Archaeologia BulgaricaХІХ, 3 (2015), 63-73

Sixth-century Pottery Kiln from Novae (Moesia Secunda). A Contribution to the Studies on the Local Pottery Manufacturing

Agnieszka TOMAS

Abstract: The latest occupation phase traced in the excavated section of the northern defensive wall of Novae dates to the sixth century AD. The excavations uncovered the earthenware pottery kiln containing the broken, but entire pots. The moment of its destruction is dated by a follis of Justinian I. Among almost forty kilns unearthed so far at Novae, those placed within the walls of the fortress are dated mainly to the 4th – mid-5th centuries. The discussed kiln is a rare example of a 6th century feature of this type from the central part of Moesia II, preserved with its batch.

Key words: Novae, Moesia II, pottery kiln, sixth century, local pottery manufacturing.

The legionary fortress of Novae (near the Danube city of Svishtov, North Bulgaria) founded around the middle of the 1st century AD de-veloped into the late Roman town which survived probably until the beginning of the 7th century (Madgearu 2006, 153-154; Dimitrov 2013, 21; Sarnowski et al. 2012, 27). In 2007 excavations of the Polish sector carried out by the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw were held in the area of the northern curtain wall and tower # 27 (Sarnowski et al. 2010, esp. 169). The excavated section covering the area of ca. 160 sq. metres was situated on the edge of today’s escarpment (fig. 1A). The biggest trench – B, across the intervallum from the wall in the north to the one of the centurial barracks in the south (squares II 131, 151, 171, 191, 211) provided much information about the stratigraphy and complexity of this section of the site (fig. 2).

Pottery KilnThe latest traceable occupation phase was marked by a pottery kiln located in the intervallum (square II 151) (fig. 2). The kiln had or-ange-clay walls of 20 -30 cm and a large post supporting the clay grid (fig. 3). Its size (1.20 m wide and 1.30 high) is not considerable when compared to other kilns from Novae (Кленина 2006, 141, tab. 1). Grey coarse wares including cooking pots and jugs were the last kiln batch. Apart from the pottery fragments, the kiln was filled with broken roof tiles and small stones, apparently put there on purpose. A terminus post quem of AD 557-558 for dating its destruction was a follis of Justinian I, found in the layer in which the chamber of the kiln had been dug out.

The Fabric, Technology and FormsA set of kitchen ware was made from the same fabric, which was hard, fine-grained but sandy, containing large quantity of quartz and small, white stones, lime inclusions and average quantity of fine silver mica. Its texture was very rough, but the surface was powdery in touch. The

Fig. 1. Novae. An outline plan of the fortress superimposed on the satellite image (by A. Tomas). The place where the sixth-century pottery kiln has been discovered is marked with a letter A

Fig. 2. Novae. The western section of a trench perpendicular to the northern defensive walls and intervallum (by A. Tomas and P. Zakrzewski): 1 pottery kiln; 2 stone remains of an oven or a kiln; 3 clay remains of an oven or a kiln; 4 a smashed oven or a kiln

fabric had grey colour varying from 10 YR 5/1 to 5 YR 5/1. All the forms were wheel-thrown, but it seems that on two different potter’s wheels what is reflected in different bottoms (tab. I/1, 2). The walls are often crusty and relatively thin in proportion to the size and capac-ity of the vessels. This – fabric, which varies in colour from grey to orange-grey (10 YR 5/1 to 5 YR 5/1) and dark greyish brown to brown (2.5 Y 4/2 to 7.5 YR 5/4), and may have white eruptions on the vessels’ surface, is defined as “Ware D” present in the layers dated to the 6th century (Tomas 2003, 123; cf. Kotecki 1977 and here tables III-IV).

The laboratory analyses of pottery discovered in Novae allowed to distinguish locally manufactured pottery made from an iron-poor and iron-rich clay, both non-calcareous and calcareous (Daszkiewicz et al. 2006, 194-196). The fabric of the vessels from the discussed pot-

64 AGNIeSZKA TOMAS

tery kiln suits the best to the sample MD 2549 of iron-rich high cal-careous matrix with quartz, aggregates of clay and opaque minerals (Daszkiewicz et al. 2006, 209, fig. 7), but the analysed samples from Novae came from the 3rd – 5th century finds1. Despite a number of the laboratory analyses of the material from Iatrus (by the Danube village of Krivina, district of Ruse, North Bulgaria) and Novae, which made a significant step forward in our knowledge about pottery finds (e.g. Daszkiewicz / Schneider 2007; Baranowski / Daszkiewicz 2009), this type of fabric was not subject to the detailed study.

The majority of pots from the kiln are two-handled medium-sized jars with bulbous belly without foot (table I). Other forms include smaller jars, jugs with the trefoil rims and bowls (table II). Their rim is usually everted, sometimes concave in section. Some forms have a ribbed, truncated conical neck (table I/1, 2) and some are without necks (table I/3-12, table II/13-14). The jars were to be covered with lids (table II/18, 19).

Similar forms are known from other parts of Novae (Klenina 1999, esp. fig. 4, 5 and 7; Кленина 2006, 79-88, tab. 41-46, esp. types 21, 22), as well as from nearby Iatrus and Nicopolis ad Istrum / by the village of Nikyup, district of Veliko Tarnovo, North Bulgaria (e.g. Böttger 1982, 141-142, Töpfe VII, period “D”); Falkner 1999, 105-106, fig. 6.7, ware 1). Some of them are dated slightly earlier, to the second half of the 5th century (Кленина 2006, 117, type 5; cf. here table IV/3). In Nicopolis among the forms dated to the latest period (450-600), there are vessels comparable to these from Novae (Falkner 1999, 66-67 and tab. 9.7, # 110-125; 71 and 9.8, # 218-221) and the fabric described in Nicopolis as ware 1 (grey coarse ware) resembles the one described at Novae as ware “D” (Falkner 1999, 274). However, this type of ware in Nicopolis was defined for all grey pottery fragments found in the contexts dated

Fig. 3. Novae. Northern intervallum wall: A the pottery kiln; plan and section (by A. Tomas); B the pottery kiln (photo T. Sarnowski)

1 Personal information from Dr. e. Klenina, whom I would like to thank.

SIxTH-CeNTURY POTTeRY KILN FROM Novae (MoeSIa SecuNda)... 65

from 130 to 600, without specification of ceramic paste for the early Byzantine period. As it was stated by the discoverers, the low quality of the 5th – 6th century coarse ware, from all of these sites indicates rather for the local production (Klenina 1999, 93; Кленина 2006, 172; Falkner 1999, 46; Böttger 1982, 84). This conclusion, although pre-sumptive, finds support in the laboratory analyses which distinguished locally manufactured pottery (Daszkiewicz et al. 2006, 194-195; Кленина 2006, 172). Anyway, analogical forms of grey coarse ware are known from other, sometimes distant, sites in present Bulgaria, thus the forms of the pots should be regarded as common in the 6th century (Кузманов 1985, 47-54 and tab. 28-32).

Table I. Novae. Pottery from the pottery kiln near the northern defensive wall (by A. Tomas)

66 AGNIeSZKA TOMAS

Kilns from Novae

Around thirty-eight kilns and ovens have been documented and pub-lished so far in Novae and its surroundings, but some more remains were reported, as well (fig. 1)2. Some of them are only remains of round stone constructions which may have been kilns, ovens or even hearths. At least sixteen kilns were located by the mouth of the Dermen dere, a small tributary of the Danube passing by the eastern side of the town,

Table II. Novae. Pottery from the pottery kiln near the northern defensive wall (by A. Tomas)

2 Митова-Джонова 1966 (12 kilns, among them one published by Majewski et al. 1961, 87, fig. 16 and one by Вълов 1966); Majewski et al. 1961, 118, fig. 85 (1 kiln or oven); Димитров et al. 1970, 60-

SIxTH-CeNTURY POTTeRY KILN FROM Novae (MoeSIa SecuNda)... 67

but some of them were too much destroyed to determine their dat-ing. Some of them contained pottery sherds, other building materials or lamps, but the majority was empty. The constructions discovered within the walls of Novae are very often destroyed, so difficult to de-termine their function.

Table III. Novae. Finds from the pottery kiln discovered in 1975 (original drawings by J. Kotecki 1977)

65, fig. 11-13 (2 kilns, cf. Sarnowski 1976, 62, fig. 1, 2); Majewski et al. 1971, 185-186, fig. 32 (2 kilns or ovens); Димитров et al. 1974, 143-154, fig. 17 (2 kilns and 1 kiln or oven); Majewski et al. 1975, 144, fig. 47 (1 kiln(?)); Kotecki 1977 (1 kiln);

68 AGNIeSZKA TOMAS

Local production during the time of Principate is testified by kilns and by pottery and clay lamp moulds discovered in Novae (Чичикова 1950, 150-151, figs. 1, 2, 7, 8; Димитрова 1977). In the times of Principate the ceramic manufacturing was mostly situated beyond or near the fortress’ walls (Dyczek 2005). The majority of constructions interpreted as kilns unearthed intra muros come from the late contexts, dated between the 4th and the mid-5th century (Кленина 2006, 25-28 and tab. 1), but these, dated to the latest period of Roman presence are rare. The first one is a pottery kiln with preserved batch discovered near the via principalis, which was preliminary dated to the beginning of the 7th century, but it is possible that the structure is in fact slightly earlier (Kotecki 1977 reprinted in Кленина 2006, 85-88 and tab. 1/8). The second one was unearthed in the latest layers near the south-west-ern corner of the headquarters building (Majewski 1975, 124-125, fig. 54; Кленина 2006, tab. 1/1). The third structure of unknown function, either an oven or a kiln, was discovered in the latest layers near the eastern defensive walls (Димитров et al. 1974, 154; Кленина 2006, tab. 1/2). However, only the kiln presented here may be dated more precisely to the mid-6th century.

Table IV. Novae. Vessels and fragments of pottery classified as ware “D”: 1-2 finds from an unknown context; 3 potscherd from the mixed layers in the eastern intervallum; 4-9 finds from the 6th-century layers in the northern intervallum (by A. Tomas)

Genčeva 1999, 97, fig. 1, 1-4 (4 kilns and/or ovens); Dyczek 2005 (4 kilns, among them one for lamp manufacturing); near the villa and Late Roman basilica to the west from Novae (1 kiln, unpublished); Sarnowski et al. 2008 (2010), esp. 169, fig. 10 (7 ovens and/or kilns, one of them is the kiln in the present publication).

SIxTH-CeNTURY POTTeRY KILN FROM Novae (MoeSIa SecuNda)... 69

The Habitation in the North-Western Part of the Town in the 6th CenturyThe discussed kiln was situated by the Danubian bank where water, sand and firewood can be easily obtained, but it is far enough from dwellings which could have been threatened by fire. The builder of the kiln may have lived in the houses situated in the north-western part of Novae. At the time of the kiln’s construction (around the middle of the 6th century), the residential building situated to the south-east from it, was in its final decline (Dyczek 2000, 103). However, the gradual decline and fall of the local urban centres had started from the end of the 6th century (Poulter 1995, 17-18, 45; Madgearu 2006, 153-154). Despite the devastating barbarian raids in the first half of the 6th cen-tury (von Bülow 1995; Curta 2001, 116-117, table 4; cf. Velkov 1987, 155-159), the habitation at Novae survived until the first decades of the 7th century (Sarnowski 2012 et al. 27).

ConclusionsThe pottery from the kiln was fired entirely and properly, as evidenced by lack of deformations. The ware chamber seems to have been opened and later filled with rubble and numerous pottery fragments which belonged to the entire, but broken pots. It is possible that the potter sorted the batch after firing and left the broken pieces inside. But it is also probable that the potter never removed the kiln’s content, and its chamber was opened later, when its batch was already partly de-stroyed. Such interpretation would explain the number of pieces, some of them almost entirely preserved inside. Regrettably the stratigraphic context does not give the answer to this question.

The kiln from Novae is a rare example of a 6th century feature of this type from the central part of Moesia II, preserved with its batch. Although other features described as kilns, ovens or round structures dated to the 6th century are known from durostorum (now the Danube city of Silistra, Ne corner of Bulgaria) and Iatrus, they were either not fully published (two pottery kilns in durostorum, see Angelova / Buchvarov 2007, 76, 79-81 and fig. 1, 6.1) or their function was unclear (a round structure discovered in Iatrus, phase D was described by dis-coverers as a feature of unknown function, probably an oven; see von Bülow 1991). Local production centres near Boutovo, Hotnitsa and Pavlikeni in the rural territory of Nicopolis ad Istrum, most probably ceased to function after the mid-4th century AD, and pottery manu-facturing started to operate near the Nicopolis’ northern gate, but it remains unknown whether the kilns were in use still in the 6th century (Falkner 1999, 40, 110). Workshops in (Veliko) Tarnovo, which be-came an important Byzantine town, functioned from the 12th century (Dochev 2002, 675; cf. Falkner 1999, 118). Much more we know about the preceding period of the 4th – 5th century when pottery was manufac-tured at Novae and Iatrus (Кленина 2006, 30; Conrad 2007, 244-245). Such state of research concerning 6th-century pottery kilns concerns also other parts of the province. The subject of pottery production in Scythia in the 4th – 6th centuries was a subject of study (Opaiţ 2004), while Moesia II waits for such a comprehensive elaboration.

The size of the kiln, its isolated location and quite simple forms of pottery show rather domestic manufacturing, than a large-scale pro-duction. This should lead to the conclusion that the pottery produc-

70 AGNIeSZKA TOMAS

Bibliography

Вълов, В. 1966. Пещ за строителна керамика от Нове. ‒ Археология 8, 1, 45-51.

Димитров, Д. П. / Чичикова, М. / Султов, Б. 1974. Археологически разкопки в източния сектор на Нове през 1967-1969. ‒ Известия на Археологическия институт 34, 138-175.

Димитров, Д. П. / Чичикова, М. / Султов, Б. 1970. Археологически разкопки в източния сектор на Нове през 1966. – Известия на Археологическия институт 32, 55-71.

Димитрова, А. 1977. Калъп за про-изводство на тера сигилата от Нове. ‒ Музеи и паметници на културата 17, 4, 40-43.

Кленина, Е. 2006. Столовая и кухонная керамика III–VI веков из Нов (Северная Болгария) (= Novae. Studies and Materials 2). Poznań.

Кузманов, Г. 1985. Ранновизантийска керамика от Тракия и Дакия (ІV ‒ началото на VІІ век) (= Разкопки и проучвания 13). София.

Митова-Джонова, Д. 1966. Пещи за керамика и керемиди от Нове. ‒ Археология 8, 1, 38-45.

Чичикова, М. 1950. Калъпи за ан-тични глинени лампи от Мизия. ‒ Годишник на Народния археологи-чески музей Пловдив ІІ, 145-156.

angelova, S. / Buchvarov, I. 2007. Durostorum in Late Antiquity (Fourth to Seventh Centuries). In: Henning, J. (ed.). Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in europe and Byzantium, vol. 2, Byzantium, Pliska and the Balkans (= Millenium Studies in

the Culture and History of the First Millenium C.e. 5/2). Berlin / New York. 61-88.

Baranowski, M / daszkiewicz, M. 2009. Macroscopic Description and Laboratory Analysis of Twelve Pottery Fragments from Novae. – Novensia 20, 125-152.

Böttger, B. 1982. Die Gefässkeramik. In: Iatrus-Krivina. Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalteriche Siedlung an der unteren Donau. Band II. ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1966-1973. Berlin. 33-148.

von Bülow, G. 1995. Die Siedlungsperiode D2 in Iatrus. In: Iatrus-Krivina. Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau. Bd. V. Studien zur Geschichte des Kastells Iatrus (Forschungsstand 1989) (= Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike 17). Berlin. 61-66.

von Bülow, G. 1991. Die Bebauung des 6. Jh. Über dem ehemaligen Zentrum des Kastells. In: Iatrus-Krivina. Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau, vol. IV: ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1981. Berlin. 59-67.

conrad, S. 2007. Die Gefässkeramik. In: Iatrus-Krivina. Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau, vol. VI: ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1992-2000. Mainz. 209-264.

curta, F. 2001. The Making of the Slavs. History and Archaeology of the Lower Danubian Region, c. 500-700. Cambridge (Mass.).

daszkiewicz, M. / Bobryk, e. / Schneider, G. 2006. Some Aspects of Composition, Technology and Functional Properties

of Roman and early Byzantine Pottery from Novae (Bulgaria). In: Кленина 2006. 189-211.

daszkiewicz, M. / Schneider, G. 2007. Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen kaiserzeitlicher und spätantiker Keramik aus Iatrus. In: Iatrus-Krivina. Spätantike Befestigung und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau. Bd. VI. ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1992-2000. Mainz am Rhein. 468-482.

dimitrov, K. 2013. Currency Circulation in Novae and Coins from the episcopal Complex in Novae (378-612 A.D.). In: Biernacki, A. / Klenina, e. / Genčeva, e. (eds.). Życie codzienne. Biskupstwo w Novae (Moesia secunda) IV-VI w. II. Poznań. 7-73.

dočev, K. 2002. Tûrnovo, Sixth – Fourteenth Centuries. In: Laiou, A. e. (ed.). The economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century (= Dumbarton Oak Studies 39). Harvard. 673-678.

dyczek, P. 2005. A New Pottery Manufacturing Center at Novae. In: Acta RCRF 39. Abingdon. 301-306.

dyczek, P. 2000. Novae – Western Sector (Section IV), 1997-1999. Preliminary Report on the excavations of the Center for Archaeological Research – Novae, Warsaw University. – Archeologia 41, 89-103.

Falkner, R.K. 1999. The Pottery. In: Poulter, A. (ed.). Nicopolis ad Istrum: A Roman to early Byzantine City. The Pottery and Glass. London. 55-296.

Genčeva, e. 1999. La production dans le camp militaire romain Novae pen-dant la basse Antiquité (à l’instar du scamnum tribunorum). In: von Bülow, G. / Milčeva, A. (eds.). Der Limes an

tion in Novae not necessarily must have been entirely controlled by the bishop, as the former data seem to suggest (cf. Кленина 2006, 137), although it is very probable that his subordinates could have been obliged to provide bishopric centre in some goods.

SIxTH-CeNTURY POTTeRY KILN FROM Novae (MoeSIa SecuNda)... 71

der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vorträge der Internationalen Konferenz Svištov (1. – 5. September 1998). Sofia. 95-103.

Klenina, e. 1999. Table and Cooking Pottery of the IV–VI A.D. from the excavation of the episcopal Residence in Novae. In: von Bülow, G. / Milčeva, A. (eds.). Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vorträge der Internationalen Konferenz Svištov (1. – 5. September 1998). Sofia. 87-94.

Kotecki, J. 1977. Piec garncarski w sondażu wodociągowym. In: Novae – Sektor zachodni 1975. Sprawozdania tymczasowe z wykopalisk ekspedycji Archeologicznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. – Archeologia 28, 193-200.

Madgearu, a. 2006. The end of the Lower Danubian limes: a violent or a peaceful process? – Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 12, 151-168.

Majewski, K. et al. 1975. Novae – Sektor Zachodni, 1973. Sprawozdanie tymczasowe z wykopalisk ekspedycji Archeologicznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. – Archeologia 26, 123-164.

Majewski, K. et al. 1971. Novae – Sektor Zachodni, 1969. Sprawozdanie tymczasowe z wykopalisk ekspedycji Archeologicznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. – Archeologia 22, 135-200.

Majewski, K. et al. 1961. Sprawozdanie tymczasowe z wykopalisk z Novae w 1960 r. – Archeologia 12, 75-170.

opaiţ, a. 2004. Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th–6th Centuries AD): Aspects of economic Life in the Province of Scythia (= British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1274). Oxford.

Poulter, a. 1995. Nicopolis ad Istrum.

A Roman, Late Roman and early Byzantine City. ‒ Journal of Roman Studies (= Monograph 8). Oxford.

Sarnowski, T. 1976. Novae jako siedziba legionu I Italskiego. – Archeologia 27, 50-65.

Sarnowski, T. et al. 2012. Novae. An Archaeological Guide. Warszawa.

Sarnowski, T. / Kovalevskaja, L. / Tomas, a. 2010. Novae – Castra legionis, 2006-2009. Preliminary Report on the excavations of the University of Warsaw Archaeological expedition. – Archeologia 59, 153-172.

Tomas, a. 2003. Jugs from Novae. A Study on Finds from 1960-99. – Novensia 14, 119-184.

velkov, v. 1987. Der Donaulimes in Bulgarien und das Vordringen der Slawen. In: Hänsel, B. (ed.). Die Völker Südeuropas im 6. bis 8. Jahrhundert. Berlin. 141-168.

Пещ за керамика от VI в. в Нове (Втора Мизия). Принос към информацията за местното производство на керамика

Агниешка ТОМАС

(резюме)

През 2007 г. по време на проучвания на терена на северния интер-валум и кула # 27 в Нове / край Свищов (фиг. 1A) бяха открити няколко пещи, сред които и пещ за изпичане на керамика, запъл-нена с кухненски съдове. В пласта, в който е вкопана нейната ка-мера, бе открита монета на Юстиниан, датирана в 557 -558 г. Тази пещ е единствената точно датирана от това столетие. Освен мно-гобройните фрагменти от съдове в пещта бяха открити и фраг-менти от тухли и хоросан, а нейният купол е разрушен (фиг. 2/3). Сред керамичните форми преобладават гърнета и кани със сив цвят и скромна украса (табла I, II). Подобни форми, познати и от намиращите се наблизо обекти Ятрус и Никополис ад Иструм, както и от други по-далечни места на територията на България, се смятат за типични за VI в. Глината, която съдържа голямо коли-

72 AGNIeSZKA TOMAS

чество примеси – кварцов пясък, дребни бели камъчета, варовик и сребърна слюда, има своите аналогии сред съдове с подобна датировка от Нове (табла III, IV). Изглежда това е група отделна от съдовете, произвеждани по-рано в Нове, които са изработени от различна глина.

Формата и изработката на съдовете свидетелстват по-скоро за производство за нуждите на едно домакинство, отколкото за масово производство. Досега на територията на Нове са документирани поне 37 пещи, сред които пещи за изпичане на керамика, на строителни материали, както и празни или разрушени пещи с неясно предназначение. Повечето от тях се намират на територията на късноантичния и ранновизантийски град, а пещите, функционирали в периода на Принципата, най-вероятно са се намирали основно извън стените на крепостта.

Липсата на деформации на съдовете свидетелства, че те са изпечени правилно и докрай. За това, че пещта е била отваряна, подсказват липсата на купол, който в противен случай би пропад-нал във вътрешността, както и умишленото засипване на пещта със строителни отпадъци, примесени с фрагменти изпечени съ-дове. Следователно е възможно първоначално в пещта да е имало повече съдове, а след сортирането на продукцията грънчарят да е хвърлил обратно в нея дефектните екземпляри и да я е засипал. Възможно е също така никой да не е извадил съдържанието на пещта, а тя да е била отворена по-късно, когато куполът и част от съдържанието са били разрушени. Това може да е причина за го-лемия брой фрагменти, които позволяват да се реставрират цели съдове.

Пещта от Нове е рядък пример от този тип от VI в. във Втора Мизия. Пещи за изпичане на керамика или пещи за отопление, или подобни кръгли структури, датирани в VI в., са открити в близки обекти (например в Дуросторум и Ятрус). Те обаче са не-достатъчно публикувани или са с неизяснено предназначение. Производството на керамика в периода IV-VI в. е добре проуче-но в провинция Скития, но районът на Мизия II очаква такова изследване.

Възможно е строителят на пещта да е живял в северозапад-ната част на града. В момента на строежа на пещта къщата, нами-раща се на югоизток от нея, вече е била западнала. След неспоко-ен период на нашествия животът в градовете на Долния Дунав в края на VI в. претърпява упадък. Въпреки това Нове е бил обита-ван до първите десетилетия на VII в. Разположението на пещта и сравнително ниското качество на съдовете сочи, че става дума за частно производство. Изглежда тезата за контрола на епископа над производството на керамика следва да бъде преразгледана, въпреки че няма съмнение, че е възможно жителите на града да са били задължени да предоставят услуги на епископията.

Dr. Agnieszka TomasInstitute of ArchaeologyUniversity of Warsawul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28PL-00927 Warszawaagnieszka.tomas@uw.edu.pl

SIxTH-CeNTURY POTTeRY KILN FROM Novae (MoeSIa SecuNda)... 73