Stone tools for metalworking

Sonderdruck aus:

Beiträge zur Ur- und FrühgeschichteMitteleuropas 74

From Copper to Bronze

Cultural and Social Transformations at the Turn

of the 3rd/2nd Millennia B.C. in Central Europe

gewidmet

PhDr. Václav Moucha, CSc.

anlässlich seines 80. Geburtstages

herausgegeben von

Martin Bartelheim, Jaroslav Peška, Jan Turek

BEIER & BERAN. ARCHÄOLOGISCHE FACHLITERATURLANGENWEISSBACH 2013

39,00 EUR, ISBN 978-3-941171-94-7

Inhalt

Laudatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Schriftenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8

Jan Turek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–23Echoes and Traditions of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon

Jozef Bátora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–34Metal founders’ graves at the End of Aeneolithic and in the Early Bronze Age in Central and Eastern Europe

Jan Bouzek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–39Metallwerte in der Frühbronzezeit im Nahen Osten und in Europa und die Frage der Gewichtseinheiten

Erik Drenth, Mechthild Freudenberg, Bertil van Os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41–51Prehistoric stone tools for metal-working from the Netherlands: an overview

Petr Krištuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53–61Der Wandelvon Grabhügelbestattungen an der Wende des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends vor Chr. in der Tschechischen Republik

Ondřej Švejcar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–75Gegenseitige Beziehung der äneolithischen und Aunjetitzer Gräberfelder in Böhmen

Martin Bartelheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77–83Ressourcennutzung in der Aunjetitzer Kultur Böhmens

Jaroslav Peška . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85–104Kultureinflüsse und Kontakte Ostmährens am Anfang der Bronzezeit

Jacek Górski, Paweł Jarosz, Krzysztof Tunia, Stanisław Wilk, Piotr Włodarczak . . . . . . . . 105–118New evidence on the absolute chronology of the early Mierzanowice culture in south-eastern Poland

Sławomir Kadrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119–128Settlement agglomerations of the Mierzanowice culture in South-Eastern Poland – new discoveries

Mária Novotná . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129–138Bronze und ihre Verwendung in der älteren Bronzezeit in der Slowakei

Christoph Blesl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139–145Kupferzeitliche und früh- bis mittelbronzezeitliche Fundstellen im Unteren Traisental – aktuelle Forschungen

Ernst Lauermann, Ernst Pernicka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147–164Die frühbronzezeitlichen Barrendepotfunde aus Kilb, VB Melk und Obermarkersdorf, VB Hollabrunn Niederösterreich

Václav Furmánek, Peter Mišík, Peter Tóth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–170Decoration Technology of the Bronze Axe-hammer from Petrova Ves

Ondřej Chvojka, Jiří Fröhlich, Jan John, Jan Michálek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–183Frühbronzezeitliche Kugelkopfnadeln mit durchlochtem Kopf aus Südböhmen

Michal Ernée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185–190Einige Bemerkungen zu einem frühbronzezeitlichen Nadeltyp

41

stone and presumably a whetstone) it includes a copper awl, two bell beakers, a stone bracer, a flint axe and flint arrowheads. The second complex, originating from Soesterberg, consists of stone metal-working tools (an anvil and two hammerstones), two boar’s tusks, a stone bracer and sherds of a ‘pot decorated with stripes and lines’ (Fig. 2). This vessel is in all likelihood a bell beaker (cf. Butler & Van der Waals 1966, 132).

The recent stone metal-working implements discovered in the Netherlands mostly support Butler & Van der Waals’ chronological ideas or are at the very least not conflicting, as the more detailed assessment below shows.

An excavation at Hengelo-Elderinkweg exposed a pit containing two cushion-stones and a hammerstone that were accompanied, amongst other things by two arrowshaft smoothers and a Fels-Rechteckbeil (Fig. 3). The association points in the direction of the Bell Beaker Culture. The 14C-date of 3755 ± 40 BP (Ua-36482) obtained from charcoal coming from a pit intersected by the one with the afore-mentioned items seems to support this theory. The 14C-date gives there-fore a terminus post quem for the stone tools.

A cushion-stone and a hammerstone discov-ered near Eext as surface finds, lying c. 1m from one another, amidst a concentration (c. 75 x 50 m) of mainly flint artefacts (Fig. 4). Several of these objects may be attributed to the Bell Beaker Cul-ture: a barbed and tanged arrowhead, a knife with flat retouch, two Scandinavian type dagger fragments (subtype indet.) and a complete, heav-ily worn Scandinavian type dagger of subtype I.

In Ede-Manen an amateur-archaeologist unearthed a cushion-stone, iron slags and a whetstone from a pit (Fig. 5). The feature is most probably part of a Roman Iron Age settle-ment. Due to the fact that the site also yielded a few bell beaker sherds we may assume that the cushion-stone was recovered from a secondary

IntroductionOne of the papers by V. Moucha (1989) lists and discusses stone tools for metal-working, in particular hammering, from Bohemia and Moravia in (presumably) Bell Beaker times. We have therefore decided to mark his 80th anni-versary by presenting here a concise overview with respect to similar objects from the Nether-lands. It is almost fifty years since Butler & Van der Waals (1966) published their pioneering research about this topic. They drew attention to, on the one hand sofa cushion-shaped stones

– for which they coined the appropriate term ‘cushion-stones’ – and on the other hammer-stones. Generally speaking, their function was said to have been that respectively of the anvil and hammer in metal-working.

The present contribution aims to be a concise update of the work by Butler & Van der Waals, as several new discoveries have been made since the publication of their article. Accordin-gly, it summarises the current state of affairs with regard to dating, geographical distribution and context respectively. Subsequently the func-tion of the implements under consideration is addressed, particularly the occurrence of metal traces. The next section is about the raw material, including a brief discussion about the concept of itinerant smiths from a petrological viewpoint. A catalogue of stone tools for metal-working from the Netherlands then completes this paper.

DatingIn 1966 Butler & Van der Waals argued that the stone metal-working tools from the Netherlands date to the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker Culture (c. 2400–1900 BC). Two assemblages are the corner-stones of their hypothesis. The first one is a grave inventory from a barrow at Lunteren-estate ‘de Valk’ (Fig. 1). Apart from stone implements for metal-working (two cushion-stones, a hammer-

BUFM 74, Drenth, Freudenberg, van Os, „Stone tools for metal-working“, 41–51

Prehistoric stone tools for metal-working from the Netherlands: an overview

Erik Drenth, Mechtild Freudenberg, Bertil van Os


archaeological context and suggests re-use c. two thousand years after its manufacture. One side of the once polished stone is damaged heav-ily, presumably by rough handling during the Roman Iron Age.

One of the artefacts cannot be provenanced more accurately than to probably from the south-ern part of the Wieringermeer, a district in the northwest of the Netherlands (Fig. 6). Unfortu-

Fig. 1. Stone implements from a Bell Beaker grave at Lunteren-estate ‘de Valk’: a-c metal-working implements for hammering and d) a whetstone, presumably also for metal-working. Photographs M. Freudenberg.

Fig. 2. A cushion-stone (a) and two hammerstones (b and c) from a Bell Beaker grave or hoard found at Soesterberg. The coin is 1 euro cent. Photographs M. Freudenberg.

a b

c d

a b

c


Fig. 3. Two cushion-stones (a and b), a hammerstone (c) and a whetstone (d) from a hoard found at Hengelo-Elderinkweg. Photographs M. Freudenberg and C. Jahnke (b).

Fig. 4. A cushion-stone (a) and a hammerstone (b) found near Eext. Photographs M. Freudenberg.

a b

dc

a b


tal row of oblique impressions may well repre-sent the Single Grave Culture (c. 2800–2400 BC).

In conclusion, cushion-stones and hammer-stones in the Netherlands seem to be exclusive

nately we have no information about the circum-stances in which this cushion-stone was found.

Lastly, a cushion-stone from Ermelo-Erme-lose Heide, recovered from the surface of a sand drift (Fig. 7). Around it, within a circle with a radius of c. 10 m, several pottery fragments and flint artefacts were also collected. Though they are not conclusive about the stone metal-working tool’s age, they do provide a hint. The majority of the sherds are datable to the Early Bronze Age (c. 1900–1600 BC). One pottery fragment stems from a bell beaker. Moreover, a sherd with a horizon-

Fig. 5. A cushion-stone from Ede-Manen. Drawing R. Timmermans.

Fig. 6. A cushion-stone from probably the southern part of the Wieringermeer. The coin is 1 euro cent. Photograph M. Freudenberg.

Fig. 7. A cushion-stone from Ermelo-Ermelose Heide. Length c. 7.2 cm. Photograph M. Freudenberg.


witness to metal-working by the NE Dutch/NW German Bell Beaker group. This hoard was, however, found close to the ‘territory’ of the central Dutch Bell Beaker group and territorial borders were perhaps not as fixed at Bell Beaker times as suggested by Fig. 9.

ContextIt seems that stone metal-working tools were not restricted to a specific kind of context. As grave goods they accompanied the deceased in bar-rows, as evidenced by the site Lunteren-estate ‘de Valk’.

The assemblage from Soesterberg is consid-ered by Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 132) as being grave goods, although they dare not say whether it comes from a burial mound or a flat grave underneath a tumulus. Alternatively, it may well be a hoard, as the objects in question are said to have been covered by a stone c. 1 m across. Parallels among the c. 145 known Dutch Bell Beaker flat graves and barrows are absent, with the exception of a burial at Drie-Drieërhul, province of Gelderland (Drenth & Hogestijn 2007, 119). Furthermore, the site of Hengelo-Elderinkweg should be mentioned in this con-text. There, a hoard with two cushion-stones and a hammerstone were recovered. In a pit with a length of c. 1 m and a maximum width of 0.5 m 23 stones had been deposited. A large whet-stone or quern had been placed on top of sev-eral other stone objects, presumably to protect them. From the field documentation, it seems that the (main) working surface of the smaller whetstones was facing downwards. This too indicates a specific arrangement of the stones (in order to prevent them from getting damaged?).

or at the very least mainly confined to within the Bell Beaker Culture. The possibility of excep-tions to this rule is not so much due to Dutch finds but rather due to older and younger exam-ples discovered elsewhere in Europe (see in this connection Armbruster 2010; Bátora 2002). The next section will show that our conclusion about Dutch finds, based on associations with artefacts, is further supported by the spatial distribution of cushion-stones and hammerstones.

Geographical distributionNew discoveries have not changed the overall picture of cushion-stones and hammerstones concentrating spatially in the central Nether-lands as noted by Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 63) (Fig. 8). This distribution pattern and the above-mentioned assemblages from Lunteren-estate ‘de Valk’ and Soesterberg were reason enough for them to link stone metal-working tools, including stray finds, to a regional branch of the Bell Beaker Culture: the Veluwe Bell Beaker group, named after the characteristic bell beaker of Veluwe type (or simply Veluwe bell beaker). Figure 9 shows the distribution area of the central Dutch Bell Beaker group, as Lanting (2007/2008) has labelled this group. Adjacent to the east, a second regional group is found, the northeast Dutch/northwest German Bell Beaker group. In Butler & Van der Waals’ monographic paper from the 1960s its territory is devoid of stone metal-working tools.

This suggests that no smiths lived among the members of this Bell Beaker group. The cushion-stone and hammerstone found near Eext in the 1980s indicate however otherwise. Perhaps the hoard from Hengelo-Elderinkweg is also a silent

Fig. 8. Distribution of the sites with cushion-stones and hammerstones from the Netherlands. The numbers correspond to those in the catalogue. Drawing M. Freudenberg.


prestigious and status enhancing. As already commented upon by Freudenberg (2009, 356) it remains to be seen which of the two is more plau-sible. She has pointed out that if the deceased have been equipped with an incomplete set of stone metal-working implements this does not necessarily exclude a smith’s burial. These grave gifts may be a pars pro toto.

FunctionTo substantiate their claim that these items served as an anvil or a hammering tool in metal-working, Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 72) had several stones examined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrography at the Oxford Labo-ratory for Archaeology and the History of Art and the Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry of the State University of Groningen. None of the investigations resulted however in the discovery of metal traces. Unfortunately, their publication does not report explicitly which objects exactly were analysed. Reading between the lines one may conclude that it was (all the?) objects from Lunteren and Soesterberg.

Neither was metal residue found attached to the cushion-stone from Ermelo-Ermelose Heide and the specimen with as provenance ‘probably

Apparently the items were placed in an organic container prior to their insertion into the ground. None of the stones was resting on the pit’s bot-tom. The underside of the lowermost stones was separated from it by a few cm thick layer of soil. Presumably the Hengelo-Elderinkweg hoard represents an isolated feature. The excavation of its immediate surroundings produced neither contemporary vestiges of habitation nor those of funerary practices.

Though the present dataset does not include unequivocal examples of settlement finds, such an origin may nevertheless be suspected, espe-cially in the cases of Eext and Ermelo-Ermelose Heide.

To conclude this section, we would like to touch briefly upon the meaning of graves with stone metal-working implements at Bell Beaker times. Some scholars like Butler & Van der Waals (1966) and Bátora (2002) have interpreted such burials as the resting places of actual smiths. An alternative explanation is proposed by Turek (2004, 151). Rather than the actual toolkit of interred craftsmen he suggests the objects in question may be symbols of power indicating an exclusive social position, as it is suggested that metallurgy (including the access to metal) was

Fig. 9. Distribution of the two regional branches of the Bell Beaker Culture in the Netherlands and the adja-cent German region; 1 = NE Dutch/NW German Bell Beaker group; 2 = central Dutch Bell Beaker group; 3 = distribution area of bell beakers decorated with one or two metopes belonging to the Saxon-Thuringian group, including the Ober-Olm type. After Lanting 2007/2008.


stone originating from the southern half of the Wieringermeer, amphibolite was chosen.

None of the Dutch finds has definitely an exotic origin, i. e. is of a stone type that has no native occurrences. This can be underpinned by the following citation from Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 71) about Zement-Quarzit (cf. Zand-stra 1946):

“As a rock it occurs native in the Ardennes and the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge and it is found as erratics in the basins of the Meuse and the Rhine. On the Veluwe these erratics are by no means rare, so that it is difficult to say whether the stone for the tools was specially imported for the purpose or was found locally.”

Similarly, amphibolite, basalt, dolerite, hälle-flinta, quartzite and siltstone are known from the Netherlands as erratics, mainly brought here by large rivers such as the Meuse and the Rhine and the Saalian land ice (e. g. Van der Lijn 1986; Van Straaten 1946). In none of the cases the natural occurrence is restricted to a specific part of the country, though hälleflinta can only be found in the northern and central parts of the country (Van der Lijn 1986, 159–160).

Lastly, we will dwell briefly upon the con-cept of itinerant smiths during Bell Beaker times (see in this connection Neipert 2006). The raw material used for the cushion-stones and ham-merstones from the Netherlands does not seem to support this idea. Or we should rather say that the petrological evidence does not attest to smiths travelling over long distances, f. e. from the Iberian Peninsula or the Czech Republic to the Netherlands. All the more since the cushion-stones and hammerstones may be regarded to have been curated, given the time and energy it takes to produce them. About 80 hours were needed by Mr H. Paulsen (at the time Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany) to copy a cushion-stone, measuring 10 x 9,5 x 6,8 cm and weighing 2024 g; the replica served as an anvil in experi-ments about which Freudenberg (2009) reported. In particular the polishing requires a great deal of investment. Polished faces and sides have the advantage over uneven stone surfaces that they leave behind less scratches, pits etc. on the sur-face of the work piece during hammering. The subsequent smoothening and polishing is thus made easier and less metal is lost during the rest of the process.

AcknowledgementsThe present overview could not have been accomplished without the help of several per-sons. That is why we would like to thank drs. L Amkreutz (Rijkmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden), Mr G. Holtrop (Borger), Mr H. van der Meij (Hoogwoud), drs. E. van der Velde

southern half of the Wieringermeer’. X-ray fluo-rescence analysis was used as a detecting method. The sampled spots were measured using a hand held XRF Thermo Scientific Niton XL3t device with GOLDD detector equipped with a silver anode operating at a maximum of 50kV and 40uA. This device is well suited for the measurement of up to 25 elements simultaneously in the analyti-cal range between magnesium (atomic number 12) and uranium (atomic number 92). Light ele-ments (magnesium, aluminium, silica and phos-phorous) were measured using a helium purge. The samples were measured in bulk mode (min-ing program). The device was factory calibrated and further soil standards were also measured.

Six items from Hengelo-Elderinkweg were subjected to neutron activation analysis (Per-nicka in: Drenth et. alii 2009). Copper and gold traces were identified on the two cushion-stones and a whetstone (all depicted in Fig. 3). The negative outcome with respect to the also exam-ined hammerstone is probably due to weather-ing, like in the other negative instances men-tioned here. Experiments with replicas of stone metal-working tools show that metal is rather left behind on hammerstones than on cushion-stones (Freudenberg 2009).

Raw material and the concept of itinerant smithsSeven of the nine metal-working tools listed by Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 71) are manufac-tured from quartzite of a specific type: Zement-Quarzit. In addition, there are a cushion-stone in ordinary quartzite and a hammerstone made of greywacke. The preference for Zement-Quarzit is linked by due to its extreme toughness and heat-resisting qualities, making it a well-suited mate-rial for the production of anvils and hammers for metal-working.

It is also noteworthy that none of the metal-working tools that have been identified since But-ler & Van der Waals’ treatise consists of Zement-Quarzit. Half of these eight items are, however, of a closely related kind of raw material: quartz-ite or siltstone1. The other four metal-working tools show more variation. The hammerstone from the hoard at Hengelo-Elderinkweg is made of hälleflinta. Of the associated cushion-stones one is in diabase or dolerite, the other in doler-ite or basalt. For the production of the cushion-

1 It should be noted that the petrological determi-nations of the items found since 1966 were all done by naked eye or with a magnifying glass (magnification 10 x at most). We suspect the same in the case of the remain-der, though Butler & Van der Waals’ paper is not clear on this point.


Roman Iron Age. A few bell beaker sherds were discovered as well.

3) Ermelo-Ermelose Heide, gemeente Ermelo, prov-ince of Gelderland (Metz 1975).

In May 1970 Mr A. Huigen found a fragment of a cushion-stone, made of fine-grained (grain size c. 60 µ) quartzite (or, to use another term, siltstone) in a sand drift on the Ermel-ose Heide (a heathland) alongside the road from Uddel to Harderwijk. Alongside the cushion-stone within a circle with a radius of about 10 m Mr Huigen collected several pot-tery sherds and flint artefacts. The majority of the decorated sherds, among them speci-mens with barbed wire decoration, can be attributed to the Early Bronze Age, but there is also one decorated sherd of a bell beaker. Moreover, a sherd with a horizontal row of oblique impressions may be of Single Grave Culture age. Though there were copper col-oured traces to be seen with a microscope (50-times magnified) no relevant metal traces were detected by XRF analyses (Fig. 10). They all showed similar results for the stone con-firming the quartzitic nature. The stone con-sist mainly of SiO2 with only minor traces of feldspars or rock fragments, as derived from the aluminum and potassium content. No traces of copper, zinc, tin, lead or gold could be found on the surface of the stone, sug-gesting that the stone was not used for metal working. However, postdepositional pro-cesses could have erased any of those traces, as the stones were deposited in drift sand deposits. Percolating rainwater has an acidic nature that could have easily dissolved any metal traces left on the stones.

4) Hengelo-Elderinkweg, gemeente Bronckhorst, province of Gelderland (Drenth et alii 2009; Drenth & Williams 2011). Here, a pit measur-ing c. 1 m and 0.5 m at most, with 23 stones were discovered during an excavation in 2007 by the archaeological company ADC Archeo-Projecten. They include amongst other things three complete metal-working tools: two cushion-stones, one in basalt or dolerite, the other in diabase or dolerite, and a hammer-stone in hälleflinta. The remainder comprises whet- or grinding stones, a large whetstone or quern, hammers-stones, two arrowshaft smoothers, a Fels-Rechteckbeil, a rubbing stone and stones with no macroscopical traces of modification or use. The pit containing the stones intersected another pit. Charcoal from the latter was 14C-dated to 3755 ± 40 BP (Ua-36482). The 14C-date is therefore a terminus post quem for the stone tools in question. Six implements were subjected to a photo optical analysis with a stereo microscope. The found

(Museum Nairac, Barneveld) and Mr E. Zuur-deeg (Ede). Last but not least, we are grateful to G. L. Williams, M. A. for expertly correcting the English.

CatalogueFor practical reasons the present catalogue is only a general outline with respect to the stone metal-working tools related to hammering found in the Netherlands; the first two authors are planning to present these implements in more detail elsewhere.

1) Eext, gemeente Aa en Hunze, province of Dren-the (Drenth & Freudenberg 2009). A cush-ion-stone and a hammerstone, both made of quartzite, were found by the amateur-archae-ologist Mr G. Holtrop in a field SSW of Eext in the 1980s. The items were discovered amidst a concentration (c. 75 x 50 m) of archaeological remains (mainly flint artefacts). Among the objects found here was a barbed and tanged arrowhead; the tang and barbs are more or less of equal length. Among the finds are fur-thermore a knife with flat retouch and two Scandinavian type dagger fragments. Unfor-tunately the subtype cannot be determined in the latter case. The site has also yielded a complete, heavily used Scandinavian dagger of type I.

2) Ede-Manen, gemeente Ede, province of Gelder-land (hitherto unpublished). A cushion-stone recovered from a small pit (25–35 cm across) by the amateur-archaeologist Mr E. Zuur-deeg in 1976. The quartzite stone metal-working implements were accompanied by a whetstone and iron slags. Presumably the object in question was therefore found in a secondary archaeological context, as the site has yielded first and foremost relicts from the

Fig. 10. Copper coloured metal (?) traces on the cushion-stone from Ermelo-Ermelose Heide. Photo-graph M. Freudenberg.


132–133, Figs. 14–15, 44). It concerns a dis-covery made in the summer of 1942 by Mr K. Drenth during the construction of a railway track for the Luftwaffe at the military airfield at Soesterberg. According to the finder the find was lying at c. 1.25 m underneath a stone with a diameter of c. 1 m. The large stone itself came to light underneath a c. 10–12 m high sand hill, which was possibly a (sub-)recent dune, as numerous examples can be found in this area. The finds include three stone metal-working tools (one cushion-stone ad two hammerstones, one of them manufac-tured from a broken Fels-Ovalbeil; the arte-facts without exception in Zement-Quarzit), two boar’s tusks without traces of working, a stone bracer, a lump of granite displaying no traces of human working (according to But-ler & Van der Waals (1966, 133) probably not belonging to the original deposit) and sherds of a “pot decorated with stripes and lines” (in the opinion of the afore-mentioned schol-ars no doubt a bell beaker (1966, 132). Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 132) hold the view that the find under consideration represents a grave of the Bell Beaker Culture, with the remark: “… whether a flatgrave or a grave under a tumulus can no longer be estab-lished...”. To underpin their assertion refer-ence is made to the location of the find spot and the presence of barrows in the surround-ing area. The find spot must have been lying exactly on the crest of the Soesterberg sand ridge, a slight arc, stretching over 7 km from east to west. Both on its central and eastern-most part Neolithic and Bronze Age barrows have been erected, some of which have been investigated. The metal-working stones or a selection of them were examined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrography (see above), with no positive results.

8) Speuld, gemeente Ermelo, province of Gelderland (Butler & Van der Waals 1966, 133–134 and Figs 15–16). A cushion-stone of Zement-Quar-zit was found by the amateur-archaeologist Mr J. Bezaan (Fig. 11). No further information is available at this time.

9) Probably Wieringermeer (southern part), province of Noord-Holland, exact provenance unknown (hitherto unpublished). The implement was acquired by Mr H. van der Meij from the finder Mr L. van der Bel. No information available with regard to provenance, context and associations. No relevant metal traces were detected by XRF analyses.

PostsciptAfter having finished this paper, the authors dis-covered that another stone metal-working tool

traces were interpreted as indicators of prehis-toric metal-working. In the case of both cush-ion-stones and a small grinding stone traces of copper and gold were found. The latter object displays a small circular depression, the func-tion of which still eludes us (Fig. 3d). Probes were further analysed with neutron activa-tion analysis. The following analysis with a scanning electron microscope gave no results. The outcomes for the other three objects, the hammerstone and two grinding stones, are negative. Presumably the Hengelo-Elderink-weg hoard represents an isolated feature. The excavation of its immediate surroundings produced neither contemporary vestiges of habitation nor those of funerary practices.

5) Lunteren-estate ‘de Valk’, gemeente Ede, prov-ince of Gelderland (Butler & Van der Waals 1966, 68, 72, 105, 125, 127, 129–131 and Figs. 11–13 and 44). When investigating the south-ernmost of two barrows on the estate ‘de Valk’ Mr H. Ruyter hit upon a bell beaker and other associated antiquities. In addition, he also ‘found’ in the burial barrow several faked vessels. Dr F. C. Bursch, thereupon, conducted a regular excavation in August 1939, during which he hit upon several genu-ine grave goods of the Bell Beaker Culture. Three graves, numbered 1–3, lying within a ring ditch, came to light. The smallest one, no. 3, devoid of grave gifts, intersected one the larger graves (no. 2). Grave no. 1 was so wide that Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 127) consider it as possibly a double grave. This hypothesis cannot be tested with the help of human remains. No traces whatsoever had been preserved, what comes as no surprise. The find spot was on acid sandy soil. Butler & Van der Waals (1966, 127) argue that grave 1 was probably older than grave 2, but equally valid is the assumption they were contem-porary. Apart from two cushion-stones and a hammerstone, all in Zement-Quarzit, grave 1 encompassed a whet- or grinding stone, flint arrowheads, a flint axe, a stone bracer, a copper awl and two bell beakers. The metal-working-stones (including the whet- or grinding stone) or a selection of them were examined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrography (see above), however with no positive results.

6) Roekel-Roekelse Bos, gemeente Ede, province of Gelderland (Butler & Van der Waals 1966, 133 and Figs 15–16). This cushion-stone in Zement-Quarzit was excavated by Dr L. J. F. Janssen in July 1855. It came to light at a depth of two feet under the surface.

7) Soesterberg, gemeente Soest, province of Utrecht (Butler & Van der Waals 1966, 63, 68, 71–2,


Drenth & Hogestijn 2007 – E. Drenth & J. W. H. Hogestijn, Bekers voor Bakker. Nieuwe ideeën over de oorsprong en ontwikkeling van klokbekers in Nederland. In: J. H. F. Bloe-mers (ed.), Tussen D26 en P14: Jan Albert Bakker 65 jaar (Amsterdam 2007) 33–146.

Drenth & Williams 2011 – E. Drenth & G. L. Wil-liams, Het geheim van de smid? Een opmer-kelijk depot van de Klokbekercultuur uit Hengelo (Gld.). In: H. M. van der Velde, N. L. Jaspers, E. Drenth & H. B. G. Scholte Lubberink (eds.), Van graven in de prehisto-rie en dingen die voorbijgaan. Studies aange-boden aan Eric Lohof bij zijn pensionering in de archeologie (Leiden 2011) 87–113.

Freudenberg 2009 – M. Freudenberg, Steingeräte zur Metallbearbeitung – Einige neue Aspekte zum spätneolithischen und frühbronzezeit-lichen Metallhandwerk vor dem Hinter grund des schleswig-holsteinischen Fundmaterials. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 39–3, 2009, 341–359.

Metz 1975 – W. H. Metz, Een stenen metaalbe-werkingsinstrument uit Ermelo. Westerheem XXIV, 1975, 91–100.

Moucha 1989 – V. Moucha, Böhmen am Ausklang des Äneolithikums und am Anfang der Bronzezeit. In: M. Buchvaldek & E. Pleslová-Štiková (eds.), Das Äneolithikum und die früheste Bronzezeit (C14 3000–2000 b.c.) in Mitteleuropa: kulturelle und chronologis-che Beziehungen. Praehistorica, XV (Prague 1989), 213–218.

Lanting 2007/2008 – J. N. Lanting, De NO-Nederlandse/NW-Duitse klokbekergroep: culturele achtergrond, typologie van het aardewerk, datering, verspreiding en grafrit-ueel. Palaeohistoria 49/50, 2007/2008, 11–326.

Lijn 1986 – P. van der Lijn (7th edition), Het Keienboek. Mineralen, gesteenten en fossie-len in Nederland (Zutphen 1986).

Neipert 2006 – M. Neipert, Der >Wanderhandwer-ker<. Archäologisch-ethnographische Unter - suchungen. Tübinger Texte. Materialien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie, 6 (Rahden/Westf. 2006).

Turek 2004 – J. Turek, Craft symbolism in the Bell Beaker burial customs. Resources, pro-duction and social structure at the end of Eneolithic period. In: M. Besse & J. Desideri (eds.), Graves and Funerary Rituals during the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age in Europe (2700–2000 BC). BAR International Series, 1284, (Oxford 2004) 147–156.

Van Straaten 1946 – L. M. J. U. van Straaten, Grind-onderzoek in Zuid-Limburg (Maastricht 1946).

has been found in the Netherlands. It concerns a cushion-stone from Oudemolen, gemeente Tynaarlo, province of Drenthe. The object is currently displayed in the recently renewed permanent exhibition of the Drents Museum at Assen. At present no details can be given about its intrinsic features and the context of the find, as the cushion-stone has yet to be studied.

ReferencesArmbruster 2010 – B. Armbruster, Lithic tech-

nology for Bronze Age metalworking. In: B. V. Eriksen (ed.), Lithic technology in metal using societies, Jutland Archaeological Soci-ety Publications, 67 (Højbjerg 2010) 9–22.

Bátora 2002 – J. Bátora, Contribution to the prob-lem of craftsmen graves at the End of Aeneo-lithic and in the Early Bronze Age in Cen-tral, Western and Eastern Europe. Slovenská Archeológia L-2, 2002, 179–228.

Butler & van der Waals 1966 – J. J. Butler & J. D. van der Waals, Bell Beakers and Early Metal-working in the Netherlands. Palaeohistoria XII, 1966, 41–139.

Drenth & Freudenberg 2009 – E. Drenth & M. Freu denberg, Een bijzondere ontdekking bij Eext: twee stenen voor metaalbewerking van de klokbekercultuur. Nieuwe Drentse Volks almanak 126, 2009, 161–167.

Drenth et alii 2009 – E. Drenth/M. Freuden berg/ S. Hartz, with a contribution by E. Pernicka, Een depot van stenen werktuigen afkomstig van een smid van de Klokbekercultuur? In: G. L. Williams, Van onder de es. Een arche-ologische opgraving aan de Elderinkweg te Hengelo, gemeente Bronckhorst. ADC Rap-port, 1576, (Amersfoort 2009) 42–87.

Fig. 11. A cushion-stone from Speuld. Coin= 1 euro cent. Photograph M. Freudenberg.


Dr. Bertil van OsRijksdienst voor het Cultureel ErfgoedSmalle Pad 5NL-3811 MG [email protected]

Drs. Erik DrenthTorenstraat 4NL-3811 DJ [email protected]

Dr. Mechtild FreudenbergArchäologisches LandesmuseumStiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische LandesmuseenSchloss GottorfD-24837 [email protected]

www.beier-beran.de Archäologische Fachliteratur Reihe "Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas"

Bd. 1: Die megalithischen, submegalithischen und pseudomegalithischen Bauten sowie die Menhire zwischen Ostsee

und Thüringer Wald. Von H.-J. Beier. 1991– vergriffen -

Bd. 2: Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Salzmünder Kultur im Jungneolithikum des Saalegebietes. Von J. Beran. 1993, 22,50 EUR

Bd. 3: Macht der Vergangenheit - Wer macht Vergangenheit. Archäologie und Politik. Hrsg. von S. Wolfram et al. 1993- vergriffen-

Bd. 4: Das Neolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet und in der Altmark. Eine Übersicht und ein Abriss zum Stand der Forschung. Hrsg. von

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Bd. 8: Studien zur reiternomadischen Kultur des 4. bis 5. Jahrhunderts. Von Bodo Anke. Bd. 8/1: Text. Bd. 8/2: Katalog und Tafeln. 1998,

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Bd.11: Die Bronze- und die vorrömische Eisenzeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Eine Übersicht und ein Abriss zum Stand der Forschung.

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Bd.13: Eine Holzstraße aus der Zeit um 1265 und weitere mittelalterliche Befunde vom Grundstück Schuhagen 1 in Greifswald. Von Cathrin

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Bd.14: Frühgeschichte der Landwirtschaft in Deutschland. Hrsg. von N. Benecke, P. Donat, E. Gringmuth-Dallmer, U. Willerding. 2003, 372

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Bd.36: Das Megalithsyndrom. Ein Phänomen des Neolithikums. Von Jürgen E. Walkowitz. 2004, Preis: 39,00 EUR, ISBN 3-930036-70-3

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