SI'W?OXN NUCNEAR RTACTOR

UNIVIRSITY OF TORON1O

LI

l

L

!

SI,OfiPOX! REACTOR COMMITTEE

(Ju ly , f977 to June, 1974J

lt. Paul, Cbatrnan

1-

( i )

AI1 re6ults presented in these lepolts ale prelininaly

unpublished data and may not be leferled o! used iniaDy docsent

o! publicatt6n withour plior consultation with the scientists

annual Report

s!oI,lPo!(E Nuclear Reacto! Facilitv

UniversitY of Totonto

! 9 7 1 - I 9 7 a

The SLOITDOXE tac:lity has sulviveat its seventh vear of

operation. This year has been a petiod of consoltdation and

h ttanualy three nev snall irradialion sites were instalfed

!n the "outer" irladiatio! loeitions. ?o each is coipred a theno-

coupfe and an ertra tuhe ehi.h can direct cooled qate! loeatds

the inlet orifice of the reactot allachnents ate part

of a continuing stldy of reactor kinetic behaviour and mav be

incolporated into a leacto! coie-tater coolinq svsten shich coDld

ehable the leactor to be tun at hig]1e! poee! 1eve1s than is culientlv

permissable. At the sane tiner tne *2 illadiation site' which had

been contaminaled {itl traces of uraniM-235 priot to cnristnas,

In lebluary a rew air condiiionet unjt eas rireat up' It

has already proven ltself invatuable throDgh teo heat {aves bv

nairtaining a leasonable roon temPelature, thls a11owin9 the

y-!ay spectroneters to continue to function reliablv-

r! hrch a Ge(ti) detector fatfed and had to be redlifled

in an attdpt to restole it. This was rot conpletelY strccessful

a4d the redrifted lnit has 6ince been traaed in for a ner o.e.

Urdergraduate laboratolies and reseaxch have incleased

allaretically, ,ith the nunber of 4th year thesis Plojecls ln-

cleasing by a factor of nearly thtee fron last vea! to a total

o f 25 s tudents . "

{ i i i )

The authollzed reseatchet piogleme bas ptoven to i'e

vely successful and nas allosed a recold nMbe! of 13527

inatividual capsule illadiations to be safely Peffomed. In

tts €econd complete olexating yea! tie slO$PoKE-2 leacto!

ras opelateit for 2909 hours on 244 daysr geDerating a totat

ene lqy o f 19584 kw.h .

( iv )

sl,oitlo]<E aNNUAL REPORI] (1973 )

Table of contents

Table of contentsIntroduction

stotlPoKE stili2ation

Table l: s!oll"o(€ operating sratisticsTable 2: Distrjbut:ion of rrradiations by

( i i )( i v )

I

4

11

I 7

2 I2 1

Table 3: Distlibution of rrraatiations by

hradiation Distribution Anols

vtilization Dist!ibution asorg

lacility Operation

Undergraduate leachinq and Resealch

SuMaries of Projects using slowPoxE-2r Toronto

Mark I I I -001 ( ! tk in )

r4ineraf vlool waste Recycling {Ba!hd)Analysis of Glass slivers (Barhan and Hancock)

stains o! cotton Matelial (Balhafr a.d Hancock)

tJeactlinq of uranium ore (Phil1ips)

The use of o!9ano-Me!a11ic conlounds as Tlacets fot

o i l sp Drsso luL . ion cnd D isDera ion

Rates (Maclay) 15

Deterni.ation of separation Efficiency of the Infrasizer

!399-19:

The study of the Behaviour of Elenertal

of Pentlandite Ore concentrates during leachirq and

solvent Extlaclion (Phi1lips) 22

Detemination of Raaliu a.d Thorilm ln Dust and Uline

Sdp les (Ph i l l i ps ) 22

Neutron Activation of Iiltrales from Bleaching Pulp

(Rapson and Gilbert)

Nitrogen Deteninalion in Heatilq oil using Fast Neutlon

Activation Analysis (rervis)

Detelninations of Aluminm in Hai! (Jervis) 2s

MDltielement analysis of crude oil sanples (.tewis) 26

chrofris Deternination and The wear of a Gtinding l4hee+

lJe lv is and T ie fenbach) 27

Investiqation of Reacrion uecharishs fo! an Inorganic

L iqu id waste so l id i f i ca t ion process (Jerv is )

u and Th on ulanim llinersi PersonDel Monitols bv Neutlon l

Activation (rervis) 29

Epidemiological Survey of arsenic (Jervis & Tiefe.bach)

Nuc lear lng ineer ingurdergraduate tabora tor ies (Hewi t t ) 33

Effe.t of the srowPoxE rn-core Raaiation lnvironment on

orqanic coolant {Heeitt)Feasibilily study of Ion Exchalge Recovely of uranium for

Ireach liquors (spinner) 35

leasibiliry stldy of the Extlactio! of almina from rlv-

Renovat of Tlace Elements flon coal (Mclean and Iiancock) 36

GoId llectlorecovery fron a Preglart solution usiDg Potous

lIow-thlough Giaphite Eleclloales (Foulkes) 36

Developnent of catalyst for oxidation of sulfulous Gasee

( s n ' L f ) 3 7

(v i )

!es49:

concrete analyses (t{ilfs) 3l

anafysis of ancient Potsherds (rranLltn and Hancocl<)

separation of Ta from Nb (rlengas) 39

rtletal analysis fo! undergraduate Hydronetallulgy

laboratory ExPerircnts (McAndrees) 40

Hyat roneta l lu rg ica lP locessDeve lo lnent ( t l cAndrews) 41

sodiun Regufation by DAPNTa at Low pH (HutchiDson)

Investigation of a Bitminous shale Fite and its

Influence on Air and SoiI cheoistry in the western

arc t i c (Hutch inso ! ) 43

Arsenic and Algae fron vehus Pond (Hutchinson)

Arsebic in the ,Yellowknife lnvitonnent (Irutchinsor) '

4'1

Effect of lydrocarbons or ron leakage flom the Afqa

aNKrsrRoDtsMUs (xutchinso.) 45

Deternination of chenical cohposition of Mine Tailinqs

and their vesetarion (sutchinson) 45

The Effect of Selected Hydlocalbons on i4enbrare Integlatv

in Algal cells (Hutchinson and Hellebust)

The use of Moss Bags to onitor airborne contdtnants

in the western Arctic (Hutchinson) 41

Airborne Palliculates at a Tolo.to Bus Depot (IlDtchinso!) 43

!14erta1 tevels in Diesel FueI, in Automobile Tires anal

ir city air in Toronto (Hutchinson) 43

Mucus lon Interactions Adjacent to a rranspoltinq

Epilhe1i8 (Machin)

Ele(enlaL nnatysis of lhe nouthpaxts

by sr,or,,Po}lE {tlachin)Catcim and lluoline in sone (t4cNeilf and Hauison) 52

se l f -D i f fus ion Rat io in su l f ides (sco t ! ) 53

(v i i )

Primary Trace El4ert Dastribltion alound an Alchean

Massive sulphide DePosit (scott)

llementa1 abundances and oriqir of larly Plecanbrian

Rocksr Northuestern ontario (chou)

Geochefristry of Iron romations {chou)Trace Eldent Distribution of Rocks fron the !1liot Lake

Area (KinberleY)

Tlace Etenent abundances in ai.hean Rocks fron tne

canadian Shield (Goodwin)

Reference to their Pt Gloup El4ent content (Naldlett)

Neotron Activation Ahalyses of Fossil Bones (!a!quha!)

Detection of NaturalIy oc.u!!ing 3€cl (ritherland)

Aro i i c Co l I :s ons k Lh Pos i - rons (Pau l )

Dinosa!! Bone Alalyses (Mccouan)

nare Ealth El4ent Analyses (Goaoin)

Analysis of Pre-Colutbian Central Anelican obsidtals(xealy anit Hancock)

r{ass ana charge Djstlibulions in rission (shama)

study of slowPoxE xinetics and Neutron Activation Snalysis

5 5

59

6 1

The P]alinu Group E14e!t and Gold Content of some

Nickel sulphide oles (Nafdrett and Hancocl) 62

The conlosition of NicLel sulphide Ores with Palticulir

'1r

l 4

(Bedett and Hancock)

Detedinations of Hafnim in zilconiw conpounds drolton) 79

Deteminalion of Radioluclide pulity of Radiopharmaceuticals

(Porter and Reed)

Analyses of Trace llements in Plastic {Efston)

ontario liydro use ot sroIgPoKB

{v i i i )

Page No.

I'!he Co@elcial Application of INA} to the Anafysis

of ceological smples (B!oo*e!)

Activlties of Atsosphelic lnviloment selvices'Dispersion Dtvision Related to srolrlPos! (Barrie)

Educational use of s!ol{?ox! (A"1drews)3 3

( 1 )

Ihe sLoltPoXE-2 nuclear reactor facility at rhe Universily

o f To-on lo kas yA. r . A a-S6 .u ihe- o f leop lehave been associated eith nore than 3s prolects (1arqe and small)

rhich have lequiled the use of the reactor and/o! t-raY courting

equipfrent. Fron the univelsityr a total of at feast 36 facully

nenbersr 12 research associates, t3 technicians. 4 postdoctolal

fettors, 29 graauate strdents, 2s 4th year thesis students,

11 srlmer students, and innmberable undergraduate studentsr have

been involved with teaclinq and research projects. rurthermore,

4 facully nenbers anal 14 students flon other canaatia. universities,

5 Covernner! scientists and 15 researchers fron industry, have

The high ddand for access to reactor tine has neant the

continuation of the timit of 3 - 6 daytine wolking hoirls pe! eeek

fo ! ea .h p ro 'ec , .

rhe anticilaled cafrpletion of the additional 4sO square

feet of space fo! slofipoKE use was not aehieved by the e.d of

t9?7 as sas expeeted las! yearr but should loe be ready for use

by the end of 1973. A shortfall in the funds avaifable for thisuor r nus t no l be 'e t ' !on the SIowPodE operdElno 916nt : thesPace is to be conple€ed as originally planned.

The NRc facility operating grant continues to meet most

of lhe cosr:s of staffing and operating the facitity. This yea!

an (unsuccessful) request qas frade to NRC to pro$ide monies for

another y-ray spectroneter to help handle the existirg korktoad

and to acr as a hedge aga ins t fa t lu le o f the o lde ! .un i t . l s i rcethat tine a nmber of ilritating problens have occDrred in both

cnc lyze ! un i . s . rhes . l ave "esu l -6d n . s qn : F i .anL loss o f

valuable data and have necessitated the repetition of experiments.

In March, a Ce(ti) 1-!ay deteclo! failed, anat has had to be

l 2 )

replaced by a new unit (again,with sr,ol'lPol(E fu ts).

t: authorized reseatchers qho are entitled

to illadiate their osn sanples unde! the direc! suPelvision of an

on-site licensed user. only by this means has the cullent worh-

load been able to be cadied out in a safe fashion.

A significant change occlrred tate in ttle year in the

make-up of the inteldisciplinary slowPoI(E reacto! comittee

Rhich defines srowPox! poficies and is responsible for the ove!-

all adniDistration of the facility, At this time, hofessor

R.E. Jelvis went o! sabbatical leave and has been leplaced bv

Dr. w. Paul as chaiman of the comitlee Professot D. garhafr

(chemical Engineerins and applied chenistly) 'as appointed to

r h e . o m j r L e - . l h r s s r e ' b o l r D _ o f e s s o ! n , C , ! c N 6 i l I . a . o

, led i tE qr - r c -so oe . t . y . lL rs p oposed LhaE

appointnents sill be nade of u! !o 4 new menbersr who are activelv

involved aith lesealch projects at tle reactor. Dr. ?au1 ti1l

a lso soon be recomended as a l i censed rser to jo in Dr . R .G.v .

Hancock/ and Professor J.s. fiewirt, who are currently responsible

- o ! t h e s c l e o o e ' . t o n o l - r r e f . ' I i L y ,

Radiarion protection staff continue to cheerfulty supplv

valuable selvices and suplort, vital to the snooth and efficient

running of the facil:ity.

SIO'{POXE UTIIIZATION :

s ln .e Ehe p l ine use o the cc i r iEw is neu- ron acL ivcL ion

analysis, the ts9 Y-ray spectroneters have been kept extremety busyr

with the unit associated ritn the sdple change! wor*ing up !o 24

houls pe! day and the second unlt working !p to 3 houls Pe! day.

analyzer breakdowns and nalfunctions are now seliously elodinq

valuable wolking lime even though lepairs can be made quite Pronptly.this plobtem is esieciauy prevalent with the "ofd" analyzer which

is now at tbe end of its naintenance-flee lite. The dust and gliie

generated duing the refurbishing of the ]jaultatn building is

aggravating the situation. An attenpt !o laise funds fron NRc fo!

a third-r-ray spectrometry unit was unsuccessful this.year, although

such a unit will be lequired to neet the eve!-increasins dsands

The cons- 'L . t io - o f e*Lr . s Io r fPoKE space, uh :ch vas ro have

been ready fo! use by late 1977r is nov scheduled for conpletlo! in

lare 1973, if rhe corsrlucrion indusrry permirs. This space shoulil

be rnva luabte in le l iev ing the p lesent c .amoed quar -ers o f Lhe

The reacto! t-aq .olglated on 244 days this yeai fo! a total

leliod of 2909 houls. This average opetating nonth of

20 days and an avelage opelaling day of 11.9 hours (cf 12.9 houls

in 19?6-77 and 9 .3 ho&s in 19?5-76) . Th is shor te r opera t ing day ,

relative to last year resutts in palt flom the ability to double-

load 3 irradiation sites ddring overnight irradialioDs

the iradiarion capsule loadinq fron a mrimm of 5 to 3 capsules.

In tlrn thi6 has allored the reactor to be run overniqht o!1y 2

tines per seek rather thah 3 rines per week Hhen the wo.kload per-

A r€.oid lunbe! of 13527 ilradiations lcf laa2l- in 1916-71)

kere pelforfred by sr,ofiPoxE statf and authofized researchels. The

t

( . 1 )

5

! h

:€ o a

( s )

najolity. 11574r were perf6rned fo! o! by graduate studertsr facultv

and staff nembers, and non U. of T. acaaemic, govermentaf and

industiial research personnel. lrhe ldaining I953 irradiations (cf

615 !^ 1916-77) eere performed for undergradDate laboratories

and 4th yea! thesis projects which are becoming incleasinglv poPular.

hile nost of the "graduate" if,tadiations tere sptead throughout the

yea!, the urdergraduate {o!k eas concentlated in the spring tern,

causing najor ploblems in scbeduling.

although the nmbe! of irradiations has lisen this Year to

an average of 55 per day (cf 43 per day in 1976-11) tl\e rotal irrad-

iation tine and primary irradiation tifte (the tine eith ar least

I capsDle leinq irradiated) stabilized soherhat at f2333 houls atd

2439 hours (e f 11527 and 2303 hou ls in f976-?7) w i th a resu l tan t

p l imary use pe icentage o f 849 (35 t in 1975-77) . s in i fa l l v , the

gene la t ion o f f i ss io . enerqy is s in i ta ! !o las t yea ! ( f9534 kw.h

le laL ive Lo l3?99 l l1 .h , v i r l - a ronLh]y aver roc o f 1632 iw h re laL ive

to 156? kW.h pe ! nonth in 1976-7 t and f294 kw.h ! )e r nonth i ! 19?5-76

A slmaly of €he above operating stat:istics ale dlsplaved

The nonthly distlibution of irradiations by reacto! power

is shorn in Table 2. thi6 shoss a sisnificant (coelced) preference

by users for 2 kw and 20 kw , with nuch of the wolk being done at

Iow porer. Ihe 4 lor poee! irradiatiohs wele done as part of uniter-

graduate l{inetics laboratories.

The distribution of iffadiations by time (see Tabfe 3)

or.e nore shons that short iffadiations (<fom duration) tend to be

p le fe r le i t e i th 510? (33 t ) be ing < l n inu le i . leng th and 7210 (54*J

beirg betseen 1-10 ninules lonq. ovelntgh! irradiations have

increased to 735 f ron 6S l i . \ 1916-77.

The monthly irradiatio! distribution mong SlOwPox! usets

sho{s a lelatively stable distlibution throughout the year fo!

graduate, faculty and non U.of T. researchels. The urdergraaluate

OF IiRADIATIONS BY

1 0

29r

465

3 3 7

3 3 ]

1302

s464 5 3

202

116

123

I I5

r 3 3

'13

275

4 3

34

f 0 6

5 6

t22to23253

r71

244

231

403

354

7?6343294

I

3

6142

I 4

\ 2 A O

3 2

( 6 )

Tab le 3 .

DISTRIBUTION O! IRRADIATIONS BY TIME

224

292

215

6 6 1t241533

425

913

6

3 5

t

4 5

] 1 7

5I

I2

59

to0

. 3 53 2

3 1

5107

3 3

12r0 735

5

23

l 7 )

.?

Tab le 4 .

IRRADIATION DISTRIBUTION AN4ONG SI'II?O(E USERS

undelgladuate Graduate lacultv Non u. of T,

1 3 3

4 2 1

4r513L

r 6 3

524rt2

436

2 9 7

326

2 2 61 2 3 0

. 7 5

r0i t2181 1 42ge.315347

T4

5 1 5 4 26aO

( 3 )

( 9 )

usage lattern ilfustrates the stress (and distless) generated as

the slrinq term dre$ to a close and 4th year thesis P!6jects needed

to be conlleted. Perbaps a spreading out of the undelgladuate ex-

peliments back into the fa11 tern could be alrarqed to alfeviate the

stlain on the facility at this time of yea!. (see Table 4)

a smary of the utilizatior distribution amonq srotrPoKE users

over the l)ast 3 yeals is presented as Table s. It should be noted

that the nufrbei ol iffadiations fron July,19?s to ,tunerf976 sere

carried out ower a ! honth wotking Peliod only, as this tas the ttne

when sLoIrPoKE-l was leplaced by sr,or'JPoKE-2.

apart fron the overall increases in the nMbers of irradiations

by each group, except gladuate students in masters and Ph.D programes,

the most significant change flon last yea! apPeals to'be the increased

denald for reacro! tine by undelglaatuate studenls. (It shoulal be

noted that "Houts Used" continues to give only iDtegrated irradiat-

ion houls anat does not necessarily reflecr lhe tolat time of use

of the facility, especially uhen sholt uradiations are bding

sployed.) This denand arises Minly fron 4th yeat thesis students

rhose nunbels tlipleat over last year.

The second featule is the as.ension of 'faculty and staff'

to ihe leadelship fo! the nsber of irladiations made. for the first

tine in sone yeals.

Nor U. of T. lesealch and service wolk performed bv and for

a.ad€nics from other univelsiliesr and qovelnnentaf and industlial

reseachers has remained stable.

Blief desc!iptions of !esearch proiects undeltaken i! part

at tbe SlowPoKE facility were subnitted by nost users and are in-

cluded wth a frinimm of editing in this report. once @!e, there

is a leasonable cr6ss-section between researchers in various sectors

of the univelsity ard the outside comunity,and it appeals !ha! in

has been of some siqnifucant assistance. There is

of course no way of knovinq what those who did lot srbnit lePorls

-i:

( 1 0 )

Z a

{ 1 1 1

' a i c h " s r o . b . 6 n d r u n F v e n L r r l y - c . o n c e - o

has behawed renarkably well Hhile submittinq to a h€awy wori 1oad.

The produclion of a total of 30,000 kw.h of enelgy was acnieved on

Novenber 22 ,19 t7 , k l , J .h na tL {as passed o ! !1ay 3 ,

19?7, By June 30 '19?3, to ta l enerqy produc t ion had reacred 42449

kH.h, atter 30 months of operatinq srol'JPoxt-2. This sullasses

the.4092t krv.h generated virh s!or,,PoK! t over a period of ?3 nolths-

The flu* s;tting knob on the .ontlol console stil1 naLes

its lresence felt by wolking foose eveiy 4 to 6 months. This is

probab l l 'a resd l t o f the heavy use to uh ich i ! i s sub jec ted . ra i lu le

or the second cont ro l conso le de lay le lay in May, t9?3 caused

ninimal problems since it tas teplaced plonPtty.

Two berllrim shim plate additions 'ere nade this yeat. The

f i rs t vas a schedu led a f fa i r on Novenber 21 ,19?7 a t approa imaterY

r a 3 , 3 n ^ . n . r 1 - q 6 . o o J . u . r y , l 9 - 3 ) q 6 s c n e c e s s c ' p a . t o f a

l e q c E o ! r o q i ' i c a r : o i " r r ' ' h L h r - e " m a I I d r " n e r e r a o r a L r o - s i . s

r e r e p l a c e o i n - a e o . - r ' . d ' . r ' o r p o s i L i o n s ( n o ! ' c 1 l \ e l e . - d

fo ! 1a !9e i l l ad ia t ion s i tes ) . A t rached to each s i te

couple and a lube vhich can dire.t .ooted water towalds the irlet

olifice of the co!e. These lalter attachnents are part of a cor-

tinuing study, by Dr. J.S. He'itt, of the kinetic plopelties of the

reac lo ! , and m- in the r tJ e sy l rem fo r coo l :ng _ le

so that it may operate in its present form at power

levels highex than 20 kw. The n€w irradiation sites should be

opera t iona l be foxe the fa I l re !n , 1973.

tL r \e scne . ine , Lhe ]ux

to electronic control to bring it i.to fine 'ith the otrer Sl,oItPoxE

reactors in rhich it had been installed feature. AIso

t h a - r b o r 2 i - r " d i " - i o ^ 5 ; c w d . ! - p t . c c d b / - l e u ' n L . F h r s

' -e h"d oe-J co .a , i -a 60 oy . smal quan. i . y o . ' ' . on Decenb- r

2 I , Ig11 v :ne \ a capsDle conta in ing '135u sp l i t open dur inq idad ia t ion .

( 1 2 )

Since the unit co!1d not be conpletely decontminatd in situr at

was decided to replace it and to have it decontdinate'l at a rate!

d d . 6 , i f p r . . i - c b l e .

Fol lowing 5 years in sh ich the mul t i channef ana lvze t (sJ

nalfunctioned durirg each heat waver pemission sas finallv sousnt

and granted l\ay 23,L977) by the comittee of Acconodations and

racilities to install a suitabfe air conditioninq unit in tne

to elifrinate this problem. Bv August,19?? the air

conditioner was ins!a11ed, and it vas eventuallv {ited up in

lebruary , l9?3. A l though the ins ta l la t ion p tocess was no t lap id .

the unit has worked adnirably and alreaalv has saved 2 alalYzet

wor i inq weeks (2 ana lyze is fo ! l veek) dur inq the June,1973 heat -

T h e r e c o n s t ' u c t ' o o ! E n e . r r d i n b u i l o i n q r ; u - i ' h t l "

reactor resides, has not been kind to the elecuonics in the

fine dust fron the demolitio! of old {ood and btick

structures has invaded lhe room and settled everlthere. The filters

on the back of the multicnannel analvzets have not been able to

handle tleir task of keeping thi6 dust ou!. Routine vacuuninq of

the un i ts has poss ib ly he lped a l i t t le , bu t , espec ia f l v s lnce

darch, 1973, both lnits have nalfutctioned ilternitlenllv This

nas made lhe work of researchers more tedlous since erpexlmenis

hawe had to be repeated several tines befole consistent resultss

coutd be ob ta ined. A t the t ine o f n l i t inq , the canber ra 8130

ara lyzer i s s t i l l su f fe r ing f lom a s l igb t , and as ve t und iagnosed,

instabilitl' of anllifier ltain shich causes inconl'elient/ inter-

n i r ten t peak sn i f t s ,

To add to the ana:lyzer pr;blens,one of rhe Ge(Li) detectors

{alned up ir late uarch (a possibfe deear defect?) and had to be

redrirted, a snbstitute detectoi tas suPpliea bv Aptec Ensrneerrng

Ltd . , so tha t dndu ly in te r ruPted wh i le led l i f i tnq

sas done. Unfollunatery, the tedlift did not work qutte well enouqh-

( 1 r )

The redrified detector nou generates Peaks sith a severe skev on

rheii loq enelgy side. This nakes it unsuitable foi fine discrin-

iratior betHeen Y-rays of sinilar energv At major erpense, this

detector has noa been traded in for a new one ehich is scheduled

to arrive in mid-July.

as nentioned last year, pexnission eas sough! and glanted

by AECB to doubly_Ioad 3 ilradiation sites silh irtadiation capsules'

This has alloaed the overnight idadialion ot 3 rathe! thah 5

.apsules in the inlei, high-f1ux, illadiation sites and has there-

by increased the eificiency of usage of tle leactor for overnight

construction of t]1e ne{ sllol{PollE laboratolv, counling and

office space is included in the curieht lebuilding lhase J\ short-

fall of nore than IO* of lhe funds allocated to this tonstluction

is being absorbed by the NRc_qranted sr,ovlPo(E operatinq fund to

ensure that leasorjabty outfitted looms are obiained a! this time'

the latest prediction is that the new roons vil1 be readv for use

b e f o - e L h e - n o o t t d . 3 . r - r J , ! n c - y , o n . ' o r e o P F

ifristic note, tne programe inwolving authorized lesearchers in

irradiating and counting their own sanples, undet the direct suler_

v is ion o f a t i censed nser has been qu i te success fu l To da te , 13

people nave been irvotved and 13 are stifl active authorized te-

seacners. only by tris delegation of responsibilitv to Postgraduate

reseachers has the.e been enough personnel to safelv carlv out the

larqe nsber of irradiations made tnis vear.

TIACHING AND RISEATCH:

R.aDraTroN SAFETY REPoRT: (sDpplied bv Mr. 1l H. Ridge, u'of T' chiefRadiatio! Proleclion officer)

Foulth yeai progrmes and undergraduate teachilg laboratories

have accounted fot an alpreciabfe amount of daYtime usage of the

facility this yea!. A lecora nunber of ilradiations (1953) sere

pelfomeat, and mote than 600 houls of facilitv and SI,owPon3 staff

tine kere involved in undergraduate ltojects splead thlough 9

nonths ot the year.

The 25 fourth Year thesis

eerirg - 17 students. Rotany - 4 students, uetallulqv an't Matelials

Science - 3 students, and Geolosv - I student.

Undergraduate laboratories were adanged fo! the dePartnents

of Physics, clemical Engineering, Meaicine and MetaLlurgv anit l'taterials

sc ience. C lo rps o ! sEudents r ton lhe To lon to -ns t t .u le o | .Med ic ' '

Technology and the Royal l,rilitalv colleger Kingston afso visited the

facility. Brief descliptiors of sone of these plogrffies are included

u l th the research repot ls .

The licensed users at slouPo<E have received onlv mtnifrl

4posules dulilq the peliod Julv t9?7 to June f973' criticalitv

Report (a) 03467 tefels to si,owPo(E Reacto! Molii:oling Relolts No'

14 to No. 25 inclusive, show !o significant ladiation hazaras for

the period ,tufy 1977 to June 1973, with one notable excePtion'' on Dec4be! 2rsL,I977t a uranium-23s sanpfe being iEadiated

ruptuled causing considerable contanination ot the No. 2 illadiation

site of the smwPoKE. During the occufence and subsequent decon-

taninalion, no significant exposules wete leceived bv Di Hancacr

Revised ptocedures to prevert anv fultner occulrences ale

.urrently under disc!ssion.

( 1 5 )

s l lmar ies o f Pro jec ts

sI,ow!O{E-2, roronto

( 1 6 )

TI'E USE OF ORGAXO-MITAILIC COMPOUNDS AS TIACERS lOROF Of! SPIII, AND DISPERSION RATIS

D. Mackay

Departnent of Chemical Engineering and Applied chenistrv

Tto of the hos! ihportant chatacteristics of an oi1

spill o. a water sutface are the rate at which hvdrocarbons dissolve

in the water and the rate at which particles of hydlocarbons

becone sheared from rhe slick and enter the $ate! cofu@ as

dispersed oil. In this ptoject, se ale attenpting to neasure

and discrininate betNeen these lates by using datefllfy selected

orqano-metallic conpo!.ats, suc! as t!is-aceto.ylacetone cobalt

III, which behaves tike hydtodatbons in that they ale sParinqlv

so lub-e in wacer . sy us i^g d \e 'y i -so lub le E lace- ( io " exanP]e ,

a .ickel .onptex) and a slightly soluble tracer (fo! exahple,

a cobalt comllex), re are able to discrininate beleeen dissolution

in whicn only the cobalt entels the sater (the nic*el being in-

soluble) ad dispersion in which both enter the valer in the sane

ratio as they are present in the oil. By neasuring the increase in

cobalt and nickel contelts of the vatelr usiDg the sLovrPoKE facilitv.

the rates of ttrese processes can be deterhindand correlated with

sulface lurbulerce levels as controlled bY sea state, tinil and fetch.

Ir is hoped that this technique can be used for both labolatory and

The study described above will also be Perfomed Dsinq

Dysprosim, Eulopiun ard Uanganese conple:es.

( 1 7 )

OI SE?ARATIONT]]E INIRASIzIR JiJARX III-OOT

A. Basacch i a td B . E tk in

o f f i ce o f the Dean l

facllty of Applied Scierce and Enqineeting

an iron ore sample containinq 40t ae aith the balance

of sio, plus insolubles was acquiled fron 1ro. ore of canaaa

!td, O!! objective oas to determine whether the Infrasizer

was capable of separating the iron oxides fron silicon-dioxide.

The hflasizer opelates on the principle of sizing Parliclesacco-o i -S to Lh" r Ler r ina l ve loc-Ly . ae a .se o f Lhe dens i t !

€no - i I i co ' -d ox de ' , equc l

sized particles of both materials will have different teminat

welocities. rhi.h in turn travel differer! distances alohg the

tunnef. ulon landingr they are collected within t6-inch-wide

L lays wh ich sprn tFe -u - -6 r I oor . The E!c /s

oliginating at the poin! of particle intloduction to tne full

exten! of the tunnel.

The ore sanple eas pre-screered to include size langes

from lo5 - 73 un. the sr,oIcPoKE ras used as a non-destluctive

technique to detelnine the pure iror content tithin a sanPle

from the Infrasizer. These sanples eere initially miclo-

lhotographed (rig. l) to detemine the siz:ing efficiency, and

lat'er irradiated and counted. fron visual irspection, one sample

eas deternined to contain 1001 iron oxide, this vas chosen as

the slandard. A typical result shoHing the iro! content in each

tlay as detemined witn the sl,ollPoxE leacto! is shom in !i9.2.

b e s e - t h " t i c F d b l _ s e p d d - i o a

produced in the hfrasize!.

?E

OI5IsNCF RLON[ T1]NNEL 1CH)

( 1 9 )

MINEIAI, WOO!

D.Barhan. S . ( . lughes and P. schuber t

Depaltnent of chemical EngineeliDq and appfiedche(istrY

rn the mineral eool andustryr_ilon bla+furnace srag !s

metted with silica in a cupofa furnace usilg coke as a ftel.

The noLter natertal thus ptoduceat is spun by centrifugal f6rce

into drops fron whicn eool is produced by stretchinq duling

flight. Approxinatefy lhirty to forty lercent of the melt e.ds

up as waste. ie does not lroduce wool. at present tlds matertal

i s re jec ted and used as fandf i l l .

Caleful chemical analysis of the valiols prodircts. raq

naterials, and a! one nanufacturinq facifilv

levealed larqe variations in the aralyses of sna11 poltibns of

a single nett safrple, and sinita! discrelancies ir the analvses

of vool and wasle naterials. By knowins the raste aralvsrs lt

is possible to adjust its composition using Pottland.enent to

ploduce a concrete which is then suitable for le-introdDction

into the systen as a law naterial.

( 2 0 )

D. Bar lam and R.G.V. Hancock

Depdr tnent o che ' c " - 3 q i ee i "a .nd rpp l ied c len is . !y

rn the bottling of beverages which contair dissofved

carbon d iox idc , occos io^a l Iy a boLL le wr l r e rp . lode o- r : ro

fil1ing. subsequently other botlles ctose by may be found to

Instrse.taf Neutlon activation Analyses were perfomed

on groups of glass slivers fron individual bortles !o attdpt

to identify whethe! all the slivels itr the bottle cane flom

nore than one solrce. of the eiqht \]rouls

anatysea all sele found to be flon single event sources to a

high degree of confiaence, indicating possible desisn problens

in the bottlinq equipnent. sanpfes varied in weight from

a cofrpositio! was fo!!d for one group of glass sfivers

which identified the source bottle as probably being of

Eulolean oriqiD as no such slass conposition is nade in Norlh

2

STAINS ON COTTON I'IAT'RIAI,

D. gainam anat

Depaltnent of Chenical hgineering and Applied Chemistrv

A large consignnent of cotton fabfic for the nanufactule

of beddirg arlived at lls atestination in a soiled condition ln

the ensuinq insularce clain it was necessarv !o knoe hos the

staining had occulred. Instlsental Neutr'n activation Analvsis

eas used to exanine sanples o! clean and soileit cotton matelia1

together Hith clean and soiled lackaging Eterials'

The analyses indi.ated that tne stain contained tvPical

,ear!h, conponenrs ptus etevared sodis, chloride, and ]trohide.

It ras concluded that the natetial had been soited

por ta t io ' by sh p I ton i t s po in t o f o l lo in ( ad 'a ) o r in d sea

sate! port. This absolved the trucking fim, tlo blought tne

naterial fron Nontreal to Toronto in the sumeitine (no loaa salt)

fron resporsibility fo! the danage.

'EACHTNC Of

c .R. Ph i l l i ps , Y .c . Poor , c . r ree and s . Hung

Departnent of chemical Engitreering and applied chemistlv

Leaching tesls were perfolhed on ulaniun ore to aeternile

the exte.t of ettraction of uraniu and xaalis unde! different

conditions. Urantu sas neasured by neutton activatio! a.alvsis'

\ 2 2 )

THE STVDY OF THN BEHAVIOURORT CONC!N1fuAT!S AND SOI,VENT EXTR'ACTIOII

D.A.D. Boaterg and c . R . Ph i l l i ps

Departnent of chemical Engineering ard APPfied chemis|Iv

The elemental constituents of solutions from a 1€ach1n9

process giwe an indication of the sefectivitv of the pro.ess.

They also dictate uhat subsequent solulion purificat:io! lrocesses

This project is concerled oith a Process develolmen! for

extracting nickel from pentfandiee ore concentiates. The SlOiltPoI(E

e i . - o , . s F m p l o l e o \ a i o n c n d l , q e s o f b o c h

solutions and solids obtained fron leacning and sol€nt extlaction

processes . the e lenen ls ana lyzed fo r i rchded: N i , Fe , co , cu , Cr ,

v , f i g , N - , a , . 1 , . a , J , s c a n d u .

OI SDIUM AND THORIUM IN DUST

C.R. ?h i f l ips and S. xear

Departnent of chenical Enqineering and Applied chemistlv

T11e pullose of this work

to determine the ulan:ia and thotium coneent of urine sanlles

and of dust collected on filter pate!.

Thermal neutrons ftom SlOwPofiE till be used to irladiate

the uranim and 14 l4ev neutrons generator to' ' a o i a - F . h o r - r , r - " o _ k w r 1 . L ! / o v 6 L f e p l e p c L d t : o o f

calibration culves for both uraniun and thoriun in both dDst

and urine sanples,

(23J

NEOI]ION ACTIVATION IROM BIEACHING PUI,P

w.H. RaPson a .d A . r . c i lber t

Department of chsical Engineeling

Neutlon activation anatysis is a convenient method

eith vldch to determine the .oncentlation of olganic chlorine

in filtlates o! effirrells resDlting fron tl1e bleachinq of

wood putp with chfolue or chlorine dioxide. All other frethods

ale laborious requiling wet oxidation by nNO3 folloteal by a

Mohr titration o! conbustion of a dry sanple in an O, filled

In bleachihg puIp, Iignin lemoval is acco(plished 1a!9e1v

through oxialation of the lignin macronolecule to snaller fragnents

Lh ich becone so lLb le . ox idd- ion -s no t rhe on ly ledc t -on ,

howeve! because l:isnin being largely alonalic in natule also

reacr:s by substitution necharisms to foln chlorinated aromatics.

Unde! the nornal conditions in Cl: bleachinqr 25_30c of the

chlorihe reacts by substitulion. It is surprisilq that a sinilar

fraction of the chlorine is bound organically whele C1o?is the

bleachinq agent since c1o, substitution nechanisms ate not well

knom. The !H of the bleaching solulion is an inportant variable

because at hisher pH, oxidation incleasinqLy predominates over

substitution. The fraction of organic chlorine fotmad is not

very dependent on the amodnt of chlorine appliea to the Pul!,except fo! pulps of a nigh lignin content qhich tend to chlolirale

nole extensively with ircreaced applied chforine.

124)

IN T'ATING OI! USING IASTNEUTRON ACTIVATION ANA]-YSlS

v . C o u L o t ̂ !

Departnert of chemical Ensineering

as an adjunct to elperiments on 14 Mev neutlon activation

planned rith the Dept. of chenical nnqineerirg cockrof!-Iqalton

accelerator, sone sanlfes of domestic heatiDq oi1 and of

bilser extracted fton canadian tar sands were idaaiated at

s lodoot iE , o sp6- ra l i r .e resL c_onq ! iLh nu- l roe . o oduced

from thelnal activation of aluninun, slrphur, vanadis, sodrun

and nagnesis, '3N was produced fron nitroge! contsnt of the oi1s.

s ince i t had prev ious ly been re lo r tea thar a r3c(p ,n) r3N

reaction could also occur oith tecoil llotons eristing u a

I v 6 n o e , r ' r - n . L h e ) r e - d o r

this interferring reaction so that the '"N yield fron nitroqen

conter t o f the o i l by the t4N(n ,2 ; ) t3N ieac t ion o .cuEing w i th

high energy leutrons could be evaluated.

It was concluded that an u!!er limit in tne .itrogen

content of the oifs tested jras 20 ! I ng/g oil ror nore acculate

detexnination, 14 li{ev a.tivation shou}d be used (as originallv

planned) or a nitrogea-free oil sanPle of approximatelv the same

c/r content should be ifadiated a! srolrlofiE to ptovide a

reliabre estimate of the "alparent N" resulting from lhe reactron

( 2 5 1

DETERT{]NATIONS O! AIUMINOI'I IN HAIR

a ' d R L J . r v r s

D e p q ! u e a c o f c h e n i c d r F o ' n e e ! - n o a n d A p p l r e o - h c n r s t '

Preliminary work was done fo! the evaulation of At in

hair. sanples of about 3oo ng in keight were irtadiated. The

a.hieved precisior i! reproducib:]ity, for the majolilv of the

sanplesr sas better ehan 10t.

wolk vas also done to establish the effect of the nattix

in a snall nuDe! of bioloqical mtelia1s and i! patticlfar, the

poss ib le e f fec ts o f r , ! and n ,d reac t ions on the s t tuc tu la l

natelial of the matrix. In tne .ase of hair, the conceFtlation

of sulphu! seens to be constant and indePendent of the parttcurar

chalacteristics of the individual, such as age, sex, etc.

However, if one obselves the A1 counts qenerated from

the activation of phospholus by fast neutrons,

the sane statenent because of the poot overall leProducibilitv

of the exlelinent. can establisl the order of

nagnitude of the effect. In the case of Al ir hait, the contribut-

ion fron phosphorus should be exlected to be aboDt lO - 25t for

sahples with loe concentrations of 41.

\26)

ANAIYSIS OF

P. Breb-n end D.x . t e !v i5

D e p a ! . n e n t o r C - - r i ' a l E n g t n e e ! . n q 3 A p p l i e o C a ' n i s L ! /

The crude oi1 cones from albelta. The filst step of the

leseaich is to find out which elenenls can be dete4ined on a

mulliefefrelt basis. i,lole than 30 elenents vere investigated.

nhe sanples wele coulted with a TN 1r analvzer eith

a peak search progran which handles the tleatment of conplet

Preliminary experimenls stroted a lack of sensitivitv

for tong-lived isotopes (the counting statistics tere too poor

to allow a convenient detefmination). lt seems that the smple

vo lune has to be inc reased to 10 cc ( i f i )oss ib le ) .

The reploducibility of the exPerinents shows a high

discrepanqrberveen the sanpres. These differences seem to be

due to ewaloration of the sample (the differences ale higher

than lhose to be e*pected fron the poor counting slatistics).

\ 2 1 )

, 1CHRO]I{IUM DEfETXINATION O!' A CRINDING MII]-

B. Tiefenbach, I. Gondolfi, R.E. Jelvas and o. Trass

D4parLFenL o t .hemicdr r -q rn .e r ind o Aoo l ed chFmisL !

The rear of a Iget Big szego Mill {as investigated. The

alfoy, flon elich the rollels and qrinding cylinder are nade/

contains a known percentage of chlonim. As chlomlum is mole

sensttive than ironr the detemination of clromium was used to

assess the wea! of the nill.

A suspension of syenite powde! in oil was PuPed through

.he mr I I and sdp 'es ra -e -ak .n . ro i t -6 sys en c r te r I r ' 5 _0

ana 20 cycles. The syelite, the suspension, and the collected

sanples sere illadiated for 16 hours in the inner position of

the SIO'{POXE at a tlux of 2-5 x lottn/.ec cn2, alloeed to decav

for 10 ' 14 days, counted for I - 4 lours and lhe net intensities

oi the 23 atay srcr was neasured.

The syenite contains 3.3 ppn of chromiunrits slspension

in otf onfy less than 0.34 ppm. In the grinaing Plocess thete

is a significant increase in chlonis concenttatton and as time

goes on there is only a slight increase,

IWESTIGATION MECHANIST,IS IORI,IQUID I{ASTE SOIIDIIICAI]ION PROCISS

and R.E Jerv is

Dep i ' -h -a l oF .hen - . Dng inee! -no

In order to assess reaction nechanisms occuFing during

sotidificatior of liquid sastes by forning solid silicates,

sone tl?ical synthetic 1ab plepared and soliditied.

stldies of the lesufling solids ,ef,e done by x*ray

difflactior, ecanning electlon nicroscopy, and by slorllo](E

activation to see if evidence could be found of any chenica]

tnteraclions betqeen toxic heavy netal hydroxides. l.ime and

silicates. after their solidification and solid-state study/ the

samples wele leached at pH of approaimately 5 usins nore than

enough 2l Hrsoq !o neutlaf:ize excess lime in the solids. while

sone evidence of ca,sior. H:O could be founa flon x-ray difflaclion,

there was no clear evidence of heavy freta1 silicates.

analysis of tne leachate by inslr@enta1

leveafed lhat zinc ard nahqanese Here read:iLy leached flon lhe

sotidified wastes at a pH s to 6.5 but ferric ion vas not leached.

These studies supported the view that toxic heavy netars Hele

orly tied up in the solid as netal hydloxides bufferea by an excess

of lime and that no heavy netal silicates are formed.

129)

URANIUM MINERSINEUTRON ACI]IVATION

B. Khatiiand R. E. Jelvis

Departnent of chenicaf Elgineering

in the low gama energy tegion.

Because the dusts had been collected on a sintered

silve! disc filter, special precautions had to be taken to'

nininize intelference from short-lived silver nuclides, and

also to correct for the larqe neutton self-absorption in lhe

silver filters. The folner was accomplished by allowing a 5 - 10

ninute decay befole countinqr the latter by usirg U and Th

standards that were also on sinilat silve! backing.and a lowe!

activity by nearly 509 ras observed comPared to thin layets

uraniw was detected at levels dom to l0" ncilt in

mine air, but thorim was lelow the ninima detectable 1evel

and below the maximm permissible concentration, so that health

hazard for U ard Th nas not significant in the tso nines sdpled.

a good colrelalion ,as found betueen the u content on the fiftels

and silicon (as deternired by a federal faboratory on the sane

f i l te rs ) w i th co ! !e ta ! io ! coe f f i c ien ts lang ins f ron 0 .6 to 0 .9 .

although ontario ulaniun nihe uotkers carrv personal

d D r i n q e a c h 3 h o L , s n f ' , r h a L q L e c \ _ \ p d

for total airbohe aust and silica leve1s and fo! radon

dauqhter pioducts. are frade a! plesent of the

concentratiors of long-1ived atpha enitters such as ulaniw

anil tholiu. h tbis research. a number of silver fifter

discs from llliott lake nirersr monitors qere obtained and

analyzed for U and Th by 30 ninute slotrPoRE

folLowed by rapid counting of short rived U-239 and ?h-232

i l .Dhq . ccno ioq te ' Depr . o f hF t r r c€ I E 'o . )

SURVIY O! ARSENIC

B . ' F r e n b a c h a n d R . L , J e ! r i s

Depaltnent of chehidal tngineering e applied cnemistry

To satlsfy one of tle recomenaations of the inquiry

into arsenic contdinatior at Yellorknife, spalked by ou!

previous stualies (s!o1,i?oxs !e!o!rsr 1915,1911) 4I1 sanples fron

Yellosknife and t05 sanlles flon tray River, slpplied by the

aanadian Public Health association, were alalyzed fo! alsenic to

sonitor hl@n erposule. Using lhe SLOI,IPO&c leactor. the hai! of

2 3 6 n - I e s . r d ? 9 e r a r 6 q , 2 O d a d u l L s ( , 1 5 y ) c n o z . t 0 c h . l d r e n

froh Yello{knife and 44 males a[a 50 fenales/ 4I aqufts and 63

ch i ld len ! !om H"y c ive ve e tes tpd fo r a rsen ic .

The lesults shoe that chilaten and wolkels in Yelfowkntfe

rere erposed to arsenrc !o11!tion,6.?* having nole thdn 5 pph

and 4.33 nole than I0 pln of alsenic in their hai!. The alsenic

concentration in hair sampfes fron Yelloeknife was found to be

as hiqh as 620 ppn wlth the nean value of 6,7 ppm comlarea to a

naxinuh ot only 0.57 ppm and a nean of 0.33 ppn for the qroup

Hai! sdples were supllied in a plastic bag placed in a

white envelope; in the beginailg the hair stlands vere kept to-

getber by tape of different cofors; a tequest was nade to stop

the usage of tape. To assure ourselves tnat thele nas no con-

tamination flon tape/ all varieties rere analyzed but no e!€eni.

The hai! was calefulfy transfefed to viats and soaked

for 30 minutes in 20 nts of ethelr rilsed tNi.e vith ether, ai!

dried ,hile plotected flon d!st. 250-300 mq on the avelager *as

placea ib preweighed plastic via1s. Idaaiation capsules containinq

tro of these vials were placed in the SIOWPOKE'S inne! positions

( l r )

for 15 minutes at the ftlx of lor2nlcn'zsec. and counted for 10

ninutes after 24 hours decay.

on plevious 6ccasions the irladiation time of hair for the

detemination of arse.ic vas nuch longet (16 hls at a flur of

2 .5 x lo t ! n /cn2 sec . ) . In th is case, w i th such a la rqe lsber

of sdples and sIOwPo{E lide at a prdium, an effort vas mde

!o ieduce the inadiation tifre. Afte! trial itradiations of

hair of knorn arsenic content it was detelnined that it would

be possible to detect arsenic 'ith a 15 nanute irradiation.

At 20 kI,J reactor powe! a subsequent check on Plecision of the

detemination sas done in atuplicate on a nunber of smples. In

one case the eEor Ha6 21 * but ir frost cases it was less than

t 0 * .

Ior IiaY River sanples proven to be wetv 1ow

neea was felt to imptove the sensilivity of the detection and

a nunbe! of sdples were irraaiated overnight, stilt in soire

cases onty an u!!e! linit could be found. 6l* of the sampfes

fron Eay River had a not detectable anount of alserac, 95t less

The homogeneity and stability of the neurron flux was

proven by irradiating periodically a kno@ amount of arsenic.

standalds sere prepared by reighibg a gram of a diluted risher

c e r l i ! i e d n a s s t - n d a ! d s o l r r ' o n r 1 0 0 u 9 ) l n E o d o a s r j ^ i r l d d -

iation vial that was heat-sealed to lrevent loss fron evaporation.

ror the ovelnight illadiation a fee mgs of the undiluted standald

so lu l ion wr le sed led in d qu6 tz r -be and P l "ceo in ea .h i r rad-

* As a check on the acculacy of the deteminations , an NBs

*(sdples ilradiated overnight eere counted for 30 minutes after

43-?2 hours decay)

( 3 2 )

Orchard Leaves standald Reference Matexial + 1571 uas twice

ara lyzed w i th the resu l ts 12 ,? I 0 .7 Ppn and 10 .9? I . I ppm

lhat conpare eefl Hith the NBS Certified value of 1l ! 2 pPfr'

The ektlemely lon con.entration of arsenic in the Hav

River safrples, 4t above 0.5 ppm as compaled !o 59* in YelLow-

knite sanples stlesses the exposule ot the Yellosknife pop-

ulation. Though the hishest values are found in the hair of

nale adults, presunabty nine workers, the vaLues of 39 and

20 ppn belorg to children and 76 flon 120 sanPles havlng

alsenic concentlation from I !o 10 pPn are take. from chifdren'

If Dr. J-T. Hindmaish of Dafhotsie universitv is right

in his findings that nelve danage stalls to occur in people

qith arsenic concentration in hair onlv a little highet than

one palt per nillion,these Yellotknife chilaren ale iD leal

( 3 3 )

NUCI,EAR ENGINEERINC 9NDIRGRADUATN I,ABOIATORIIS. r . s . Hewi t t

Departhent of chemical Engineering anat Applied chemistry

a.i

As a part of the laboratory conponent of the coutse

CHE 452F NucLear systens rnalysis, the l0 students errolled in

lhe Nuclear and Thelnal !oee! Option of the lngineertng sciehce

?rogrm conpteted experinenls on botfr the kinetic behaviour ot

the stowPoxE leacto! and the gama spectruf, of fission flag(ents.

Ihe 3 s l rd rn ls in .HE 4295 Nuc lFar -ns t L r6 l i .L ;on pe l fo lned

an experiment on the lesponse of self-lo$erea detectols for

"edc to non: ro r i 9 . rhese ex le r 'n -nLs p . ! !o !med b) rd l th -yaar

students had been pleviously establislea and details may be

Th i te - - o_ the 23 _ _s- -year sLuaenLs cdopt ino the fo r t -qeek Nuclea! <inetics option of CE! 101s chdicat hgineerins

?rojects erected projecrs in which the sr,ol'rPor{r tacility was

r -ed . Sererc l o Ehe p lo lec ts ue le conce ' n .d ( i -h envr lonnenEal

r l c l l s r s r o ! l e s r d u e s o f L i r e r u b b e ! , b r - I e r r - i - . s , . n d a r c -

eelding soke. one project sas concelned eith lhe trarsport of

road salt in the enviroment, while anothe! checked tne salt

content of rater used in 1ocal car-vash establishnents. A project

involviDg the settirs-up of appalatus in a configulatior rot

usFd pr -v iousry - , < -owDo*E fac i l iLy , uas c sys tq

for delated neutron analysis of uraniu ores. ore sdples con-

laining ulanim at niltigran levels eere readily anarysed.

A te . r o ! L f ree rng inee l ing sc ie rce sEuoents td \ i ld

coulse cED 20Is nngineering Design wele assisned the probld of

designing, building and testing an electlonic circuit to con-

prnsd-p -he inher -n . de lay in -h . response o Lhe -e l r oow-r -d

neutro! detectors slich have been instatted as auxilfialy flu:

n o n i . o - r ' 9 d e v . e s i - t h e S - O W D O | ( E r a c i l i L y . r h e d e s i o - i . . o - p -

orates effective cohpensatior cowering a broad range of sens-

( 1 4 )

coopera t ion o f D! . R . Hancock and Pro fessor

is qralefufly acldowledged. The graduate teaching

associated qith these laboratories vere G.H.

J .D. Donne l ly , and ,J .c , w i l so ! .

S!OJ'J}O(E IN-CORE RADIATION ENVIRONCIIT ON

r . r . F i u a n a , D . w o l f e , , t . s . H e d i t t ,

Depaxtnent of chenical hgineering and APplied ch€fristry

Because of the develdping interesr in the'Possibility

of future sior,JPoxE leactors ol)eratinq ar high tenperatures,

safrples of organic coolant { hydrdqenated terphenyl nixtures)

vere irradiated to dose levels of 100 tlRad in one of the

i n e i - _ " d ' a L o n e d c o _ . F o l l o q i n g . . - d - - t o n ,

.ne p lys a b 'opFr r ies o ! Lhe scmoles re e nv6s l dar -d . The

results indicate sone ditficulty to be expected in adapting a

sr,oIJpoKE reactor for organic coofant and froderation. A rough

gama dose-rate calibration of the irradiation sites was carried

out in the course of this wofk. at a noninal reactor power of

20 kr,J. the gaMa dose-.ate vas tound to be 200 Mrad/h, using

thernofminescent de tec tors (TLD's ) " By conpa l inq the e f fec t

of sLol,JPoKE ilradiations or the wiscosity of coolant sanpres

,ith thar: of gama-cel] irradiations, it is estinated that the

effeclive fast neutron aose-rate in the xeflector sltes is about

equal to that due t6 the gama flux.''Questions concetning Physical Properties of

organi. coolant-Modefato! in slolt?oKE cores , B.A.sc.- h F s j s , q 7 3 , D 6 p d _ n i n . o . h e a . - I c n a n e e - i - d a . dApplied chemistry, Univelsily 6f Toronto.

( 3 s ): t

STUDY OT ION EXCHANGE RNCO]rSRY OT URANIUM lORIEACI] LIQUORS

I. Spinner

Depd-oen l o t chen ic . l Fnd inee l ino a-d cpp l ied chen s l rv

, Ion exchange nethods of recovely for ulaniu is a comon

pra.tice in the uranim nineral ptocessinq mil1. Plelininarv

investigalion of the feasibility of a new ior exchange nethod

was .arried out.

The slolcPo(E used to Provide rapid and

a..urate anafysis for uranium content of treated and lecoveled

solutions. sone rouqh prelininaly deteminations of iron sele

" . l sd a r ' -mp-ed.

I'ASIBIJ,ITY S!]UDY OT THE EXTRNCTION OT AIUMINA FROIT'I IIY-ASS(c !Fv 403F)

I . Sp inner

Deperuent o ! che l i cd l Eno 'n 'e l ing cno ADpl red cher is l rv

At the lresent tine, the alumina irdustrv in Carada is

totallt dependant upon inpolted baurite and alhina. The increas-

o Lhese supp l res h .d l -ad to tne nvesL igd t io - o l

This proibct eaamined the possible use of flv-ash as a

source of alwina. seweral leaching ptoceaures wele lestea and

analyses for alminun i! the extrac! were detelnined bv neans

of neutron actlvalions in sllowPoKt anat 6ubsequent coultinq. sone

preliminaly analyses or a relative basis wele also calried out

for lossibte tlace elenents such as Ti, U, and l'h.

( 3 6 )

REr.loVAr OF TiAC! tLErllNES FRO]{ COAI

c .A. P ick lesr A . Mc l -ean and R.S, Segs{or thDepaltfrent of lt4etaltulgy and Materials science

R.G.V. tancockDepartnen! of chenical lngineeling and Applied chenistly

Neutron activation analysis is being used to study botb

the rate and necharisn of the removal of trace inpurities in coa1.

various coal sanpl;s are heated in a plasna, thich is cr€aled bv

i.jectinq an arc-stabif:izing gas such as algon thlouqh axial holes

drilled in graphite electroales. Tie argon aiso cleates a neurral

atrcsphere. since the coal sdples are in a graphite crucible, the

calbon activity is essentially one, Thus, the netaf dxide inpurities

are leduced and form calbides, I,rith prolonqed heatingr the carbon

inpulities are removed, pleswably by decohposition andl3! vapor-

ization. lulther anatyses wilf be perfoined in order ro atetehine

no le p lec ise l l the r . tes and nechan isms rn \o ' \eo .

GOI,D 3I,ICTRORICOVERY FROM A PREGNATISO'UTION VSING POROUS II,OIV*THROIJGII GRA"HITE ELECTRODES

I .R, rou lkes and J .R. cnay

Department of chdical Engineering and Alpfied Chenistty

slowPoxt was used to analyze 233 sanPfes of inaDstiial

liquo! for sm1l quantities of qo1d, silver. and coPper. This wolk

is part of a program to design a flow_through electrochenical

leactor to recove! gold from 9o1d nine tailihgs.

( t 7 )

CONCRNTE ANA]]YSES

R . H . M i 1 1 s

Departnent of civil EDqineering

> /

OI CATAI-YST FOR OXIDATION OI STJI.FUROUS GASIS

J.w. smir:h and D. cooper

Depaltne.t of C]1emical Engineeting ard Alllied Chenistry

The study of catalytically active f6es for the r4oval

of hydrogen sulfide froh gas streams continues. cuuently bei.g

investiqated ale the variation of fume composition with particte

size ana the effect o€ compositional waiiation of the Processfeed streans on catalytic acr:ivity, rt is hoped this proglan

will fead to a new process for the cortrol of air pollution by

sanpfes of corcrete Rhich have beer exposed to various salt

solutiols vas analysed and i! eas found that differences in salt

con .en . !aL ion uere cons js .enL qrch o the ! expe i t ren t " -ond: r 'ons

including corrosion potentials in leinforc:ing steer-

an attempt was nade to use the sr,oIrPoKE analysis to identify

diffeient sanples of Portla.d cenent and to estimate cement conten!

of concrete. The resurts sele inco.clusive. Further work on this

u.14. FranklinDepartnent of uetallursv and Mateiials science'

and R.G.V. Hancock

As an exlension of the intercalibration studv leported

last yea!, an investigation vas nade of the calbonate content of

a selection of salaf sherds. The carbonate was found to be

associated with the calcim in the shetds,

between sheid haldness and carbotate conlent

arso detelmired that the so-called lolatile elenents were not

removed frofr the porlely or refixinq at 1000c (1). .

Nov that a reasonabre anount of exPerimental data has been

generated, slatistical analyses of the data are proceeding lt ]s

hoped to establish the existence ot ar dnbiased technique which

can sort the data {and hence sherds) ilto sinilar groups'and possibfv

a lso es tab l i sh lo ten t ia l l y d iaqnos t ic e rements (2 ) .

a general paper on ancielt artifact anatvsis siI1 be published

!4!!!C,I. 'The rffect of neat on sone sanples of Ealaf potteil'", u.M

aranklin ard R.c.v. sancock, lSth annuat slmposium onand A ichaeo loq ica l ProsPect ion , March 14-17,19?3, Bonn,

2 . "A sea;ch fo r d iaqos t ic e lenents in Pot te rv . , u .N. Frank l in ,and \t.c. Oqlivie, !3th Annual Slnposim on

archaeonetry and Archaeological Frospectior, March 14 17,L 9 7 3 , B o n n , C e ' d Y .

3 . I ' some Aspects o f the ana lvs is o f anc ie l t a r t i fac ts bv neut to !ac t iva t i ;n " , R .G,v . sancock , acce l ted bv the Jo t rna l o f theInter.ational rnstitute fo! conservation-canadian Gloup,

SEPALATION OI AA TROT1 NB

s .N . F lengas and D . Sado 'ay

Dept. of Metalldrqy and Materials science

nFLhod .o ! Ehe -e ld d t i o -

of Ta flom Nb necessitates analysis of ou! leacted safrples

for thei! cdrtent in Ta ard Nb, by neutron acttvatior. This

founa to be accurate and effectiwe. Ihe

s!oi.,Po(E leactoi integral palt of ou! lesearch

Analytical Method.

samples cone fron our experinents in the fon of chlolide

s o u c i o n s o f N b a r d r a , T h e s e a ! e h - d . o - \ / e o - o . l e i - p F n c o x i d e s .

It is these lentoxide powdets thich ate aralyzed for their. Nb

and Ta cortent by irradiation rith neutlons in lhe S!OjJ!O(E

reacto!, The results are conpared $ith standalds consisting of a

set ot mixed penloxiate safrlles spanning the comPositions under

srudy . Ta is coun led as r3 'zmra wh i le Nb is counted as 'g r \b . rhe

proceduie includes an ilradialion for I m at 2 kl'J, a 1 n detay/

followed by a 5 n count. Ta has been determined in Nb over the

ranqe 0 .1 vo to 6 r /o Ta e i th an uncer ta in ty o f less than 0 . I vo .

witn refinefrent of the preparation of standards it is felt that

the method could deteihire Ta concentrations belo$ 0,1 Vo.

T4XTAI ANAI,YSIS lOR UNDERGRNDUAT! HYDROI4ETAIIURGY IAIORATORY

R.T. McAndrer and s ,v . l {uEhus la l :

Depaltment of etaflulqy and Materiats science

l{any of the undergraduate elperiments in hyatrdmetalfurgy

involve plecise analysis of a larqe nmber of sanples for metals

such as zinc, co!!e!r iron an.t uraniM. Traditional chentcaL

analysis is usually tine consumirg and stuaents have lifrited

time to do thei! oqn cbemical anafysis of the smples in each

e*pefiment. The sno$PoKt facility was used for the fi!s! time

this year in the loutine analyses of zinc, copper and uranis

:in leachinq and solven! extraction experinents. Both solids

and solutions eele analysed, I,rith caleful plann:irg and scheduling

the students eere able to analyze as many as 90 samplis in an

use of the sLo$Po(E leactor facility Plovea extrenefy

conveniert and gave the undelgladuate stuaenrs in uetatrDrgy

and Mineral hgineeling a plactical introducrion ro neutron

activation anafysis.

( 4 1 1

ProcEss DEvEloPllENllR.T. McAndlew and s.v. Muthuswani

Department of Metallurgy and Malerials science

1 .

2-

3 .

fou ' - \ yea ' s rudanLs used Ehe s lodPoa! aac i I i Ly

!,A. Alser! studied the sofvent extlaclion of

ulaniu fron an acid leach liquor using a teltiary

anine. The organic solvent usea conposed 5l aldine.

a teltiary aniner with 3C isodecanol as modifier

anat 929 kelosene as diltrent. Both the aqueous and

organic layers wele anafysed for dranim by seaLins

the sanple in a 1 nI polythene vral, irradiating

in the reactor fo! 12 seconds at 2 kq and counting

for 60 seconds after a 60 second defay. A standard

solltion of uranium prepaled flon analar uranyl

acetate was used for calibration. 30 sanptes could

,t.]|. taria studied the solvert exlraction ot copPer

fron an acid leach solution. The olqanic extra.tant

usea kas I-1x64N in kerosene. colper ras aralysed in

both the organic and aqueous layels. The sanpie tas

irradialed foi 60 seconds at 2 k\,J and counled for

60 seconds after a 50 second de1ay.

s. Di carlo studied the possible develoPment of a

hyd loneL-11urg jca l p rocess ro ,Fcove- i .d z inc f lom

flue dlst flon an electric sleelhaki.g !lanr:. The

flue dust analysed 5x r[D, 2I* z^, 36* re. 78 ca, and

3* Pb. The bigh concentratior of tunga.ese interfered

seriously rith the determination of zinc even after

15 hours cooling betreen illadialion and countinq to

decay the manganese activity. solid sanples of flue

dust were analysed by wet chemical nethods.Ibw ex-

traction of nanganese durinq feaching alfowed easy

analysis for zinc in liquid samples of feach liquor.

( 4 2 )

SODIUM REGUIAIION BY DAPHNIA AT I'W P]]

u. savas and T.c. su!chi!60n

Departnent of Botany

Pleviotrs eaperiments have shom that

unabfe !o legu1ate internal soaim at loe PIt, iesulting in

noltality. If this is the case then one needs to knoe wherher

Iow pss in the ertelnal nedis affect either the late of

uptake or the raie of l9:g of so.tim. an attempt eas maae to

answe! this question using neution activation anafysis.

Pete of t plake

Pond water sahples pere irlaaliateal ovelright (16 hours)

a L a f l u o f 2 . s x t o ' r n e J t r o n s / c r ' : , s e c . r h e r o l l ; . ' n " d a y ,

"co1d" pond water sanptes eere spiked tith the 'holo Pond ,atet

dno t re pH ad ius led Lo 4 .5 and ? ,s . D .erp ia !39 !g we ' i p a .Fd

into these solutions and hawested after 10, 30, 50r f20 ninutes

ana! 24 houls- rhe harvest involved lenovinq the 99!!49 fron the

linsinq with distilled rater and colntihg fo! 300

The rate of loss ras atetelmined in a sinila! fashion.paphnia sere placed into "spiked'r pond tater at pH 7.5 for two

hou.s. They refe transfeffed to cold pond qater adjusteal to Pll4.5 and 7.5. Harvest lechniques and tines wele sde for the two

The prerimirary results suggest tha! this lechnique ffi

be used to 6tudy the rate of sodim loss and uptake. 1vo advant-

ages of this teclnique are: (l) the totar extelnal sodim con-

certlations are rot altered ard (2) the latio of tadioactive

sodiln to total sodie can be deremined by lhe sde tecnnique.

( 4 r )

( , )

SHAIE IIRT lND ITS INILUENC!TRY fN THE I{ESTERN ARCTIC

l " l . r . c izyn and T ,c , hu tch in -on

Departnent of Botany

O:idation of exposed organic shates on the coast of

Bathurst Penninsula, sufficien! hea! !o cause

e n : s s o n s o ! L ! - o i o x d F . n d v o a r i l i T d - i o r o ! . . o r - n d

ninor elsents. This.study corcens itserf with chalactelizalion

of these emissiors. A,nbient SO, conceDtrations have been neasured

dr .ec l l j cnd v rc +L lphqc ion p l - tes ro o - - " r i - baL le rn o f d is -

L r ib rLron . Dus- ta l l -p rec ip r .aL ion co l lec to s d 'e eno loyad Lo

es t raLF inpu.s .o .h - land sur f -c - . Ande .o r vo sdp as

u - , e e ' p o y e d . o c o l l e . L s t r s p e n d e d ! c ! . i c r l a E e s " n d a e ' o s o s .

NAA analysis has lroven vef,y converienr both

danr car io ' -oh .n un .ha lac-e l i zeo su ,ce ; " -then fo! quantitative deleninatiors of these etements. 41,. Sbr

c I , co , r r Mgr s r , s , T i , v and

u haw. been examined by coroos : . io rcor so i l s

have been detemined tor most of these elenents as $e11. cor-

relations between emitted elements and soil concentrations of

these elenents have been shown which alpea! !o be causal due

A'CIE FROIi{ VTNUS POND

T.C. Hutch inson, s . Auf re i te r and c . Nakatsu

Department of lotanv

algae and oa!e! seples colfected fron venus Pond, a

taili.g pond for venus Gord mines in llre YDkon, were analvzed

for arsenic by NAA. trhereas sanples flon tre upHeflins contained

insignificant dounts of arsenic, fron the pond

ald from sulface Juoff {ere found to contain about 20 ppn As,

and atgae filtered fron these samples contained 221000 to

33,5ooo ppn as , (d ry ue igh t ) . A lgae f rom these sdp les are be ing

subcultured in order to deternine the behaviour of lure algae

stlains in arsentc-ricn fredia, and to detetmine their mechanisn

of - .sen Lo le ldnce - s - - i deposr r 'on 'n lhe ce L

ARSENIC -IN THB YEI,],OW{NIFE INVIRONI4ENT

T.C. Hutch inson and s . Auf re i te r

Depaitment of Botany

uini.g and smeltinq aclivities at the Giant and con Mlnes

in the Yellowknife area have been associated Hith dispersal of

arsenic in the surrounding environment. our studies of soi1s,

soil extracts ard vegetarion sanpres of 6 species collected fron

15 sites ar varying distances fron the Giant and con nines, shoeed

elevated levels of arsenic at distan.es of up to 13 xn from the

frires. additionally, 3 ptant sPecies (radish, tomto and sirver

naple) 'ere qro{n on soils col1ecled fron the sampling siles, and

analyzed for arseric by NAA. Decleased ioot aid shoot gloelh cor-

relared well with soif arsenic levels and quanlilies occurrins

( 4 s )

ON ION I,EA(AGN FROII4 'III A16A

P.B . I t auss and T .C . Hu tch i r so !

Departnent of Botany

As palt of the doctoral thesis of peler B.

used sIo$PoKE to follov the rates of leakage of Polassilm, mn-

ganese, c;rlciun and cople! f.on ce1ls of Ankistrodesnus forlowinq

thei! exposule to different concentrations of benzene, xylene

and naphthalene to! valious tine peliods. The sequence of da@qe

can be followed with a rapid loss of lotassimor following tine periods ohich affov disruption ot the norel

integrity of the celI membrane (prasnalema). This is followed by

a later and slower loss of mnganese. cafciun, which is an inpoltan!

ce1l wall constituentr has quite a difterent pa!!ern, which can also

be followed using NAA. lrhe studies are helping us to understand

lhe node of hydlocarbon loxicity.

a.r .xu ja and r . c . lu tch insonDepaltnen! of Bota.y

o \ e r t h e p . s t 2 y e a r s . d e l a i _ r d e l e r c n t - l d - a l y s ' s h a s b e e n

carried out of 3 nine taitings fron sites in the Yukon, N.s.T. and

ontario. The laifings have been cbafacterised and the extent of theit

heavy netal toxicity !o vegetatior assessed. lield and labolaloly

tlials using selected grasses and sedges have been cartied ou!. in

shich the ain is to produce tolela.t strains capable of glowlh on

the nomally ininical tailinqs. NA-q a.d na have been used fo! nulti-

elment deterninations of netal uptake into these plants and co!-

lelations have been established betveen soil and plant fevels for

severa l po ten t ia l ty to r ic e lenents e .g , r N i . cD. zn . cd , as , se , Pb,

( 4 6 )

detelniDation of rates of loss of K. !4n and Na flon the alqae

chlore1la vutqari's .a.a Cnlamvdomonas anqutosar using neullon

THE EF!!C!] OT' SEI,ECTED HYDROCARBONS ON METIBRANE INTEGRITY INAI,GAII, C!I-I-S

T.C.Hu lch i l sonr J .A , re l lebus t , D . Tan ard c .so to

Depaltment of lotany

rol1o'inq the wolL of ?ete! l(alss on potassia leakage

from benzene treated a19al cells, the present study has itvolved

activation analysis, when celts are exPosed to a lange of

hydrocarbons and at a lanse of concentratiors. leakaqe of these

ions is taken as aqood indication of nemblane alisruption and seens

!o be a hajor effect of clude oi1 ana its hydrocarbon. conponents

The technique involves using highef celluta! concentrations of

a1qae, exposing then to neullons for 16 hours at 5 k reacto!

poue" .nd conpa l jng -he gu-n . ' i l y o r -e e lemen ls r€ t - ;ed w i h

coDtrols. The study is also considelins the relationship iretween

hyatlocarbon solubility, toxicity to photosyhthesis and effects

on n@blanes,

1 4 7 )

THE USE OI MOSSCONTAXINANTS

v. zobens and T .C. su tch inson

Depaltnent of sotant

A L - h 6 s r o k j n g f r ' l s a l e a o ! c - p e B c t h u s E , a c i d

eashed noss bags, nade of sphaqnm nossr have been used

along tlanse.ts at tfe field sites to act as catio! exchangers.

They coflect ailboine pa.ticulates as uel] as volatile

conlonerls. The study nas allowed a compalison

ventional nethods of assessing sulphur and netaf lalticulalee1!o6ure by sulfatio. plates, dustfall buckets and Hi-vol.qarpre 's , r iLh a quas i -b io . tog ica l cpo lodc . A ,a lyses havc bFen

made both by AA and NAA. Excel]ent correlations {ere found

o- iea- su l fa l ion p la le lave ls v rde .d -oe o f va lucs

cnd those oe te n aed 'o r ross bdds over d 2 -veek oe iod :4

I9?7. Iloss bags also proved nost effective in col1ecllnq arsenic,

seleniM/ blonine and antinony enissions fron the snoke p18es

to dislances of several krtofreters.

( 4 3 )

AIRIORNE PARTICUI,ATES AT A fORONTO BUS DEPOI

R.Ft fe , l . oak ley and T .C. Hutch inson

Departrent of Botany

a 4th-yea! ploject in Applied Ecology sas callled out

using NAn wirh sr,ot,|"onr in which levels of Br, cu, Na.v. Al,

cl ana ca sere followeat over various tine periods and tlaffic

itensities. Lead was also assessed using A-A.gi-volme smplels

a.d particulate flactionation using an Anaterser sample! wele

mde of air levels of lalliculates in the delot so they coufd be

conpared ,itl tevels in domto{n Toronto stleets

MOE nonitoring stations. The stuity ras mainly concer.ea oith

techniques, eath .onsiderable assistarce fron R.e.v. lanco.k

II.EMNNTAL I,!\'€!S IN DIES'I, FU!I,, IN AU?OMOBII,ETIRES AND IN CITY AIR IN TORONTO

( .G .w . Budy . E .L . Darby and T .C . Hu tch lnson

Delartnent of Botany

' s ludy o . the le re ls o f ae loso l oar t :cu la les cc l

slSurban 6ites aDa! at t11e Univelsilyr of dissolved sanPles of

car tire, o? selected automobile exhaustsr ald of diesel fuell

has been made to deter(ane relative contlibulions to cd, 41, B!,

cu, c1, Mg, Na, {i, v , pb. The study concentraled on tempolal

palleiDs ana their lelation to traffic flows, as sefl as distance

effects fr6n nighsays. The effect of a

Levels was also considered. Sources of error vele exaninedl

especially ih sampling. ,ead-free gasoline ras fouad to reduce

nany elenents in particulates in addirion ro lead itself.

ADJACENT TO A

I-. Schlichte! an{l J. dachin

D€partnent of zoology

A nddel for the role of transpott acloss

the skin of aquatic sna s is being developed.

Inowing both lhe corcentratiors and activities of tne major miclo-

iors (Na-, R-, ca--, cI-) in muctrs, "btood" {haenollmlh) and the

extelnal envilonnent (pond Hater or sea water) . activities ale

measured uith sPecif:ic ion

It 'as oriqinally hoped that NAA would a11ot a scan of

concenerations of all fout iore sinultarednsly.

possible. Ir liquid samples of pond eater, sea 'ater, "blooda . o . r a . - u r a L c r j : b o r e

a 5 x ]o-stf ith reprodlcibility of 1 0.3 - 4t delending on the

ratule of lhe sanple. Tnis uas useful since olher technlques

for chloride concentration in smallr d11ute samples' e . 9 . c n l o ! - d o ' e t r - - o r s F n . r ; v - _ n o ! 9 h ,

uDfortunately, NM did not prove useful fo! ca, Mg, un or

in any o f the samples . Tn a l l cases the background

and interference levels uele high, so that reproductbility vas of

t le o rder o f 110 - 30 i . $h i le th ts eas su f f i c ien t to de texn ine

the presence of an elenent, it was not accurate enouqh fo! quane

itative rorh. Atonic absorption spectroscopy

It 'as found that the ionic se!€.qtn of fteshly secreted

frucus is sinilar to 'b100d" thouqh individlar ionic concentrattons

and activities resemble cullst estimtes of cell cttoplasn.

The Ein constituents of lhis frucus de neqativelv

chalged gfycdproteins. A resul! of this negative charge ts that

both concentration and activily ot sna11 cations were nigher in

ihe mucus than in my of rhe solutioE againsr which the mtrcus

Has dialyzed. This Domd disttibution of carions vas bloken

ilto 2 comlonents: lhe io. exchange capacity atra Debye-Htlckel

intdactions of polyanion with microcations.

sisten! 'jth curlent theories on nicloiodistribution tn polY_

eleclrolyte solutions,

The electrochenical potential between the bathinq nediu

(sea nater or pond wate!) and nucus c@tlng the snail skin eas

a nesative gradient (by dilect neasurement and ealdulation)

cations are envisioned diffusinq do'n this gladiert

skin whele they may either diffuse 6r be tralspotled across the

This is the reverse of coMolly held bu! aPPareDtlv

usupported postufates that Ncus inhibits the outward diffDsion

of nicroioFfron the skin surface. Tbe result may

by the 'p rocess oppos i te :h d i rec t ion ,

( 5 0 )

(Pape!s are rn pleparataonJ

( s 1 )

t4 .J . o rDonne l l and , r . nach in

Departnent of zoology

The desert cockroach, Arerivasa investigata, absorbs

athospheric sater vapour abowe relaeive i@idities of about

32!. The mechanisn involves exposing parts of the nylopharybx(',tongue',) to the hmid airr condensation

hypoprary ges l b l "dder " . c p_oposed nechon jsn ro lo re - .

sater valour pressure on invofved ploduction

of a concehtrated inorganic salt solution such as Nacl. sr,OrlPO{E

was nsed !o freasure 1eve1s of Na, ](, Cl, Ca, I4g, Br and I on

the sml l sml les o f b ladder sur facee ( '400-300 uS dr { {e iqh t /

smple) and in a pair of glards connected by ducts to the bladdels.

Ievels of the efements measuled {ere qenelally in the 1-100 nM

o r g r e . t e ' t \ " - b v . 6 r e q u i r e d ,

: t u -s .onc lud-d .ha l Lhe d-ser l coc l ro -ch does

centrated inolganic salt solutions to lower vater activity

duribq the absorption process. srolrPol(r ras atso used to deternin€

the maxinw votme of fldid retained by the bladde. surfaces by

uetting them with a known .oncentration of uncl2 and detefriring

t 5 2 )

C}-r,CIUM AND TIUORINE IN BONT

,Joan r. Irarrison , K.c. McNeill

L. Cabeza, J. Villagran and ,J.R. Melnasb

Depaltnent of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Division

On a louttne basis, freasurements are continuing !o be

nade of fhoride in bone biopsies fron people who have leceived

fluolide as a therapy fox osteopolosis, The technique is based

on the activatiol of reca and 'zoF in the bropsies. apploxinaterv

half-a-dozen sanpfes ale neasured each eeekt comparison is nade

between ca and ! con!en!, histological e*aminalio! of the sanples

and the elinical condition of the patients. Patients treated with

fluoride tend to have values of t/ca siqnificantly higher than

nomal subjects (ie. greater than 20 nsFls ca as conPaled to less

than l0 n9F/9 Ca) .

Rf , l f r . cxccs : ' Bone, J .R. Mern .gh ,i t .E . Har r ison , R. HaneocL ana X.G. McNer l l ,Irternational Journal of Applied Radiation andrso topes , ?q , s31 (1977) .

( 5 3 )

SEI,I-DIIIUSION

Depaltment of Geoloqy

Seff-diftusion rates in the refractory sulfides pyrite

{Fes2) , spha ler i te ( (zn , re )s ) and arsenopyr i te ( reass) a re

be i g q - 'd i -d . . .o Lhc "pp l i cab- I t . y o t these

minera ls as i .d ica tors o f !as t qeo logaca l

cDrrently neasurins .e1f-diffusion of Ie and zn in composition-

arly homoseneous sphal€rite by freans of a radio-tracer technique.

U i E L n q l e . l y , r e u - I - c l c o n - c . . ! e o e v e e - s l h a l -

elites of diffeling compositton in orde! to evaluate the effect

of chenical potential on diffusion glad:ielts

rhe radio-tracer netnod involves the pleparation of orient-

ed spec imens o f a s iz€ approx imate ly 0 .5 cm x 1 .0

is porished a.d the specifren cuc into 0.5 cm

cubes. one cube is irradiat€d at the sI-oI,JPoKE reactor for 16 hours

. . q x 0 1 f n ; s . o p o o r - e r a d ; o a . L i v - : s o t o p e s .

r s t h e n c L d ' l e o " r h t s ! o r i - e o . . 4 a g d i n s r h - . o ' - n o n

- J t , s e g u e n E - \ , d L ' r . e s o r L h ' . d i

- d o r . h - i n i . i - ] l J n o n - i , ! d d i " 6 d c r b 6 - 6

s o e c L r o m e L - y

! h - c h . h - - . F o - s F l r - d ' ! r u s i o n o r h e d o ' o ' o o p 6 j n L o L f r

i n i t ia l l y non- i . rad ia ted cube can be ca lcu la ted .

To date the method has been applled onfy to the diffusion

o zn jnLo foaoq6r6ous l r - f '61 sphaLFt iLe . lhe resu l ts , toq- " "sith the iesults of previous eorkers on sphalerire

su l f ides are shovn in F igure t . The measu led se l f -d i f fus ion ta te

( 5 4 )

of zn ir sphalelite diffe!6 flom the eallier reasureat itiffusion

late of zr-vapou! irto sphalellte. rhe Pre-exporential facto!,

Do, is intelmediate to those of Cu and Fe in the stlucturaflt-

lelated chalcopylite, rhile tlte activation enelgv, Q" is applox-

isately equal to that of cu in chalcopytite.

lultber studies ale conli.utng on self-itiffusion ana

inte!-diffusion of zn and Fe in sphalerite.

'> i":

3.,

I

f-)' i ilr !" ,.{

// f ;;'-#t,'z/ .'l'".27

./ .-i/ rr,o ./

rlcunE 1; r\e .cu-difrr,ion coefricicni (n)(1ooo/r) ro. *.i.,. ersreri. (d) rn Gcreciedof rhe dara i3 . . ihd icared .

( 5 5 )

3

su r lh ide ! {4 . rhe o r i 6 i '

( 5 6 )

J .u . s i r iunas and s .D. Scot t

Department of Geology

r h e e . " r o n s h p o e r e 6 a . h 6 n r c c l - e o i r e a L s r c h e ! t : i o

fomation) and synge.etic 6re in nany alchaen cu-zn-Ag-Au nassiwe

sulphide deposits is eell knov!. As 'eI1 as selving as marxet

horizons tor stluctural interlletatior, these sedinents haY atso

b e u s " d a s i n d i . 6 . o r s o ! p o s s i o l e s t i d t i d _ o p h j c z o n e s i H L i . h

economic stratabound sulphides nay be located (!he "favolrablehorizo!' concept)- The present study is investigating the dis-

tribueion of trace elenents in an iton fornation shich both hosts

a.d exterds seweral kn fron the IJj11!oy No. 4 orebody'at uaritou-

vadge, ontario, A seoch4lcal study ot this nature maY plovide

lseful infonation fo! evaluating models for geresis of such

delosils as well as b€inq helpful in providing a guide for nileral

The sLowPoRE reactor is beins used to anafyze erace element

content in the whole lock and in oxide (nagnetite) and sulphide

fractions of dianond drilt cole intersections of lhe iton fomation

and related ore sdples. Trace etemenls under investigation aie tnose

considered nost likely to be associated with the typical sulphide

minera l i za t ion (spha ler i te , pyr i te . pyr rho t i te , cha l .opyr i te , ga lena)

and incrude Co, Cu, re . In , Mn, N i , Sb , se . sn , Te , v ,

zr. siandard instrsental NAA methods are beinq used.

locaeed as yet. lurtner aDalyses ana statistical treatfrent of the

data are i! progress.

( s 7 )

EIJXMINTA! A3UNDANCESROC(S, NOiTIIh'NSTNRN ONTARIO

c , L . c n o . ' n d . . ) . ! " ' L d

D ( P A R - v . \ ' O C ! 0 . O - Y

Trace e lemenEs o !e : r 'po ! tcn t too l ' 1 p4r .og tnFt -c

studies because the mineralogy of solrce rocks and naqmatic

p r o - e s s e s . . n b 6 n o d 6 1 6 d b a s . d o n . h e i ! o - ' t t o a - o F ' f r i e n l s

betqeen solid and liqnid lhases. SLoWPoXE facilities have been

used to detemine concentrations of major and lrace elenents in

sanlles flon the Superio! Province of the canadian shield for

the purpose of investigation of tne qeochehistry and evolutior

of the Precanbrian crus!.

E lpe , rmFnr - p ro 4durec -nc l .oe t " -4 Lyp " oL ;euElon

i r rad ia t ions reac tor : 1 ) a 2 k f i , 5 n ind te i r iad ia r ion' o ! d - . - r n i n - L r o n o r { 9 o , A 1 . o , c " o , r r o . r l d v ; J " 2 0 k i ,

10 n inu te t l rad ia t ion fo ! Na,o , Mno/ K ,o an ' l Dy , and 3) a 5 kq ,

15 hour i r rad ia t ion fo r sc , c r , re , co / N i , Rb,s r , z r , Ba , Hf r

Ta, Th and ra re ear th e lenents .

T h i s - o . h n q L , h a " b F r n " p p t j e o . o E h e o , , o ^ i - o s D d 6 s :

- r o i . 6 " 4 - o . c c c . t _ . r e h - v e

d . L 6 ' ' 6 0 6 r p r F r - a r ! h . b o L . L i c a n e i s - e s , r o n -i t i c q re i sses , q ran i tes , pa raqne isses and pegna t i t es f ron rhe

Seul area ir the soutnern donain of the gneiss belt,- h e o , . d . r o n o L h e s e l o c k s b _ q , d . : . . : v 6 - y

' . d F I I F d , t n - n o r r h F r n o o n e n o , h i , q n e - - b - i q - o s _ y

miqna t i t es and s ran i t i c rocks . sdp les f ron the l 4 in i ss Lake xeq ion

have been selected fo! a sinjta! stud! and eiperimental {orL is

( 5 3 )

2) oriqip of qranitic plulons Petrologic and geochemical

study of plutons is inlortant fo! understanding thei! source

regions and hence the evolution of the crnst The \'Jhite otter

batholith, about 30 x 60 kn in s!ze, located between rgnace

and atikoka. of northexn ontario, is being studied' six saples

so fa r ana lyzed shov s tee !_s loPed REI pa t te rns ( laE. r .= 3?-340

and YbF F = 2 4), indicating their delivation from deep clustal

1" . " r= : ; ;d i tona l to be ana lyzed '

3) oliqin of volcanic locks' the Archea! voLcanrc group

at the lortheln sturgeon l,ake is chalactelized bv binodal thol-

eiitic-dacite rochs. Elenental abundances in 12 sanples fton

this qroup indicates that there are fou! tvPes of tholeiite6r

each formed fron dilfelent source comPositions and;alious

deqrees of partial nettinq. A dacite sanPle has a steep-sLoped

REE lattern, indicating qarnet is an important phase in the

soulce rock and it is selarated ftom the frelt durinq partial

p u b l r c d L o n s :

ADplication of neutlon activation analvsis techniques to-.i:ii""i..i ."t.'r.r.. c.-!. chou, GEoANAT'Ysrs 73, A sleposia

ii-iil-."irv.i; ;r seoloe:icar mate'iars, ottawa/ Mav 15-r7r

Geochefristrv of Archean !6cks in lhe s'Derior; " q ; : , ; ! ; , ' h " " " . . o n r a ' ' o . c . - - ' r ' " i ' ' t o z s r o i n ' e n n u '

r . . l n q . . e c r r c ! - A c , 4 o r o n c o , o c c . / - r o , 1 9 7 3 '

Fractionalion of sideroPhile elenents in the Earth s upper

i ' ' " i i . . i . - r , chon, Pr ; . r ,u rar P lanet sc i con f ' e th ' rn

( 5 9 )

G'OCHEMISTRY OT IRON FOIMAIIONS

c. -1 . Cho! ana G.s .J . ChanDIPARTdENT OF GIOi,OGY

T-o^ fo rndc ions - re chea ica l sed imentd !y rocks ,

coltaining ar least 15* ilon of 6edimentary otiqin. valious

facies of iron formations ale distinguished on tne basis of

pledonilant iron hinelals as oxides, silicatesr

sulfiates. The purposes of;studying iton.fdlmtiod include 1) to

investigate the aepositional environhentr and 2) to investigate

the lelationship between iton and golat ores and ilon fotution

because natry iron ard qold deposits are associateat with iron

we have usea! slJomoxE facilities !o investigate efemental

abundances in 30 sdples collected flon a drtl1 cole in the

Helen r ron lo tu t ion , Y ich o coLAn, onLa! ro . l xp . r imenLc l

plocedules include f) instluneDtat neutron activation analysis

to detennine l4n, Ie, Co, As and sb contents, and

2) radiochemical neutlon activation analysis to detemine cu,

zn, ag. ard sone sanPles rere illadiated at lt4cMaste!

to proauce enough znr Ag and Au activities.

The folloeing concentration langes have been found so far:

33-135 ug lg Na2O, 0 .1s-3 .2 rg /g Sc t 3 .0 -2A Vg lg Ct , 0 2 I -3 .42

MnO, 3 .55-53.4* Aea! A .13-22 tq /g Co. O.67- !69 t .J /g C\ , 5 .6 '167

vg/g z \ t 0 -5-74 ns /g r i .

TRACT EI,EMENT OF ROCXS IROM

u.M. ( inber ley and R.T . Tanaka

D.pa!Ement o l ^eo lod)

The prolect is an investigation into trace element plofiles

through fossil soils occurring bet'een the underlYing archean

basenent and overlying Huronian superqroDp. In addition, trace-

elenent distlibutio! of pyrites extracted from the ulaniferous

q l . r -z -p .bb le o ! Lhe $4crneJoa ro tmd ion s ba ing

sainples are irradiated on a Heekly basis using the sI-otrPoKE

research facility at the unirersit! of Toionto. The sholt-liwed

nuclides are codted at sLowPo(E afte! a sanple irradiation ot

five ninutes, whereas fonqer-rived nuclides ale counted usinq the

6c t es a r c r inda le co l leo- ' i tad ia l lon o

It is holed that the results of thts irw6stiqation will

p ! o ! r o e s o r e a d d i . i o n a l i n s i g h t - n t o L h F o r i g i n o t h p E L l i o t

Lake ulanju ore. ihi6 resealch will form Paltthesis for ur. nanaka.

AND I'OST ROC(S IROM

14.ll. Kinberley and s..1. Kinberlev

Depaltnent of Geoloqv

I ' a . . - F I 4 F n L d - s r ' r b L t r o - q . r c b e - ^ g d e t e r i n . d f o '

. n d h o s L l o c k s c ' p I e s ' o n v d r ' o u " d e o o s i L s c s a

suide to differentiation of deposite types,

( 6 1 )/

TRACE EIEIIINT AAUNDANCES IN ARCI'IAN ROCKS FROM TIE CA']''IAN

and a.M. Goodwin L.'

work has coltinued on a project dealing tith the geo-

chsistry of Archean volcanic locks of the abitibi greenstone

bett (see stol{PoKE Jrnnual Repolt I97?), confirnilg earlier

lesults antt extenatihg the wolk io gleenstone belts in north-

The f i rs t phase o( a p !o .ec t des ioned to e€ t :na te the

avelage 4h anal u content of leplesentalive rock lypes mking

up the Canadian shield is complete. rhe avelage ?h coDtent of

volcanic locks is 2.9 ppn and of gneissic and granite rocks is

9.5 ppmr rhe avelage U contelts ale 0.3 ppm and 1.9 ppn lespec-

A nev study w!1ch deals {ith the tlace el4ent abundances

in glanitoid rock6 fron nortbrestern Ontalio was begu during

19?8. ?lelininary result6 floi thls 6tudy show a lange in tlace

eleme!! contents in petloglaphically distinct rock types. ?he

dlfferences ale nost obvious arcng the lare earth elements sloupkhich sloe variation flos near-f1at chordiite-rormalised patterns

to show patterns in whlch the 11ght RIE are strongly enliched

lefative to heavt RlE.

{62)

TII! PLATINOI4 AND GO1D CONI'ENT OF SOIiIE NICKEI,SU!?HIDE ORTS

! . I - . lo f fman and A.J , Na ldre t t

Depal|meEt of ceoloqy

StO$PoI{l Reacto! racifity

4 rickel suplhide file-3ssay lrocedure has been adapted

fo ! t 'he ana lys is o f Rh, Pd, P t ' I r , Os , Ru ana

sullhlde ores and their host ro.ks by instrMental .eutron

aclivation analysis. This ptocedule atlo's large sanple sizes

to he analysed {hich to a large extent elininates sanpfe in-

homogeniety ploblems,

composite sanples lrom three lNco Metals conpany, licke1

sulphide nines have been analysed in at least d!!tica!e. TFo of

r:hese hines (nittte stobie and levack i,rest frines) ale aEsociated

with the tholeiitic sudbory l!.uptive uhile the thild mine

{Pipe 2 mine) is associated oith the komtjitic anitoba Nickel

A mjor diffelence in the noble netal corlent of the

at the no!!h !a.ge, r"evack wes! nine is attributed

t ' o . t h a r h a l d i t f u s i o n p r o c e s s . ' h " C u - r i _ h s L ! : n o e . s i n t h e

tevack breccia are elliched in ?d and cu ald are depleted in osl

Ru, Iir Rh and Ni relative to tne granite breccia ores of the

It{ain ore zone. A slighr enlichne.t ir Cu and Au is found in the

disseninated oles refative to tne massive oles of the !1ain ole

An enlichnent has bee. found fo! !h, ?d, 1r, os and Ru

in the +2 orebody lelative to the ilI orebody at tne south lange,

rittle stobie nine. The cu and Ni values are not significantly

( 5 3 )

' Ld i l le len l , Th is i s aLu ibu led Lo Lwo sepa lcEe pu lses or sub-

fay* sutphide. mterial. The Cu-ricb fooLwau srlilg€s of the

{1 orebody de @iched ia !!r pr. Au ard c! jelative !o the

res! of tne oleboaty, The fevel of 9d, Pt, dd Au at the rrittle

stobie nlne is highe! than tlle MaiE ole uone a! levack nest.

The nob le reLa l con-d l aL Lhe P ipe z o i le :s excrcne ly

Iow relative to othd ultlamatic hosted deposils. Tbis nay be

a rsLe-s t .qe sLrph ide ass i r i l cE ion

than'a netamallhic e ff ect, Eydrotheffi 1 activiry nay be lesponsible

for high Ir, Rh, plr pa!, Ni ard As values of some vein and shear

Chondlite nomalized trends for the lholeiitic delosils

have a pos i i ve s opa re laL ive Lo Lhe koncr r - t -c hos led depos i ts .

Abso_DLa me$ l va lues tuy be a funcF-on or the geo 'oq i -ca l h is to t r '

o ! Lhe parenL magra .

An R-mode factor anal,ysis shows that lrr Os, Ru and Rh

beh.va a6 a qyoJp sp . t a l ry a"d /or qene l ica lu assoc ia red w iLh

Ni 0 -ner i l rzc r ion . tend Lo be assocr -Eea w i ih (u

r i r e ' z . i z d t i o n o r t ! o . . L h T h i s m I s u q g e s t i h a l

P!. Pd-and: au occu as disclete noble nelal phases associated rith

cu-ninerals while Rh my occur extensivefy in solid

solution in Ni-bearing minela]s.

Hof fMn, E . r - . , R .G.V. Hancock , A .J . Na ldrer t , J .C. Van roon and A.uanson, iThe deternination of all the platinm qloup eiements andgold i. rocks and ore by neutron activation analysis afte! p!e-concentration by a nickel sullhide fire-assay technique on lalqesdp-e s izes i , An .L Chr ' . Ac t . , -n p r ess .

TII! COMPOSITION ORES WI?}I PARTICUIiR REFSRINCE

E.r ! . so f fman, a .H. Green and s .R Na ldre t t

Depaltient of Geologv

tittle attenpt has been made in the past to explai! tre

netal conten! of rickel sulfide oles in terns of the partition

inq of chalcophile elements bet$een co existirq sulfide and

silicate liquids. This has been due it part to the abseDce of

experimertally detefiined pa!!ition coefficienls and in part to

the absence of systematic data sets on ore deposits which sould

peimit estination of the composttion of a sulfide na!'na lespoh-

s i b t e . o r " 9 i v 6 n d - p o s : t .

Recentry sone experinental data have becone available on

partition coeffici€nts. It conjunction aith data on the Ni, cu

and co contents of a wide tarqe of nafic and ultranafic magmas,

it has been possible to exPlain in senefal terms the hi.qh Ni and

low cu content of ores associated Hith ultramafic nag.(as and'

conversely, the hiqner cu and lowet Ni contert of ores associated

with nafic fragflas. Plecise modeflinq has been hamp€red bv the lack

o ! ! rec-_e d .La on Ene d-pos i n ques t io r .

ovei the past fev years' a programe has been undenav

at the oniversity of Tororto to rectifv this lack. sanples have

been collected systematicallv flon a varietv of Ni-cu deposlts

and anarysed for Ni, cu, addttion, the Pt grouP

elene.t (PGE) and An contents of the sanples hawe been deternined

eith a ne{1v deweloped anall'tica1 nethod involwing fire assav

ls ing n iche! su l f ide as a co l lec to r / ac id leach and neut ron

activation aralysis of the leacn residue. The sensitivitv ot the

meehod is 0.1 ppb for Ir and Ad, I ppb for Rh/ 2 ppb fo! os,

3 ppb for Ru a.d 5 pll for Pt and Pd. The acculacv fo! Pt, Pd,

Rh and au compales favodrablt uith techDiques Previouslv available

( 6 5 )

for large (t50 9n) sanplesr vhile the high sensitiwity for Ru,

Ir-and Os permits analysis of these netals in ores in shich they

are not detectable using previous nethods.

Resutts indicate that sulfides associated $irh "c1assic"Arclean pelidotilic konatiite flows have characleristic 1eve1s

of Pc! and Au. These are shosn in ligule 1, calculatea to metal

contelt in 1004 sulfide and nornalized rith lesPect to average

chondritic ablndances.

suffides assgciated with the rofitic rocks a! sudbDrv

also have chalacteristic values, bu! the profiles sho{n in

Fiqure I diffe! tron those of the "classic" komtiites in havirq

nuch higher latios of (!t+!d+Rh): (Ru+IFos) and Au: (Ru+I!+osr.

Other qabbro and nolite-associated deposits dispray similar

steelly sloping -plofi

les, afthough the absolute fevels ot PcE

ard au vaiy greatly fron extlefre1y hiqh levets at Noril'sk and

Ree! , -o lov le /e ls n rhe No l ied id ' sb 'aa len

in Lhe s lopes o LF. rob le neccL oro_ es

betreen different classes of deposits is intetpreled as reflect-

ing the contrast in the conpositions of tne siticate naqnas Fith

vh ich !he depos i ts a rb assoc ia ted ,

The qreat variation in the absolute levels in the co!_

centrations of loble metals and cu+Ni observed tithin dePosits

- h - L - ! e - s s o c . r e o L i \ . p p a r e n l l y L y p e s i s n o E

attributed to differerces in the parent naqma. lor erample,

the sulfides of the Pipe deposit of the Maniloba nickel belt ale

thought to be associated 'ith peridotitic komaliite intrDsions,

shor tne flat plofife typical of 'classic" komatiite deposits,

and yet conrair only 1/3 of the Ni, I/5 of the cu a.d 1/10 of the

Pt and Pd of these delosits. Tlese loH metal levels are erplicable

on the basis of kno'n partition coefficients between sulfide and

sili.ate liquids it ic is assuned that the piopollion of silicate

: ,

( 6 6 )

mgna with which the sulfides leached equiliblia a! Pipe

(nagna: sulfide latjo) is nucn smaller than in the case of the

komatiite deposits. This, in lurnr is explicable if the ?ipe

ores fomed by the locatized assinilation of bafien .ountly

lock sulfide, which had the oppoltunily !o react wilh oriLt a

restricted volme of mgna.

The concept of a variable magma: sulfide ratio can be

used to expfaln laliations in the absolute levels of Pct and

yet the sinilar:ity in the relative anounts of at:ifferent PGE

(slope of the pfofites) in deposits associated siti othalwise

broadly sinlla! gabbro:ic locks.

( 6 7 )

,'^\*99S200

I 0 0=

zo5P19

I:f

s

z_

o

1 0

0 , t

0 . 0 lRU Rh PdP i

{ 6 3 )

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANA1YSES OT

R. l . l . la rquha l r N .BregGn, A .gado le , B . Eeebe

Dept. of Physics anil Noltheh Ylkon Research ?rogtan

fhe prelininary studies (aplif 1975) of elenent concen-

tratiois i! bone sdptes flon the old crow alea have been con-

tinued. A suite of bison humelus dispfaying the tanqe of staining

obse lved in ross I bones I 'o r Lh is reg ion wos prov ideo bY Dr . B .

Beebe, l lon the \vRP p 'o 'ec . co l lec l ion . As a f t rs t s tep in fhe

analysis only unftactured bones rere eanpleal to plovide a depth

sequence for neution activatto!. samples represented natelial

flon incleasing depth in apploi{inately 1 m steps (nea! lone

surfaces) o! 2 m steps (nea! bone intertors). care was ta*en in

the drilling plocess to avoid conta(inating €dples Jrom deplh

{ith surface natelia}. The dlillinq was u.atertaken using steeland-m' ] l s o f va l ious d ianece ls , so tha t depths in each d ; i l l i ng

srage cou ld be reasonab ly weI I de l ineo. The i -sc q -oup a f sanPle>

were itadiated in the slom(EE nucfear leacto! with theinal

neDt rons fo r th ree n inu tes power o ' t vo \ i l6wa l ls .

Elenenrs aletedined wele co, u, Dy, sn, Bu, Ba, s!, rra, Mq, Na,

vr Kr a1r nrclr ca. A pleliminary exdination of the lesults

confihs the observation6 of the eartie! study. ulaniun and the

rare earths sn anat Eu, in most of the sdples, show a declease in

concentration w:ith depth folloved by a rise as the intelio! of the

bone is apploached, In spite of the fact that tne bones analysed

rere unfractuled, these elenents are e.terinq the solid !a!ts of

the bone flon inside and outside.

Manganese, vanadiln. and baria e:hibit, less cleallyr a

simila! valiation with delth. For the fossil bones, manqanese

two olders of naqnitude hiqher than that ih modern

bone from the area. The oute! sulface concentratiors of this

eldent varied by up to a factor of thlee in the fossit bones

analysed. sevelal soil samples taken flon the vicinity of one of

( 6 9 )

analysed to determine the concetrtlation of elenents

in the natrir surrounding the specimens. A second set of ifad-

iations of the sanples, fo! 10 seconds at 2 kilowatts, was also

perfo.ned, to deternine in parricular the fluoline contents of tlle

bones. slandards were not available to provide fot a ca1:ib!ati6!

of the gama-ray intelsities observed, aad will have to be analvsed

befoie qtrantitative of concentralion can be plodlced.

lovewe! the results suggesl the safre type of elsental distribution

fo! fluorine as {as obserwed

A long term tlladialion of the sanples was arso undeltaken

to enable us to estimate iron contents, sjnce it is believed that

probabll'the elenents responsible for the staining

of the bonesr ard the range of colours obsetved. The lesults of

these neasurenents indicated a broad range on concentla€ionsr with

the hiqhest at the surface of the bones.

at tne present time thele is ro clear indicatiot af the

connection betqee! the observed concentration variations and

eithe! age or enviromental conditions. Experiments are beihg co!

stdered by qhich laboiatory sinutatton of elenent up-taLe ntght

be eftected in an effort to estinate lhe importance of these factors.

Iulthe! neutron accivalior freasurements on bones of LnoM age

cre d l so berng

( 7 0 )

DETECT]ON 09 NATURALNY OCCURRING 35C1

r , .R. x i l ius , R .P. Beukersr and a .E. l l i the l lana l

Depaltment of Physics

The Dse of a tandem van de craff accelerator as an ultla

sensitive @ss speetrometer has maae possible the detection of!5cr a t corcent la t lons a lp loacb i lg 1 x 1o- i6 36c l l35c1. Th is

method parallels that lecentfy !epo!!ed fron the dilect count_

inq of tec flon old calbon sanples'with acceleratols and stand-

ard nuclea! physics techniques.

Ploductions of 36cI in the atnosphere is exlected !o

ploceed plinalily via cosnic ray spallation of A! and neutlon

captlre by !5C1. A significant quantity is also introduced wilh

edc \ the- ro -nuc lea i bor$ LesL. rhe concent -c t ion o f 'Ec l in

glound eate; from these sources is celculated to !e I x 1o_t3 ,

or hiqher in those regions vith significan€ Ulanis ard ThoriM

siree 33c1 undergoee B decay with a chataclelislic half

fife at 3 x to5 yeaxs, the of the chloline abulaance

latios can ir plincrple be used to date glound wa!e! !o 3 x 106

years eilh possible application to geoPhysics and nucleai ,aste

d isp6sd | .

to es tcb l sh t )a r '6c l can be deEected - t

these levels and be distinguished flon its nore abundant isoba!,r5s. smpies rere prepared at the srowPo(E leactor operating at

a tlux aensity of lot tnl€ec-cn'?, This (ethod eas ideally suited

for the rapid ploduction of chloline in the form of CClq spiked

rith 33ct at the required activity of I fbntocuiie.

( ? 1 )

l ) c .L . Benne l t e t a l . r sc ience. 199 (1977) s03-510.

2) R. Naylor et a1., P!oc. lst Conf. on ltadtocarbon Datingwith Acceteratois 20-2\/4/I974 Rochesterr N.Y.

l . l ,

although we were able to that 3"c1 coutd

be de tec ted be low I x lo - t3 36c1 l35c1 f rom these s iandard

sanples', nore was found in ground water sodiw chlolide below

a?ori4rc corlrsroNs wlTlr PosrTRoNsD. ?a!1 ana N. 30ese

Departnent of Physics

ou! vo lk w i tn S IOHPOTT uas l -n i ted Lo a lecs ib : I ! v

study fo! a req exleriment using cu5r. some coPPe! Has irad-

iated in s!ow!o(E. rt 'ou1d appea! that the exlerinent is possible

but may require htgher neutron fldxes.

\ 1 2 )

l

DINOSAUR BONE AIAT,YSIS

C. Mccowar

Depaltment of verteblale PataeontorogY.

an analysis of the el4enlar composition of sdp14s of

dinosaur bone and sufosding matllx was nade !o detemine

shether the origii of certain elenelts (Fer sr, etc.) could rre

No consisten! lrenas could be detected in the qliantities

of specific elenenls belween bone smples ana! their ass6ciatea

natrix sdples. rurthe!, thele {as nuch variarion between bones

flon the sane vicinity. It is conctuded that so much irterchange

has occurled betleen the bone and its sullounding natlit that rt

is impossibfe to kms ,hethe! the concentlation of a particular

e lenenL le l leseAts . i t s corcen. !a r -on aL Lhe t rne o ! dea ih .

rherefofe .onclusions (sucb. as diets based uPon s!/ca latios)

shoufd not be alram f!o( quantita€ive analvses of fossil bones.

iARE EARTH EI,EMENT ANAIYSES

c . r . 6 0 d u i n

Delartfrent of Geological sciences

university of British columbia

Tvo p fo lec .s ea ! h e le 'en t a_- lYs 's

1). rhe Guano ploperty in the lelly Mountains, Yuko! Tefitory,

covers a skarn zone rhich :is abolt 300 netres vide and at least

1 ,100 met res long. Prospec t i rg fo i u ran iun in lhe skarn spur red

o n b ) - ' d L l , s F o r . d . , h g h l y l c d l o d c - i v e . r e a s , d i s c l o s e t h e

presence of lare earth elements in nuch sreater than normal

quantities. rhe Gua.o property was the first docmented occullence

of a high rare ealth etefrent concehtration in the Yukon Tetritory,

and one of only a fep k.om rare earth elenent bearing sktslns

Iu r ther s tud ies o f th is p ro jec t a re in p logress .

/ ) . l t re sh- .Le-hos ed ro ' bc re lFad-? inc oepos- t o .c - -s in rha

selll'! Basin and is locateat in the Ydkon lrerlitory- axaminatlon

of rare earth etdent patterns an the aeposit should read to

advanced nodets of petrogenesis fo! lhis type af deposit, sone

of the expecled patt€rns have dixec! ald inportant exPloratior

ANAI-YSIS OT' PRE-COLU BIAN CENI]RAI] AXERICAN OBSIDIANS

P.? , Aea ly

Depaltrient of AnthloPologyr Tlent Vniversity

s!owPo(! Reacto!, unlvelsity of lolonto

Department of Physics, Tlenr univelsity

rn June,.1973, we initiared a prelininaly stualy of the

effectiveness of lor-1eve1 neutlon activatioD analysis of centlal

Anerlcan obsidians. This volcanic glass ras a highfy valued pre-

h :s to r :c comod: ty due to 16 l in i red ava i labr l -Ly d ;d e 'ec t -

iveness as a.cutting eatge for tools. Tniti.l NAA

on 34 naluraf soulce geologicaf sanples aram from seven @jor

obsidian oulcrops in uexjco and Guatenala. These specinens wele

analyzed fo! rhei! short half-]ife element eon€tituent€. Although

over a dozen elaents consistently were ide.tified, note than

ha l f rDy , sn , T i , r19 , v , A1, cc , - tcckeo the necessary dag lee or

acculacy to be useful.

The useful elsents (Nar Mn, Kr Ba, u ) of the trace

element profiles for the raw obsid:an source seples kere then

conparea sith elenent signatures of 33 archaeologicaf sample6

drasn froh varying regions of central anErtca (BeLize, sondulas.

Mexico and Nicaraqua) and representing diffeient chlonofogicaf

periods (ralging fron abolt 300 nJ} to 1500 AD). Ihese elaentsq e e p d i e o a L . o r a - i c . l l y p l o l l e d o n d n x - l

glaph for clusteling conPatisons.

althoug! our studies are .onttntring, sith additional

source sdple€ anat archaeologicaf 6pecinens to be runr ir is

articipated that such low-level bonbardnents, ana subsequent

aralysesr Hill evetually pelnit the accurate idertification of

oliginaI geological obsidians. Such insights stlou1d prove useful

175)

in conprenenttng earller studie6 by the Brookhaven (u.s. Nationall

hbora to lv cnd lcv rence ( tn iv . ca l i ro r r ia ) T ,abo la lo lv o f lonq'half-life elements in obsiaiian, and ultlnately in aetailing

plehistoric procurenent practices, tlading aclivities, *change

routesr socio-political alliances and hoe these changed througb

tine tn anctent central Anerica. at present slatistical studies

are beinq calried out to isolate parlicufa! elenent clustels

and scatte! pattelns. wltb continuea refin4ent anat reductiot

ol e!!or lange factols distin.tive tor-1eve1 e14ent cfusters

are expec ted to be successar l l y i so laLea

( 7 6 l

I{ASS AND CI]ARGE DISTRIUTIONS IN TISSION

x. r . coope! , M. sc j jdo r .o q .D. s l ^ama

Depaltnent of chehistryr

University of vlaterloo,

l n e v o " k 0 1 r h i s p r o j e c l a s d e - c . i b e o r l l a s l y e a ! ' s

repolt.has been continued. seventy-five illadiations of 2!5u

solulions eele carried out for the detelninalio! of ftactional

tnde lendent y e ldq (FTY, o f € r and Bc rso tooes to a .h ieve

beLLe! p lec is ion . DJ ' .n . th . Yeat seve la I inProrerenLs .on-

cerning lhe exac! detehination of intelvals between idaatiation

of sdples and chemical sepalation of products flon precursors

having vely short half life, have been @de. The isptoPes of

inlelest Per;

A. electronic conttoller has been desiqnea and set up

!o achieve lhe separation at the desired tine aftef, thb end of

lhe irladiations. The controllet consists of an opening, alevice,

contlol box and two solenoid valves. The caPsule is pnewaticalfy

tlansferled fron the reactor to the opener. a photocelt is

nounced to ron i to the dr r i va l o f -he caPsu le in the opener .

I,ghen the capsule goes acloss the light bean, it aclivates a

solenoia rhich in tuln pulls stainless steel tubes irto the

capsule. The contlol box also has a variable delay so that the

separation petiod can be adjusted fion 0.?s sec. to ten ninutes

d _ te r

th . .nd o f i r lad ia . ions , h rhen the tubes p ie r .e Lhe

capsule. a solenoid valve is opened whicn arlows the flou ot

nitlogen qas to the capsule so that the irradiated liquid is

tlansfelled to a freshty prepared ba!:iu sulphate bed. The valve

is opeled for 0.25 seconds:_ $hen:!he valve is alosed the other ialve

is opened: which permits a flow of 50 n1 wash sdlutidn ditectly onto

the bed. as the bed is already undei suction, it takes a

1 4 1

142

9 2

t 1 7 )

71minirs of 1.65 seconds aiter tne end of itradiatio! to achieve

a clean sepalation. In this peliod, one se.ond trarsit tine fron

the reactor core to the olener is included. The sanple is theD

assayed by lsing a ce(I-i) detecto!

lro obtain separation claracteristics of Ba b! the bed,

a NaI(T1) d€te.tor was mounted near the bed. The detector was

connected to a pulse neight analvser opetatinq in a nultis'ale

node with a channel advance of 1/1OO!n of a second The assav

of radioaclivity in samples containing r" oBa bv the detecring

assenlly slarted at the sane tue rhen the caPsule was Pierced'

The separation chalacteristics enablea! us to evaluate the time

of separation qith beller accuracv.

an accidental sPi11 of an irradiated 6anPle of 'z3su in

the lnesatic transfe! tube has lrevented us fron continutnq

lhis qork since Janua!y,1973. New regulations concerning the

illaatiation of ! liquid' sanples containins f issile mateliaf s

( 7 3 )

N'UTRON ACTIVATION ANAIYSIS

RMc, Xingston

and R. G.V. Hancock ,

- n g j n 6 e " i n 9 ( N - . l e a r O p r ' o n ) . n d E n g i J 6 e - i r g P h y s j _ s c l a s s e s

botn haviag taken a Nuclear Engineering course, visited the

sr,owlo{E facifities fo! a day of denonstration experiments. This

day forns a lart of an acadenic toor week in vhich the Bruce

\uc lecr Pore ! De/e lo l len t -s r .s - ted d o r \e f . vas-er un jvers iLJ

Nuc lec ! Recc to ! i " c \ - - l -b -e o r 4 ddys o ' q t .dAnr 4*p6r i ien ls .

to these falge! leactors, the s!O\{?OI(l reactor atlows

a sinple and accessible introduction to reactor behatiour as well

as an instrmental method of anatysis based on it,

The s]'owPo(!-2 facilily was introduced !o the students and

tie reactor described by operations at var:ous poae! leve1s. By

non i to r n9 co-6 r6 rpe-a-Lre .nd onr ro l rod posrLron , th ; e 'ecLs

of operatirg t]1e reactor at increasing pore! levels in the autonatic

a.d @rual nodes qere denoDstrated. The effect of the caihtria

absolbels fo! shutdosn Has also snovn. The technique of neutlor

activation anafysis vas then experimented pith by use of sevelal

sanples ilradiated for shor! intervals and analyzed by gama s!ec-

tronetly. Ihe demonstlations, hards-on expeiience and answered

questions ensuled a good appxeciation of reactor kiretics and

neutron activation anatYsis.

t 1 9 )

')

DITERMINATIONS OT HAFNIUM IN ZINCONIUIiI COi{POUNDSG.1, . Bo l ton

shelritt Research centlesheliitt Gordon liines l,imited

Fort saskatchewan. Atberta

The hafnis cottents of zilcon sands and variols process

interhedlates in the ploductio! of zirconis metal {ere 'teter-

nined by lhe neutron activalion techrique using the sr'o]'{?ov'!

leacto!, and its assgciated analvtical instrunentation'

sanples were plowided es zircon eand

t (z r ,Hf )s ioq l , c tu . le te t lach lo l ides I ( ! I , r f )c l4 l , and d tude ox ides

l l z t ,H t )a2 l ,a r t o f sh ich had a ha fD iun c6hrent o f abour one

Use of the SLOI'JPo(E leactor gave fast an't accu6te

analyses fo! an eleneDt thich is othetwise difticult to detelnine'

( 3 0 )

O! RADIONUCI,IDE PURIIY O!RADIOPBARXAC'UTlCAI,S

and R. Reed

Departmen! of Phamacy and Radiolosv sunnvbrool Medtcal centre

As Pa.t of the radiollarmaceutical quaritv cortrol

proglafr at sunnybrook l4edical centle, se hawe initiated a

ploqran to ensu!€i. radionucl ide puritv This is pallicularlv in-

poltant for matelials receiveat bv our departnent as radio'henicals

.ince the responsibility for their use as a tadiophatmceltical

is assuned by our dePartment and radiopharmacist.

Yttrim (3'Y) citrate colloid is leceived as a la'tiochemical

d - d L h e m e x - n s b " L " ! c n q e ' s d e t e r r i r e d o v . s t m P l e ! e a E h e r

p1ot. A gaMa spectlm of the sanple ts obtained on a'canbeda

3 OO se l ies r - l - i hanne. ana lyzer . t Lhe _rowPoKE qeacLo! ,

univelsity of Tolontor to identifv anv ladionuclidic Y-eni!!i.g

impurities. we have fould considerable variabililv in the g.llrm

sleetrm of different 3'Y shipments. while sone sanptes exhibit

no gama sPectrs (!'Y is a plte beta enitter) othels show various

deqrees o f co l taminat ion by r6 !Yb, r?5Yb and ' r7 r ,u . one sample

exhibited a vely larqe contanination loughlv estimated at 20*

flon a half life (33 houls) determlnatron.r"au colloid 'hich is sonetines used in our departnelt

for altlritis theiapy has been found to contain r"Au as a 'on-

taninant. one sanlle contained ioughlv l5t leeAu and shile this

does not .onstitute a medical hazardr lhe thelapeutic effect is

reduced because of the telati'elv 1or elergv of lhe enitted beta

lre ale convinced tha! .onstant checks of t.he tadionuclide

lulity of radiophalmaceuticals are a necessitv and should be

pelforfred 6y the lesponsible user on a much {ide! basis than is

the cudedt Practice.

( 3 1 )

IANAIYSIS O! 1RACE EIXI'ENIS IN PI,AS?IC

c.1 . l l s ton

DuPont of canada Ltd., Researcn Centre

The neutlon activation analysis facilities of the SIO\IPOKE

reactor have been used extensively by us in qualitative andquantitative analyses of polymels fo! catalyst lesidues and

va l rous s tcb i l i ze ls eLc . These resu lLs h-ve been ve ly vc luab le

in correlating lesin pelfolnance with tlace metaf conlen! etc.

Although ,e have in-hou6e atonic absorption ard x-!ay

facilities se find the neltro! activar:ion analysis a very usefut

e*tensioh of our analyticaf capabilitie€. It avoids the calibrationp-obrehs inherent n quent ica t ive x - !cy -na .vsrs , E-a c . I -en ica lprepa.alory steps involved in standald a11 anat the extlenely s@llsdple size and sanpling ploblens in flaneless i4,

ONTARIO HYDRO VS' OI SIOWPOI(E

r. Gleening and D. (os

Ontalio gydro

The Analyticaf service sectior of ontario Hydrors Researcll

Division has continued to utilize the slOIcPovG fa.ility for neutron

activatior analysis. Most of the llojects desclibed iD the previous

annual !e!o!ts have been continued' ie studies of lrace eleneDts

:n r f l csh cnd coc f , .he leach ing o f t l cce e feneAts ' !on lv "shirto wate! bodies and halogen analyses of constluction (alerials

fo! use at nuclea! powe! stations.

( 3 2 )

oF clor,ocrcAr, sal4plEsE.J . B looker , ! . I ! . Hof fman and S. Kuzdak

x-Ray assay Laboratories Limited

Experiments rere perforned using the sLor'JPoKE II reactor

to determine the feasibility of analysing a vartery of el4ents

of interest to qeologists. Of prine conceh -as the counting

times lequired far tbe analysis ard the accuracy and reproduc-

ib i t i t y o f resur t ! .

Stardard N&A technlques do not l)eifrit the ac.urate

determinatton of the noble netals on snaff safrpfe sizes becaDse

of €anp le inhorogen ie ty . t i re - - "s -y rechn jqLes \ i /e bee- us .d

to pleconcentlate the goldr plalinun, and patladiu floh a farge

sdple size into a silver bead. The gold. platinm and palladiu

in these beads can then be deterhined by rN!-\ techniques.

sone o f the ra re ear th e lenents , u , Th , Ta . co , sc , sb ,

c r , as .nd sone hav- b4 . ' d6 l6 -min6d insa lmen la l l l ,

o! hany diffelent rock types vith counting times nor exceeding

1000 seconds, and with detection linits and accuracies much

nesearch in conjunction vith frininq comlanies is currently

underRay on ehe detection of 9o1d in orqanic naterialr \,ritbou!

chdical separation,

These and other projects are curlently unde! invesliqation

and once the techniques are developed will be used on a rouline

ATMOSPHERIC SERVIC'' S DISPIRSIONDIVISION REI-\T'D

I 9 7 . t n e c h e n i c a c o n P o s i L i o n o ' i h o s p h e r c

larticulate natter and deposited larticutateinves- ,9 . 'ed a lound on A-be td o i l sands

with the aid of neutron activatio! aralysis conducted at

a iesutt, elenents of predominantly a.thropogenrc

o l iq in ue le -oe t Fd and . \e depoq ' - 'o l pd l le .n o ser€n

dif ferent elenents uere determined.

2. A study of dry delosition of suspe.ded particutate

natter to valious artificia] collectols was condu.ted iith the

aid of siovlPoKt anafyses in Autmn 1973 at tqo sites in northerr_ o r o n r o . s i z e d i s E ! i b u E i o n s o v . t o u s - I e ' e n t - i b . r ' i c u t - - e

detelmined andr toqether with neasulefrents of- 4 r 6 n l . l a m b i e n . d J d d e p o s r c i o n i d r - s , u e r e u s e d

the co l lec to ls , S tud ies o f th is k ind are necessary

il we are to measule the input of ehemical conslituents to eco-

systens during non-precipitatior Periods

3. rn earry 1973 a snow chenistry survey uas conductea around

an oil extraction p1a.t in Alberta. Bolh soluble and insoluble

metat concentlations {e!e determined using S!Ol'JrO(t. As a lesult

the fate of valious chenical constituents qitted b1' the extlaction

opera t ion aas quant i ta t iwe ly assessed.

( 3 4 )

EDUCATIONAI

Departnent of chemical Engineering and aPplied chemistrv

1 Underqraduate labora tor ies

A coDtinued use uas nade of the facilities fo! the

laboratoly sectio. of chemical engineerinq course cll! 427s,-nLrodD^L ion FA. ns , lh jch rs oec iq -ed .o

introdDce chsicaf and frechanical engineers to tbe fqdanenlals

o l n u . r " " ! e n g r n e e - n q . a ' l . d d r ' o n s o t s c p l e o - r a i r i n g

concentrations -of was folfoead by pulse height

The reactor was used to prePare !nospho!us-32 and thalliun-

204 soulces for caribration of inst.uertation used in the studies

on ladon and rador dauqhters, with potertial appli.alibn to safetv

i r . i r . . {1 ) {s l le rv isor Pro fessor c .R. ph i l l i ps ) .

The leactor was also used to detelmine uranim content of

extracted ]iquors obtained in expelinenls !o assess the efficien

cies of several nev leacning agents fo! use in a lraniun plocess-

i n q p l a n t , , r s ' p e ' / 3 o ' s : P - o f e s s o ! s D , c ,

other undergladuate studies are covered elsewhere in this

3. Graduate

2 , Undergraduate Thes is s tud ies

rn cooperation eith the Faculty of Medicine, the course

cHt 1306, Radiological Health, {as contirued. Medicat gla'luates

took part in a laboratory involving activation and pufse heisht

( 8 s )

analysis, This course is now being

occupationaf Health Plogld.

incolloraled in the broader

1 .

2-

!r. xaeaji, "cobceptual Design of an Instan! wolktng l,eveli4eter fo! Measurehent of Radon Daughle! !,rolkinq levefsin the ulanim Mine Envilonnent", 9.4. sc. Thesis, universityo f ro ronro (1973) .

K.!. so, iThe Recovery of uranim by solven! Extraction",B.A. sc. rhe,sis. university of Toronto (1973).