitatis ballivis inventum ell corpus & extraftum. Et fadtum eft mirabile ipeftaculumin popnlo Mulier autem mater pueri qucrula Sc clamofa omnes cives in uno convenientcs ad lachrymas St fufpiria pro-vocavit. Lrat autiin ibidem donunus Johannes deLexintona, virquidem circiimfpeftus & dil'cretus, infuper eleganter lite-ratus, qui ait, audivimus qunndoque quod talia Jutlii in opprobrium Jefu Chrifti domini nollri crucifix! non funt veritiattemptarc. ht capto uno Judoto in cujus domum (cilicet intravit puerludens, 8t ideo aliis fufpediore, ait illi, ‘ Miftr nefei.quotl tc Icliintis manct mteritus? Totum aurum Anglia: non fufficeret ad ereptionem tuam aut redemptionein. Verun-

‘ tai,,en dlc:"‘? tft

3 ' 1,c'ct

.

'nd'gno qualiier poteris vitam tuam refervare, St membra ne mutileris. Utcunque te falvabo, fiqumciinqiie in hoc cafu agumur line talf, ftamine mihi pandere non formides.’ Judams igitur ille, cui nomen CWW ficcrcdens viam mven.fie evaiioms relpondit d.cens, ‘ Domine Johannes, li diftis fafla compenfus pandam tibi mirabilia.’ Etanimavit eum &: llimiilavit ad hoc domini Johannis induftria. Et ait Judaius ;* Vera funt qua: dicunt Chriftiani. Tudsei

. ,,

cluo

.

et anno unum puerum in injuriam 8c contumcliam Jefu crucifigunt. Sed non quolibet anno comperitur. Oc-culte emm hoc faciunt St locis abfcondms St fccretillimis. Hunc autem puerum, quern Hugonem vocant, immilericordi-ternoltri Jutla-i crucifixerunt, & cum obnflet,& niortuumvellentabi'condere non potuit obrui in terra nec abfeondi. Inutileemm reputabatur, corpus infontis augurio; ad hoc enimevifeerabatur, 8t cum mane putatur abfeonditum eddidit illud terra.

,.

evoniult>& apparuit corpus aliquotie* inhumatum fupra terram; unde abhorruerunt Judtei. Tandem in puteum preci-

,P‘ta,Um c ncc annuc lamen potuit occultari. Mater enim improba omnia perferutando tandem corpus inventum balli-

vis mt.mavit Dommus autem Johannes tenuit Judsum vinculis mancipatum. Et cum hate canonicis ccclcfie Liucol-menfis cathedral.* innoiuilTcnt pet.erunt corpufculum fibi dari. Et conceflum eft illis. Et cum ab infinitis fatis confide-raretur, hononfice in ccclefia Lincol.uenfi tanquam preciofi martyris humabatur. Sciendum quod Juda-i tenucrunt puerumrivum per 10 d.es, ut tot d.ebus paftus lade tormenta virus multiformia tolerat. Cum rex rediffet departibus borealibu.Ang la, & cei tincaretur de pramifiis, increpavit dominum Johannem quod tarn flagitiofi vitam St membra pollicereturquod dare nequivcrat : dignus emm erat blalphemus ille Sc homicida mortis peena multiformi. Et cum judicium reounn.ineret irremecuabi.e, ait : “ Imminet mihi mors mea, nec poteft mihi dominus Johannes perituro luffragari. Nunc^

dico io^ omnibus ventatem ; bujus pueri de quo calumniantur Judci morti confentiebant omnes' fere Tud:ei

- J ‘

a’ & c11

Jul

Ilbc ‘ fer

^C'vitatis Anglia in qua Judai habitant quidam elecli convocabantur ad illius pueri im-

u

d pa,

C',a e facr,ficlum Et Cllm ha;c dixiflet finiul cum aliis deliramentis, ligatus ad caudamequinam S- traftus ad patibulum acrtis cacodemombus in corpore St anima prafentatur. Et alii ludai huiu.faemons participcs quater vigintt St undecim in bigis Londinium duiSi carcerali cuftodia

’ ...aliquibus Chriflianis plangebantur ab emulis eorum Courfmis f ficcis lacrym

lancipantur. Qui fi forte abs deplorabantur. Poftea vero per inquifi-

nlurihus fii,h,, c ti - I’. •1 1 J UUJ-‘ commum connno puerum innocentenj

ta mort™MI^:

“6 r ,lUeremerunt ^ucfixum. Sed poftea pro iniquitate ilia mater diCti pueri contra ipfos detalimorte appcll.uionem fuam coram rege conftanter profequente Deus ultionum dominus dignam pro raeritis reddidit re-:

rnam d ‘e St ’ Clcinentis 18 dc diciuribus & «»ajoribus civitatis Lincoluienfis fuerunt trafti, St ad furcas nova*

;

n

.rri L“ di“ s -—

;

P“"h“fCd ^ to Welborne’s Chantry. Reg. Dee.ni ^ Cpi,.

* A/W, » kind of a knife or dagger worn at the girdle. Sec Tynvhitfs Chaucer,+ A let of foreign dipper* and comers, with whofe trade the Jew* imeifcrcd.

a con-

[ 35 ]

“ a convert who had been condemned ‘pro morte pueri nuper crucifix! amidLmcoln dum praednftus Johannes fuit Judmus ejufdem civitatis •

P

«AS *h

fVS 35 S°0d authorit 5' for t™th of this fail as can be broueht forX^ " 1” Pa ‘l

T’1 am

/atisfied ""hi not require further PLf '.Up°n a

,

ftrf engmT I was informed by one of the minor canons fa oen-

“ dfied

3

chTld° 7taft

f

f" thefe ftUdi65) th“ this was 'he tomb of the cru-

“ made of free fton^

1

r T°£’ **“ fl,eWed me a ftatl,e of a b°y,

“ rte! affi

’ Pa“ted> about twenty inches high, which by tradition

“ fltL&emhWofh‘

mr' b b”

thC &id t0mb °r lhrine ' 1 ha«= inclofed a

“ hands td Lt d I T^ the !"Mks of crucifixion in the

„ .

d d feet’and the wound made on the right iide, from whence bloo I

“18

htTm111 the °riginal “ iffuing : the left hand is on the bread but theright held up with the two angers extended in the ufual pofture of bene-didlion; which attitude, I apprehend, denotes his being a faint, as he“ d

uh ‘S ”S “ martyr b The head is htokea oft; pmbtoy al ,hi timewhen the ftatues in this church underwent that fate.

“ In the draught of this ftirine given in the Itinerarium the figure of the bovI!

““ eXpreffed

;™at d™Sh' I bave reafon to believe was copied from a book

< w ir ngS

7, V' monuments in tbis cathedral, taken by order of SirWilliam Dugdale before they were deftroyed in the late civil wars! which bockIS n0

'!“ l0rd l^y

; but the ftatue of the bov I apprehend

““rr ” Hem7 VIIL f°r takillg awa? al > caubcs of fuperllition

< wnmater“ls

.

thls was madc of were not worth transferring to the Exchequer

“ to,, !b

r

b rT\0f SL Hugh and J°hn Dald«by were fait, the cue bemg

“ fhar Whf f

Ver)

'i

EutthlS %“fet in a by place juft behind the highaltar, where we found it covered with duft and obfeurity. As there is no dangerOf fuperftmon m this age, I could wiih it were replaced in its proper fta.ion <

„°1Ve me eave further to obferve, that I think this a very remarkable mo-

“ hi

U

R

ent’ ft

7ngPr0Of of a piece of ollr Eogbfii hiftory, which by the paffage

« ft 77b18 r7 dUb”US

! and fmCe this faa at Lincoln is fo well at-

„Ed

’ th

,

er,

e 15 lefs reafon t0 d°ubt the other ftories of the fame kind whichare recorded in different hiftonans, and are colleftcd together by Mr. Prvnne in“ Ins “Demurrer to the Jews.”1 1 n

7 7r ' WlUlS’, ?

Wh0m.

1 have communicated the purport of this long epiftle,

„d me™rd he “ entlrely of my opinion, and extremely pleafed to have hisenor in calling it the ftirine of St. Hugh the biihop correaed ”

DrT

St

e

,rrmbent haS fU<F

7ed mUCh damage finCC th° d, aught was tak™ which

from if f

7t

h engraved - lhe Pedlment and two pillars which projected

whi b tb” S°ne

,’

38 3re the thrCe ft °rt arCheS on which tliey ceiled antiuhtch there appear adorned with four ihlelds, bearing the arms of Englandimgle and impaling Old France alternately. All that now remains is the backpart of this flirine or tomb; on each fide ofwhich are two or three arches, withinwhich have been painted fhields of arms now defaced.

thirf hyShefis!PP,iCati0a °f the m0nument ib qooftion muft give way to a

This was the place of an image of the Virgin Mary. It appears from the DeanchaPfas books, a i June, i 533 , « Decanus et Capitulum concefferunt con-

’ “ I ihall beg leave only to add the teftimony of our Engliih Homer.O yongc Hetve of Lyncoln, flayne alfoWith curfyd Jeives, as it is notable

;For it is but a litel while ago

;

Pray eke for us, we fynful folk unftable,That of his mercy God be merciableOn us ! his grete mercy multiply,

• Thi.‘eVerence of hi» niftier Mary 1 Ch,»«t : frionf,-. T.lc"l ins iketch does not appear in the Society’s archives.

!Th= pofture Of lit h>nd., & di®ra.t ft™, ,h. ,n jwj, M nnl .; . , .

Io the k,« ..pair of thi beautiful ehurch thi, cd ft„„= „„ ^g

‘

* SrTS'b.t™'<c fratri

[ 36 ]

it fratr i fu0 Chriftophero Maffingberd cancellario maximum lapidem marmoreum

<« Coram imagine beat# M. V. in injula australi di£lce ecclejitz cath. Line, in quo

« nulla apparet feriptura feu fculptura, ita quod ipfe cancellarius cum ab hac luce

“ migraverit bene et libere poffit et valeat iub eodem lapide fepeliri.

1201 William de Bleys, bifliop of Lincoln,called by Leland William de Montibus,

' who died 1201, after having filled the fee two years from his confecration, was

buried in the upper North tranfept of his cathedral. Of his body on its re-

moval a century after its inhumation, in order to rebuild or improve this part

of the church, we have the following account from Schawk, who was regifter

at the time. “ Will’s de Eloynes, vir literatus et benignus, cujus memoriam be-

“ nedi&ione cedit a nonnullis. Nam circa 100 annos a corporis fui humacione

“ effluxis,cum corpus fuum aloco in quo jacebat humatus amotum fuiffet praetextu

n pulchrioris fabric®1 faciend® inventum fuit integrum, et vinum in calice cum

“ quo humatum fuerat recens, ut videbatur, et purum

120 2. Alan, abbot of Tewkejbury,canon of Beneventum, and five years a novice

PI. IX. and facrillan of Chrift-church, Canterbury, 1179, a great favourer of Becket,

and flout oppofer of Baldwin archbifhop of Canterbury, for which reafon that

prelate got him removed to this abbey 1186 or 7, where he fat 18 years, and

died 1202, has, in the fouth aile of the choir of his church in the fouth wall,

near the veflry, a blue fpeckled flab, with a crofs on it, and this infeription,

p ALANVS yJBBI. under a demi-quatrefoil arch. He is faid to have been a mail

of great wit, learning, and piety, and wrote a life of Becket, the a£ls of Clarendon,

Epiftles to Henry II. &c.

t2 ° 3* in the north aile of the chancel at Banham, Norfolk, under an arch in the

^ wall terminating in a bouquet, and remarkable for its extraordinary fimplicity,

PI. XI.jjes an oak f5gUre of a knight in plaited armour, and furcoat, and round helmet,

his head on a cufhion ; his right hand lies by his fide, his left lifted up. A large

cinquefoil under his left arm befpeaks him to be Sir Hugh Bardolph, knight,

who had a monument here, and died 1203 3. See PI. X. 8c XI. an exadl re-

prefentation of this figure, from a beautiful drawing communicated by Mr. Ker-

rich, Fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge; with the following defeription of it.

“ The Effigy itfelf is a cumbent flatue of wood, cut out of the fame piece of

oak with the board on which it lies; but fome of the fmaller, and more faliant

parts, were made feparately, and are taflened to the reft with wooden pins 4.

The whole is hollow and is open at the bottom. It was originally painted all

over, but is now almoft bare. From the little paint remaining we may gather

that his armour was mail, which did not cover the head, but at the height

of the mouth was laced with a red lace to a light head-piece, which has a

kind of creft or fliarp eminence running over it from behind forwards. From

what remains on the left arm, there may be fome reafon to think it was not

covered with mail, but narrow plates like thole in the feal of king Edward II,

but there is lb little left, that this is very uncertain ; but whatever this part of

the armour confifted of, it certainly covered his fingers quite to the ends, and

was not divided for each finger. The mailles on the legs feem not to be

plain circular rings as ufual, but Formed into fquare figures ;but this too on

account of the very little paint remaining may be queilioned 5. The fword

which was placed very forward is now gone ;it was fattened to the figure, and

was not of the fame piece with it. The fword belt was of a yellowiffi co-

lour, flowered with green and red;the girdle nearly like it

;the furcoat, which

is fcarce longer than the coat of mail, is divided before about four inches be-

' Agreement between Dean and Chapter, and Richard Stowe, 1306, to keep lip novum opus, in arch. eccl. Line.

* Lib Craffus, fol. 135.3 Blomfield’s Hiftory of Norfolk, I 240.

4 As the whole of ttie right arm, and cubit of the left, feveral fmall pieces in the folds of the furcoat on the right

fide towards the bottom, and one large one on the outlide of the left knee, which laft feems to have been fupplied long

after the figure was made.‘ There are lines cut into the wood in all the parts of the figure which were covered with mail

;thefc feem to hare

determined the rows of mailles, and I have therefore attended to the number of them in my drawings.

low

mm

y,ty/

(.v

[ 35* ]

low the girdle; it was of a deep brownilh crimfon colour, flowered with yel-low. On his knees are plates, which lie over the mail of the legs. Thereare two large holes in the cubit of the left arm, from whence we may con-clude he bore a (hield upon it. In his right hand he held fomething, perhapsa fword. The fpurs were gilt, the necks of them are loll, and were not ofthe fame piece with the figure. The fpur-leathers buckled upon the top ofthe inftep, and were very gayly painted with green, red, yellow and black.His head rells upon a pillow, of the fame colour, and flowered nearly in thefame manner, with his girdle. The board, or bed, if you pleafe, on whichthe figure lies, was green and flowered. There have been upon the edge ofthis board, on each fide fix rofes (or, as Mr. Blomefield calls them, cinque-foils) and five fmall fliields for arms

; but there remain at prefent only oneof the rofes entire, which is under the right arm of the figure, and halfof another near the feet on the other fide, and only one of the Ihields.

“ T^e Paint is water colours, laid upon a very thick ground of whitingwhich in feveral places, as the mailles for inftance, is raifed into a kind ofrelievo, fo as to be quite rough to the touch

; and, before this was applied,the wood, in fome parts at lead, was covered with linen cloth, but certainlynot all over. The colour of the lace, or ribband, which fallens the mail tothe helmet, is exceedingly vivid, which perhaps is owing in fome meafure to thebeing laid upon gold. The colours of the furcoat are laid in the fame manner.

“Upon digging we found almoft immediately below the furface of the ground,before the monument, a bed of flint Hones laid in very ftrong mortar, aboutnine inches thick, near eight feet long, and three wide. We broke throughthis, and went to the depth of fix feet, but could find no coffin, nor any re-mains of a body, and came then to ftrata of earth which feemed never tohave been dilturbed.

Query, If the body of the perfon to whom this monument belongs wasreally buried here, is it not probable we ihould have found it in the wall it-felf immediately under the Effigy.”

Under the north window of the fouth aile at Canterbury, eafl from the fong not,fchool, is the tomb of archbifhop Hubert Walter, who died r2oe. Hisftatue, lying on it defaced, is in pmtificalibus

,his hands joined, a dog at his

feet. His robe was once neatly painted with the armorial bearings of his family,but time and white-walh prevent thefe remains from being difcoverable Thetomb mull have been more perfeft when drawn for Dart, who has engravedit p. r 3 1, or it is fupplied from fancy. He reprefents it lying on an altar tombwith nine pointed arches ; but as the figure is much fhorter than the tomb, theyprobably were not intended for each other. Godwin fays he is reported to be bu-ried in the wall. He faw his epitaph, but heard it was afterwards fome how orother defaced ’. Giraldus Cambrenfis !

,his contemporary, gives him this great

character : “ Principis erat frenum & tyrannidis obftaculnm; populi pax 8c fola-

“ tium ; majorum pariter 8c minorum fuis diebus contra publican poteftatis op-“ prefliones in neceflitate refugium.”

Bifirop Marshall, who filled the fee of Exeter from 1 1 93 to 1 206, and is 1 20mfuppofed to have built the choir of his cathedral as it now appears,has a monument on the north fide of the high altar. The figure lies in

pontificalibus, the two lead fingers of his left hand bent, the others extended as

giving the benedi&ion : in his right hand a croiier, at his feet a horned lizard

or dragon : at the corner of the arch over his head angels in feveral niches

;

on each fide the tomb fix figures in quatrefoils, three monks on the north fide, abilhop on the fouth fide ; and in one quatrefoil two figures together. Above, alion rampant, which Izaacke makes his arms 4

.

The improvement or variation between this tomb and bilhop Roger’s is, thealtar tomb decorated with figures, and the coat of arms. It is not however im-probable, that Roger had a farcophagus either above or under ground

; I rather1

Goftling, p. 2$i. 1 Godwin, p. 85.

* 15c jure St flatu e<xl. Menev. St Gemma Ecclef, DUl. 1. c. 36. * P, 3.

* K think

m

1 206

[ *36 ]

think, the latter ;and that if not left behind at Old Sarum it lies under the raifed

bafe at Salilbury.

The only memorial of William Elesensis biihop of Lincoln, who died

'

1 206, and was buried with his three lhcceffive predeceffors, in the Upper or

LelTer North tranfept of his cathedral, is a whole length figure of him, painted

with three more of them on the weft wall of this tranfept. There lie below', in

the middle of the floor, clofe and parallel to each other, three plain blue ftones

coffin-fafliioned, and a fourth decorated with mafiive figures in alto releivo of

perfons with various fymbols, fitting on branches of a tree, on whofe top feems to

be the Deity. Among thefe figures one plainly appears to hold a harp.

The lehnographies of this cathedral, in Dugdale’s Monafticon ‘, and Willis,

afcribe one of thefe four ftones to biihop Walter de Conjlantiis. But befides

that the date of his death in thefe plans is confounded with that of Blefenfis,

he enjoyed this dignity but one year, being tranllated to the archbifiiopric ot

Rouen 1184k

On the north fide of the choir 1 at Hereford is the figure of a biihop pon-

tifically habited ;his right-hand giving the benediftion, in his left a crofter

and embattled tower of two ftories. On the wall over him is painted this in-

fcription, D'ns Egidius de Brufe Epus Herf

Ob. A. D. 1215 .

This is the monument of Giles Bruce, or Breose, biihop of Hereford,

from 1199 to 1215. He was fon of William Breofe baron Brecknock, and for

adhering to the barons againft king John, was obliged to fly his country, but

having afterwards recovered the king’s favour, died at Gloucefter Nov. 17, 1215,

on his way home, leaving his ample fortune to his brother Reginald, who mar-

ried the daughter of Llewellin prince of North Wales. From the tower in his

hand Godwin conjeftures he built the weft tower of his cathedral 4.

Fig, 3, 4. PI. IX. are fuppofed to have been the figures ofAlbericdeVere, third

of that Chriftian name, and fecond earl of Oxford, and his Lady, on their monu-

ment at Earts Colne priory in Efiex. They were made of wood, and painted, but

being totally deftroyed 1736, are here engraved from drawings taken by Daniel

King 1653, which were the property of Lord Fairfax, afterwards of Mr. Lethi-

eullier, and now of the Hon. Horace Walpole, to whofe polite and liberal fpirit of

communication I am indebted for many other drawings with which this work is

cmbellilhed. Mr. Lethieullier, whofe judicious remarks accompany all the

drawings that were his property, was induced by the material of which thefe fi-

gures were made to affign them to this earl of Oxford, who died without iffue

1 6 John, 1215. Whom he married does not appear from Dugdale. Alberic fuc-

ceeded his father Alberic, who was made earl of Oxford by the emprefs Maud, and

confirmed in that dignity by her fon Henry 11 . His brother Robert has a monu-

ment at Hatfield Broad-oak, before defcribed, engraved in plate VUI.

I 22 S- In the north aile of Cbrijt-cburcb, Oxford, is a tomb generally afcribed to

PI. XII. pH1L i P third prior of St. Fridifwide, who finilhed the prefent church, crcftcd the

beautiful fhrine of the patronefs ftill remaining two arches above him, into which

he mandated her remains 1180, and wrote an account of her life and miracles.

He died before 1225, but in what year is uncertain. Biihop Tanner and Wood 5

make him flourilli 1180, Biihop Kennet 6 and Wood, in another work \ 1189.

Browne Willis1 makes him die 1 1 90, and aferibes this monument alfo to Gwymund,

the firft prior, by whofe care this houfe was re-eftablilhed 1 1 1 1 ,and the prefent

church began to be built, and who died 1149.

In this diverfity of opinions we may fuppole the monument to have been eredled

to one or other of thefe priors in a late period, to which Mr. Lethieullier, whofe

drawing is here copied, affigns it.

1III 2 c- * Godwin, p. 187. or, as Mr. Willis indeterminately exprefles it, under an arch in the foutli aile-

1315

3 Survey ot Hereford, p. 513.7 Hill, i: Ant. Ox. I.5;.

• P. 4.14..5 MS xlix.

* Cath. of Oxf. p. 410

s Paroch, Antiq. p, 144,

—

]t 37

King John died 1216, and his monument in the choir at Worcejler is pro- *2160

tably of his own age, ahd the oldeft of Our Kings in England, if we except

that afcribed to Rufus. He was buried here by his oWn defire in his will, in a

monk’s cowl. His effigies is royally apparelled. Within his crown was Johannes

Rex Anglic, now entirely defaced. In his right hand was a fceptre, now broken

;

in his left a fword reverfed, and piercing a lion at hiS feet; On each fide of his head,

inftead of the ufual accompaniments of angels, are two Bifhops: in pontificalibusy

as Dr. Thomas 1

fays, and as Dr. Stukeley has drawn them % Cenfing him, but as

Thomas has engraved it, bolding their crofiirs. Thefe ate fuppofed to be the bi-

fhops Ofwald and Wulftari, patrons of the church, whofe monuments how lie in

Lady-chapel, though miftaken for two other bifhops 3. The royal body is fup-

pofed to lie under Lady-chapel, in a ftone vault, in a ftrong clieft, in which,

upon opening, was found a leaden coffin, but without any marks or infcription:

The tomb above ground being alfo opened was found quite empty 4. The An-

nals of Worcefter publifhed by Mr. Wharton 5 exprefsly fay, he was buried

coram magno altari inter S. S. Ofivaldum et Wuljla7ium. The then choir was

afterwards converted into the Lady-chapel ;and when the high altar was placed

where the communion table now ftands, and the floor of the new choir had

gained a confiderable elevation by a fubterraneous vault made underneath, the

king’s tomb, now hidden from view, was taken down, and erefted before the

new high altar, and between the fhfines here, as it had hitherto flood between

the fepulchres of thefe two bifhops&. On its fides in quatrefoils are the arms of

England, three lions paffant guardant. Stukeley 7, on what authority I know

not, fuppofes the image lay on the ground, in the Lady chapel, on a ftone now

between bifhops Ofwald and Wolftan, though fince elevated on a tomb in the

choir. Dr. Nafh thinks the body was left in the choir, When on its being ruined

the tomb was brought forward. Sandford pronounces the figures of the king

and bifhops, all of one ftone, to be as old as the time of Henry III. but the altar-

tomb on which it is placed is certainly of modern fabrick 8.

One of the figures in the' fenlple church belongs to Willtam Marshall, earl 1219.

of Pembroke 9, whofe arms per pale O. and V. a lion rampant G. armed andpi. V.

langued G. are on the fhield. It is a knight in mail with a furcoat, his helmet fig. 2.

more completely rounded than the adjoining one, and the cufhion as in all the

reft, and under Longefpee’s at Sarum, laid ftraiter under his head. He is drawing

his fhort dagger or broken fword with his right hand, and on his left arm has a

fhort pointed fliield. Below his knees are bands or garters, as if to feparate the

cuifles from the greaves; his legs are croffed, and under his feet is a lion couchant.

Our William was defcended from the antient family of that name, who

held the office of marfhal of England, and of whom Sir William Dugdale IO

has given a fucceflion of feven defcents from the time of Henry III. to Ed-

ward II. He was fon of John, who lived in the reign of Stephen, and brother of

John, who held the above high office in the reigns of Henry II. and Richard I.

and died without iflue in the latter. The firft account of William is 28 Henry II.

when Henry fon of that prince, who had behaved himfelf rebellioufly againft his

father, lying on his death-bed, with great penitence delivered to him, as to his

moft intimate friend, his crofs to carry to Jerufalem ". He obtained from

Richard I. on his firft coming to England after his father’s death, Ifabel daughter

and heir of Richard earl of Pembroke 11 in marriage, and with her that earldom,

and by that title he affifted at Richard’s coronation* 3

. When that prince went to

1p. 35.

1 Itin. I. xviii. He has reprefented the figure amazingly rude, s See before, p. 30.

* Green’s Survey of Worcefter, p.40.67. 5 Angl. Sac. I. 483.4 Green, p. 38.

7 P.65.

« p. 8;.9 Weever, p. 442.

10 Bar. 1. 599.11 Hoved. p. 354. Dugd. ib. &aut. ibi c.itati.

Is Dugdale after Bromton, p. 1155. and Hoveden, 373. fays only of Strigul;but this was Richard de Clare, furnamed

Strongbow, fecond earl of Pembroke, which title pall with his daughter to her hulband. See Camden in Pembrokefh.

p. 513. M. Paris alfo calls our William earl of Pembroke, as well as his fon William.

,J Iloved. p.354. Bromt. p.1158.

L the

the Holy Land he-gave him a fhare in the government', and he engaged himfelf

for the king’s performance of his engagement with the king of France to under-

take the crufade He was flieriff of Lincolnlhire from the ad to the 6tli of this

reign, and of S.ufiex during the whole, as alfo i Joh. and of Gloucefterfhire

the fame year, till the eighth. Upon John’s acceffion he was fent before himfrom Normandy to keep the peace till his arrival 3

. He obtained of the king a

grant of the whole province of Leinfter in Ireland, belides the government of

leveral cattles in Wales, and on the borders 4; and he was fent to receive the

demands of the malcontent barons at Brackley, 17 Joh 5. He fupported

Henry III. againft the partifans of the Dauphin, amongft whom was his ownfon

6

,and defeated them at Lincoln, which they had laid fiege to 7

. Fie then

beleaguered London, and reduced it to the utmoft diftrefs ; and by his prudent

conduit a peace was foon after brought about, a Henry IIIs. The laft public

office which he filled was that of fheriff of Eflex and Hertfordfiiire 9. He

founded Cartmele priory, Lancafhire, and three more in Ireland, and began a

Ciftertian foundation at Dowylken in the county of Kilkenny ,0, and was a bene-

factor to feveral others both there and in England. He died advanced in years

at his manor of Gaverfham near Reading, 3 Henry III. 1219. His body wascarried firit to Reading-abbey, then to Weftminfter, and laft to this church, whereit was folemnly interred on Afcenfion- day, 27 cal. April 11

. This epitaph, ex-

preflive of his character, was made for him :

Sum quem Saturnum fibi fenfit Hybernia, Solem

Anglia, Mercurium Normannia, Gallia Martem

“ Fuit enim,” fays Matthew Paris, “ Hybernorum nocivus edomitor, Anglis

honor 8c gloria, Normanniae negotiator, qui in ea muita comparavit, Gallicis bel-

licofus Sc miles invincibilis.” The fame writer, juft before, alluding to the fhare

he had in fettling the young king on his throne calls him, “ ReCtor Regni 13 .”

He married to his fecond wife, 5 Joh. Alice, daughter of Baldwin de Bethune

earl of Albemarle; and left by his firft wife five fons, William, Richard, Gilbert,

Walter, and Anfelm, who all fucceeded one another in his lands and honours,

and died without iffue ; and five daughters, married to fome of our principal

nobility, to whofe heirs the inheritance at length defeended. By his fecond

wife he had one daughter, who died without iffue. The title borne by this earl

and his dependents was earl of Pembroke and marfhall of England, lord of

Longuevile in Normandy, of Leinfter in Ireland, and of Chepftow, Striguil, and

Caerwent, in Wales l4.

* Hoved. p. 375. 1

' lb. 376. lie obtained for his fhare of the lands of Walter Giffard earl of Buckir.ghamfliire the chief feat of the

barony in Normandy in right of his wife. Dugd. ib. 600. ex rot. Selden Titles of Honour, p. 729.I Hoved. p. 4.50.

* Dugd. Bar. I. 601. 5 M. Paris, p.254. 8Ib. p. 292. 7 Ib. p. 295.

* Ib. p. 298, 299. * Dugd. ubi fup. 10lb. Mon. Hib. p. 177.

II MS. in Bib 1

. Bodl. cited by Dugdalc.17

For this epitaph Camden (p. 513.) cites Rudburne’s Annals; but it is not in the printed copy in Wharton’s Ang.

Sac. I. 442. Wcever applies to this carl the other epitaph, which Camden (Midx. 307.) fays was in his time to beread “ on theJide of his tomb.”

“ Miles cram Mortis, Mars multos vicerat ar/nis.”13 The young king remained in his care after his coronation. M. Paris, 289. The author of a Life of Fridefwide,

in Leland Coll. I. 281. has it“ reCtor regis & regni.” and a certain writer cited by Dugdalc from Lei. ib. II. 737.

w hich paffage I cannot find, calls him “ miles llrcnuiffimus ac per orbem nominatillimus, Governour both of the realmand the king’s perfon, a man of fuch worthinefs, both in ftoutnefs of ftomach and martial knowledge, as England hadfew then that might be compared with him.” Hollinfhed, p. 292. His brother Henry was dean of York and bifliop ofExeter. See his monument deferibed, p. 36.

14Inc

l-de hundr. de Norf. in bag of quo warrantos in the talley court of the Exchequer, cited by Le Neve, MS. n. in

Dugd. Bar. pen. me. in which record he is called, “ Marefcallus Anglie et Comes de Penbroc.” Dugdalc does not giveus the date ot his advancement to this caildom, only to that of Strigul. But fee Camden, as before quoted. Millcsfayshe was, in right of his wife, created earl of Pembroke by king John, at his coronation, though before this time he wasentitled and called earl marfhall and earl of Pembroke, temp. H. II. and R. I. as appears by many deeds which he wit-nefles by that title, and among the reft, in the confirmation of a charter to Langley church, 8 R. I. Cat. of Honor,p. 10S4. Vincent on Brook, p. 413,

In

n.vuv.ii/.

t 39 3

til the north aile of the choir at Hereford tve have, under a pointed arch, 12X9,Bllhop Mafenore, in pontificalibus and colours. Over him is painted,

D'ns Hugo de Mapenore Eps Hereford

Obiit A. 1219.

On the north fide of the altar, within the rails at Hatfield Broad-oak, c. Effex, r 2 2 1

.

lies the effigies in freeftone of Robert de Vere, third earl of Oxford. It is in PI. VIII,good prefervation, except the features; in a round helmet, in mail and a furcoat,crofs legged, the right hand drawing the (word, on the left arm the ilrield fatten-ed alfo by a belt over the ffioulder, and having on it, in a field of fleurs de lis inlozenges or diaper work, on the upper half the Vere mullet : the lower half ofthe fhield is adorned with fqUares of quatrefoils in rounds with flowers be-tween them. The head refts on two culhions fupported by angels

; two moreangels kneel at deiks with books at his feet. This figure was originally in achapel on the South fide of the church, of which a piece of wall remains.Weever gives the infcription as follows,

Sire Robert De Veer le .primier count deOxenford le tierz git ici. Dieu de lame fi lui

pleft face merci. ki pur lalme priera xljors de pardon avera.*Pater nofter, See.

t^r* Ducarel iri 1738 gave the Society of Antiquaries an account of the

infcription, which is probably the fame cut in relief in capitals on the ledge ofthe flab, of which remains only S/re.... er

.

. . and fome more letters too im-perfect to be read. See plate VIII.

Morant 1

gravely calls this an effigy of wood, which he muft have had fromhear-fay, or his own miftake

; for neither Weever nor Salmon led him into it.

Not this earl, but Aubrey de Vere founded the priory here %

Humez the laft Norman abbot of Weftminfter, who died 1222, is fuppofed 1 22 2 0

to be buried under the wefternmoft of the three tombs in the cloifter there,generally aferibed to Vitalis. His image on it is in pontificals

; and this wasthe infcription round the ledge in Saxon characters 3

.

Ortus ab Humeto Willielmus hie, venerandoPrefuit ifte loco, nunc tumulatus humo.

See it engraved PI. I.

William de Tracy, one of the murderers of Becket, has been generally 1223,fuppofed, on the authority of Mr. Rifdon 4

, to have built an aile in the churchat Mortboe

, Devon, and to have therein an altar-tomb about two feet high, withhis figure engraven on a grey flab of Purbeck marble, 7 feet by 3, and 7 inchesthick, and this infcription :

STRe [Guillau]CD€ D6 TRACT [gift icy, Diu de fon al]Q06 6TC COGRCy.

On the upper end of this tomb is carved in releif the crucifixion with the vir-gin and St. John, and on the north fide fome Gothic arches, and thefe three

' P- S°6* * Tan. I, 27. 3 Dart. XIX, « p, ,,6.

coats

:

coats : x . Az. 3 lions pafTant guardant, Arg. 2. Arg. 3. two bars, G. Az. a faltire, Or.

The firft of thefe is the coat of William Camville, formerly patron of this church :

the fecond that of the Martins,formerly lords of Barnftaple, who bad lands in

this neighbourhood : the third that of the St. Atoms, who had alfo eftates in the

adjoining pariflx of Georgeham.

The figure on the flab is plainly that of a prieft in his facerdotal habit, hold-

ing a chalice between his hands, as if in the a<ft of confecration.

Biilxop Stapledon’s Regifter, though it does not contain the year of his infti-

tution, fixes the date of his death in the following terms, “ Anno 1300, 16 Dec.

Thomas Robertas prcefentat. aiecclef. de Morhoe vacantem per mortem Wilhelmi

de Traci die Dominic, primo po/l nativ. Virginis per mortem Will, de CampvillP

The a:ra of the prieft is therefore 140 years later than that of the knight.

It dues not appear by the epifcopal regifters, that the Tracies were ever patrons

of Morthoe, except in the following inftances.

“Anno 1257. Cal. Junii, John Allworthy, prefented by Henry de Traci,

guardian of the lands and heirs of Ralph de Brag ‘.

Anno 1275. Thomas Capellanus was prefented to this reftory by Philip de

Wefton \

In 1330, Feb. 5. Henry de La Mace was prefented to this redtory by William

de Camville 3.

In 1381, Richard Hopkins was prefented by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter,

who are ftill patrons ".

It is probable that the ftone with the infcription to William de Traci did not

originally belong to the altar tomb on which it now lies ; but by the arms feems

rather to have been ereaed for the patron William de Camville, it being unufual

in thofe days to raife fo handfome a monument for a prieft, efpecially as the

altar tomb and flab are of very different materials, and the benefice itfelf is.of very

inconfiderable value. It is alfo probable the monument of ‘Traci originally lay on

the ground, and that when this monument was broken open, as it was, accord-

ing to Rifdon, in the laft century, this purbeck flab was placed upon the altar

tomb, though it did not at firft belong to it.

The Devonfhire Antiquaries affert, that Sir William de Tracy retired to this

place after he had murdered Becket. But this tradition feems to reft upon no

better authority than the mifreprefentation of the infcription here given, and be-

caufe the family of Traci poffeffed the fourth part of a fee in Wollacombe,

within this paritb, which is ftill called after their name. But the Tracies

held many poffeffions in this county, as Bovey Traci, Nymett Traci, Bedford

Traci, 8cc”. William de Traci held the honor of Barnftaple, in the beginning

of Henry the Second’s reign. King John granted the barony of Barnftaple to

Henry de Traci, in the 1 5th of his reign, and the family feem to have been

poffeffed of it in the reign of Henry HI.

I am indebted to the friendfhip of the prefent Dean of Exeter for the

above obfervations, which afcertain the monument in queftion.

I lit all digrefs no farther on this fubjeft than to obferve of Sir William de

Traci, that four years after the murder of Becket he had the title of Steward,

i. e. Juftice of Normandy, which he held but two years. He was in arms

againft king John in the laft year of his reign, and his eftate was confifcated

:

but on his return to his allegiance, 2 Henry III. it was reftored. He was living

7 Henry III s. confequently died about or after 1223, having furvived Becket up-

wards of 57 years.

Reg. Brondcorabe. * lb. > Reg. Crandifon. 4 lb. ’ Dogil. Bar. I. 6aa.

,On

[ 4i ]

On the north fide of the Lady-chapel at Salijbury is an altar tomb of wood,i~jb.

with fix demiquatrefoil niches in relief in front, and a flab ornamented with a^ 1-^ 111 '

border of leaves, like thofe on the tomb of an abbefs at Romfey, and on it a

ftone figure of a knight in mail, with a round helmet fomewhat flatted at top,

and covering his mouth as one of the Temple knights ; his fpurs with rowels,

his Ihoes piked;

his face turned to the right, and on his fliield Az. 5 lions

rampant, but noton his furcoat, as faid by 'Sand ford This monument belongs

to William Longespe, Earl of Sarum, natural fon of Henry II. by fair Rola-

mund, fuppofed to be poifoned, and brought hither from Old Sarum. Sandford

has engraved this, and fays the figure is of grey marble. Both it and the tomb

have been painted blue, and the back of the niches adorned with two patterns

of mofaic ;but the arms in front are now gone. They were his own, which he

took after his wife’s father William de Eureux, or Fitz Paine earl of Salifbury,

and thofe of England alternately. A portrait of Rofamund on board, formerly

in the hands of Mr. Lutton, private fecretary to James II. afterwards of Mr.Weft,

and {hewn at the Society of Antiquaries 1743, had a rib-bone nailed behind it,

faid to be this William’s. The monument is engraved PI. IX. fig. 1.

Below this is another monument belonging to John Lord Montacute,P1.XIII.

younger fon of William firft earl of Salilbury of that family: an altar tomb, fig- 2.

with a knight in a pointed helmet of mail, gauntlets, fword, piked Ihoes, a

lion at his feet, and under his head a helmet with a griffin for creft. At the

fides of the tomb in quatrefoils, Az. 3 fufils in a border, impaling a fpread eagle,

Montbermer ;and the fufils in a border ingrafted quartering the fpread eagle

;and

two ftiields defaced.

The moft elegant of all the figures in the Temple church reprefents a comely 1227.

young knight, in mail, and a flowing mantle, with a kind of cowl; his hair PI. V.

neatly curled at the fides, his crown appears {haven. His hands are ele-fig. 3.

vated in a praying pofture, and on his left arm is a flrort pointed fhield charged

with three waterbougets. He has at his left fide a long fword, and the armour

of his legs, which are crofted, has a ridge or feam up the front continued over

the knee, and forming a kind of garter below the knee : at his feet a lion. The

arms befpeak this knight to be one of the family of Ros or Rous, and Weever

has confirmed this application by the following fragment of an infeription in-

fculped upon one of thele crofs-legged monument-, as he found it among the

collections of one ftudious in antiquities in Sir Robert Cotton’s library.

Hie requiefeit R Ep quondam vifitator generalis ordinis

milicie Templi in Anglia Francia & in Italia.

This, from the pedigree of the lords Ros, he proved to have belonged

to one Robert, a Templar, who died about the year 1245, and gave to the

Templars his manor of Ribfton. Sir William Dugdale z informs us, that

Robert, fecond of the family of Ros of Hamlake, in the reign of Henry II.

was a fpecial benefaCtor of the Templars, as appears by his grants recited in

the Monafticon 3,among which occurs Ribftane (in the Weft Riding of

Yorkfliire) where they founded a Prcceptory. But Bifhop Tanner fliews that

Sir William miftook this Robert for his namefake and grandfon the fecond

Lord Ros, furnamed Furfan ,who incurred the difpleafure of Richard I. for

what offence is not faid, and afterwards of John for awhile. About the 14th

of that reign he took upon him the habit of religion for a fliort time, and

afterwards was flieriff of Cumberland, and governor of Carlifle. He was as

' .f. ij 5, and the Hilt, of Salifo. p. <ji. * Bar. I. 545.

M fickle

fickle in his adherence to John, and was one of the chief who undertook tocompel his obfervance of the great charter. But he was more faithful to hisfon. Sir William refers this monument to this Ros, who at the clofe of his lifetook upon him this order, and died in their habit, and was buried in their church1227, 1 1 Henry III.

1228. The large Hone coffin of archbifhop Langton, who died 1228, is remark-able for its elegant fiiape, yet has on it in relief a verv rude crofs, which Dartcalls patee, though it is rather fleury. It Hands in St. Michael's chapel at Canter-bury, half within the thicknefs of the wall, under an arch now clofed up- butwhether it was altogether within or without the firlt chapel on this fite does notappear

I12S - Bilhop Fauconbrigge, in old St. Paul's, has a figure like the Salilbury andWorcefter biihops of this time, with the pillars of the arch fomewhat likeMarfiiall’s at Exeter ; the ledge of the altar like that of Longefpe, and quatrefoilsat the Tides. He died 1228.

Bifliop Wengham, at his feet, in the fame church, has a fimilar figure Hedied 1262.

Both thefe monuments are engraved in Dugdale’s Hiftory of this church \

1229. On the north fide of the choir at St. Da-Ms is the figure in pontificalibus ofbifliop Jorwerth, who died 1229, and that of his fucceffor Anselm, whodied 1249.

fig.!In the middle of Beaulieu church, Hants, is a long blue flag, with a brafslefs

figure under a canopy, and an infeription round the ledge, each letter in afingle fquare. This ftone was found in a field near the Duke of Montague’shoufc on the fite of the abbey-church, and is fuppofed to have belonged toIsabel, Countefs of Cornwall and Gloucefter, third daughter of William Marfhallearl of Pembroke, widow of Gilbert de Glare, and afterwards, 1230, firft wifeof Richard Plantagenet, fecond fon of king John, earl of Cornwall, and king ofthe Romans, who married a fecond wife 1243. It muft be confeffed, there isnothing but the circumilance of her being buried here to fix this ftone to her,unlefs it fhould be fomething like a coronet over the head of the figure.Mr. John Bridges fliewed the Society of Antiquaries, 172!, a drawing of it"copied here, Pi. XIV. fig. 1. Her heart was fent in a filver ‘cup to Tewkfbury’wheie her brother was abbot, to be buried before the high altar 3

.

1231. The next figure but one to that of the earl of Pembroke before deferibed inPI. V. the lempk church, is a croft-legged knight, in mail, with a furcoat, his helmetf. 4. round, lurmounted with a kind of round cap, and the month-piece up, his

hands folded on his breaft, his lliield long and pointed, and now plain; a very-long fword at his right iide

; the belt from which his lliield hangs ftudded withquatrefoils, and that of his fword with lozenges. This may be for WilliamMarshall, eldeft Ion of the foregoing earl William.

He was among the barons who rebelled againfl: John, but made his fubmiffionto Henry HI. All that hiftory records of him is, that he defeated Llewellinrmce ot Waies 111 a pitcht battle, mri, and contributed much to keep the

Iufii in obedience. He founded the houfe of Friars Preachers at Kilkenny. He

* Dart. 134 Goftl. 14a. SP. 81. Sandlord, p. 96, 97. * Dugd. I. 603. Mat, Par. p.317.

>3C

BP1

VIVCDglVC

~j

'3l. XIV.fi. 42,.

: X>X -X*X ; .XXXXXJNCXT

C 43 ]

married Eleanor 'fecond daughter of king John, who was at firft highly difpleafedwith the match, and dying without iffue, April 6, 1231. i S Henry III. wasburied in this church, x 8 Cal. Maii, near the grave of his father *. In the annalsof Waverley is this epitaph for him, whether put on his tomb is not eafy to fay ;as we meet with many epitaphs for the fame perfon in monkilh chronicles, com-pofed by the compilers, or handed about

:

Militis iftius mortem dolet Anglia : ridet

Wallia, vivends bella minafque timens.

Mr. Price (in additional obfervations printed from his MS. at the end of the 1237.quarto defeription of Salilbury 1774) fays, at Salijbury billiop Poore has bytradition a monument on the north fide of the altar, though he was buried atTarrant Monkton, Dorfet. His effigy in pontificalibus

,his right hand holding a

crofier, his left on his breaft, lies on a fiab, with a flowered border, under acanopy of three arches, whofe fine flowered ftone roof has been fupplied by aplain ceiling of rough deal. See PI. XIII. fig. 3. engraved from a (ketch by JohnCarter, 1780. PI. XIV. fig. 2. exhibits the fame monument as it was about] 736.

This worthy prelate, after he had transferred the fee from Old to New Sarum,and began the noble ftrudture which we now fee there, was tranfiated to Dur-ham 1228, and, after having difeharged a heavy debt contrafted by his prede-cefior there, died 1 237, at Tarent Monkton in Dorfetihire, where he was born andwhere he founded a nunnery, in whofe church his heart was buried >. MatthewPans gives him the character of great fandlity of life and deep learning; andadds, that when he perceived his difiolution drawing near he preached a folemnfarewel fermon to his people, and after a proper difpofition of his worldly effedls,

met death with firm compofure.

Lhewellin the Great, prince of Wales, who died 1240, was buried 1117240.Conway abbey, of his own founding, from whence, at the difiolution, his coffinwas removed into a liable among the ruins, and thence to the beautiful chapeladjoining to Uanrwjl church, built by Inigo Jones for Sir Richard Wynne, bart.of Gwedir, who was lineally defeended from that prince, as is fet forth at largein a long infeription there. The coffin is of dark brown marble or granite, levenfeet long in the clear, and four inches thick ; the fides adorned with wholeand half quatrefoils in relief. At the head within is the following infeription inRoman capitals on a brafs plate,

This is the coffin of Leolinus Magnus, prince of Wales, who was buried in* l the abbey of Conway, and upon the diffolution removed thence.”

It is etched by Mofes Griffith in the fourth of his fupplemental plates to Mr.Pennant’s Tour in Wales.

I would juft obferve here, that the ftatue over the Welfh gate at Shrewfburycommonly aferibed to this prince really reprefents Edward I. who conqueredWales, and the arms of England and of Shrewfbury are on the fame fide ofthe gate.

Roger Niger, bifhop ofLondon, who died 1241, had only a plain farcopha-i 241.gus, covered en dos (Tctne

, without figures or ornaments 4. Somewhat fimilar

coffins, but both alike ornamented with arches, contained the remains of theking Sebba and Erkenwald there 5

.

* She at firft made a vow of chaftity; but feven years after his death remarried Simon de Montfort, earl ofLeicefter,

and was buried a' Montarges in France. Weever. Milles, p. 135. Sandford, p. 93.* Dugd. Bar. I. 603. ex MS. Bodl. Ann. Waverl. p. 193. Ed. Gale.3 Godw. dc Prscf. ed. Richardf. p. 740. * Dugd. St. Paul's, p. 86. s lb. p. 9a.

In

[ 4+ 1

In the wall of tlie foutli aile of the choir at Brijlol,formerly opening into the

veftry, is an altar tomb for a lord Berkeley, his arms painted on .the arch.

Queere, if Thomas the fecond lord, whofe wife Jane was buried in the arch

between the veftry and the fouth’aile

1243. Below him, under another arch, an armed figure of Thomas Berkeley who

died 1243, and was grandfon of Robert, the fecond lord Berkeley \ His arms

on his fliield.

1246. The tomb of abbot Berkyng, who died 1246, flood before the high altar

of the Lady chapel at WeJkniTiJler,but was taken down in the following cen-

tury by abbot Colchefter, and a flat ftone laid in its place, which when

Henry VII. built his chapel, was removed to the area at the foot of the flops,

where it ftill continues, being, a large grey ftone, robbed of its brals ledge and

figure of a mitred abbot, and the traces fo worn, that only two rofes at the Weft

corners are difcernable. The infcription given by Dart 3 was as follows :

Ricardus Barkyng prior eft, poft inclytus abbas

;

Henrici regis prudens fuit ille minifter.

Hujus erat prlma laus, infula rebus opima,

Altera laus aeque Thorp 4 cenfus, Ocham deciraaeque,

Tertia Mortone caftrum fimili ratione,

Et regis quarta de multis commoda charta.

dementis fefto mundo migravit ab ifto

M. Domini C. bis XL. fextoque fub anno.

Cui detur venia parte pia virgo Maria.

He was privy counfellor, chief baron of the exchequer, and one of the lords

juftices of the kingdom during Henry Ill’s Welfh wars. His being abbot of

this rich houfe was his firft praife : his fecond and third were, that he afligned

the manor of Thorpe 5 for the expences of the convent and the church of Ock-

ham (l fuppofe the vicarage of Okeham, c. Rutland 6

) for his table T. He pur-

ohafed of the Foliot family the caftle of Moreton Foliot, half the manor of Lang-

don, with the chapel there, and half the foreft towards the manor of Morton 5.

1247. Robert Bingham, bifhop of Saltfbury,who died 1247, lies on the north fide

of the chancel there, under a moft elegant arch, on which fit ten angels,

furmounted by a rich bouquet, and fided by four rich pointed arches, whofe

finials are deftroyed. In the centre of the embatled wall of the choir here is

fome rich open work of three ftories diminifhing. The flab was inlaid in brafs,

with a crofs fleure charged with fome figure, and four lozenges;

all gone. See

PI. XV.

1250. Mr. Dart safligns a grey marble flab between the gates of Henry V’s chapel

and the Confeflor’s fhrine, with the bare traces of a crofs, two fhields at top

(once brafs) and a worn ledge of letters, once in high relief, but not now legi-

ble, to Roger de Wendover, bifhop of Rochefter, who died 1250, and was

buried here by the king’s exprefs command, though Weever 9 mentions, from

tradition, his portraiture in the wall of Bromley church.

* Dugd. Bar. T. 355.4 William the Conqueror granted Sac, &c.s Dart. 1, 37. ‘ E£ton, p. 3*9.

1 Dugd. Bar. I. 35 j.

0 Thorp. Dart, I. ai.

' Dart. Ib. * II. 40.

* XXL

9 P-33«*

of

t 45 ]

Of the two figures dug up in building fo'me offices to Mr. Wray Atkinfon’s 1351.houfe at Coverbam abbey, in the North riding of Yorkfhire, one may be that of P1.XIV.

the founder Ralph FitzRobert, lord of Middleham, who died 1 15 r, after having %• 2 -

tiansfeired this religious foundation from Swayneby. The other may repretent 3 *

Waleran eldeft ton of Helewife the original foundrefs, or her fatherRanulph de Glanville, a baron and chief juftice of England in the reignsof Henry II. and Richard I *. who died 1 1 8g. 1 Richard I. at the fiege of Aeon ;

or her grandfon Ralph, who died 1270, and was buried in the choir here !.

Mr. Topham, who has examined them more than once, and has collefted mate-rials for an hiftory of Coverham, inclines to affign them to the Nevilles, ofwhom Robert married the great-grandaughter of the foundrefs and repreientativeof her family, and being furprifed by fome of her friends in an intrigue with alady of Craven, was to feverely handled by them, that he died of the wound1271, and was buried in the chapter-houfe at Coverham, near the foundrefs’stomb 4

.

Ralph, fon of this Robert, was in his youth paflionately fond of hunting ;

and once in a fully of jollity, when he prefented the annual flag by winch heheld Raby and other manors of the prior of Durham, infilled that himfelf,with his own friends and fervants, Ihould be feafted with it inftead of the priorand his domeftics, contrary to the eftablifhed cuftom by which the lord partookof the dinner only by fpecial invitation, and his fervants, on bringing the flaginto the hall, had only a breakfaft. This Ralph is faid to have negledted his ownaffairs to converfe with the canons of Coverham and Merton, and he had thereputation of a weak ! and vicious man. He died 1331, and was buried in thechoir of Coverham, near the high altar

6.

It may be no unreafonable conjefture, that the ftag-chace on the monument,PI. XIV. fig. 2. (though fince Mr. Buck drew it all thefie appendages have been de-ftioyed), affigns it to this young fportfman, who was a confiderabie benefactor tohis monkilh triends here, who may have decorated his tomb with his appenda es.

Fig. 3. may be the monument of his father. There is no lmall conformitybetween the two monuments.

It is impoflible to afeertain either with precifion : but I have engraved both,from drawings by the late Mr. Buck, which may at leaft ferve to fhew the fevereundeferving cenfure of them by Mr. Maude, in his account of his abbey underMr. Grofe’s print of it, that “ they are in a ftyle almoft too rude for the grojjejlperiod of the Gothic ages.” On the contrary the delign and ornaments of bothare rather fuperior to the generality of this century, which yet was no barba-rous sera of ftatuary.

The tomb under the weft arch of the north aile of the choir at Chrijl Church, r 2 , 2Oxford, for Sir Henry de Bathe, jufticiary of England, t. H. II. who died 1232.Pl.Xlvlhas his figure in armour, with whilkers, with a gorget of mail, the helmet fig- 4.pointed terminating in a nob, and under it another with a bull's head; on hisbread: 3 gerbes O. at his feet a hound collared. In quatrefoiis on the front of thetomb are thefe five coats ; a chevron between three greyhounds rampant S.

impaling an efcocheon G. in a border of rofes O. 2. The firft impaling nebuleand G. 3. The firft Angle, and impaling 4. O. three piles, G. a can-

’ Her bones were removed from Swaynebey, and buried in the Chapter-houfe at Coverham. Mon. Ang. II 618.* Dugd. Orig. Jurid. Chron. fer. p. 4.3 Oblervat. in Regiftr. Hon. de Richmond, p.235. 4 Dugd. Bar. I. 293.s Ex fapiemioribus in rtb'us mundanis baud exjlimarctur. Regift, de Richm. p. 236.

6 Dugd. Bar. I. 292.

N ton,

r. 46 ]

ton, anti alfo 5. G. three lucies hauriant A. At the head a fefs between

three gerbes O. impaling the chevron and greyhounds. In a window above is

the chevron between three greyhounds.

1 252. Blanche, grandaughter of Henry II and Queen of Lewis VIII. of France died

1252. Juft before her death fhe became a nun at Pontoife,which Ihe had

founded, and to which church fhe bequeathed her body. “ FaCta eft fan&imo-

“ nialis profeffa velata ante mortem, 8c fupra velum appolita eft corona, 8c veftita

“ eft reginaliter, 8c lie fepulta eft, ut decuit, redimitah” I mention this princefs

only as an example of the ceremonial ufed at the funeral of a royal religious.

1253. On the fouth fide of the fouth aile of the choir at Tewksbury is a freeftone

altar-tomb, with 4 quatrefoils on each fide. In the fpandrils are the cypher here

engraved, and a chevron between 3 efcallops. In one fhield, a Palmer’s ftaff

pafles through the point of the chevron, or as B. Willis 3

,over all in pale. He

aferibes this monument, which the tradition of the place gives to abbot Ro-

bert Fortyngton, to Robert, who died abbot here 1253. But he miftakes

when he talks of “ his effigies carved in full proportion” on it.

ne.

1254.

Hugh Northwold, bifhopof Ely, who died 1254, has a very ornamented

monument there, not faithfully reprefented in PI. XV. of Mr. Bentham’s well-

written hiftory of that church, where it is thus deferibed, p. 148. “ It is araifed

“ monument of grey marble, with his effigies curioufly carved in his epifcopal

“ habit, and as it were enthroned or inftalled : at the head were angels fupport-

“ ing a crown of glory : on the fides of the ftall were carved, on the right hand,

“ a king, an abbot, and a monk. On the left St. Etheldreda, an abbefs crowned,

“ and a nun, and at the foot the ftory of St. Edmund’s martyrdom, alluding to

11 the founding of the church of Ely in his time, and to St. Edmund’s abbey,

“ over which he prefkled. This monument, which flood clofe by St. Etheldreda’s

“ fhrinc, behind the high altar, was probably removed when that was demolifhed,

“ and the effigies being cafually laid on bifhop Barnet’s tomb, has by the incurious

“ been taken fof that biftiop.” To illuftrate this defeription I would obferve, that

of the figures on the right fide, the king, holding in his right hand a ragged ftaff,

in his left a globe, treading on a ferpent, probably refers to Henry III. the abbot

or rather the biffiop, holding in his right hand a rich flowered crofs, in his left a

church, to Northwold liimfelf when abbot here, as alfo the figure of the monkbroken in the middle, but having under his back at the bottom of his arch a

twilled cockatrice : the bifliop’s right foot treads on a lion looking up, and his

left on the breaft of a dragon, whofe head is defaced. The three figures

on the left fide reprefent St. Etheldreda, in three different characters ; as abfiefs,

holding in her 'eft hand a church, in her right a crofier ; as queen, crowned,

her left hand on her breaft, her right holding up her robe;and as a nun, her

1 Henault (I. 210.) mates her daughter of Alphonfo IX. king of Caftile : and fays, her filler Berengaria was wife of

Alphonfo king of Lena : whereas flic was daughter of Alphonfo VIII. king of Caftile, and her filter Berengaria married

Alphonfo IX. king of Leon, who was in right of his wife king of Caftile. Sandf. 70,1 Math. Baris, p. SJ9. i Mit. Ab. I. o. 1 77.

left

[ 47 I

left hand holding up her robe, in her right a globe. I fliall only add, that thepillars of the niche (which Mr. Bentham calls, 1 think improperly, a Jlall) areof richer and more Grecian work than ufual, and that over the head of the kingat the right fide one lees a building, alluding to the magnificent prelbytefyhere, begun by this prelate 1035, and finilhed two years before his death.

Godwin ' deferibes Bifiiop Gsosthead’s as a “goodly tomb of marble, witht2 54 -

“ an image of brafs over it.” Dugdale fays, “ at the fouth end of the aile, goingH XVI '

“ into the reveftrie is an antient tomb, called Grofthead’s; at the feet a chapel,

“ made fouth, to another of the fame falhion, both femicircular.” It appears tohave been an altar tomb, with a border of foliage round the table, which was fup-ported by circular pillars at the corners, but now lies broken and difordered on thefloor. See Plate XVI. So imperfeft is the memorial of this great prelate, a pro-teftant in popilh times, whofe fuperior judgement ftrnggled hard to break the ice

of reformation in the 13th century. He died in his palace at Bugden, Ofl. 9,1253 ’

Matthew Paris is lavifli of encomiums on this confcientious intrepid Prelate,

who fpoke his mind both to the King and the Pope. He calls him, « Domini“ Papte et Regis redargutor manifeltus, prtelatorum correptor, monachorum“ corredlor, prefbyterorum direftor, clericorum infiruftor, fcholarium fuftenta-“ tor, populi prtedicator, incontinentum perfecutor, feripturarum fedulus per-“ ferutator diverfarum, Romanorum malleus et contemptor ! ." Epithets thatmight fupply the place of any modern epitaph. No one has yet done juftice to

his life"; for the hiftory of which, and of the times he lived in, a period offorty years of the reign of Henry III. my learned and. indullrious friend Mr.Pegge has collected the bell materials, whenever his own inclination and thepublic voice fliall bring them forth.

After the bifliop had refted in his grave exa&ly 529 years and one month, thehand of inquifitive curiofity (abfit invidia fmr.ilsgii) availing itfelf of the newpaving of the cathedral, and the friendlhip of the prefent Prxcentor, expoledhis venerable remains to view. After removing a folid heap of earth and rudeflones, to the depth of near 1 8 inches, the mafons ftruck on the freeftone-lid ofa coflin, in which had been hollowed a cavity for the face, and which not beingcemented was eafily removed, and dilcovered a flieet of lead, raifed up overthe face, and laid on four loofe iron bars, over a freeftone-coflin, 23 inches wideat top, diminifliing to n{, i 3| deep, 1'- thick. In this the body of the pre-late had been depoflted in pickle, a fmall quantity of which was remainingunder the back, in the middle of the coffin. The corpfe was reduced to aikeleton ; the bones Acre fallen together, but none of them abfolutely pe-riihed. The head reclined to the left lhoulder

; the underjaw, in which all theteeth were complete, was totally fallen

; three fore teeth of the upper jaw weregone. Under the right fide of the head were a chalice and patten of latten

compfefled together, by which compreffion the head had probably reclined tothe left. No liquor appeared in the chalice. The left arm lay acrofs the belly

1

;

the right was fallen alkie. The marks of the flipper foies were vifible againft thefoot of the coffin. The thigh-bone meafured 16 inches. Acrofs the body,from the right lhoulder to the left foot lay a crofier of red wood, whofemiddle part was entirely decayed: the top, which lay flat on the bottom of thecoffin, was carved into the rude form of a lamb’s head, at the bottom of

* P-240.1 Ang. Sac. II. p.342. ex Ann. Lanercofl. See alfo Ann. Burton, p, 318.

3 See a noble character of him Ann. Lanercoft ubi fup.4 He has not even a place in the Biographia Britannica. Mr. Wharton only wiftied to have found an old MS. life of him

in fome library ;for want of which he printed a meagre rhyming legend, by a monk, of Bardncy. Dr. Knight’s perfor-

mance efcaped the ilri£teft refearches of the late Dr. Maf'on, and the late Bilhop of Lincoln. Hearne fays Wood left alife of him, ftill in the Alhmolcan Mufeum. Ann. Dunftaple, I. 299. n.

whofe

[ 43 ]

whofe neck was a horn or ivory fillet : two rings of horn of the different

diameters went round the crofier-top at different intervals;and where it was fitted

to the fttff there was a brafs plate, fitted on with leather, and charged with this

infcription in two lines,

* PER BACVLI FORM™ XPRELATI DISCITO NORMAM.

The point of the crofier was fhod with a pointed metal ferule armed

with a knob, and from it iffued a tranfverfe piece of metal, alfo knobbed, as a

flop to keep it fteady at the foot. Thefe metal ornaments were repofited in

the veftry, and the wooden fragments replaced in the coffin, A ring of gilt

metal, with a very fmall blue ftone fet in it, was found to have fallen off the

fingers.

After a careful examination by the Precentor, Mr. Sympfon, Mr. Eradley, the

organift, and one or two more members of the church, thefe refpetftable remains

were carefully covered up again, and as the furface of the coffin is confiderably

below the level of the new pavement it may be prefumed they will reft un-

difturbed to the end of time—to that period in which all who have enlifted under

the banners of Truth, Liberty, and Virtue, lliall fhare with this worthy pre-

late the great reward ; as far beyond the empty wifh of the people, and the

univerfitv of Oxford, that he might be canonized, as his virtues tranfcended the

fuperftition of his contemporaries.

Thefe remains could not however efcape the penetration of the Prefident of the

Royal Society, to gratify which they were again opened about a month after

their firft uncovering. Sir Jofeph Banks took out a fmall portion of the liquor

in which the body was originally laid.

Camden 1fays, the bifhop commanded this only to be engraven over his tomb,

$uis fm nofce cupis ! caro putrida, nil nifi vermis :

guifquis es hoc ,de me tibi fit fcire fatis.

But upon his death this was written,

Rex dolet ,ac regnum gemit, 62? fet Anglia tola,

Plebs plangit,gemitus ingeminare juvat.

Quippe Groftedus, fpeculum virlutis, afylum

Juftitia,Regis anchora, morte jacet.

Non poterit tamen ille mori cui Jama perorate

Laus loquitur,redolet frublus, abundat honor ;

Unde dolens triftalur homo,canit angelus unde

,

Unde ferenantur fdera pallet humus

D’Alderby, the fourth of his fucceffors, was buried, in the fame manner,

in the lower fouth tranfept, as appeared on new paving it this fpring. The

place of his fhrine may be diftinguiflied againft the Weft wall of the tran-

fept.

Between bifliop Grofthead’s tomb and the fouth wall was buried his intimate

and learned friend Adam de Marifco,chief of the Francifcans, who died of grief

for his lot's prefently after him the fame year 3.

* Remains, p. 373.* Part of thefe lines, with fome alterations,

3 Ann. de Lanercoll, ubiliip.

arc in the monk of Barcleney’s Life of him, Angl. Sacr. I. 340.

3Roger

Roger de Weseham, another of his friends and favourites, vir mini laudem 57;iignijfimus', died r 157, and was buried in his own cathedral at Lichfield, in awooden chapel (fub oratorio ligneo) over againft canon Radcliffe's monument .But of thefe two monuments not the leafl: traces remain.

Archbiihop Grey’s monument at rork, inthefouth end of the tranfept eredted 1255.by him, is a curious piece of work of grey marble. His figure, pontifically ha-bited and gloved, piercing a fnake with his crofier wrapt in his mantle, liesunder a very plain arch, with round pillars finely foliated. On the pedimentof this arch Hand angels cenfing him : under his feet two human figures trodon by him writh themfelves, while a dragon bites the end of the crofier. Thecanopy above confifts of three arches, and the pediment part of three or morefuch fhorter with their proper pediments, the bulls on the tops of whofe pillarstotally mifreprefented in Mr. Drake’s print are really the ufual figures. Inthis upper ftory it was pretended the bifiiop dying excommunicate was lodg-ed, till Mr. Drake had it opened for near a yard, and found it folid. There wasno epitaph on this tomb.

Kilkenny, fucceflbr of Hugh Northwold, at Ely, has a plain monument; only 1256.

his figure, in purbeck marble, fomewhat like the bilhops at Sarum and Worcef-ter ; on his breaft a lozenge. In the fpandrils of the canopy angels hoveringwith cenfers 1

: which in Mr. Bentham’s print are made fleurons. At his feet abending canopy of five arches. This cenotaph in fail covers only his heart, hisbody being buried in Spain, where he died 1256*.

William of York, bifiiop of Salifintry, lies oppofite to his predeceflbr Bing- 1256.ham, on the fouth fide of the choir, under a flowered arch of another form,furmounted by a rich bouquet, and fided by purfled finials. The black flabhad nothing on it.

The next monument of this time is one erected in Weftmiilfter abbey for four 1257.infant children of Henry III. Richard, John, and Henry, his third, fourth, n.xvni’.

and fifth fons, and his youngeft daughter Katharine. It is formed of Mofaic,the fides in plain pannels, the top of the table inlaid in circles, and other irre-gular figures, with a border of tefieke in front

;and is fixed in the aile, in the

wall between the chapels of St. Benedict and St. Edmund. Over this tomb,on the mafonry in the upper arch are faint traces of painting, now almoft fcratchedout, reprefenting a church in perfpeflive, an embattled wall feen through thearches, and in the pavement in front Angle fleurs de lis O. and lions rampant S.or Az. Under the proper arch or canopy of the tomb were painted four fi-

gures s, two and two, kneeling oppofite to each other, of whom faint traces are

yet vifible. But on the clofeft infpeiflion, May 27, 1782, I muff acknowledgemyfelf unable to determine whom they reprefent, as the figures to the left appearfurrounded with nimbi, and thofe oppofite to them to be in armour. Over thislafl: arch are broken traces of a few capital letters. This tomb is covered with awooden lid for the accommodation of the vergers as a defk. Mr. Dart havingengraved it very inaccurately, the whole, with the arch over it, is here given,PI. xyiu.

6

It appears by records in the Tower, that on the death of the princefs Catha-rine 1257, under the age of five years

‘,the king her father ordered a fump-

1Matt. Par. 190.

3 Nothing fo common as thefe, <

calls them fjhing-nrts.* Hift, of Ely, pi. xvi. p. 149.* Keepe fays, they are the effigies of four children painted in piano, p. 56.

,

Matth.

ew Paris %*> filc was dumb :' nd helplefs, but very pretty, {mala e! inutilis. fed facie pulcherrima) ; and thats inconfolable for her death. P. 948.

O tuous

4 Whitelocke in Ang. Sac. T. 447.fo often miftaken. In the windows of Stapleford church near Hertford Salmon

the queen her mother v

[ 5 ° ]

tuous monument to be here erected to her, and commanded his treafurer and

chamberlain of the exchequer to deliver to mafter Simon de Wells five marks

and a half for his expences in going to London for a certain brafs image to

fet on her tomb, and returning home again \ And on this tomb was likewife

placed a filver image, for which William de Glocefter the king’s filverfmith had

70 marks 1. For this Mr. Dart quotes Strype.

Two artifts in ftone and filver applied to Henfy III. to make a figure for

his daughter. He gave the preference to the laft, and paid premiums to

fuch candidates as came out of the country : a proof our artifts were not fo

deipicable at this sera as is generally fuppofed. The monument of Henry IT. at

Fontevraud was made by Englifh artifts, who had fafe conducts to carry it over.

Five children of Edward I. viz. John his eldeft, Alphonsus his third fon,

Berengaria and Alice his fourth and fifth, and Eleanor his tenth daughter,

are faid to be buried here, and to them Mr. Dart refers the painting of two boys

and two girls abovementioned ; but unlefs we fuppofe them added to Henry Ill’s

children, the tomb fuits belt with the age of the latter.

Alphonfus died 1214, highly regretted by the kingdom for his great beauty

and valour 3.

It appears that Richard fon of Henry III. and Alphonfus fon of Edward I.

were buried, the firft on the South fide of St. Edward’s fhrine, the other on

the South fide of the choir; but whether the children of thcfe kings had one

common place of fepulture is not exprelfed, though it may be prefumed.

1256. Among the figures in the ‘Temple church is a ftone coffin en dos (Pane,the

;*1 V. ridges and angles of its cover forming a kind of crofs, whofe top terminates in

fig- 5 - a trefoil, and the foot refts on a bull’s head, or perhaps a ram’s, referring to the

holy lamb ;and from the middle of the fhaft iffue two fleurets or leaves. This

may be the monument of William Plantagenet, fifth fon of Henry III,, whodied in his infancy, and was buried here according to Weever 4

,about 1256 s

.

Ilis father intended to be buried there himfelf. See Dugd. Mon. Aug. II. 531.

Pl.XIX. The five figures in the north groupe of this church being abfolutely un-afcertained, I can only prefume them to be of the fame century, and fubjoin

their defcriptions.

Camden and Weever afcribe one of them to Gilbert Marshall, third fon of

the firft William, who on the death of his brothers fucceeded to the whole of the

paternal inheritance. 19 Henry III. he took the crofs with Richard earl of Corn-

wall, in order to go to the Holy Land 6

,which was delayed only by his difference

with the king 7. He was a firm adherent to Richard earl of Cornwall, who at

length procured his reconciliation with the king. He married, 1235, Margaret 8

fitter of Alexander king of Scotland, and after her death Maud de Lanvaley,

without the king’s licence 9. He loft his life at a tournament at Ware I0

, 1241.being run away with by a mettlefome Italian horfe, whom he could not check,

1 Rymer, I. 41.

* This record has given rife to the tradition of the vergers, that three filver images were affixt over the tomb by theirons now remaining.

1 Ann. de Dunttaple, p. 507. where he is called fon and heir. The Annals of Waverly, p. 238. call him “ filius

primogeniivi

’

of Edward I.

P. 443. 5 Milles, p. 145. Sandford, p. 92, 93.4 Powel's Hift. of Wales, p. 293. 7 M. Paris, p. 516. * femina thgantijjima. Matth. Par.0 Dugdale feems to dafe his two marriages wrong

;for he quotes Rot. Fin 14 Hen. 111 . for his fecond marriage

; yetmakes his firfl take place 1:35, 19 Henry III. M. Paris, p. 565, mentions that with Margaret under the year 1236. butit is moft probable, from the above circumftanccs, that it was the fecond match.

*° About a howfhov from Hertford. M. Paris, calls the fport fortunium quod vulgarlt'cr appclhtur. It was a namegiven to difguife the fport, which the king had exprefsly forbidden. See lb. p. 57a. and Du Cange in voce.

the

C 5 1 ]

tlie reins breaking at the bit; the heat, the duft, and a full ftomach (for the com-

batants dined before the exercife) rendered him incapable of keeping his feat,

and his foot hanging in the ftirop he was dragged a confiderable way, and takenup for dead. He was conveyed to the friery at Hertford, where he expired in thoevening 5 cal. Jul. Upon opening his body his liver was found mortified by thebruifes he had received. 1 lis bow'els were buried before the high altar of ourLady church there, and his corps conveyed next day to the Temple, and theredepofited near his father and brother. Matthew Paris aferibes all the extraordi-nary parade which coft this unfortunate earl his life to an effort of figuring as aknight of great prowefs

; a character he was never trained to, having been bredto the chiu ch, till, by the death of his brother, the fucceffion devolved to him.He adds that the earl affiled at this tournament without the king’s leave, whomade this a pretence to withhold his eftate from his brother Walter for a while.This antient and noble family became extineft about ten years after, by the deathof Walter and Anfelm, the laft furviving fon of earl William.

In the prefent ftate of thefe monuments it is almoft impoflible to afeertain *heproperty of more than one of the Marefchall family. If it be obje&ed, that thefigure affigned to the father may rather, on account of its youthful appearance,belong to one of the fons, I fliall not contend forfo controvertible an opinion. Oneconjecture however I may propofe, which is, that the two figures whole belts havethe fame ornaments were of the fame family.

Mr. Lethieullier’j who aferibes three of thefe figures to the earis of Pembroke,takes it for granted, “ none of them were of the order of Templars.” It is onlya vulgar error to fuppofe every figure whofe legs are croffed was actually of thatorder. But that two at lead: of the three Pembrokes were, or meant to be, Cru-faders, and confequently had taken the vow, their hiftory plainly fhews ; and it

is highly probable the infection of the times reached the other, as aperfon of adiftinguiihed family. Yet to make up the eleven deferibed here by Stowe, theymult all be confidered as crofs-legged. I fliall juft obferve, that Magnaville,William Marfhall, jun. and the laft figure in the other groupe have their legscroffed in an unufual manner. They lie on their backs, and yet crofs their legsas if they lay on their fides. So were thofe Of Henry Laci earl of Lincoln,1312, in old St. Paul’s.

1 he fpurs of all are remarkably fliort, and feem rather ftraps without rowels.Not above two or three have the long pointed flioe, and two have their fur-coats exactly reaching to the knee, whereas the Other are of different lengths,and fall more eafily.

I have dwelt only on thofe perfonages who are exprefsly pointed out by Cam-den, Stowe, andWeever, and by the more antient hiftorians. Weever informsus, that fepulture in this church was much affe&ed by Henry III. and his nobi-lity. Stowe has determined that four ot the crofs-legged figuresr belong to the threeearls of Pembroke and Robert Ros : “ and thefe are all, fays he, that I can re-member to have read of. The later Purveys of London content themlelves

with copying Stowe and Weever.

However deficient our notices are to whom thefe feveral antient monumentsbelong, we have at leaft light enough to pronounce that they do not belong eitherto “ Dunwallo and other Britifh kings,” as tradition reports in Weever, nor tothofe “ kings of Denmark 'who reigned in England,” as Hentzner mifunder-ftood.

1

S 7 J * * Archaol.il. p. 294.

Arch-

C si 1

Feb. 25, 1718. It was unanimoufiy agreed at the Society of Antiquaries to

take a drawing of the Knights Templars, and the tomb of the patriarch in the

Temple-church, and the infcription over the door, and Mr. Director (Talman)

was ordered to employ Seignor Grifoni about that work, who was chofen by the

Society when they fliall have occafion for drawings *. Mr. Lethieullier informed

the Society, 173^, that he had, for his own private curiofity, caufed drawings of

thefe tombs to be taken, which were then in his hands.

I cannot conclude this article without recording an anecdote communicated to

me on good authority, that application was made, by a Hertford (hire baronet,

for fome of thefe crofs-legged knights to grace his new-eredted parochial chapel

:

but the fociety of Benchers difcovered their good fenfe, as well as regard to

antiquity, by refilling their compliance.

Similar to thefe is the figure of Sir James Beauchamp in the north aile of the

choir at Worcejler. It is in mail, with a round helmet and furcoat, drawing his

fword with his right hand, his left under a long pointed fhield : his legs crofted

as thofe above noticed, and at his feet a lion. Thomas 1feems to give the left

hand a glove of mail, and make the other bare.

1258. The tomb at York of Archbilhop Sewal, who died 125S, is the firft inftance

of a table monument, without an altar tomb. It refts on twelve arches, and onthe llab, which diminilhes by five mouldings, is a crofs floree in relief *.

Isabel countefs of Athol, wife of David de Strabolgy earl of Athol, and fe-

cond daughter of Richard de Dover, natural fon of king John by Rohes his wife

daughter of Robert de Dover, baron of Chilham 4,has an altar tomb in the under-

croft at Canterbury;the fxdes adorned with three Ihields in quatrefoils, two charged

with three cinquefoils, the middlemoft with a trivet. Her figure is very delicate,

drefled in a mantle and petticoat, her head-drefs finely plaited and veiled, fup-ported by angels, her hands joined, a dog at her feet, the face of the arch an-nulated, in the centre above a rofe 5

. .

1258. Crockesley or Crosslet, abbot of Weftminfter, who died 1258, and wasburied, according to Flete, in the old chapel of St. Edmund, which he had him-felf built, near the north door, and on the taking that down being ruinous, re-

moved to the adjoining chapel of St. Nicholas, under a little plain ftone before

the middle altar, was again difturbed in the reign of Henry VI. at which time

the whole convent faw his corpfe firm and frelh in the veftment in which he faid

mafs in a ftone coffin. This coffin Dart 6thinks was laid on Flaccet’s tomb in St.

John Baptift’s chapel, and in it was faid by Keepe to have been lately found a

body, though Dart could find only the disjoined boards of an inward coffin,

which he looks upon as a proof of its antiquity. It has been afcribed to Bohunearl of Hereford and Milling biffiop of Hereford, but againft this he alleges its

form, and that ftone coffins were rarely or never in ufe in the 14th century 7. All

that can be faid is, it is the coffin of a religious, and it now lies on the tomb ofabbot Flaccet.

His epitaph was only thefe two obfcure lines,

Jam Wintona polis de Richardo

Mortis amara dedit, at locus ifte capit.

* Stukeley’s Copy of the Minutes. 1p. 43 3 . 3 Drake, p. 4*9.

4 Sandf. p. 96, 5 See the print in Dart, p. 90. * XXIV. 7 I. 191.

he

,

[ S3 ]

He was archdeacon of Weftminfter, and owed his advancement to the favour 1

of Henry III. which he foon loft by his ill conduct in his monaftery, and re-

covered it only by his concurrence with unpopular public meafures. lie died of

poifon at Winchefter : and is chara&erized by Matthew Paris as a handfome man

and good orator, who fpared no pains or expence to ferve the king, both at home

and abroad.

“ Under the ftairs leading up to the organ in Winchefter cathedral there is a

« buft (by tradition) of Ethelmarus, the bifliop, who died A. C. 1261, who“ neverthelefs feems to have been interred in another place ; for I find his heart

“ was buried in the South wall of the prefbytery, where this monument is ftill

ci vifible.

“ Obiit anno Domini 1261“ Corpus Ethelmari cujus cor nunc tenit iftud

“ Saxum Parijiis ntorte datur tumulo

Godwin 1 confirms this laft deftination. The only reafon therefore for in-

troducing this monument here is to refute the erroneous appropriation of this buft,

which is in fadt a mutilated figure of an old knight, under which is a lhield

charged with Barry of 18.

John de Caletc, abbot of Peterborough, who died 1262, was buried before 1262.

the altar of St. Andrew, at the eaft end of the fouth aile of the choir, near the

ftirine of St. Tibba, commonly called the Queen of Scot’s tomb. He was eledled

abbot 1 249, and appointed treasurer of England 1260b He built the Infirmary,

and gave a great bell to the church, which was in being till 1 7 1 1 ,inferr-

ed, Jon de Caux abbas Ofwaldo confecrat hoc vas. pis grave was.opened

in February, 1742, for the interment of Mrs. Fuller, and his remains care-

fully re-entombed. On raifing the earth where he was buried they found two

pieces of brafs : one an Ave Maria piece, with a crofs flory in a fquare ; the

other a man fitting at a table, with a cafe of printing types, which he was fet-

ting : the 4 in the alphabet is Roman. The laft piece could hardly be con-

temporary with John de Caleto 4. The monument or Ihiine before which he was

buried was removed on the late repair of the cathedral, 1782, into the Dean’s

garden, where it is raifed on pedeftals, to ferve as a fummer-houfe.

Bilhop Bridport lies in St. Mary Magdalen’s, or the firft chapel in the fouth 1263.

tranfept at Salisbury. His effigy is pontifically habited : his crofter a rich one ;Pl.XVlI

angels fupported his head; on the fide of the tomb are eight niches 5. The arch

over him is a furbaft one : the outer moulding charged with birds holding fcrolls,

inferibed, JjOttOt £3DC0 Ct 0 lift, and lilies alternately. In the South fpandrils the

arms of the fee, and two chevronels G. indented. See Pl.XVlI. On the other

France and England quarterly, and a crofs flory between five martlets.

This prelate died 1263, having filled this fee feven years. The prefent church

was dedicated under his adminiftration by archbilhop Boniface.

Among Daniel King’s drawings of the Vere monuments before mentioned,

p. 36, was one repr.efenting the fragment of a very antient figure, and the effi-

gy of a lady. Thefe are both faid to have been of alabafter, and therefore

'Gale’s Winchefter, p. 24, 25.

1P. 221.

* Dugd. Orig. Jurid. calls him J.de Craknalc. 4 T. Neve, in the Spalding Society’s minutes.

5 Price lavs this tomb “ was wrought as a model of the outfide of the tower by tradition.” Additional Remarks at

end of the fecond edition of his Observations in the Defcription of Salifeury. 1774. 43. p.139. He mull mean of

the archwork.

P Mr.

t 54 ]

Mr. Lethieullier imagines them to be later than thofe in wood (engravedI'i. IX. fig. 2, 3.) and appropriates them to Hugh de Vere earl of Oxford andhis counters Hawise, daughter of Saer, earl of Winchefter, 46 Henry III.He was only fon to earl Robert buried at Hatfield-Broadoak, and nephew toearl Albenc before-mentioned, and died 1263. The principal event in his lifewas, that he fubfcribed the barons’ letter of complaint to the Pope 30 Hen-fy III

°

Weever’ lays the following infcription was on his tomb :

“ HicJ'acent HuS° de Ve«. ejus nominis primus, comes Oxonice quartus, mag-“ nus cameranus Anglte, filius Se lucres Roberti comitis, 8c Hawifia uxor ejus“ (ilia Sacri de Quinci comitis Wintone

; qui quidem Hugo obiit 1263. Quorum“ animabus propitietur altiflimus.”

Thefe feem to be the alabafter figures defcribed as lying 1746 in an oldfummer-houfe in the South Eaft corner of Mr. Wale’s garden at Colne priory:the lower part of one of which is in armour from waift to mid thigh, and asmuch of a female trunk. Many pieces of marble and alabafter lay fcattered aboutand others were cut into chimney pieces for every room in the houfe The’foundations were difcernable in dry weather. In digging up the foundation ofthe old conventual church were found ftone coffins, bones, and many coins •

an old Piece of lead, circular, with a loop, or hole, which feemed appendantto a parchment, and had a rofe, circumfcribed TiXXDe ROT£>YNG probablyfrom that perfon’s coffin.

Mr. King made a drawing of three views of a coloffal free-ftone figurecalled by tradition Grimevery, the firft of the family of the Veres ThisMr. Lethieullier apprehends to be a miftake, for the following reafons Albe-ricus, the firft of the family, fettled indeed at Earl’s Colne, where he died and

.was buried, in the time of William the Conqueror, an age prior to the erertingany fuch monuments

;and as he was the founder of their monaftery and

lnmfelf fhorn a monk therein, there is no reafon to expert a reprefentationof him in the habit and attitude of a foklier. He was therefore rather in-clined to believe this monument was intended for Albericus, the third of thatfamily, but firft earl of Oxford

; from whence perhaps arofe the traditionof his being the firft of this family. This earl was an eminent foldier in thereigns of Stephen and Henry III. and dying 6 Richard I. n 94 . was interredm this priory. Mr. Lethieullier adds, he had met with fome other figures oflike coloftal proportions, which there is good reafon to imagine were of thatage. We have therefore fubjoined the plate to the end of the preceding cen-tury. It was totally deftroyed when Mr. Lethieullier vifited the'fpot 17,6

Thefe monuments, with that of earl Alberic and lady, were in the chapelat Colne priory in Eflex, which had been founded by earl Alberic in the be-ginning ot the reign of Henry I. but on its demolition were entirely deftroyedOthers of the fame family were removed into the pariflr church, where theyare If ill preferved, and will be mentioned in their order.

1264. In digging a grave in the middle of the Lady chapel at Walls, 1727 wastound about 20 inches under the pavement a free-ftone coffin, containing thebones of a b.ffiop with a large gold ring fet with a ftone on his finger, and afmall filver cup full of liquor, which was thrown in the dirt before any perfon

aimw 7 -

Came; “ WaS C°Vered W 'th a fma11 fllver P»ten fomewhat rufty.All thefe things were preferved by archdeacon Archer. This was generally fup-

* Dugd. Bar. I. 191. * P. ..5.

pofed

C 55 j

pofed the body of Button, firft biihop of that fee of that name ' who, accordingto Godw‘n, was boned in tumulo mannorec, in this fpot. The inattention ofthe labourers made them probably fancy there was liquor in the cup wh.ch 1believe is not ufual, though chalices and patens are frequent in the graves of rebgiousot rank, nor is it probable the veflels were of any better melal than lat-

™n2 Thnm P °r0fth

,

ead ’

S tomb - Nothing is more common than themiftahe. Thus the prelatical rings, and the regal fceptres, buried with the repeftive parties are, with the higheft degree of improbability, conceived to begold or filver, when, at moil, they are only gilded or filvered over. This bi-ftop died i 264. Thomas Button, one of his family, afterwards biihop of Fle-eter, gave to the church of Wells, for this bilhop's foul, the bell which ufed'toring for fervice in biihop Godwin’s time, as the inicription on it fet forth'.

his

S

head °b

M°NTf

F0RT' earl 0f Leicefer

> b«ng flain at the battle of Eveibam

andS r’m PnVItieS 5 CUt °ff 011 the fcld *>y R°Ser Mortimerand the former fent to Wigmore caftle s, by leave of the King the trunk wascarried away on a weak old ladder, covered with a torn cloth, to the abbeyhutch of Evefham, and, wrapt in a iheet, committed to the earth, before thelower Hep of the high altar there, with his eldeft fon Henry and Hu-h lord

wtath’ d 1

W 'th h!” "• BUt ft°rtly aftCr> monks°aIledg-ing that he died excommunicate and attainted of treafon, and therefore did not

they took up his^ »*** * * *™louily lifted up higher than the heads of all the affiftants, notwithftand’ng it hadeen iewed up m a bag, and kept in the bearer’s bofom !

. One of his feet wascarried by John.de Vefcy, the founder, to Alnwic abbey, where com mint feTlal months uncorrupted, the monk’s made for it a filver ihoe > It hid§

tbetween the little and the third toe, made either bv a knife or Wd Zhmangling of the body. The diftant fight of this foot wrought inftan’t curet

thhk “Thin*”f"'or® the earl was a traitor, loft firft his eyes, and then

tvi be th

‘’ 7Z°f

tht m0Dk of Mailros> Who relates this ftorv, « what

„m 1 bE the s!°ry ofthls f00t at rejundlion to Simon's body after the genera

«J

niSTf

en|’

, T comParif°o of foot before that great event, wlifch dif-played fuch healing powers through the filver ihoe, out of whic h wpnt •• tki

authenticated to he recorded. His other hand was preferred with great reverence at Evelliam, where it may fairly he prefumed to have wrought miraclesf“ G°D’ ““ my auth0r

- d°“ not fo juftify one part of a man by *efopowers as to leave another part w ithout the fame.” This chronicler, in his

! ^‘!Cr

/H"rn

„e

.’Pref- t0 Adam dn Domerham, p. ,7. . PTcfluulos abfcjjo: append,-ban ex utraque parte najt. Lib. Guildhall Ms’

SThcovered two years after in the river Tiv md hi. u-.au- ,

1’Mh. The man who cut them off was dif

^On the point of a ipear. Wikes, 71.

a traversed this, according to Robert ofGlocefter,p.^6o.

’ J ' L.oiclamentuni at argento purijjtm:,

enthu-

enthufiafm for the carl, compares him with his namefake Simon Peter, celebrates

his exemplary vigilance and habit of riling at midnight, his abftinence, and his

moderation in drefs, always wearing haircloth next his ikin, and over it at home

a ruJJ'el habit' ;

and in public, blovet or burnet ';and his conftant language

was that he would not defert the juft defence of England, which he had un-

dertaken for God’s fake, through the love of life, or the fear of death; but would

die for it. Juftly therefore did the religious prefer his ihrine to the Holy Land :

and his favourites the friars minors celebrated his life and miracles, and com-

poled a lervice for him, which, during the life of Edward, could not be gene-

rally introduced into the church.

Matthew Paris ! and the author of the Annals of Waverly•pretend, that at the m-

ftant of his death there happened extraordinary thunder and lightning; and gene-

ral darkdarknefs. “ Sicque labores finivit fuos vir ille magnificus Simon comes,

“ qui non folum fua fed fe impendit pro oppreffione pauperum, affefiione juftitise,

“ 8c regni jure. Fuerat utique literarum fcientia commendabilis, officiis divinis

“ affidue interefie gaudens, frugalitati deditus, cuifamiliare fuit in noftibus vigi-

“ lare amplius quam dormire : conftans fuit in verbo, feverus in vultu, maxime

« fid us in orationibus religioforum, ecclefiafticis magnam femper impendens re-

“ verentiam.” Thefe are the words of Matthew Paris, who adds, that he had a

high opinion of Bilhop Groftefte. “ Ipfius coniilio traflabat ardua, tentabat du-

“ bia, finivit inchoata, ea maxime per qua; meritum fibi fucreicere aiftimabat

:

that the biiliop promifed him the crown of martyrdom for his defence of the

church, and foretold that both he and his fon would die the fame day in the

caufe ofjuftice and truth. His profeffions of religion (for he and all his army

received the facrament before they took the field s)and his oppofition to the

king’s oppreffive meafures made him the idol of the monks and the populace.

Tyrrel fays6 he had feen at the end of a MS. in the public library at Cambridge

certain prayers directed to him as a faint, with many rhyming verfes in his

praife, and the pope was obliged to reprefs thefe extravagances. He certainly

was podefied of noble qualities ;but amid the prejudices of antient writers in his

favor, and the violent declamations of the moderns againft him, it is not eafy to

decide whether ambition or the public good was the motive of his oppofition tu

his fovereign, who had been his benefaflor, and whofe fitter he had married.

The Chronicler of Mailros appeals to heaven for the juftice of his caufe, and

the miracles wrought at the tomb of his affociate Hugh Defpencer, who was

chief juftice of England ;and the Chronicler of Waverley fcruples not to call

his death a glorious martyrdom for his country, and the good of the kingdom

and the church ;while Carte condemns him as a traitor’: and Tyrrel fays, he

and his family periihed, and came to nought in a few years. Knighton * fays, he

reproached his foils for having brought him to his end by their pride and pre-

fumption. Mr. Philips, owner of the fite of Eveiham-abbey, digging a founda-

tion for a wall between the church-yard and his garden, found the Ikeleton of

a man in armour, probably one of the heroes that fell in this battle. He fcru-

puloufly left it untoncht, and built the wall upon it ».

68. In the north tranfept at Hereford is the monument of bifhop Peter de

Eqit.ri.anx, who died 1268. His figure in pontificalibus lies on a low altar

tomb under a canopy. At his head a flat canopy, refting on three heads,

1 Amiftu RoIJiti.' 1 blovcti vel burnet. 1 P.998.

« P. 12 o.- Cbrcm, dc Mailros, p. 231. * IT. 1052.

7 II. 158. ' Col. 2453. Hollinih. 270.

* Nall . I. 410.'

which

n\lcG<ri? r

[ 57 ]

which are alfo down the fides, and three under arches at his feet. Over his

head is painted on the wall,

D’ns Petrus de Aquablanca epus Heref.

Obiit A. D. 1268.

His heart was buried in a monaftery of his founding at Aigues belles in Savoy,

whereof he feems to have been a native.

In the middlemoft chapel of the north tranfept at Salisbury,on the fouth fide 1270.

of the chapel under a furball arch, the fpandrils open, lies a bifhop in pontificali-

bus mitred: in his right hand a crofier piercing a beaft; another beaft at his

left foot. This is the monument of Walter de la Wyle, who died 1270.

« Under an enarched monument raifed again!! the north wall of the chan- j 270.

cel at Repebam in the county of Norfolk lies a knight templar of the Kerdejlon

family, in armour, with his hands and legs croffed : on the balls ot the monu-

ment are the effigies of fix boys and four girls : on the fide ot the canopy work

are the arms of Kerdefton, but no infcription remains. This knight lies on

ftone-work carved as a rock, with a lion at his feet ;and probably reprefents

Sir Fulk de Kerdeston, or, as fome fay, Sir Thomas, who died in 1270

We come now to the molt magnificent and coftly monument of this century, 1272.

that of Henry III. in Wejlminjler abbey, which if not actually the work of Cavallini, P1-^^-

was probably executed from a defignof his, and with materials brought from Rome, xxil.

where Edward I. was the year after his father’s death. * Magnifico et fubltmi fepul-

cbro, quod rex Edwardus filius jafpidibus ophiticis, &c. qua e Gallia attulercit plu-

rimum ornavit 3. Leland, or the chronicle cited by him 4

,fays it was eredted in

the 8th year ofEdward I. which is 1280. The fide and end pannels are of por-

phyry, highly poliffied in frames of gold and fcarlet. It Rands on an afcent of

three Reps, and under it are three ambries or lockers,lined with the fame

Mofaic s’. We may obferve a great conformity between this tomb and the Con-

fefior’s in the form of the wreathed pillars and their capitals, and the contour of

fome parts of the inlaid work ;though the palm of elegance mull be given to

thQ jhrineb. The monument of this king’s children, before defcribed, p. 49, is

compofed of the fame materials. The table of the royal tomb is of copper,

diapered, and enamelled with flowers and lions in lozenges. The king’s

figure is of call; brafs, once gilt, laid exatftly in the attitude in which the

body of Edward I. was found on opening his tomb in I 774>an^ I think

there can be little reafon to doubt that his own body would be found in

the fame fituation in the altar-tomb on which the figure lies. The drapery

is the fame in which Edward I. was found to be vefted, except that the fibula

is double on the effigy, winch was fingle on the royal mantle. Time has

robbed Henry’s ftatue of his two fceptres, which were attually exifting in

the tomb of his fon, and one of which, in proof of Mr. Dart’s accuracy, he

has reftoredin his draught, though- wanting fifty years before when Sandford

wrote. Since that time the lion at his feet, and the canopy over the king’s head,

reaching down to his feet, are alfo gone, and only the marks of the faftenings

left. But I fliall decline a further defcription of this monument, which is To

faithfully reprefented with the effigies and portrait diftinft by Mr. Bafire. Dart

fays he had a call with 'one eye, fo as to hide part of the ball and pupil. An

* Blomf. Norf. IV. 4° 5 - Archxol. I. 34.1 Camden’s Weflminfter.

4 Colleflanea, II. 36g. “ Anno o&avo fui regni Edwardus I. ex Gallia advexir porphyrcticum marmor, ex quo fe-

“ pulchrum paths ornavit.” He adds, “ Ex cruilis & reliquiis prophyrctici marraoris fafta funt ibidem pulcheriima

“ pavements teflclata ilia.”.

6 Or^vicwing^the Oirine April n, 1783, I found the pillar at the South Eaft angle had been removed fincp I examined

it April 14, 1781.

Q old

127+

[ S3 ]

old MS. in profe, afcribed by Hearne to Robert of Gloucefter, thus defcribes hisperfon : “ This kyng was but of mene ftature, his other eyelede hangyd fo“ m7che adown yt hit hded [covered] half the Make of his eve So MattParis % and the Chronicle of Tinmouth, cited by Leland >, “ Erat autem ftature“ mediocris

> compaai corporis, alterius oculi palpebra dimifliore ita ut partem“ nigredinis alterius oculi palpebra celaret.” This circumlfance is not expreffedon the figure.

The infcriptions given by Mr. Camden oil this tomb are as follow :

On the north fide towards the area in gilt letters :

Tertius Henricus eft templi conditor hujus.

DULC£ BELLUM INEXPERTIS.

On a table fometime hanging by :

Tertius Henricus jacet hie pietatis amicus ;

Ecclefiam ftravit ilfam quam poll renovavit.Reddet ei munus qui regnat trinus et unus.

Thus tranflated by Fabian :

The friend of juftice and alms-deed,Henrie the Third whilome of England king,Who this church brake 4 8c after his meedAgain renewed unto his fair building,

Novv refteth here, which did lb great a thing.'

Pie yeeld his meed yt Lord of Deitie

That as one God raignes in perfons three.

Mr. Vertue fays, part of the laft Latin infeription, which was written ingilt capitals, was legible 1741 !. So it ftill is.

Round the verge of the table is this infeription emboft in Saxon capitals,

: SST : ®6NRI ' IADIS : R6Y : b6 : ANGLET6R0 : S6YGNVR •

D0 : WRLAVND6.-6 :DVC ; D6 : AQVITKYGNE • L£ FI7 -T I . rfv • inhTTM.IADIS : REY : 0E : KNGL£T0Re : Al : DEU : MCE : MERQ : AmInThis prince fell ill at St. Edmund’s Bury, on his return from Norwich, and

d.ed at Weftminfter, 1272. i6kal. Dec. aged 6 S ;and the Sunday following,

on the feaft of St. Edmund the King, he was buried magnificently in this church,his body dreffed in his royal robes, with his crown on his head, and all thenobility, the Templars (who Camden fays wanted to have buried him in theftchurch 6

) carrying the body; which Ihow was fo magnificent that he was fhewn

more magnificent (fays Wykes 7

) when dead than he appeared when living. Hisbody was buried before the high altar

; but his heart he gave order Ihould beburied at Fontevraud

", which accordingly was delivered to the abbefs of. thatplace by the abbot of Weftminfter, on the Monday next before the feaft of St.Lucia the Virgin, in the prefence of many of the nobility, 20 Edward I 8

.

in the louth aile of the choir at Wells, on an altar- tomb.

Biihop Button, fecond of that name, with a lion at his feet.

1, is the figure

* **• S2t -1

P. 1009.

,>• e. pulled down. * Aich*ol. I.Q111 corpus regium fibi vendicabant. Ubi fupra.Mat. Weftm. 9 Dart, lb. Saudf. p. 91.

4

3 Coll, I. 177. Hollinfhed, I. *76.34.

7 Chron. p. 98. Ann. Waverl. p. 226. Wailingham. p. 1.

Walter

_OueQ^ iy r

Walter de Merton; chancellor of England under Henry III. and Edward 1 . 1 277bifhop of Rochefter from 1274 to i*79 > the munificent founder of Merton-college at Oxforil, which he began at Merton, in Surrey, 1264; but before hisappointment to the fee of Rochefter transferred it to Oxford 1270 ; died 1277.The beautiful alabafter monument which we now fee on the north fide of St.'

William’s chapel at the north end of the crofs aile in his cathedral, was erected tohis memory at the procurement of Sir Henry Saville, knight, warden of Mer-ton-college, who caufed the old marble one to be pulled down. The figure ofthe bifhop habited in pontificalibus

, his hands elevated and joined, lies on analtar tomb, on the front of which is the following infcription in two tablets, inRoman capitals.

“ Waltero de Merton, cancellario

Angliae fub Henrico tertio ; epifcopo

Roffenfi fub Edwardo primo : reg uniusExemplo, omnium quotquot extant

Collegiorum fundatori; maximorum

Europas totius ingeniorum foeliciflimo

parenti; Cuftps & fcholares domus

fcholarium de Merton in univerfitate

Oxon. communibus collegii impenfis,

Debitum pietatis monumentum pofuereAnno Domini 1598. Henrico

Savile cuftode.”

Obiit in vigilia Simonis & Judas annoDomini 1277 Edwardi primo quinto.

Inchoaverat collegium Maldonias in agroSurr. A° Domini 1264, Henrici tertii

Quadragefimo o&avo, cui dein falubri

Confilio Oxonium 1270 tranflato

Extrema manus faeliciflimis, ut credi

Par eft, aufpiciis acceflit A° 1274 ipfis

Kalendis Augufti A° regni regis EdwardiPrimi fecundo.

Magne fenex titulis, mufarum fede facrata

Major Mertonidum maxime progenie;

Hasc tibi gratantes poft fecula fera nepotesEn votiva locant marmora, fan&e parens.

On another tablet, under the arch, this infcription, exprefling a later repairafter the civil war :

Hunc tumulum fanaticorum rabie

(Quse durante nupero plufquam civili

Bello prout in ipfa templa fic et in

Herorum fan&orumque reliquias ibidemPie reconditas immaniter fseviebat)

Deformatum atque fere deletum cuftos

Et fcholares domus fcholarium de

Merton in academia Oxonienli proSua ergo fundatorem pietate &Gratitudine redintegrabant.

Anno Dom. 1662 cuftode

D’no Thoma Clayton equite.

This

[ 6o ]

This tomb was cleaned and repaired once more 1770, by the college, and

the whitewashing all taken off.

At the back, over the figure, are thefe arms :

O. 3 chevronels G. Walter de Merton and his college.

Arg. on a faltire G. an efcallop O. See of Rochejter.

Between them hangs a purfe, denoting his office of Lord Chancellor.

This monument, which is a much better imitation of Gothic than that of

Leofric bifliop of Exeter ere&ed about the fame time, was ‘engraved very

indifferently by JohnBayley, at the expence of the warden and fellows of Merton,

1768. In the firft impreffions the bifhop’s arms were debruifed by acrofs patee

fitche, and the fame without the crofs given inftead of the arms of the fee.

The tablet and infcription between them was alfo omitted. This was afterwards

corredted, and the tablet inferted over the bifhop’s head, and his arms over his

feet : thofe of his fee omitted.

Adjoining to this monument is a large cheft of Petworth marble much de-

faced, the tides and top decorated with antient ornaments, but no traces of an in-

fcription, which is all that remains of St. William’s fhrine, that brought fuch

confiderable emolument to the monks of this priory. This charitable faint was

a Scotch baker, who in his way to the Holy Land was murdered by his own

fervant between Canterbury and Rochefter. Laurence de St. Martin, bifliop of

Rochefter, and predeceflor of Merton, wanting a pretence to recover his church

from the dilapidations committed by Simon de Montfort earl of Leicefter and

his party, obtained his canonization of the pope 1266, and a great refort of vo-

taries foon attended at his tomb.

Bifliop St. Martin died 1274. and was buried on the north fide of the high

altar, in his cathedral, where his effigy, in pontificalibus,remains on an altar-

tomb.

1279. Bifhop Gravesend, who died 1279, had his figure inlaid in brafs, now

gone, on a ftone in the upper lelfer tranfept of his cathedral, at Lincoln,under

which is to be read this infcription in old fquare characters.

Ego Ricbardus quondam epifcopus Lincolnienfis credo quod redemtor meus vivit

et in novijjimo die de terra refurreblurus fum et rurfum circumdabor pelle

mea, et in came mea videbo Deum falvatorem meum.

b .60.

Pouney Del.

Of the fame date was bifhop Chishull’s monument in Old St. Paul’s, but 1286.much plainer, being only an unornamented ftone cheft, with pointed arches

[Q. of a chapel] reared upon it*

In Gosbertcn church in the county of Lincoln, in the North aile of the chan-i282Jcel, now a fchool, is an alabafter figure of a knight in a pointed helmet,gorget, and coat of mail, a lion at his feet. On the fide of the tomb three

rows of ten quatrefoils in circles, In the centre a large quatrefoil in a lo-

zenge fided by two blank lhields. On the bafe remained, 1782, in old capitals*

only—“ us Jilius ejus. pro animabus propitietur Deus. Amen. Hi"

Mr. Ray, vicar of Surfleet, copied it in 1740.

£>IC JACET NICOLAVS RGYCD 1L6S €T 6DCDVNDVS F1LIVSGIVSANiG;)ABVS PROPITI6TVR DEVS. ACDEN.

Maurice johnfon referred it to Nicholas de Rye, fheriff of the county

5 8c 6 Edward I. 1278, who died 1279 or 1280, having obtained a weeklymarket for his manor of Gofberkirk ‘i

' Or Pcnryn, in Cornwall, which he was warned in a dream to found. Godwin, 405.* He left an eftate to fupport this feftival. Ib.

* Dugd. Bar. I. no. ex Rot. Tip. de iifdem annis. Cart. 9 E. I. n. 17. Spalding Society’s minutes.

R

[ 61 ]

tn the north wall of the chapel, at the end of the fouth aile at Exeter, undera furbaft arch, on an altar tomb lies bifhop Brownscomb, who died 1 2S0. At hishead a pointed-arch flowered canopy ; at his feet a lion. On the ledge is paintedthis infeription, the words in Roman fupplied from Izaacke, and Leland, It. III. 32.

Olim fincerus pater omni dignus amovePrimus Walterus magno jacet hie in honore.

Edidit hie plura digniffima laude Jlatuta,

Sues tanquam jura fervant hie nunc omnia tuta.

Atque hoc collegium quod Glafney 1plebs vocat omnis

Condidit egregium pro voce dataftbifonipnis.

Quot Ioca conftruxit ? pietatis quot bona fecit*

Quam fandiam duxit vitam, vox dicere quae fir.

Laudibus immenfis jubilat gens Exonienfis,

Et chorus 8c turbee, quod notus in hac fait urbe»Plus fi feire velis, feftum ftatuit Gabrielis 1

.

Gaudeat in celis igitur pater ille fidelis.

O. on a chevron S. 3 cinquefoils O. between 2 keys eraft in chief, and afword of the fecond. Brownjcomb. Angels hold G. a chevron O. between2 keys and fword; probably the fame coat partly eraft and indiftindh

Az. a crofs patonce between 4 martlets O. Saxon kings.

O. a fpread eagle with two heads, G.

.... a buck’s head caboft, G.

Three Apoftles painted, and under them texts from their epiftles.

.Jacob.

Vita veftra

vapor eft ad

modicum \j>arenf\

& exterminabitur

.

c. Jacobi 40

.

Jobe's.

Vitam babetis

eternam qui

creditis in

note JUii

dei. t. canonicajohis 50

.

Judas.

Ecce ve-

ilit (Tns

face . . .

judiciufH

[ 62 ]

iiS2. In the middle of the eaft end of the north tranfept at Hereford, Hands the

fhrine or tomb of Bifhop Cantilupe, patron of that church, where he fat from

1275 to 1282. He died at Civita Vecchia, 12S2, in his way toN Rome, with a

complaint againft archbifliop Peckham, concerning the rights of his church. His

JieJh was honourably buried at Rome in St. Severus’ church '. His heart at Apj-

ridge,and his bones here, where they wrought fo many miracles that the regifter

of the church makes them amount to 420 cures, of various difeafesh His tomb

of red {tone is altar-fafhioned, with a large canopy of lix pointed arches over it.

His figure, and an infcription on the verge and at the feet, all in brafs, have

been torn off. In the fix arches on each fide the tomb are fix knights in mail

with fwords and Ihields, treading on lions, griffins, and lions with double

tails. Over thefe figures fix more arches. The flowers and foliage in every

fpandril different.

1286. In the north tranfept at Peterborough was [1760] a raifed coffin-formed ftone,

with a crofs inferibed

Hie jacet Willhelmus Parys, quondam prior Burgi cujus anime propitietur Bens.

Amen. Paler nojler. Amen.

The Italics fupplied from Browne Willis, 486. Parys was prior 1286.

Round two others,

Hie William natus Pightejle quiefeit bumatUS ,

FaSla j&r/oratus clauftro rexit monacliatus.

Sit prece falvatus Petri, cceloq. locatus.

The fecond line I can only underftand to mean that he governed the actions of

his priorfliip by the feverity of monkery.

Such has been the progrefs of improvement in this church within thefe

few years, that I could find neither of thefe tombs 1782.

The next now turned out under the great Weft porch has a crofs, and this

infcription in Gothic capitals, .

Criftus Rogeri Clyj} dignetur mifereri

In Burgo natiq. prioris et hie tumulati.

Clyff died ....

In the South tranfept of Winchefter cathedral is a coffin-fafhioned tomb of

grey marble, having on the lid a crofs flore of this fliape and round the ledge

in deep cut letters this infcription.

Hie jacet Willielmus de Bafyng, quondam prior

iftius ecclefiae, cujus animae propitietur Deus.

8c qui pro anima ejus oraverit tres annos Sc

quinquaginta dies indulgentke percipiet.

Godwin. Lei. III. p. 89. < 3 Rudder’s Glocefterlhire, p. 747J

cSy n riff •GVblZD^fO' EEl^E~

!

- 4—~~7m(Vi d- etHLvP igsinpv^g»c-j,£1% ax/lll c

fe°D«v.S-gg-QVLfR MVfRlTT - >ii -q.

0 \IFR r !?a

Willis, and the Hiftorians of Winchefter, refer it to the fecond prior, oft ie name of William de Basing, who died 1295, His predeceffor of bothhis names, who died 1 2 84, is fuppofed to lie at his right hand in a plain tombor the lame materials without crolier or infcription.

The plain altar-tomb in the fouth wall of the Lady-chapel, Salijbury, undenaSi,an arch opening into Beauchamp's chapel, adorned with lhields in qtiatrefoils,which fome plans affign to bilhop Wikehampton, who died in 1280, is byMr. Lethieullier more probably afcribed to fome of bilhop Beauchamp’s family,of whom hereafter. It is not unlikely that the miftake arofe from Leland’splacing bifliop Wikehampton at the right hand of bilhop Longefpee. It is moltprobable he means that both Wikehampton and Brandefton (who died'i-Sviwere covered by marble llabs.

The church of Weftminjter received additional embellilhment 1290 from theiM0tomb of queen Eleanor, confort of Edward I. Her figure is of copper gilt, on Pi- xxu.a tablet of the fame. Her left hand laid lightly on her bread holds her

XXin '

collar; while her right falls gracefully on her drapery, and perhaps held herfceptre. Her .lead is adorned with a coronet of fleurs-de-lis and trefoils, underwhich her hair tails in ringlets down her neck. Her drapery confifts of a clofemantle, the latter fpreading from her ffioulders, and meeting again about hergown and knees, overruns her feet. Under her head are two cufhions enamelledwith lions and caftles, and at her feet two lions, one of which has been almoft co-vered by the building of Henry Vs chapel. Over her head a canopy nich ofthe lame metal, the corner part of which has been torn away, as appears by twoholes remaining in the table.

Sandford fays, that her flattie on her croft at Waltham refembled this It iscertainly a delicate figure of a beautiful lady.

The tomb is of Suffex marble, charged with the arms of England, Caftile andLeon quarterly, and Ponthieu-, each twice repeated, hanging from oak leaves,m demiquatrefoil arches, whofe pediments and fynials are lightly frofted andterminated with foliage. The fame ftyle of ornament appears to the lhields011 the tomb and the crofs.

1Itin. TIT. 63.

* On the lbuth fide England, Caftile and Leon, Ponthieu enrh twin. a. u j c 1 j ^ ,

Ponthieu, Caftile and Leon. England, Ponthieu, Caftile and Leon. England.h h * EDg,”d * °n the north flde

On

On the edge of the copper table, which is enamelled with lions, and the

arms of England and Caftile in lozenges, is this ini'eription, in capitals of the

OVNTIF. DEL SL056 D6 LI DEV PVR S5t P1T6 6YT C»ERCP.

Over all is a wooden canopy, the ceiling of 1 4 compartments. On the north

fide was painted a fepulchre, with two monks at the feet, and at the head

an armed knight and the Virgin Mary ;the tomb and figures in robes and ar-

mour at its head, two or three juft vifible; the figures at feet, one with a fcroll,

juft vifible ; the reft hid by the monument of Efther de la Tour de Governet.

Over it, on the lower ledge of the tomb, in modern black capitals, this line, now

entirely defaced, except the words in Roman and the date.

Regina Aionon, confers Edvardi frimi fait Manaa, 129?. Difce mori.

Camden and Weever add two long rhyming epitaphs, in Latin and Eng-

lifli, which were probably painted or inferibed on appendant tablets.

This princefs was only child to Ferdinand III. king of Caftile, by his fecond wife

daughter of John earl of Ponthieu, and paternal fitter to Alphonfo his fucceflor

in the crown of Caftile. She was married to Edward I. when prince, and only

fifteen years old, at Bures in Spain, 1254, 39 Henry III. was crowned with

him, and lived 36 years the partner of his troubles and expeditions even into

the Holy Land. The ftory of her faving his life by fucking the poifon out

of the wound given him by a Saracen affaffin is firft quoted by Camden %

from Roderic archbilhop of Toledo, who, as himfelf tells us, wrote his lriftory

in 1 243, which was twenty years before this event happened ; nor could hilltop

Tanner find it in that hiftory.

Ilemingford J exprefsly fays, that the grand matter of the temple imme-

diately fent the prince plenty of precious drugs to flop the progrefs of the poifon

;

but a mortification being apprehended an'Englifit phyfician undertook to cut out

the bad flefit, in the prefence of the nobility and the princefs, who, not being

able to ftand the operation, the prince ordered Edmund and John de Vefey to

lead her out, who told her it was better lire flrould weep than all England.

Wikes 4 only fays lie was healed by the grace of Cbrijt. Edward’s affedtion for his

confort wants no embellifhment or inducement of this fort. 1 he monuments

eredled by him to her memory, on the places where her corpfe refted in its

progrefs from Herdby in Lincoinfhire to Weftminfter, no lefs than thirteen in

number, of which only three notv remain, are fo many memorials of conjugal

love unparalleled in any other kingdom 5. He had by her feventeen children,

five fons and twelve daughters. He remained a widower nine years, after

which, in 1299, he took to his fecond wife Margaret fitter of Philip Le Bel,

and eldeft daughter of Philip le Hardi king of France, with whom he lived

eight years, and by whom he had three children. She furvived him ten years,

and dying 1317, was buried in the Grey Friars of her own foundation at London.

This heroic prince is celebrated by all hiftorians as a pattern of chaftity ; and it

is remarkable that we find no natural children of his on record.

Dari omit, the 1.11 line.* BriUnnh, MiMefcx.

3 p. 591. deilit ci pretiofa quseque libere ne infufum venenum noccret, & ne m mtenora afeenderet.

time,

Hill. p. 55. Hcmingford, p. ai. mentions on

* Wednelday for a whole year “ ad quancunqut

* for it ; and at the end of the year fettled a

* verfary, and distribute the like dole thereon.’

uce fecit imaglnem regine depingi. Walfingh. Ypod. Neuftriar, p. 477.

ily thofe at Charing and Weftminfter. He adds, ‘ that the king every

r locumvt divertcret gave a penny apiece to all the poor that came

certain revenue on the abbey at Weftminfter, to celebrate her anni-

juflit rex crucem cum tabulatu erigi ad regina: memoriam ttr a tranf-

all the poor that

The

t 6* 1 I

The king fctiitned back in great grief from his expedition into Scotland, td

accompany the funeral of his beloved confort.

When the corpfe reached St. Alban’s it was met at the town’s end by St. Mi-

chael’s church by the whole convent, in their copes, who conducted it to the

high altar, where they attended it the whole night, celebrating the proper

offices. From thence it moved to town, where the king, nobles, and bifhcps

met it, and after embalment it was depolited in the church of Weftmintter with

all due reverence and honor.

Our old hiftorians do not deal in chafatters ; but Walfingham 1 fays of this

princefs, “ Fuerat hsec regina didta Alienora, foror Aldefonli regis Caftilie, nobilis

“ genere, fed multo nobilior morum gravitate.* And elfewhere 1 he fays, the

king lamented her lofs as long as he lived, ordaining perpetual mafles and alms

for her foul in divers parts of the kingdom ; for fhe was a woman of great

piety, moderation, and tendernefs, fond of the Englifh, and as it were the pil-

lar of the realm. In her time foreigners did not pefter England, nor were

the fubjedts oppreft by the king’s officers, if the leal! complaint came by any

means to her ears. She adminiftered comfort to the diftreft every where, as her

rank enabled, and reconciled to the belt of her power all who were at variance.

The two epitaphs before mentioned celebrate the political advantages of her

alliance with Edward, and conclude with faying that Ihe was confilio prudent,pia.

It has been generally fuppofed that the place where llie died, of a flow fever 3,

was in Lincolnfliire. Wikes fays at Grantham. Bilhop Gibfon placed it near

Bolingbroke, and at the head of the river Witham 4. Walfingham 5 exprefsly

puts it at Herdeby juxta Lincolniam. It is in the parifli of North Clifton, on

the Trent, in Nottingham(hi re, five miles from Lincoln, where was a villa6

,

and chapel of eafe to that parifli, which is one of the prebends of Lincoln.

The king founded a chauntry in Herdby chapel, which her fon afterwards re-

moved into Lincoln cathedral 7

, where her bowels were buried under the Eaft

1 Ypod. Neuftr. p. 477.1 “ Fuerat nempe ruulier pia, modefta, mifericors, Anglicorum amatrix omnium, & velut columna totius regni. Cujui

temporibus alicnigena: Angliam non gravabant, incola: nullatenus per regales opprimebantur fi ad aures ejus vel minima

querela oppreflionis aliqualiter perveniflet. Trifles ubique prout dignitas fua promittebat confolabatur, 8; difcordes ad

concordiam quantum potuit reduccbat.” Hift. Angl. p. 54.1 Modictefebris ign'iculo contabcfcens. Wikes, p. m. Corporis gravi infirmitate correpta. Trivet, p. 268.

She died5kal. Dec. 1290. M. Wefim. 381. Weever 464. Sanford 129. 4 kal. Dec. Wikes, 121. Lei. Col. I. 461.

Carte II. 208. Ryiner II. 498.- 4 Britannia in Lincolnfhire.

* Hift. Ang. p. 54. Ypod. Neuftr. 477. In the latter place it is mifprinted Herde/ey.

* Sandford, p. 29. fays, “ flic died in the houfe of one William Wefton, at Hereby, c. Nott.”* Pat. 19 E. I.

“ Rex venerands religionis viro abbati Cluniacenfi falutem Sc dileftionem in Chriflo fioceram. Deus omnium condi-

«* tor Sc creator, qui ccelefti profunditate confilii ordinat, vocat, difponit, Sc revocat fubjeftas fuse providential creaturas,

“ fcreniffimam confortem noftram Alienoram quondam reginam Anglia ex regali ortam progenie 4 kal. Decembris de

“ prafenti faculo (quod vobis non fine multa mentis amaritudine nunciamus) ficut Cbi placuit avocavit. Cum itaque

“ didlara confortem noftram, quam vivam care dileximus, mortuam non definamus amare, ac opus fanflum Sc falubre

“ juxta divina fcriptura fententiam cenfetur pro defunftis ut a peccatorum folvantur nexibus exorare, paternam carita.

“ tem veftram affedlionis precibus duximus exorandam Sc inflancius implorandam, quatenus ipfius confortis noftrx exe-

“ quias communi dcvotione folempniter provocantes animam ejus cum decantatione miffarum Sc aliis eccleliafticis facra-

“ mentis Deo vivo qui aufert fpiritum principum fpecialiter recommendatis;adjuvantes eandem, ac etiam facientes a

•* prioribus, monachis, clericis, Sc aliis veftris fubditis in facramentorum futfragiis, eleemofynis, csterifquc operibus cari-

“ tatis falubriter adjuvari;

ut fi quid macula: non purgats in ipfa forfan oblivionis defedtu vel alio modo remanfit per

utilia orationum veftrarum przfidia juxta divina: mifericordise plenitudinem abftergatur. Quxfumus igitur ut de

“ miflarum Sc aliorum fuffragiorum hujufmodi numero qua: pro prsefata conforte noftra decreveritis facienda per veftras

“ literas nos curetis reddere certiores, ut ex hoc mctire pofTumus ad quales quantafque grates Sc gratias ob pnrmifla

“ devotioni veflre teneri merito debeamus. Dat. ap Aflierugge 4 die Januarii.”

“ Cantaria pro anima Alianorx quondam reginx Anglia: confortis illuftriffimi domini Edwardi regis Anglise in capellade

Herdeby in parochia prebendx de Clifton com. Nott. et Ebor. dioc. ubi prefata d’na regina diem claufit extremum, de

uno capellano prcfentando quocies vacaverit per decanum & capitulum Lincoln D'no Archiep’o Ebor. vel ejus vicef.

gerentij qui quidem capellanus percipiet annis fingulis centum folidos per manus prebendarii de Clifton, qui recipiet de

co’a annis fingulis decern marcas, Sc inveniet eidem capellano panem, vinum, calicem, miffale, luminaria, veftimenta.

Sc cxtera ornamenta altari necefTaria, necnon & hofpitium conveniens atque locum; Sc fuftentabit fuis fumptibus prtt-

mifTa. Dat. 12 kal. Junii, A. D. 1293.” Liber de ordinand. cantar. fol. 1, a. and f. 148, a. “ Poftea vero, fc. die MercuriL

in feptimana Pafchse A. D. 1310. hxc cantaria tranflata fuit et ordinata in ecclelia cathedrali Lincoln ad altare f’ci

Jo'n’is ubi vifcera prefata: reginse jacent humata.” Ex antiquo rcg’ro A. primus notato in archivis Dec. & Capit. Line.

F. 32. b.—N. B. Hsec cantaria ordinata fuit per Dec. & Cap. eo quod rex Edw’ I. non folum dedit eis c marcas 3rgentiut

prefatur, fed etiam conceflit manerium de Navenby libere poffidendum, ftatuto de terris in mortuam raanum non po-

nendis non obftante.” This payment of ten marks is to this day made by the Dean and Chapter to the curate of

Herdeby chapel.

S window

n

t }66

VfirutoW Under a fumptuous marble cenotaph, or altar monument, whereon wS$a queen’s effigy, at full length, of gilded brafs, according to biffiop Sanderfon’s

account printed in Peck’s Defiderata Curiofa VIII. i. “This tomb flood clofe

“ with the feet to the wall, and North to the tomb of —• — On the“ marble on the South wrere 3 efcucheons.” Mr. Peck rightly apprehended thefe

efcocheons were, 1. England, 2. Caftile and Leon quarterly, 3. Ponthieu.

This infcription Was on the edge, inlaid in brafs :

* WE : SVNT : SePVLTA : VIE6RA : ALIANOR6 : QVONDACD : R6EIN6 :

VXORIS : REEIS : 6DVARDI;FILM : R6EI6 : £>6NR 1EI : EVJVS : ANICD6 : PRO-

P 1EI6TVR : D6VS : 3CCD6N : * PAT6R : NOST6R.

So it remained 1641.

It fliared the fate of many others in the civil war; but there ftill remains a

beautiful fragment of the chapel in which it flood, at the Eaft end of the choir.

The pofition affigned it in the plan prefixed to Browne Willis’ account of this

cathedral is on the South fide of what is there called Robert Lord Badlefmere’s

tomb. It is defcribed there p. 6. as having “ her effigies in brafs, exactly like

that on her monument in Weftminfter-abbey. See the draught of it in Sand-ford, and the infcription in the fame author.” There are no traces left in thepavement on this fpot of any monument having flood here, except a fort ofrife or foot pace in front of the Badlefmere tomb, which, from the tooling off

of a corner, feems to have been carried higher there; but if it had been raifed,

it mult have entirely hid the arms on that monument, which certainly mufthave been open, at leaft at its firft putting up. Almoft clofe adjoining to this

projecting kind of foot-pace (not vaftly unlike the bench kind of feat carried

along the other monument, and indeed the church itfelf) are two recent grave-

flones of 1757 and 1759. If the Queen’s tomb had remained fo late as bi-

(hop Reynolds’s time, at whofe expence Willis’s ichnography is faid to have beentaken, it muft have exifted Within the memory of fome perfons now living.

The king gave the dean and chapter 100 marcs more to fupport this chantry,

whereby they purchafed the manor of Navenby, a market town near Lin-coln ; which maner is ftill enjoyed by the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln.

Her heart was buried in the church of the Friars Preachers at London *.

The croftes eretfted to her memory were at Herdby, Lincoln

,Newark,

Leicejler,Geddington

,Northampton , Stoney Stratford

,Dunjlaple

, St. Alban's, Wal-tbam

, Cheapjide, Charing,and by Wejlminjler. Peck adds three more, at Gran-

tham, Stamford

,

and Woburne 2. Of thefe now remain only thofe at North-

ampton, Geddington

,

and Waltham. How this latter place came to be a ftation

between St. Alban’s and London is not eafy to conceive;but the crofs actually

exifting puts it out of doubt that it was fo.

Eleanor, mother of Edward I. died the fame year, on Midfummer-day, at

Ambrefbury, where fhe had lived a nun nineteen years. Her fon being in Scot-

land, flie was kept unburied till the Lady-day following, “ myrrha tamen et

aromaticis pretiofis linita magnifice ut decuit et perun&a.” She was then buriedwith due pomp, her fon affifting, in Ambrefbury monaftry church. Her heart in

the church of the Friars minors, at London 3.

1 Walfingham, Hid. Angl. 551. Wikes, 123.1 “ Grantham and Stamford were ftages. Mr. Howgrave fays there was a Queen’s crofe at Stamford ; and the like

is affirmed of Grantham, and that it flood in the open place in the London road: and I faw a ftone carved withfoliage work, and faid to be part of it, and 1 believe it, feeming of that fort of work. If fo, then Newark and Leiceftermuft be left out, and they travelled with the Queen’s corpfe by way of Onndle to Geddington from Stamford. I fup-pole the prtfcnt London road from Stamford being unpayable, or not having at that time royal feats, manors, orabbics, by the way lufficient to entertain the cavalcade. Mr. Peck, in his Stamford Annals, afferts Grantham andStamford to be two of the' ftages, and whefe croftes were erefted : no doubt that at Grantham flood in the open Londonrond, before my neighbour Hacket’s houfe, called Peterchurch-hill, and the people have fome memory of it. Camden,who doubrlefs had leen them, in his Remains, p. 116, inferts Grantham and Stamford.” Mr. Peck puts in Woburne,between Dunftable and St. Albans, on what authority I know not. Geddington was a manor of the king’s. (V. Reg.honoris Richmond, p. 280.) Stukeleylt. Cur. I. 34. 36. ad edit.

1 Ann. Waved, p. 242. Wikes, 123.

5 Tra-

v V - •

‘

''

1

t 67 ]

Tradition buries William de lA Corner, bifhop of Salijbury,

folio died 1290.1290, in the middle of the choir, nearly under the eagle.

In the door-way of the Lidy-chapel at Salijbury, and under its fcreen, isiapr.a monftrous blue flab of two ftones 16 feet 8 inches long

1

by 7 feet 8 inchesbroad, full of traces of brafs canopy work, which feems to have belonged to bi-lllop Nlcholas dk Longispee, fon of the earl before mentioned, p. 41, whodied 129,7. It is thus defcribed by Godwin 1

: “ Prope patrem jacet fepultusjuxta ingreffum capellae B. Mariae faxo ingenti marmoreo contextus, laminis

“ aereis & faulilim fuae infignibus affabre omato ” Leland 3,without fixing

the fpot where it is* gives the following infcription. on it, or rather perhapsaccount of it.

“ Sub hoc lapide marmoreo defuper infculpto bumatum eft corpus reverendi patrislt Nicolai Longejpe, quondam Sarum epifcopi, qui plurima buic contulit ecclefie

,et

obiit 18 menf. Man, A'. D. 1 -2 9

1

4

. ex cujus parte auftralijacet Robertus Wic-“ bamt<m> ex parte boreali Henricus Brandejburn requiejcit”

The monument of archbifhop Peckham, who died 1292, and was buried 1292.in the north tranfept of the nave at Canterbury

,is another in fiance of correfpon-

dence in fiyle with thole of Edmund Crouchback and Valence. The altar-

tomb is adorned with the images of nine bifliops, in their habits, with crofiers

and mitres, and the pillars of the arch with eight more ; the arch is radiatedlike that of Valence, and the moulding both of arch and pediment foliaged, andin the pediment a rich rofe in a fexfoil and circle. The figure of the archbifhopis of oak, in pontiJicalibus

y on a flab of oak, very found, though almoft 500years old, if originally made for this tomb, which, fays Mr. Goftling 3

,fome

have doubted. 1 know not on what authority, fince other oak figures occur inchurches, and thofe of fimple knights would fcarce be received.

In Narburgb church, Norfolk, is a half ftatue of a lady, a foot long, her 1293.head drefs antique, and her hands holding a heart on her breaft. Infcription

DOCTCINA : AEAT£)A : A : NARBOROVjQ?.

A MS. account temp. Eliz. mentions her 1293 6.

Next follows the elegant monument of Aveline countefs of Lancaster,wife of Edmund Crouchback, on the North fide of the choir at Weftminfter.

Mr. Dart, for reafons belt known to himfelf, has thought fit to engrave only the

altar part of it, which is the molt inconfiderable part;and Sandford, with Hol-

lar’s afliftance, has not done the reft juftice. The figure of the Countefs, wor-thy a Grecian fculptor, and the finifhing of the arch above, with its foliage, andenamelled blazonry, were referved for the hand of Mr. Bafire

;and I congratu-

late the Society of Antiquaries on the fortunate opportunity of having this

perfecft model of monumental architecture taken before it was clofed up again.

It is with the utmoft reluctance I caft this reflection on the members of the

chapter at Weftminfter in 1776. It had been fhut up from the area by the

tomb of bifhop Duppa, 1662; whieh gave place, 1772, to that of LordLigonier; where the chubby mufe of modern hiftory, furrounded with drum,blunderbufs, and thunder, and leaning againft a pyramid, hung round with

1 Hearne defcribcs a flab 9 feet long at Aldworth, Berks, which he refers to th« time of Edward III. Roper’s Mon.p. 248.

1 Ed. Richards, p. 347. 5 It. IU, 63.* A miftakefor 1297. AIL after the date, though given in Hearn? 33 part of the epitaph, feems rather to be the words

of Leland.5 P. 120. * Blomf. Norf. III. 470.

medallions

r. i

medallions of three Georges, his Lordlhip’s mailers, holds forth his victories, otl

a fcroll, and has his head in a rondeau at her feet.

1 2 9 5 . on the north fide of the chancel at Karl's Colne,c. Eflex, is an altar-tomb

H.xxiv.of freeftone> embattled, the table of grey marble. In double compartments

in front are the apoftles ; St. Peter only diftingullhable at the head, the other

defaced, perhaps St. Paul and St. Thomas. A freeilone figure in armour,

crofs-legged, once, as well as the whole monument, richly painted and

gilded, his arms broken, lies on the tomb ;a round helmet on his head,

under' which are remains of angels : at his feet a boar, very well preferved.

Between each pair of apoftles a three-fided tabernacle, with purfled frontoons,

and in the fpandrils Ihields and birds.

This is the monument of Robert Vere, fifth earl of Oxford, who married

Alice daughter of Gilbert de Samford, and died 24 Edward I.

The workmanlhip of the tomb far excells thofe of his predecefTors. Monu-

ments in many churches in England began about this to be made more fplendid

than thofe of the foregoing ages. That noble one eredled by Edward I. to his

father in Weftminfter-abbey might perhaps be one caufe of introducing this

tafte.

The arms on this tomb afcertain the true owner. They are as follow :

At the head 3 lions. England.

O. a lion rampant G. Ifabella heirefs to Walter de Bolebec, grand-

mother to this earl.

At the feet Fere, Angle.

Arg. 3 feffes wavey. Alice daughter and heirefs to Gilbert de

Samford, and wife to this earl.

On the South fide Q. Samford.

G. a lion rampant O. as at the head.

Vere.

Two felfes G. and 5 torteaux in chief.

Vere, with a label of five points, probably the bearing of his eldeft fon.

Vere, in a border engrailed S. This was the coat of Hugh his fecond fon, a)

on his feal to the baron’s letter to the pope.

The arms on the North fide, now fixed againft the wall, were exaflly the fame

as on the South. They are all taken from a MS. defcription, accompanying

Daniel King’s draught, made 1633, and now in Mr. Walpole’s poffeifion, by

whofe favour it is here exhibited, PI. XXIV, and under it a lketch of the fame

monument, taken by Mr. Tyfon, 176 .

This tomb was removed, at the diffolution, from the priory chapel, into the

parilh church, and placed in the middle of the chancel, but was a fecond time

finally removed as it now Hands againft the North wall of the chancel.

1293. The monument of Urien de St. Piere, who died 1293, 23 Edward I.

was difcovered 1765, on removing fome rubbilh in the church-yard, near

St. Fere, the feat of Morgan Lewis, Efq. in Monmouthlhire, on the Severn, a

little South of Chepftow. It is a coffin-falhioned ftone, with a crofs in releif

and by its fide a long fword. Round the ledge is cut this infcription in Saxon

capitals.

ICI GTT LE CORS V DE S6N6 PGRGPR6GZ PVR LI 6N BONG MANGRGte iesv pvr sa paisvnDG P.£>ecez LI DONC pardvn. amgn. rp.

So

2\iFr\ r.i? ^ X . -Sis .-

-..

t 6 9 ]

So it is given by Mr. Strange '. But the firft word in the third line, pe, is

probably mifcopied for k&. In PbeceZ the B may be added by miftake, ’for

fome fcratch or mark, or a mif-fpelling of the ftone-cutter, and in that line

DONC is probably DONE. The two laft letters, if intended for Priez, aremuch out of place. Q. If not rather mifcopied for P. n. Pater Nofteti ; whichwords alone, or with At, are no unufual conclufion of old epitaphs. Theblank after the V feerns to have afforded room for VR or VRIEN. SENEmay rather be S6NC.

The party whofe remains were covered by this Hone was a knight, who livedin the reign of king Henry 111. and left behind him at his death by his wifeMargaret a foil of his own name 16 years of age. He alfo was a knight, andhad iffue John de St. Pere, who fucceeded his father 8 Edward 111. and was thelaft heir male of his family. His filler and heirefs Ifabel married Sir Walterde Cokefey, knight, who died 30 Edward III. and Ihe died 6 Henry IV.

Mr. Pegge, to whom a neat drawing of this and another ftone found with it

was fent by Mr. Perry of Liverpool, which he inferted in the Gentleman’sMagazine for 1765, \ ol. XXXV. p. 72, fuppofed the other ftone, adornedwith a crofs fleure held by a hand, and having birds and beafts at its lides,

covered Margaret. There being no criteria to affift us in affigning it, it mayas well have belonged to any other perfon

; for the 10 pellets at the top, whichmy worthy friend fuppofed alluded to her hulband’s arms, are very doubtful.

The hulband of Aveline, Edmund earl of Lancaster, fecond fon of king 1^.Henry III. born, as Matthew Paris* 1245, as Wykes 1 1244, vulgarly calledCrouchback 4

, q. d. Croftback,from his having been ligned with the crofs for

a crufade, 54 Henry III \ has a no lefs fplendid tomb than that of his confortfrom which it is feparated only by that ofAymer de Valence earl ofPembroke, wholies at her feet. In this monument I know not which moft to admire

; the free-ftone figure of the earl in armour laid on one fide towards the choir, with around helmet, coat of mail, and furcoat, hands joined, long fword, hilt andfhield gone, legs crofted, and butting againft a lion ‘, his head fupported byangels

; the elegant little ftatues at the Tides, ten on each, reprefcnting hisalliances, or the airy triple canopy, with all its finials, froftings, ftatues,

enamelling, emblazonry, and other elegant decorations, and above all, the boldbeautiful relief in a trefoil in the larger pediment of the earl on horfeback, ha-bited as hereafter, holding his ihicld, his horfe trapped armorially.

The canopy of ftone over this tomb confifts of three trefoil pointedarches, one in the centre, and one leffer on each fide of it. Each of thefearches is furmounted by a double pediment, feparated from the arches by apilafter, which Dopes back in three feveral (lories, and is painted white, chequeredwith double red lines, in every other fquare of which is a red cinquefoil (the

1 Archiol. V. p. 76, 77* P.635. 3 P> 45-4 Not as Vincent contends from his figure, and that the epithet of Gibbofus is given him in all records. The defe£l

in his fhape .s exprefsly denied by Harding, c. 147. and one may juftly doubt the infertion of lbbriquets in publicrecords. Sandford, p. 103. fays he had this name from the bowing of his buck ; but prefcntly adds, •• Others fay hewas fo denominated from his wearing a crofs (antiently called a crouch) upon his back, which was ufuaily worn by fuchas vowed voyages to Jerufalem, as he had done 54 Henry III. grounding their conceits upon the word crouch (thewooden fupporter of impotent and lame men, made like a crofs at the top) further confirming their opinion from thename of Crouched-friars, that wore a crofs upon their garments, and bore the crofs for the badge and arms of theirhoufe.

c'l’31 - 54 Hen. III. m 8. when Wykes (Chron. 86.) fays, 107 perfons caradtrt cruris humcros fuos adornabant.

Sec Dugd. I. 473. Knighton, *438.6 Not two, as in Dart’s Print.

T two

[ 7 & 1

two uppermoft flopes Serving as a bafe to a pointed flowered niche) and termi-

nates in a rich purfled finial. The mouldings at the four angles, or weather-

ings, of the lefler pediments, as well as the two of the greater, are decorated

with bunches of oak leaves, and from among thofe of the centre pediment

projedt four brackets, which originally fupported as many angels, whole length,

in a Handing pofture, as exprefled in Sandford’s print. Each pediment termi-

nates in a bouquet of oak leaves. The ground of the large pediments is painted

of a dark blue fprinkled with golden fleurs de lis. The fpandrils and interftices

have alfo been painted with plain grounds, or foliage, and the arch work of

the pilafters inlaid with pieces of blue and red ftained glafs, fet in fo firm a

cement that it is not eafy to diflodge the fmalleft piece without cracking it.,

Within the point of the lefler pediments are carved in high relief a bunch of

oak leaves ifiuing from a ftalk, and a head of an animal lurrounded by foliage,

bearing fome diftant refemblance to the modem cherub with fix wings. The

infide or deling of the canopy was a fky with ftars, in gold, on a blue

ground, by time changed into a dull red ; and within the leaves of the tie-

foil of the arch were painted the vine tendrils and elegant foliage as on Aveline’s

monument.The infide of the weatherings of all the fix pediments are painted and gilt

in diftemper, with coats of arms, in oblong fquares, thofe on the centre or large

pediment, which has nineteen on each fide, being divided by a red fquare

charged with a fixfoil. They feem to have been the arms principally of the

royal houfes to which the earl was allied, as thofe on the lefler pediments are of

the principal nobility of the time when he lived, who were probably his par-

ticular friends, and accompanied him in the wars. On the Weft or right fide of

the centre pediment, beginning at the bottom, and going upwards to the finial,

are the following cdats.

i . G a fefs between 6 crofs crofslets Or. Beauchamp earl of Wiirwick.

2.0. 3 bendlets Az. a bordure G. Ponthieu. The arms of the Countefs of

Pontbieu,mother of queen Eleanor, Crouchback’s fifter-in-law.

3. O. a lion rampant Az. Redvers earl of Devon, the family of the mother

of Aveline de Fortibus, his firft Countefs.

4. A. a lion G. quartering S. a lion rampant O.

5. as 2. Ponthieu

.

6. O. a fpread eagle S. Frederick II. Emperor of Germany, who married Ifabel

daughter of king John ,Crouchback’s aunt.

7. O 4 paletts G. Eleanor of Provence,Crouchback’s mother.

8. 3 lions of England with a bendlet Az. The arms ufed by John firfl fon of

Henry II. afterwards king. Mr. Brooke rather takes this coat to be that of

Henry ofMonmouth,Crouchback’s fecond fon, afterwards earl of Lancafter,

who probably might erecft the monument.

9. Quarterly of 4, i & 4 G. a caftle Or. 2 & 3 A. a lion rampant P. Cajlile

quartering Leon.

10. 3 lions. England, with a label of 5 points, Az. each charged with 3

fleurs de lis Or. Croucbback's own arms.

11. O. a Lion rampant S.

12. Croucbback, as before.

13. Germany,as before.

14. England.

15. Ponthieu

.

16. Cajlile and Leon.

17. Az. femee of fleurs-de-lis Or. Old France.

18. England.

19. Old France.

On

the Eaft or left fide, beginning at the bottom, and going upwards to

the finial.

& 4 Ponthieu, as 5 on the Weft.

O. a lion rampant Az. Redvers.

The 4 lions rampant quarterly as 4 on the Weft.Germany.

Provence

.

Henry of Monmouth.Cajlile and Leon.

England under a label of 5. Crouchback.

O. the lion rampant G. as before.

England with the label of 5. Crouchback.

Germany.

England.

O. 4 pallets in a border G. Provence ; the bordure probably added onaccount of that family being a younger branch of the houfe of Arragon.as 1 . Ponthieu.

Quarterly, the 4 lions rampant, as before.

England.

Old France.

England'.

3*0

On the innermoft weatherings of the lefler Eaftern pediment from the bot-tom to the finial, the oblong fhields are divided by Sable fquares charg’dwith cinquefoils Or. peirc’d.

1 . O. 2 bends G. Baron Sudley.

2. O. a lion rampant B. Baron Percy.

3.0. 2 bars G. in chief 3 torteaux. Baron Wake.

4. Quarterly A. &: G. in 2d 8c 3d fretty O. over all a bendlett S. Lefpencer,

earl of Winchefter.

O. a lion rampant Az. Redvers.

6. Quarterly O. and G. Mandeville earl of EJfex.

7. O. 3 chevrons G. Clare earl of Gloucejler.

8. A. a lion rampant G. crowned Or, in a bordure S. bezante. Richard Earl ofCornwall

,Crouchback's uncle.

9. England.

Returning down the oppofite weathering, from the finial.

1. Mandeville.

2. Cheque O. & Az. Earl Warren.

3. O. a lion rampant Az. Redvers earl of Devon.

4. G. a fefs between 10 crofs crofslets O. Beauchamp earl oiWanvick.5. O. a crofs G. Bigot earl of Norfolk.

6. G. a lion rampant O. Fitz-Alan earl of Arundel.

7. Lord Wake.

8. G. a fefs between 6 martlets O. Beauchamp baron of Powick.

9. O. a fefs between 2 chevrons G. Baron Fitz.Walter.

On the outermoft Eaftern weatherings of this pediment, 8 on a fide.

1. Germany.

2. Or. a maunch G. Hajiings earl of Pembroke.

[ 7 ® ]

3. O. lion rampant, Az. Redvers.

4. A. a bend between 6 martletts G. Lord Furnival.

s .Quarterly, per fefs indented A. and G. Baron Fitz-Warine.

6. O. 3 barrs G. The coat of Alice de Romely,Lady of Skipton cajlle, See.

co. See Dugd. Bar. vol. I. p. 89. Aveline de Fortibus, the earl’s

firft wife, was coheir-general to this lady, and as fuch inherited that

caftle, and other fair poffeflions.

7. Furnival.

8. Broken, but apparently has been afaltire between 12 crofs crofslets G.

Returning down on the correfpondent or outermoft weftern weathering from

the finial.

1 . Arragon ,or Provence, as before.

2. G. a fefs dancette between 6 billets O. Lord Beauchamp of Holt.

3. Barry Nebule O. &: G. Lord Lovell.

4. Bendy of 6 O. Sc S.

5. Redvers.

6. HaJtings earl of Pembroke.

7. Fitzwalter.

8. Lord Sudley.

The innermoft weathering of the weftern lefler pediment is painted with the

fame arms exactly, placed in the fame order as thofe in the eaftern lefler

pediment ; but thofe on the outermoft differ, and are as follow, beginning at

the bottom on the right-hand, and going up to the finial.

1 . Lord Lovell.

2. Redvers.

3. Fitz-Walter.

4. Gironny of 1 2 O. & S. Roan or Raan

5. Ha/tings, earl of Pembroke.

6. Sudley.

7. O. a cheveron G. Lord Stafford.

8. Germany.

On the fame weathering, going down the weftern fide of this pediment.

1. Mandeville earl of EJJex.

2. Beauchamp of Holt.

3. Barry of 8 O. Sc G. Alice de Romely,as before.

4. A. fretty Sc on a chief S. 3 bezants. Baron St.Amand.

5. Wake.

6. Haftmgs.

7. Sudley.

8. Barry nebule Or. Sc S. Blount.

All thefe fliields appear to have been repeated on the South fide.

The figure of the earl on the front of the pediment is a moft beautiful and

high finifhed relief, and reprefents him on horfeback, armed in mail, and a

furcoat, on the front and back of which are painted his arms; his helmet

round and clofe up to his chin : his face animated and eyes open, exprefling

devotion, perhaps alluding to the Crufade he had juft undertaken, his hands

covered with mail elevated, his Ihield adorned with his arms hung round his

neck, his fcabbord alio richly ornamented. His horfe in a ftanding pofture,

n beautifully

‘ jQueen Eleanor.

E 73 ]

beautifully dappled with brown and white fpots under the belly, his face turnedoutwards, has the bridle on his neck, and is completely covered from head to

foot, having the earl’s arms on his caparifon and on the back part of the laddie.

The fouthern fide of the tomb given by Sandford is now clofed up withthe wainfcot of the choir, but the figures, arms over them, thofe on theweatherings, and the relief of the earl on horfeback, appear juft the fame as

thofe on the north fide, except that when they were viewed by Mr. Brooke,May 1 9th, 1783, the whole had much more the appearance of damage and decaythan the north lide. This fide is here engraved, PI. XXV. XXVI.

The Ihields over the little figures on the fouth face of the tomb preferved in

Hollar’s print of it in Sandford will aflift in afcertaining the perfons they repre-fent. They are, beginning from the Weft, and two over each figure, in the

fpandrils of its arch, as follow.

ri. England fingle. King Henry l\\.

1 2. England under a label of 5 points. Crouchback.

(•3. Quarterly, Caftile and Leon.\

1 4. Leon fingle.

{

5. Seme of fleurs delis, under a label of 3 points, G. charged with as manycattles. Artois ; for Blanch

, Crouchback’s fecond wife, queen of Navarre,countefs palatine of Compeigne and Brie.

6. England.

r 7 • A lion rampant in a bordure bezant^. Earl of Cornwall.

(.8. 4 pallets. Provence.

{

9. A crofs patonce vaire. Aveline daughter of William de ForJibus, Crouch-

back’s firft wife.

10. England under a label of 5 points, Az. each charged with three fleurs delis, Or. Crouchback.

f 1 1. Paly of 6 a bend vaire.

I-12. A fpread eagle. Frederick II. emperor of Germany.

f 1 3. Barry of 8, A & G. 10 martlets, S. Chaworth.

i1 4. England, under the former label.

r 15. England debruifed by a bend. Henry of Monmouth, the earl’s fecond fon.

1 1 6. Cajlile and Leon.

r 17. Three bendletts within a bordure. Ponthieu.

I18. Leon.

r 1 9. Provence.

1 20. Paly of 6, a bend vaire as 10. In Hollar’s plate the bend appears

charged with 3 eagletts.

The fhields on the North fide are as follows, 20 by pairs over images.

Is '

16 .

&

Paly of 6 A. and G. abend 1 ... , „

z O. 4 pallets G. Provence. iaKmS ; *eptre m right hand, left on breaft.

O. A lion rampant. Az. a Queen, holding a fceptre in her left hand, her right

on her breaft. Probably Joan Queen of Caftile, Countefs of Ponthieu,

mother of Queen Eleanor, wife of Edward I.

O. 3 bendletts Az. within a bordure G. Ponthieu.

Quarterly Cajlile & Leon. la Queen, holding a fceptre in her

England, 3 Lions pafiant guardant, O.Jleft hand, her right on her breaft.

Queen Eleanor,wife of Edward I.

England, with a label of 5 . Crouchback. Ian old King; in his right handBarr6 A. and G. 8 Martlets S. Chaworth./ gloves

; in left a fceptre.

Henry of Monmouth earl of Laneafter, and Maud Chaworth his wife.

U 9. G.

[ 74 ]

rg. G. a fpread Eagle O. la Queen, holding a fceptre in her right hand,

tio. As i. J her left on her breaft.

Query, if not Beatrix,Queen of Sicily9 wife of Charles King of Sicily

daughter of Raymond, Earl of Provence,father of Henry Ill’s Queen.

{

ii. England, with a label of 5 points. Ian old King bearded, his right hand

12. A crofs patonce vaire. Fortibus. J gloved, lifted up ; in his left a fceptre.

Crouchback and his firft wife Aveline de Fortibus»

{

13. O 4 pallets G. Provence. 1 a Queen, holding a

14. A a lion rampant G. within a border S. be- [fceptre in right hand,

zantee. J left on cordon.

Sanchia of Provence wife of Richard King of the Romans,Earl of

Cornwall.

{

a Queen, with a fcep-

tre in her right hand,

her left pointing to

the former figure.

Blanch Queen of Navarre, fecond wife of Crouchback.

r 17. O. a lion rampant Az. Redvers earl of Devon.

1

a Queen as the laft. Eleanor

1 1 8. Quarterly Cajtile and Leon. j wife of Edward I.

rig. England,under a label, t a King; fceptre in his left hand, his right

1 20. England,plain. J on his breaft.

The figures by the arms appear the fame on both Tides of the tomb, only

the arms are inverted in their order, and probably were defigned to reprefent

the various crowned heads to whom the Earl was related. But the arms over

Tome of them do not feem to bear relation to the figures underneath, who ap-

pear by their crowns, fceptres, and robes of gold, to have been all intended for

royal perfonages.

On the belt of the earl’s fword were various arms enamelled.

On the bafe of this tomb next the area are the remains of paintings

much defaced, exhibiting ten knights in furcoats of arms and crofs belted,

with banners, reprefenting perhaps his expedition into the Holy land, the numberfuiting Matthew Paris’s account, that there went the Earl, his brother Edward,

afterwards king, four earls, and four barons; of which may be difcovered,

Roger lord Clifford,in a furcoat cheque, O and Az. charged with a fiefs G.

The Annals of Waverley, 1270, mention William de Valence and Thomas de

Clare, but the colors on the furcoats are loft, and it is with difficulty one can

trace any remains of their figures, which before the laft coronation were vifible.

Such havoc does the public ufe of this venerable pile make of its monuments in

modern times.

Thefe knights Mr. Brooke and myfelf juft brought to light by the fpunge,

July 3, 1777. All hold banners; the firft from the Eaft has on his breaft a

faltire Argent, the fourth cheque, the fifth a lion rampant ; the 6th cheque O.and Az. over all a fefs. Their helmets of mail are all vifible, and fome fwords

and feet.

Thefe figures have been engraved by Mr. Carter in his 5th number of Anti-

quities, illuftrated with a verbofe detail by Mr. Hawkins, who fuppofes that

the firft and third figures, bearing croffes on their breafts, reprefent the princes

Edward and Edmund, denoting the fervice they were engaged in, and that the fe-

cond bore the arms of the earls of Provence ; but unfortunately Mr. Hawkins for-

gets that thefe bearings were arms, not badges ; and that the arms of Vefey, are

O a crofs S. We need not feek for the bearers of thefe coats out of our owncountry. Knighton (col. 2438) names among the alfociates of prince Edwardin this expedition John de Bretagne, John de Vefey, Thomas de Clare, Roger de

7 ClyfFord,

1

I 75 ]

Clyfford, Thomas de Grantfon, Robert le Brus, John de Verdon, and many others.

Mr. Brooke takes the fecond figure, with the arms paley and a bend, to be Gran-

difon. We have the arms of Vefey, Clifford,(Cheque O. and Az. a fefs G.) Brace,

O. a faltire and chief G. on a canton a Lion rampant.

The ridiculous grant of the kingdom of Sicily ' to this prince by pope Inno-

cent IV. produced the greateft events, in their confequence, that ever appeared

in our annals. Amongft others, the aflociation of the barons againft Henry III.

the appointing confervators of the peace in the feveral counties, and the fettling

the democratical part of our conftitution on a permanent balls, by Simon Mont-fort earl of Leicefter, whilft the king was his prifoner. Three popes pradtifed

on the weaknefs of our Henry to extort immenfe fums of money from his fub-

jedts for ten years together, from 1353, when Innocent IV. made the grant

which Urban IV. revoked 1263, at which time the king, prifoner to Leicefter,

renounced it in form. But he made ample amends to his fon for the lofs of that

kingdom, conferring on him the forfeited titles of Leicefter and Derby, with

that of Compeigne, and the ftewardftiip of England, as well as by procuring

the rich inheritance of William de Fortibus earl of Albemarle and Hoklernefle,

and his fecond wife Ifabel daughter of Baldwin deRedvers earl of Devon, by the

marriage of their only daughter and heirefs Aveline, 1269. Thefe vaft poftef-

fions laid the foundation of the greatneft of thehoufe of Lancafter, which after-

wards . afcended the throne of England ; and thus, in the perfon of prince

Edmund, were originally founded the great contentions which long fubliftcd be-

tween the houfes of York and Lancafter.

Edmund died in his 51ft year, of vexation at the defertion of his troops for

want of pay at Bayonne, 1 296, on an expedition into Gafcoigne. He married,

4 Edward I. to his fecond wife Blanche 3 queen of Navarre, countefs of Com-peigne and Brie, daughter of Robert earl of Artois, brother to St. Lewis, king of

France, and widow of Henry king of Navarre, who died 1274, and by her hadthree fons 4

. No epitaph is given for him.

The arms on this tomb are much the fame as thofe on Aveline’s, and from the

ftyle of the ornaments and paintings it may be concluded they were both executed

by the fame artift.

In Si. Edmund’s chapel, IVeJlminJler, is an altar-tomb of free ftone for 1296.

William de Valence, earl of Pembroke, fo named from the place of his birth, PI.

fon of Hugh le Brune earl of March, by Ifabel widow of king John, father ofXXVI1*

Aymer de Valence, and half-brother of Henry III. who died *296,. having mar-ried Joan daughter of Warine de Montchency. His mother was Ifabel, daughter

of Aymer earl of Angoulefme, third wife of king John, and her arms Lozenge

O and G are on this tomb. The two fronts of the lower altar, in which, from

the eiqirefiion in the fecond line of the epitaph, one may conclude the body lies,

are adorned with quatre’foils in fquares, and in four larger ftarred quatrefoils are

thefe fhields;England twice, and twice Valence impaling Claremont

,viz. Barry A.

and Az. 1 a martlets G. impaling G femee of trefoils 2 fifties indorfed Or. Thefe

1 The original gold matrix of the feat, or aurea bulla,which Innocent gave Edmund licence to make and ufe, and

which is exprefsly referred to in the prince’s letter to his new fnbjedts, dated 1261, printed in Rymer’s Fccdera, 1 . 720.is in the pofl'eflion of Mr. Aflle, who has' illuftrated it in a diflertation inferied in Archa:ol. IV. 195— 21 1 Whetherthe piece of gold with the fame impreflion treated of by Mr. Pcgge in the fame vol. p. 190—194. was a coin or a feel

remains hill open to difcullion.1 Wnlfingham, Ypod. Nenftr. p.483. Matth, Weftrn. p.428.3 Dngd. Bar. I. 779. Tillct, p. 107. She is mifcalled by feme hiftorians foan.4 Sandford, p. 105, Lei. Colled!. I. 739. Clauf. 26 Edward I. m. 7. His eldeh fon and fucceflbr Thomas w?s

beheaded at Pontefradt in the reign of Edward II. and his fecond fon Henry, fucceflbr to his brother, died 1345, andwas buried in his collegiate church at Lefceher, which, with his monument, was dehroyed at the diflolution.

X two

%

[ 76 ]

two coats being dimidiated, as was antiently ufual, make but one fifti, and 6 mart-

lets ;and the coat is otherwife confufed. It was this earl’s fon that married to his

firtt wife Beatrix daughter of Raoul de Claremont feigneur de Nelle, and con-

lfable of France ; but it was ufual formerly for the ere&or of a tomb to place his

own arms thereon.

On a wainfeot cheft above lies the wooden figure, covered with gilt copper,

in a round helmet with aifudded fillet, and compleat mail, the furcoat fprinkled

with lix fm all metal enamelled fliields, four loft and one left on the breaft, and

another on the ftioulder, all charged with the arms of Valence, as is the large

fhield on his left arm, the coat on which is barry A. and Az. curioufly diapered

;

over all an orle of martlets G. The helmet had a flowered fillet fet with ftones,

now pickt out. The belt is finely enamelled with the coat of arms. A lion

lies at his feet. His hands are joined and elevated. The wrift and elbow bands

have flowerings ;the fword and fhield are at the left fide, the hilt of the for-

mer gone, the edges of the latter ferrated and enamelled. The fafcia of the

cheft is an enamelled plate, as is the cufhion under the head, which is richly

ornamented with rows of quatrefoils and efcutcheons alternately, charged with

the lingle coats of England,G. 3 lions paflant guardant Or. and Valence. The cheft

was formerly plated with copper, of which only a little now remains on the

edge, and had round it thirty fmall images, twelve on a fide and three at each

end now all gone, with the niches. The infcription in Saxon capitals2 was as

follows, on the inner edge of the tomb :

Anglia tota doles moritur quia regia proles,

\ua jlorere foies,quern continet infima moles.

Gulielmus nomen infigne Valentia prebet,

Celfum cognomen nam tale dari fibi debet ;

flui valu'd validus,vincens virtute,

valore,

Et placuit placidus, Jenfu morumque vigore,

Dapfilis et habilis,immotus prcelia fedlans,

JJtilts ac bumilis, devotus premia fpe&ans.

Milleque trecentis cum quatuor inde retentis

In Maii menfe bunc mors proprio ferit enfe.

Quique legis hie repete quam fit vita plena timore,

Meque lege te moriturum & nefeius bore.

O clemens Cbrifle, celos intret precor ifle,

Nil videat trifle,quia pertulit omnibus bifee.

This perfon, with his brother and After, being much oppreffed by the king

of France, was lent for to England 1 247 by Henry 111. who procured for him

an advantageous match, and knighted him publicly at Weftminfter, and four

years after granted to him the caftle and town of Hertford. Having, by thefe

and many other expreflions of royal favour, drawn on himfelf the jealoufy of

the Englifti, and a conteft enfuing between the king and his barons, he withdrew

to France 42 Henry III. from whence the king brought him back about three

years after, and created him earl of Pembroke, for fo he is ftyled by Matthew Pa-

ris 3

,in his account of the battle of Lewes, from which Valence being a principal

commander on the king’s tide, after his matter and his fon was taken prifoner,

efcaped into P’rance. Prince Edward getting out of Windfor caftle, he fent him

a fiipply of troops, and was inftrumental to the victory of Evelham. He

* So Dart. I. 1 iq. But-there were 13 on each fide, and four at each end.

* Dart. lb. He had another, and much more memorable epitaph, in profe, St. Lo Knivcton, MS. note on Vincent on

Brooke, pen. me. p. 41 S. 1 P. 995.

had

[ 77 ]

had now confiderable grants of property in Wales, and labouted hard to baftardizehis wife’s brother’s only daughter, that he might enjoy her eftate. He died, ac-cording to Matthew of Weliminfter

', Stowe’, Hardyng J, Dugdale 4

,and Carte s

,

May 13, 1296; the latter author fays he was flain by the French at Bayonne.Knighton * puts the fight at Bayonne between the Engliih under John Lacy earl

of Lincoln and the French the following year. His epitaph as given both byCamden and Weever 1 exprefsly dates his death r 296. For the prayers of all

devout people offered up for his foul at his tomb was granted indulgence for theterm of too days

s.

William de Luda, bifltop of E/v, died 1298, and his monument in the 1298.fouth fide of the prefbytery, near the antient high altar of his own church,though of fmaller proportions in breadth, bears great refemblance to that ofEdmund Crouchback. In the nitches at the fides are two figures of Matthewand Luke, with the lion and bull, to which correfponded two on the other fide,

now hid by the flails of the new altar, tin the pediment the Virgin and Chrifi.

A brafslefs flab lies level on the floor, on which are traces of the brafs inferip-

tion, which efcaped Mr. Bentliam 9.

DC LVDA: QVOND

• • • IVS : eCLSSie : CVIVS : KNICDE : PRO

This flab and bifhop Gray’s are plainly taken off their altar tombs, and laid flat.

Sir Robert Shurland, who was lord, warden of the cinque ports, and withEdward I. in the 28th year of his reign at the fiege of Caerlavaroc, where hereceived the honour of knighthood, has in the South wall of the South or highchancel of Minjire church, Sbepey, a monument, under an arch enriched withquatrefoil work, with his figure in armour, in alabafter, crofs-legged, a roundhelmet, and another under his head, his ihield on his left arm, and fword onfame fide ; an armed page and lion at his feet, and a horfe’s head, as if riling

out of the waves, at his right fide below. This head (which Mr. Haded "> fays

feems either part of the marble on which it lies, or at lead to have been firmlyfixedto it when the tomb wasput up ; or, as Mr. Grofe ”, “ emerging out of the staves“ of the fea, as in the adlion of fwimming,”) being alfo oil the weathercock ofthe tower, is probably the family creft. Various traditions, not worth repeating,

are told of it : “ the vulgar,” as Philipot ” quaintly expreffes it, “ having digged“ out of his vault many wild legends and romances for which he thus? ac-

counts; that Sir Robert had from his fovereign a grant of liberties among which

was wreck of fea for his manor at Eadchurch adjoining. The extent of this

royalty is efleemed to reach as far into the fea at ebb-tide as a man could ride

in and touch any thing with the point of his lance. But this fuperdruaurebuilt on the horfe’s head is as little capable of fupport as the vulgar tradition

derived from it.

Sir Robert’s only daughter and heirefs Margaret married William Cheney,•whofe lineal defeendant Sir John Cheney, adhering to the earl of Richmondbefore his acceffion to the crown, had fummons to parliament among the baronsof this realm 3, 7, and 1 1 of Henry VII. and dying fome time after was buriedunder a handfome monument in Beauchamp’s chapel on the South fide of Ladv-chapel at Salifbury. Thither the fame vulgar tradition has followed this heir

1 P. 405.1

P. 207. 3 Ch. i$r. * Bar. II. 776. * Carte, II. 26r.' p

- :5°9-

?P- 476 -

!Dart. I. 120. 9 Hid. of Ely, p. 152. II. 17.10

Hift. of Kent, II. 653. 661. 11Account under his view of Minftre Church.

’ 11Kent, p. 48a.

3 of

of the Shill-land poflefiions. The vergers pretend that it being foretold to Sir

John that his horle would be his death, he caufed him to be killed, and Handing

by as the animal was in the agonies of death, he received from it a blow on his

leg or foot, which occalioned his death ; and they attempt to illuftrate their error

by the leaves carved under the foies of the knight’s feet.

A Hone in* the nave at Bottejham, c. Cambridge, has this infcription for

Elias de Bekingham, one of the juftices itinerant, who died after 27 Edward I.

HIE : JAE6T : GLTAS : DG : BGKINCHACD : QVONDACD:JVSTIEIARIVS : DOCDINI : RGBIS : ANDLIG : CVIVS : ANICTCG

:

PROPIEIGTVR : DGVS.

The brafs figure is torn off'.

It is not improbable that he was of the family of Bekingham of Bekingham,

c. Nottingham, where they had lands from 12 Edward I. to 18 Richard IIz.

Elias de Beckingham was party to a fine for lands in Stoke by Newark in the

fame country 27 Edward 13. He and John de Mettingham alone efcaped being

included in the fevere punilhment inflidted on Ralph de Hengham and his bre-

thren for corruption, 16 Edward I. T288 4. Whether he died in this or the

l'ucceeding century is not known.

Ralph de Hengham had, in the North wall of the choir in Old Si. Paul's, a

tomb, with his figure on it, habited in a gown and coif, under a canopy Handing

on a lion ;the table adorned with lambs and mullets. Whether this figure

was inlaid in brafs, or cut in, Dugdale 5 does not fay;probably the former.

The infcription round the ledge, in Gothic capitals, was as follows :

PGR VGRSVS PATGT kOS ANGLORVCD QVOD IACGT £>IC FLOSLGGVCD QVI TVTA DICTAVIT VGRA STATVTAEX JbGNG^ACD DICTVS RADVLPJWS VIR BGNGDICTVS.

In the chancel at Much Hadbam,

c. Herts, is a large fair grey flab, whereon

was once inlaid in brafs a crofs flore erected on a dog or lion, and on the ledge

round it this infcription in Gothic capitals

:

£>IC JACGT : SltDON : FLACDBARD :QVON

DACD : RGCTOR : £>VIVS : GCLGS1G.

The firH rector in Newcourt 6is Robert de Ros, in the time of Bifhop Gravef-

end, between 1280 and 1303; the next Henry de Iddelworth, 1332. Whether

Flambard was rc£tor before or after Ros is uncertain. There was one Simon

Flambard, knight of the Ihire, 3 Edward III. who Dr. Salmon 7 thinks was pro-

bably father of this reftor.

Alban, who is commemorated in the following infcription on a brafs in a

blue flab, to the North of the foregoing, may fill up the vacancies in Newcourt’s

hiltory 8;

Priez pur lalme Alban pfone de liadhm.

Of thefc two, Dr. Salmon obferves Flambard’s muH be the oldefl, by the way

of writing ;and both are elder than the regifier, which has in the firH place

Robert de Ros, and next Henry de Idefworth, 1332.

* Blomf. Coll. Cantab, p. 32. Rymer’s Feed. :o Edw. I. Dugilale’s Orig. Judic. Chron. Ser. p. 28, 29. Records,

&c. Chron. Dunlap, p. 55^. 563, 564, 565, 566. 577, 578. 581.1 Thoroton, p.422, 423. - lb 17S. 4 Bloraf. Nort. I. 680. s St. Paul’s, p. 101.

* Repert. 1. 831.7 Her.s, 27S. * Bl.

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