The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in Wadi el Obeiyid

From Lake to Sand

the archaeoLogy oF FaraFra oaSiS WeStern deSert, egypt

edited by

Barbara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini Mohamed A. Hamdan and Fekri A. Hassan

SApiEnzA UnivErSity oF roME DipArtiMEnto Di SciEnzE DELL’AnticHità

MiniStry oF AntiqUitiES – EGypt

Fr

om

La

ke

to

Sa

nd

edit

ed b

yB

ar

ba

ra

E.

Ba

ric

h,

Giu

lio

Lu

ca

rin

i M

oh

am

ed A

. H

am

da

n a

nd

Fek

ri

A.

Ha

ssa

n

From Lake to Sand


edited by



MiniStry oF AntiqUitiES – EGypt contributions by

Donatella BarcaBarbara E. BarichGiorgio BelluominiZbigniew M. BochenskiMario CappozzoLanfredo CastellettiMichela CottiniEmanuela CristianiAhmed G. FahmyMarina GallinaroMaria Carmela GattoAchiel GautierMohamed A. HamdanFekri A. HassanKazimierz Kowalski †Giulio LucariniAbdelmoneim A.MahmoudLuigia ManfraEmanuele MariottiItalo M. MuntoniGiuseppina MutriAugusto PalombiniGiacoma PetrulloBarbara Rzebik- KowalskaErhard SchulzNahla A. ShallalyZbigniew SzyndlarPhilip Van Peer

the volume presents all the data collected during the cycle of research conducted by the italian Archaeological Mission in the Farafra oasis between 1990 and 2005. the 29 multidisciplinary essays contained in this book provide a detailed picture of the population of the Farafra oasis, hitherto one of the least well known within the Western Desert. Farafra became particularly im-portant during the middle Holocene, the period when climate conditions were most favourable, with later brief humid episodes even in the historic periods. the results of the long-term research cycle presented here, combined with data from the survey of the whole Wadi el obeiyid still in progress, allow the authors to identify changes in the peopling of the oasis and to define various occupation phases. the new chronology for the Wadi el obeiyid is one of the main achievements of the book and, as demonstrated in the final chapter, is in complete agreement with the main cultural units of other territories in the Western Desert. on this chronological basis, the contacts between the latter and the populations established on the nile are brought into sharper focus.the importance of the archaeological documents discovered at Farafra and, at the same time their fragility due to the deterioration of the physical environment and the uncon-trolled human activities, make us fear for their conservation. We hope that this book, with its complete documentation of the precious nature of the Farafra oasis landscape and its archaeological heritage, may help to promote more effective policies for its safeguard.

Barbara E. Barich is Professor of Etnografia Preistorica dell’Africa, formerly at the Sapienza University of Rome, and member of the ISMEO, International Association for the Study of the Mediterranean and the East.

Giulio Lucarini is Marie Curie Senior Research Fellow at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, and member of the ISMEO, International Association for the Study of the Mediterranean and the East.

Mohamed A. Hamdan is Head of the Geology Department, and Professor of Geoarchaeology at the Cairo University.

Fekri A. Hassan is Professor at the Université Française d’Egypte, and Emeritus Petrie Professor at the University College London.

€ 60,00

ISBN 978-88-7814-520-7

Table of Contents

List of Contributors XI

List of Figures XII

List of Tables XX

Foreword XXII

Editorial note and Acknowledgments XXIII

InTroduCTIon

1 Farafra oasis and the Archaeological Project 3Barbara E. Barich

1 The land and the people 32 The Archaeological Project 93 Safeguarding the oasis: site preservation and protection 184 Conclusions 18

I – ArChAEoLogICAL And hISTorICAL FrAmEwork

2 hints at middle Stone Age occupation in the Farafra oasis 25Philip Van Peer

1 Introduction 252 The site near the mission’s Camp in hidden Valley 253 The hidden Valley Plateau Area 284 The Sheikh el obeiyid area 355 The Ain dalla road 366 Conclusion 37 Addendum by B E Barich 38

3 Early to mid holocene archaeology of the Egyptian western desert 39Barbara E. Barich

3 resuming land occupation in the early holocene 392 Early holocene archaeology at Farafra: the sites of Ain e-raml and Abu kasseb 413 The transition towards the mid holocene at nabta 474 occupation sites in the dakhla oasis 535 Conclusion 54

4 An oasis through time: integrating historical and archaeological sources on Farafra oasis since Pharaonic period to the present 55Mario Cappozzo, Augusto Palombini

1 From the origins to the new kingdom 552 The Ptolemaic and Late Period 573 From the middle Ages to the present 58

II – BEdroCk gEoLogy And gEomorPhoLogy

5 desert and oasis: geomorphology and geomorphic evolution 63Fekri A. Hassan, Mohamed A. Hamdan, Abdelmoneim A. Mahmoud

1 origins of the Farafra depression 632 Bedrock geology 633 Aeolian landforms 694 Playa sediments 705 Conclusion: depositional history and palaeoclimate 78

III – ThE wAdI EL oBEIyId PLAyA: EL-BAhr

6 Sedimentological characteristics and geomorphic evolution of the holocene playa of wadi el obeiyid 81Mohamed A. Hamdan

1 Introduction 812 Stratigraphy and sedimento logical characteristics 823 Early and middle holocene palaeo environmental and palaeoclimatic implications 904 Late holocene geomorphic evolution of wadi el obeiyid playa 91

7 The El-Bahr/wadi el obeiyid playa: its general setting and the main archaeological features 101Barbara E. Barich

1 Introduction 1012 Topography and archaeological features 1033 The mid holocene horizon: the main occupation phase 1064 Excavation at the Bh-90-5C sheltered site: the late occupation phase 1235 main typological and techno logical characteristics 1256 El-Bahr/El obeiyid playa: cli matic phases, chronology and compa risons 126

8 workshop activities: Site El-Bahr 2A 129Barbara E. Barich

1 Introduction 1292 The site 1293 The lithic assemblage 1314 discussion 139

9 Fieldwork in recent decades in the El-Bahr basin: hearths and human occupation 141Marina Gallinaro

1 Introduction 1412 The Steinplätze 1413 Excavated structures 1434 Spatial analyses 145

IV – hIddEn VALLEy In ThE wAdI EL oBEIyId

10 geology of the holocene playa sediments of hidden Valley, wadi el obeiyid, Farafra 151Mohamed A. Hamdan

1 Introduction 1512 methods of study 1513 Bedrock geology and geomorphology 1514 Lithostratigraphy 1545 Sedimentology of the holocene sediments 1636 depositional environment 1647 geological evolution of the hidden Valley playa 1648 Conclusion 165

11/1 hidden Valley: a 7000 year-old village in wadi el obeiyid 167Barbara E.Barich

1 Introduction – The archaeological investigation 1672 Stratigraphy and features 1693 The hidden Valley village: phases of occupation and contextual analysis 203

11/2 The excavated artefacts from hidden Valley village: 1990-2001 209Barbara E. Barich

1 Introduction 2092 Surface 2113 Layer I 2174 Layer II 2185 Layer IIA 2256 Layer III 2347 Layer IIIA 2428 Technological features: an overview from the examined sectors 243

11/3 The excavated artefacts from sectors B/4, d/2, E/1 at hidden Valley (2003 and 2005 field seasons) 251Giulio Lucarini

1 Introduction 2512 Surface 2513 Layer I 2554 Layer II 2555 Layer IIA 2566 Layer III 2607 Techno-typological and functional considerations 261

11/4 The bifacial products from hidden Valley and neighbouring areas in wadi el obeiyid 265Giulio Lucarini

1 The study area 2652 The bifacial collections 2673 The bifacial tradition of the wadi el obeiyid region 282

11/5 Large stone tools from the hidden Valley village and basin 285Giulio Lucarini

1 Introduction: materials and research methodology 2852 Technology and raw material 2873 The hidden Valley village assemblage 2884 The assemblage from the hidden Valley basin 294

11/6 ostrich eggshell products from hidden Valley village, Farafra oasis – Contributions from technological analysis 301Emanuela Cristiani

1 The archaeological context 3012 methodology and materials analysed 302

11/7 hearths of the hidden Valley area, Farafra oasis 307Marina Gallinaro

1 Introduction 3072 hearths in the main hidden Valley area 3083 hidden Valley 2 3104 discussion 310

11/8 Technological and functional approach to the bone artefacts from hidden Valley village, Farafra oasis 315Giacoma Petrullo

1 Introduction 3152 methodology 3153 Analysis of the archaeological artefacts 3194 Conclusion 320

11/9 The hidden Valley technological complex – An overview 321Barbara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini

1 Flaked stone production 3212 ground stone tools 3253 ostrich eggshell production 3264 Bone artefacts 3275 discussion: main points of comparison outside the Farafra depression 327

V – Food rESourCES AT hIddEn VALLEy

12 Plant food resources at hidden Valley, Farafra oasis 333Ahmed G. Fahmy

1 Introduction 3332 materials and methods 3343 results 3344 morphology of plant macro-remains 3365 Synthesis 3416 discussion and conclusions 342

13 Exploitation and management of wild grasses at hidden Valley, Farafra oasis 345Giulio Lucarini

1 Introduction 3452 Quantitative correlations between plant macro-remains and archaeological contexts 3463 Techniques for harvesting wild and domesticated Sorghum: an experimental programme 3504 Study of harvesting techniques at hidden Valley through experimental archaeology and functional

analysis 3575 Study of the archaeological sample collected at hidden Valley 3626 discussion: stone tools associated with harvesting activities in hidden Valley 3657 The use of sickles and other plant working tools in the Egyptian western desert and the nile Valley 366

14 Animal remains from the hidden Valley neolithic site, Farafra oasis 369Achiel Gautier

1 Introduction 3692 The animal groups encountered 3703 Fossil traces 3734 Taphonomic groups 3735 Palaeoeconomy and palaeo environment 3736 neolithic sheep and goat in the western desert 3737 Conclusion 374

VI – ThE wAdI EL oBEIyId CAVE 1 (FArAFrA CAVE)

15 The wadi el obeiyid Cave 1 – geological features 377Mohamed A. Hamdan, Fekri A. Hassan, Abdelmoneim A. Mahmoud

1 Introduction 3772 Cavern morphometry 3793 Cavern sediments 3814 Cave 1 speleothems dating and their palaeoclimatic implications 3835 Conclusion 384

16 The wadi el obeiyid Cave 1: the rock art archive 385Barbara E. Barich

1 Introduction 3852 Structural features 3853 wind-blown sand deposit 3864 rock art works 3875 Conclusion 395

Appendix I The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in wadi el obeiyid 406Giulio Lucarini, Emanuele Mariotti

Appendix II Vertebrate remains from wadi el obeiyid Cave 1, Farafra oasis 411Kazimierz Kowalski †, Zbigniew M. Bochenski, Barbara Rzebik-Kowalska, Zbigniew Szyndlar

1 Introduction 4112 The sample 4113 remarks on vertebrates taxa 4124 general remarks 414

Appendix III Pollen analysis on samples from wadi el obeiyid Cave 1 415Erhard Schulz

VII – ArChAEomETry And AnThrACoLogy

17 radiocarbon datings from Farafra oasis – Analysis and calibration 419Giorgio Belluomini, Luigia Manfra

18 Source of the prehistoric lithic artefacts and grindstones of wadi el obeiyid: petrographical and geochemical approach 427Mohamed A. Hamdan, Giuseppina Mutri, Donatella Barca, Nahla A. Shallaly

1 Introduction 4272 methodology 428

3 raw material geologic setting 4304 Petrography of raw materials 4335 Chemical composition of the geological and archaeological materials 4356 Provenance of the archaeological materials 4407 Conclusions 441

19 Archaeological and archaeometric data on the Farafra pottery 445Italo M. Muntoni, Maria Carmela Gatto

1 Introduction 4452 material and descriptive method 4453 The hidden Valley sample: geological description and sedimentary clay deposits 4454 Analytical methods 4485 The pottery and its archaeological context 4486 mineralogical and chemical analyses 4517 Archaeometric results 4568 discussion and conclusions 456

20 The hidden Valley, Farafra oasis: an anthracological study 459Michela Cottini, Lanfredo Castelletti

1 Introduction 4592 methodology 4593 results 4594 Identification and discussion of Tamarix and Acacia genera 4605 Conclusions 462

ConCLuSIon

21 Social dynamics in northern Farafra from the middle to late holocene: changing life under uncertainty 467Barbara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini

1 Palaeoclimate and human occupation 4672 The middle-late holocene sequence of the wadi el obeiyid 4703 movements and exchanges – Farafra in the context of the western desert of Egypt 481

rEFErEnCES 485

406

Appendix I

The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in Wadi el Obeiyid

GIulIO lucArInI, EmAnuElE mArIOTTI

1 The site had already been visited by tourists and briefly described by le Quellec (2010: 71-72) who visited the area not in the framework of our project.

A new rock art site, named the ‘Boats Arch’ and characterized by the presence of carved and painted figures was studied during the 2011 field campaign along the course of the Wadi el Obeiyid1.

The ‘Boats Arch’ is located in the lower section of the northern Plateau escarpment about 3.20 km southwest of Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 and 3.30

km southwest of the Hidden Valley village. It is an inselberg of Khoman chalk completely isolated from the main plateau (fig.16/AI.1). The area is sur-rounded by wind-blown sand with a vast playa sedi-ment about 1 Km to the south in the depression. The inselberg presents a singular elongated ‘hut’ shape, with the upper part resembling a double slope.

Fig. 16/AI.1. Farafra, Wadi el Obeiyid. Boats Arch site, panoramic view of the inselberg.

407

16. Appendix 1 The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in Wadi el Obeiyid

It reaches an average height of 10.5 m above the surrounding terrain. The upper part, the so-called ‘slopings’, constitutes the main portion of the visible structure, approximately 2/3, although the lower area is now partly covered by sand. The main axis runs north-south, whilst the inner cavity presents a east-west orientation with two opposing openings forming a sort of natural arch with the northern and southern walls converging on a dome-shaped ceiling.

Fig. 16/AI.2. Farafra, Wadi el Obeiyid. Boats Arch site, 3D model of the inselberg (by Emanuele mariotti).

The inselberg’s main axis measures 22.35 m, whilst the maximum width, at the point where it is crossed by the cavity, is 10.7 m. The central cavity is larger at the western opening, reaching a height of about 3.5 m, whilst the eastern opening is c. 2 m high. The total area occupied by the cavity is approximately 64 m². The rock art figures, on the southern wall of the cavity, cover an area of about 10 m². The floor of the cave, covered by a thick aeolian sand deposit,

408

Giulio Lucarini, Emanuele Mariotti

Fig. 16/AI.3. Farafra, Wadi el Obeiyid. Boats Arch site, one of the engraved boats.

also presents large fragments of chalk collapsed from the two walls.

A detailed survey of the interior and exterior of the cave was carried out by E. mariotti using a Leica TCR703 Total Station. A 3D model was also processed using a complete digital photogrammetric documentation of the cave taken with a nikon D40 digital camera (fig.16/AI.2). In future fieldwork seasons a complete high-definition photogrammetric mosaic of the depicted wall will be processed.

While the northern wall is completely undeco-rated, a rock-art panel is present on the south wall of the cave. It has six engraved and one painted figures (from east to west and top to bottom):

Parallel lines: three parallel lines, two of which converge at the lower end, are engraved on the upper western section of the wall.

Engraved boat (1): the boat is engraved on the western section of the wall (fig.16/AI.3). The hull (120 cm long and 12 cm thick) is represented by two parallel lines, the lower of which curves gently up towards the ends, almost meeting the upper line forming the lower parts of the boat’s prow and stern. The left part of the hull is depicted with diagonal lines, while the remainder is drawn with horizontal

lines. Short (7 cm) vertical lines are visible on top of the hull for its whole length. The upper parts of the prow and stern are represented by two diagonal lines (ca 50 cm long) starting from the hull and curving down diagonally for another 40 cm (on the right) and 50 cm (on the left).

Engraved scimitar-horned oryx (?): a possible scimitar-horned oryx (fig.16/AI.4, a) is engraved on the western edge of the wall, very close to the cave floor. The head, originally located on a fragment of wall which later collapsed, is now missing, but the body is still visible. It is 21 cm long and 6 cm wide, with the front leg measuring 15 cm and the back leg 21 cm. The tail is straight and horizontal, measuring 11 cm. The inner part of the body is depicted with a series of unpatterned vertical and horizontal lines closely reminiscent of the style of the animals engraved in the Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1. right above the missing head, there are two parallel curving lines that may represent the animals’ horns. Similar horned quadruped figures are also present in Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 (see Barich, this chapter).

A deeper and probably later rectangular engraving, positioned diagonally in relation to the oryx’s axis and measuring 30×7 cm, is also visible above the animal.

409

16. Appendix 1 The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in Wadi el Obeiyid

Fig. 16/AI.4. Farafra, Wadi el Obeiyid. Boats Arch site, engraved and painted figures. Key: a, engraved scimitar-horned oryx (?); b, hand outline painted with red ochre; c, engraved giraffe; d, engraved boat with missing ends.

Engraved giraffe: the giraffe (fig.16/AI.4, c) is engraved on the central eastern section of the wall. The body and neck are represented by two lines converging towards the small head, both measur-ing ca 40 cm. The two legs, depicted by two lines converging toward the lower part of the body, are quite thick in comparison to the rest of the animal

and are 19 cm long and 5 cm wide. The head is represented by a small engraved oval with two short lines for the horns. The body and legs present paral-lel diagonal stripes.

Engraved boat (2): the boat (fig.16/AI.4, d) is engraved in the central-eastern section of the wall. Both ends are missing since it is located between two

410

Giulio Lucarini, Emanuele Mariotti

substantial areas of wall which have collapsed onto the floor. The boat has a straight hull (13 cm wide) drawn with parallel diagonal lines and presenting a series of short (8 cm) parallel vertical lines on top of it. The prow and stern (ca 40 cm long) are repre-sented by two double lines, one straight and vertical and the second running diagonally to the left starting from the hull ends. From these, another two double lines (34 cm and 17 cm long) run downwards. One of them may represent the boat’s helm.

Engraved hull end: the missing right end of the boat described above was found on a large chalk fragment collapsed at the foot of the wall. It depicts the final section of the hull, again drawn with paral-lel diagonal lines. It is 25 cm long and 10 cm wide.

Painted hand: a painted hand (fig.16/AI.4, b) is visible on a collapsed block, measuring 70×60×40 cm, located at the eastern edge of the wall. The hand measures 23×18 cm. It is not of the same type found in the Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 or the Wadi Sura region, painted using the ‘stencil’ or negative technique. This item is clearly represented only in its outline, in red ochre, three nodules of which were found inside the cave. Some spots on the palm and along the fingers also show traces of red paint2.

A preliminary geoarchaeological study of the cave’s geomorphic setting, the lithological charac-teristics of the inner walls and post-depositional processes was also carried out by mohamed A. Hamdan. The recrystallization of new calcite crust and the growth of calcite crystals along the two engravings of boats, possible only under humid conditions, probably date them to the mid Holocene. The stylistic similarity between some engravings in the Boats Arch (especially the scimitar-horned oryx and the giraffe figure) and those in Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 suggests a comparable chronology for both contexts.

The presence of engraved boats along the course of the Wadi el Obeiyid strongly supports the inter-pretation of the schematic representation found in the Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 as a boat (Barich 1998c; Barich, this chapter); it consists of a long horizontal line with one raised end representing its hull and a sequence of parallel vertical engraved lines depicting the oars. Other possible parallels for the Boats Arch site rock art are the depictions identified by Fuchs (1989: fig.7) in the site ET-A/WB 2b along the Wadi

Barramiya in the Eastern Desert. The site presents boats and animals engraved in a geometric style partially resembling that of Farafra. On the basis of the dating system proposed by cervícek (1974: 98-199; 1978), the author has suggested that these images can be hypothetically dated to an early dy-nastic period (Fuchs 1989: 148). In a recent study, Döhl (2013: 200) describes the depictions of boats and animals found along the wadis of the Eastern Desert as prehistoric or Predynastic. As concerns the boat figures specifically, although some comparison can be drawn with the iconographical repertoire of the naqada II D wares, it must be pointed out, as also stressed by other authors (Döhl 2013: 195; Judd 2009: 79), that the differences between the rock art and the ceramic specimens indicate that the latter are a more recent development of the former.

representations of boats in the Egyptian Western Desert are rare in comparison to those along the course of the wadis connecting the nile valley with the red Sea in the Eastern Desert. In the Western Desert, in addition to the examples from Farafra, other representations of boats have been reported in Karkur et-Talh (le Quellec et al. 2005: fig.77) and in the Jebel uweinat (clayton et al. 2008: 133). The former is a crescent-shaped boat equipped with oars. The latter, geometrically depicted and characterized by the presence of mast and sail, has even been ten-tatively interpreted as a probable tethering line and post. The final example is reported 6 km south of the Djedefre Water mountain (morelli et al. 2006: 177, fig.2). The boat, with a stern higher that the prow and equipped with a central cabin and four rudder blades, closely resembles the later dynastic boats from an icononographical point of view.

considering the eighth millennium bp date ob-tained from Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 and the Hidden Valley village, we can assume an initial frequentation of the Boats Arch site during the mid Holocene. The boats engraved in the Wadi el Obeiyid cave 1 and Boats Arch may be the oldest representations of this kind of subject in Farafra or even in the whole Western Desert. A more accurate chronological framework for these rock art figures is undoubtedly one of the main aims of future field seasons. To this end, stratigraphic tests will be dug into the floor deposit, both inside and outside the cave. moreover, further investigations and analyses will be carried out on the calcite recrystal-lization inside the grooves of the figures.

2 The possibility that the hand could have been depicted by modern visitors cannot be ruled out for the following reasons:– presence of ochre nodules on the ground nearby that show signs of recent striations;– unusual technique in which the hand is depicted, especially if compared to the most typical stencil technique;– as observed during the last visit to the site in April 2014, the hand outline has almost vanished only four years after its discovery.

485

Abd El-Ghani M.M. 1985. A comparative study of the vegetation of Bahariya and Farafra oases and the Fayum region, Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo: University of Cairo.

Acquafredda P., Andriani T., Lorenzoni S., Zanet-tin E. 1999. Chemical characterization of obsid-ians from different Mediterranean sources by non-destructive SEM-EDS analytical method, Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 315-325.

Adams B. 1988. Predynastic Egypt, Shire Egyptology 7, Aylesbury: Shire Publications.

Adams J.L. 1995. The ground stone assemblage: The development of a prehistoric grinding technology in the eastern Tonto Basin, in The Roosevelt Community Development Study. Volume 1: Stone and shell Arti-facts, Elson M.D., Clark J.J. (eds.), 43-114, Tucson: Center for Desert Archaeology.

Adams J.L. 2002a. Ground stone analysis: A Technologi-cal Approach, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Adams J.L. 2002b. Mechanism of wear on ground stone surfaces, in Moudre et Broyer. L’interprétation fonc-tionnelle de l’outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l’Antiquité. Tome II: Archéologie et Histoire: du Paléolithique au Moyen Âge, Proceedings of the International Round table, Clermond-Ferrand, November-December 1995, Procopiou H., Treuil R. (eds.), 57-68, Paris: CTHS.

Adams J., Delgado S., Dubreuil L., Hamon C., Plisson H., Risch R. 2009. Functional analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: A focus on working surfaces, in Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions, Proceedings of the XV World Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Lisbon, September 2006, Sternke F., Eigeland L., Costa L.-J. (eds.), 43-66, Brit-ish Archaeological Reports, International Series 1939, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Al-Bakri A.U. 1913. L’Afrique septentrionale, trans-lated by de Slane M.G., 2nd edition, Algiers: Adolphe Jourdan.

Alessio A., Barich B.E., Belluomini G., Hassan F.A., Mahmoud A.A., Manfra L., Stoppiello A. 1992. A further report on Farafra (Western Desert, Egypt): New research and radiocarbon dates, Nyame Akuma 38: 19-28.

Alhonen P., Jantunen T., Uutela A. 1999. Diatom as-semblages in the Farafra sediment samples, Appendix 3 to: The Quaternary geology of a playa in Farafra, Western Desert of Egypt, Donner J.J., Ashour M.M., Embabi N.S., Siiriäinen A., in Studies of Playas in the Western Desert of Egypt, Donner J. (ed.), 103-106, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Geologica-Geographica 160, Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

Alley R.B., Mayewski P.A., Sowers T., Stuiver M., Taylor K.C., Clark P.U. 1997. Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 years ago, Geology 25: 483-486.

Almásy L.E. 1936. Récentes exploration dans le Désert Libyque (1932-36), Cairo: Société Royale de Géog-raphie d’Égypte.

Almogi-Labin A., Boaz L.E., Duplessy J.C. 1986. Qua-ternary paleo-oceanography, pteropod preservation and stable-isotope record of the Red Sea, Palaeogeog-raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 57: 195-211.

Anderson P.C. 1992. Experimental cultivation, harvest and threshing of wild cereals and their relevance for interpreting the use of Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic artefacts, in Préhistoire de l’Agriculture. Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques, An-derson P.C. (ed.), 179-209, Monographie du CRA 6, Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Applegate A., Zedeño N. 2001. Site E-92-8: A Late Prehistoric C-Group Component at Nabta Playa, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 529-533, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

R E F E R E N C E S

486

references

Arkell A.J. 1953. Shaheinab, London: Oxford University Press.

Arz H.W., Lamy F., Pätzold J., Müller P.J., Prins M. 2003. Mediterranean Moisture Source for an Early-Holocene Humid Period in the Northern Red Sea, Science 300: 118-121.

Aufrère S. 2000. La liste des sept oasis d’Edfu, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 100: 79-125.

Awad G.H., Ghobrial M.G. 1965. Zonal stratigraphy of the Kharga Oasis, Paper 34, Cairo: Geological Survey of Egypt.

Bagnold R.A., Myers O.H., Peel R.F., Winkler H.A. 1939. An Expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, 1938, The Geographic Journal 93: 281-313.

Baker P., Gautier A. 1997. Site E71K12 and the Late Paleolithic Annual Round along the Nile in Upper Egypt, in A Late Paleolithic Kill-Butchery-Camp in Up-per Egypt, Wendorf F., Schild R., Baker P., Gautier A., Longo L., Mohamed A. (eds.), 43-56, Dallas-Warsaw: Southern Methodist University and Institute of Ar-chaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Banks M.K. 1984a. Climates, Culture, and Cattle: The Holocene Archaeology of the Eastern Sahara. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Banks M.K. 1984b. Early Ceramic-bearing Occupations in the Egyptian Western Desert, in Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 149-162, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Barakat H.N. 2000. Wood and charcoal remains in ar-chaeological sites and their contribution to our knowl-edge of the ancient flora of Egypt, in Plant Systematics for the 21st Century, Proceedings from a symposium held at Wenner-Gren Centre, Stockholm, September 1998, Nordenstam B., El-Ghazaly G., Kassan M. (eds.), 267-276, London: Portland Press.

Barakat H.N. 2001. Anthracological Studies in the Neo-lithic Sites of Nabta Playa, South Egypt, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., As-sociates (eds.), 592-600, New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.

Barakat H.N., Fahmy A.G. 1999. Wild grasses as “Neo-lithic” food resources in the eastern Sahara – a review of the evidence from Egypt, in The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, van der Veen M. (ed.), 33-46, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Barca D., De Francesco A.M., Crisci G.M. 2007. Ap-plication of Laser Ablation ICP-MS for characteriza-tion of obsidian fragments from peri-Tyrrhenian area, Journal of Cultural Heritage 8: 141-150.

Barca D., De Francesco A.M., Crisci G.M., Tozzi C. 2008. Provenance of obsidian artifacts from site of Colle Cera, Italy, by LA-ICP-MS method, Periodico di Mineralogia 77: 39-50.

Barca D., Lucarini G., Fedele F. 2012. Provenance of obsidian artefacts from the Wadi Ath-Thayyilah 3 Neolithic site (eastern Yemen plateau) by LA-ICP-MS, Archaeometry 54 (4): 603-622.

Barich B.E. 1995. Geoarchaeology of Farafra (Western Desert, Egypt) and the origin of agriculture in the Sahara and the Nile Valley, Proceedings of the Inter-national Conference “Geosciences and Archaeology in the Mediterranean Countries”, Cairo, November 1993, 37-45, Cairo: The Geological Survey of Egypt.

Barich B.E. 1996. Archaeology of Farafra (Western Desert, Egypt). Settlement patterns and implications for food production in the El Bahr-El Obeiyid Region, in Aspects of African Archaeology, Pwiti G., Soper R. (eds.), 401-409, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

Barich B.E. 1998a. Early to Mid-Holocene occupation at Farafra (Western Desert, Egypt): a social approach, Proceedings of the XIII World Congress of the Interna-tional Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Forlì, September 1996, Workshop 8, Tome I: 547-552, Forlì: Abaco.

Barich B.E. 1998b. People, Water and Grain. The Begin-nings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley, Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider.

Barich B.E. 1998c. The Wadi el-Obeiyd Cave, Farafra Oasis: A new pictorial complex in the Libyan-Egyptian Sahara, Libya Antiqua, nuova serie 4: 9-19.

Barich B.E. 2004a. Archaeological research in the Farafra Oasis, Egypt: Contribution to the study of the early cultivation in the Eastern Sahara, in Combining the Past and the Present. Archaeological Perspectives on Society, Oestigaard T., Anfinset N., Saetersdal T. (eds.), 143-147, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1211, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Barich B.E. 2004b. Missione Archeologica nell’Oasi di Farafra. Rapporto della campagna di scavi 2002, in Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto (RISE), Volume 1, Casini M. (ed.), 6-12, Il Cairo: Agenzia Italiana.

Barich B.E. 2006. The most recent research at Farafra, Egypt: Plant exploitation in the Eastern Sahara, in Préhistoire en Afrique/African Prehistory, Acts of the 14th UISPP Congress, University of Liège, 79-83, Brit-ish Archaeological Reports, International Series 1522, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Barich B.E. 2008. Living in the oasis. Beginning of vil-lage life at Farafra and in the Western Desert of Egypt, in Man-Millennia-Environment, Sulgostowska S., Tomaszewski A.J. (eds.), 145-150, Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Barich B.E. 2011. La missione archeologica italiana nell’oasi di Farafra: realtà e ruolo del deserto occiden-tale tra VII e VI millennio a.C., Scienze dell’Antichità 17: 15-32.

Barich B.E. 2013a. Gender in North African Prehistory, in A Companion to Gender Prehistory, Bolger D. (ed.), 291-312, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Barich B.E. 2013b. The culture of the oases: Late Neo-lithic herders in Farafra. A matter of identity, in The Oasis Papers 6, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Lecce, Sep-tember 2009, Bagnall R.S., Davoli P., Hope C.A. (eds.), 39-47, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

487

references

Barich B.E., Crespi M.G., Fabiani U., Lucarini G. 2013. Geomatics Resources for Archaeological Survey in Desert Areas – Some Prospects from Farafra Oasis, Egypt, in The Oasis Papers 6, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Lecce, September 2009, Bagnall R.S., Davoli P., Hope C.A. (eds.), 49-59, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Barich B.E., Gallinaro M., Laurenza S. 2005. The use of GIS in the intra-site analysis: the Hidden Val-ley Neolithic site in the Eastern Sahara (Egypt), Paper presented at the 12th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Related Studies, Gaborone, July 2005.

Barich B.E., Hassan F.A. 1984-87. The Farafra Oasis Archaeological Project (Western Desert, Egypt).1987 field campaign, Origini XIII: 117-191.

Barich B.E., Hassan F.A. 2000. A stratified sequence from Wadi el-Obeiyd, Farafra: new data on subsistence and chronology of the Egyptian Western Desert, in Recent Research Into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 11-20, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Barich B.E., Hassan F.A., Mahmoud A.A. 1991. From Settlement to Site: Formation and Transformation of Archaeological Traces, Scienze dell’Antichità 5: 33-62.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G. 2002. Archaeology of Farafra Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt). A Survey of the most recent Research, ArchéoNil 12: 101-8.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G. 2005. L’interazione pastori/agricoltori e le dinamiche del Deserto Occidentale Egiziano, Origini 27: 51-77.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G. 2008. The Nile Valley seen from the oases. The contribution of Farafra, in Egypt at its Origins 2, Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse, September 2005, Midant-Reynes B., Tristant Y. (eds.), Rowland J., Hendrickx S. (coll.), 569-584, Leuven: Peeters.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G. 2009. Oasi di Farafra. Un quadro delle piu recenti ricerche. Campagne di scavo 2006-2007, in Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto (RISE), Volume III, Pirelli R. (ed.), 9-22, Il Cairo: Centro Archeologico Italiano.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G., Gallinaro M., Hamdan M.A. 2012. Sheikh/Bir El Obeiyid: Evidence of Sed-entism in the Northern Farafra Depression (Western Desert, Egypt), in Prehistory of Northeastern Africa New Ideas and Discoveries, Kabacinski J., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 255-278, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Barich B.E., Lucarini G., Mutri G., Hamdan M.A. 2010. Oasi di Farafra – L’indagine archeologica nel Wadi el Obeiyid, in Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto (RISE), Volume IV, Pirelli R. (ed.), 23-36, Il Cairo: Centro Archeologico Italiano.

Barich B.E., Mori F. 1970. Missione Paletnologica Itali-ana nel Sahara Libico, Origini 4: 79-144.

Bartov Y., Goldstein S.L., Stein M., Enzel Y. 2003. Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterra-nean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events, Geology 31: 439-442.

Batanouky K. 1999. Wild medicinal plants in Egypt, Cairo: Palm Press.

Bates R.L., Jackson J.A. (eds.) 1987. Glossary of Geol-ogy, Alexandria: American Geological Institute.

Bauchet S. 1985. Les Pygmées Aka et la forêt centrafric-aine, Paris: SELAF.

Beadnell H.J.L. 1901. Farafra oasis: its topography and geology, Geological Survey Report 1899, Cairo: Egypt Survey Department.

Beadnell H.J.L. 1909. An Egyptian Oasis: An account of the Oasis of Kharga in Libyan Desert, with special reference to its history, physical geography, and water-supply, London: John Murray.

Behrensmeyer A.K. 1978. Taphonomic and ecologic infor-mation from bone weathering, Paleobiology 4: 150-162.

Behrensmeyer A.K. 1990. Transport-hydrodynamics: Bones, in Palaeobiology: A synthesis, Briggs D.E.G., Crowther P.R. (eds.), 232-235, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Berger M.A. 1992. Predynastic Animal-headed Boats from Hierakonpolis and Southern Egypt, in The Fol-lowers of Horus, Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1944-1990, Friedman R., Adams B. (eds.), 107-120, Egyptian Studies Association Publication 2, Oxbow Monograph 20, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Berger J-F., Guilaine J. 2009. The 8200 cal BP abrupt environmental change and the Neolithic transition: A Mediterranean perspective, Quaternary International 200: 31-49.

Binford L.R. 1981. Bones, ancient men and modern myths, London: Academic Press.

Bleek W.H.I., Lloyd L.C. 1911. Specimens of Bushman Folklore, London: George Allen & Co.

Boessneck J. 1969. Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linné) and goat (Capra hircus Linné), in Science in Archaeology, Brothwell D., Higgs E. (eds.), 331-358, London: Thames and Hudson.

Boessneck J., von den Driesch A. 1987. Die Tierknochen-funde aus den Pavian- und Ibisgalerien von Tuna el-Gebel, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 24: 37-221.

Bonnischen R., Sorg M.H. 1989. Bone modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Maine, Institute for Quaternary Studies, Orono: University of Maine.

Bor N.L. 1968. Flora of Iraq, Volume 9, Baghdad: Min-istry of Agriculture.

Boukhary M., Abdel Malik W. 1983. Revision of the stratigraphy of the Eocene depo sits in Egypt, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläeontologie Monatshefte 6: 321-337.

Boulos L. 1983. Medicinal plants of North Africa, Michi-gan: Reference Publications.

Boulos L. 1995. Flora of Egypt, Checklist, Cairo: Al-Hadara Publishing House.

Boulos L. 1999. Flora of Egypt, Volume 1, Cairo: Al-Hadara Publishing House.

Brain C.K. 1967. Bone Weathering and the Problem of Bone Pseudo Tools, South African Journal of Science 63: 97-99.

488

references

Breasted J.H. 1906. Ancient Records of Egypt, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Breccia E. 1932. Le Musée gréco-romain d’Alexandrie 1925-1931, Bergamo: Istituto Italiano di Arti Grafiche.

Breed C.S., McCauley J.E., Whitney M.I., Tehakar-ian V.P., Laity J.E. 1997. Wind erosion in drylands, in Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands, Thomas D.S.G. (ed.), 437-464, Chichester: Wiley.

Bressy C. 2003. Caractérisation et gestion du silex des sites mésolithiques et néolithiques du Nord-Ouest de l’arc alpin. Une approche pétrographique et géochi-mique, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1114, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Brook G.A., Embabi N.S., Ashour M.M., Edwards R.L., Cheng H., Cowart J.B., Dabous A.A. 2003. Quaternary environmental change in the Western Desert of Egypt: Evidence from cave speleothems, spring tufas, and playa sediments, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 131: 59-87.

Brook G.A., Railsback L.B., Marais E. 2010. Reas-sessment of carbonate ages by dating both carbonate and organic material from an Etosha Pan (Namibia) stromatolite: evidence of humid phases during the last 20 ka, Quaternary International 229: 24-37.

Brookes I.A. 1989. Early Holocene basinal sediments of the Dakhleh Oasis region, south central Egypt, Quaternary Research 32: 139-152.

Brookes I.A. 2001. Aeolian erosional lineations in the Libyan Desert, Dakhla region, Egypt, Geomorphol-ogy 39: 189-209.

Brunton G., Caton-Thompson G. 1928. The Badarian Civilisation and Predynastic Remains near Badari, London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.

Bryson R.A., Bryson R.U. 1997. Macrophysical climatic modeling of Africa’s late Quaternary climate: site-specific, high resolution application for archaeology, African Archaeological Review 14 (3): 143-160.

Büdel J. 1952. Bericht über klima-morphologische und Eiszeitforschungen in Nieder-Afrika, Erdkunde VI: 104-132.

Büdel J. 1982. Climatic geomorphology, translated by Fischer L., Busche D., Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Busson F. 1965. Plantes alimentaires de l’ouest Africaine: étude botanique, biologique et chimique, avec la col-laboration technique de P. Jaeger, P. Lunven et M. Pinta, Marseille: L’Imprimerie Leconte.

Butler A. 1992. Pulse agronomy: traditional systems and implications for early cultivation, in Préhistoire de L’Agriculture. Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques, Anderson P.C. (ed.), 67-78, Monog-raphie du CRA 6, Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Butzer K.W. 1959. Some recent geological deposits in the Egyptian Nile valley, Geographical Journal 125: 75-79.

Cailliaud F. 1826. Voyage à Méroé, au Fleuve Blanc, au-délà de Fazoql, dans le midi du Royaume de Sennar, à Syouah et dans cinq autres oasis fait dans les années 1819, 1820, 1821 et 1822, Paris: Imprimérie Royale.

Cailliaud F. 2003. Voyage à Méroé et au fleuve blanc, fac simile de l’édition royale de 1823-27, Paris: Phénix Editions.

Calderini A. 1935. Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici dell’Egitto greco-romano, Cairo: Società Reale di Geografia d’Egitto.

Camps-Fabrer H. 1963. La disparition de l’autruche en Afrique du Nord, Travaux Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques, Alger: Imprimerie “La Typo-Litho”.

Camps-Fabrer H. 1966. Matière et art mobilier dans la Préhistoire nord-africaine et saharienne, Mémoires du Centre des Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhisto-riques et Ethnographiques d’Alger, Vol. 5, Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.

Cann J.R., Renfrew C. 1964. The characterization of ob-sidian and its application to the Mediterranean region, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30: 111-133.

Carter T., Poupeau G., Bressy C., Pearce N.J.G. 2006. A new program of obsidian characterization at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 893-909.

Caton-Thompson G. 1952. Kharga Oasis in Prehistory, London: University of London/Athlone Press.

Caton-Thompson G., Gardner E.W. 1934. The Desert Fayum, London: Royal Anthropological Institute.

Cervícek P. 1974. Felsbilder des Nord-Etbai, Oberä-gyptens und Unternubiens, Ergebnisse der VIII DIAFE nach Ägypten 1926, Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag.

Cervícek P. 1978. Felsbilder Oberägyptens und Nubiens, in Sahara – 10.000 Jahre zwischen Wüste und Weide, 279-285, Köln: Museen der Stadt Köln.

Cervícek P. 1992-93. Chorology and chronology of Up-per Egyptian and Nubian rock art up to 1400 B.C., Sahara 5: 41-48.

Chafetz H.S., Folk R.L. 1984. Travertines: Depositional morphology and bacterially constructed constituents, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54: 289-316.

Chapelle J. 1958. Nomades noirs du Sahara, Paris: Plon.Chassinat E. 1934. Le Temple d’Edfou, Volume XIV,

Le Caire: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Chevalier A. 1932. Ressources végétales du Sahara et

de ses confins nord et sud, Paris: Musée d’Histoire Naturelle.

Chorley R.J., Schumm S.A., Sugden D.E. 1984. Geo-morphology, London: Methuen.

Christensen M. 1995. La tracéologie de l’ivoire, essais de différenciation des micro-polis des matières osseu-ses, in Le travail et l’usage de l’ivoire au Paléolithique supérieur, Proceedings of the Round Table, Ravello, May 1992, 233-244, Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

Christensen M. 1996. Le travail et l’usage de l’ivoire au palèolithique supérieur. Tracéologie des outils de silex et caractérisation chimique des polis d’utilisation, Ph.D. Thesis, Paris: Université de Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Christidou R. 1999. Outils en os néolithiques du Nord de la Grèce: étude technologique, Ph.D.Thesis, Paris: Université de Paris Ouest.

489

references

Christidou R. 2004. Fabrication d’outils en os. Ex-ample d’opérations de raclage et d’abrasion, in La tribologie, Comment la science fait parler les ves-tiges archéologiques, Astruc L., Vargiolu R. (eds.), Les Dossières d’Archéologie 290: 56-57.

Christidou R., Legrand A. 2005. Hide working and Bone Tools. Experimentation Design and Applications, in From hooves to horns, from Mollusk to Mam-moth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the present, Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group, Luik H., Choyke A.M., Batey C.E., Lougas L. (eds.), Tallinn, August 2003, Muinasaja Teadus 15: 385-396.

Churcher C.S. 1972. Late Pleistocene vertebrates from archaeological sites in the Plain of Kom Ombo, Up-per Egypt, Life Sciences Contribution, Royal Ontario Museum 82: 1-172.

Churcher C.S., Mills A.J. (eds.) 1999. Reports of the survey of Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt 1977-1987, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Clayton J., De Trafford A., Borda M. 2008. A hiero-glyphic inscriptions found at Jebel Uweinat mentioning Yam and Tekhebet, Sahara 19: 129-134.

Close A.E. 1980. Methods of Analysis of Lithic Artefacts, in Loaves and Fishes: The prehistory of Wadi Kub-baniya, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.), Close A.E. (ed.), 49-54, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Close A.E. 1987. The lithic sequence from the Wadi Ti-n-Torha (Tadrart Acacus), in Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara, Barich B.E. (ed.), 63-85, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 368, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Close A.E. 1989. Analysis of Flaked Stone Artefacts at Wadi Kubbaniya: The Low-Technology Approach, in The Pre-history of Wadi Kubbaniya. Volume 3: Late Palaeolithic Archaeology, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.), Close A.E. (ed.), 293-300, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Close A.E. 1992. Holocene occupation of the Eastern Saha-ra, in New Light on the Northeast African Past: Current Prehistoric Research, Klees F., Kuper R. (eds.), 155-183, Africa Praehistorica 5, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Close A.E. 1995. Few and far between: Early ceramics in North Africa, in The Emergence of Pottery: Tech-nology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, Barnett W.K., Hoopes J.W. (eds.), 23-37, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Close A.E. 2001a. Sites E-91-3 and E-91-4: The Early Neolithic of El Adam Type at El Gebel El Beid Playa, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Vol-ume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 71-96, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Close A.E. 2001b. Site E-75-8: Additional Excavation of the Seventh Millennium Site at Nabta Playa, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 352-385, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Close A.E. 2002. Sinai, Sahara, Sahel: The introduction of domestic caprines to Africa, in Tides of the Desert

– Gezeiten der Wüste, Contributions to the Archaeol-ogy and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper, Jennerstrasse 8 (ed.), 459-469, Africa Praehistorica 14, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Close A.E., Wendorf F. 2001. Site E-77-7 Revisited: The Early Neolithic of El Adam Type at El Gebal El Beid Playa, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 57-70, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

COHOMAP Members 1988. Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations, Science 241: 1043-1052.

Conard N.J., Kandel A.W. 2005. Production sequences of ostrich eggshell beads and settlement dynamics in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 1711-1721.

Connor D.R. 1984. Report on Site E-79-8, in Cattle keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E. (eds.), 217-250, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Cooke R.U., Warren A., Goudie A.S. 1993. Desert geomorphology, London: UCL Press.

Cope T., Hosni H. 1991. A key to Egyptian Grasses, London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cornu G. 1985. Atlas du monde arabo-islamique à l’époque classique: IXe-Xe siecles, Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Crombie M.K., Arvidson R.E., Sturchio N.C., Alfy Z.E., Zeid K.A. 1997. Age and isotopic constraints on Pleistocene pluvial episodes in the Western Desert, Egypt, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo-ecology 130: 337-355.

Cziesla E. 1989. Sitra and related Sites at the western border of Egypt, in Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 205-214, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Cziesla E. 1993. Investigations into the archaeology of the Sitra-Hatiyet, Northwestern Egypt, in Environmen-tal Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J.A. (eds.), 185-197, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

D’Errico F. 1991. Étude technologique à base expérimen-tale des entailles sur matière dure animale. Implications pour l’identification des systèmes de notation, in 25 ans d’Études technologiques en Préhistoire, Bilan et perspectives, XIèmes Rencontres Internationales d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Octobre 1990, 83-97, Juan-les-Pins: Éditions APDCA.

David É., Seppä J., Pelegrin J., Hansen L., Gustav-son L. 2005. The bone tools of 10.000 years ago. Maglemosian «Bone Adzes»: The 2005 experiments (Denmark), A Lejre experimental Centre project (n°15), Éd. M. Chevais, CNRS Images Prod./The Lejre Experimental Centre (Denmark), DVD PAL, All zones, Couleur, Format 4/3, English, 25 minutes.

De Francesco A.M., Crisci G.M., Bocci M. 2008. Non-destructive analytical method by XRF for determination of provenance of archaeological obsidians from the Mediterranean Area, Archaeometry 50 (2): 337-350.

490

references

De Wet J.M.J. 1978. Systematics and evolution of Sor-ghum sect. Sorghum (Gramineae), American Journal of Botany 65 (4): 477-484.

Debono F., Mortensen B. 1990. El Omari: A Neolithic Settlement and Other Sites in the Vicinity of Wadi Hof, Helwan, Mainz: Zabern Philipp von GmbH.

Demesse L. 1980. Techniques et économie des Pygmées Babinga, Mémoires de l’Institut d’Éthnologie, Paris: Institut d’Éthnologie, Musée de I’Homme.

Döhl R. 2013. Rock art in Egypt: Visual communication in the Eastern Desert in the Early to Mid-Holocene, in Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa, Shirai N. (ed.), 193-212, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16, Berlin: ex oriente.

Donner J.J., Ashour M.M., Embabi N.S., Siiriäinen A. 1999. The Quaternary geology of a playa in Farafra, Western Desert of Egypt, in Studies of playas in the Western Desert of Egypt, Donner J. (ed.), 49-112, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Geologica-Geographica 160, Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

Donner J.J., Embabi N.S. 2000. The significance of yardangs and ventifacted rock outcrops in the recon-struction of the changes in the Late Quaternary wind regime in the Western Desert of Egypt, Quaternaire 11 (3-4): 179-185.

Dubreuil L. 2004. Long-term trends in Natufian subsist-ence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools, Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1613-1629.

Eccleston M.A.J. 2002. Early and Mid-Holocene Ceram-ics from the Dakhleh Oasis: macroscopic, petrographic and technological descriptions, in Egypt and Nubia: gifts of the desert, Friedman R. (ed.), 62-109, London: British Museum Press.

Eggeling W.J. 1944. An annotated list of the grasses of the Uganda Protectorate, Entebbe: Government Printer.

Eichhorn B., Hendrickx S., Riemer H., Stern B. 2005. Desert roads and transport vessels from Late Roman-Coptic times in the Eastern Sahara, Journal of African Archaeology 3 (2): 213-229.

Eiwanger J. 1984. Merimde-Benisalâme I: Die Funde der Urschicht, Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

El-Aref M.M., Abou Khadrah A.M., Lotfy Z.H. 1987. Karst topography and karstification processes in the Eocene limestone plateau of El Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 31 (1): 45-64.

El-Aref M.M., Awadalah F., Ahmed B. 1986. Karst landform development and related sediments in the Miocene rocks of the Red Sea coastal zone, Egypt, Geologische Rundschau 75 (3): 781-790.

El-Baz F., Breed C., Grolier M., McCauley J. 1979. Aeolian features in the Western Desert of Egypt and some applications to Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 8205-8221.

El-Midany A.A., Abdel-Aal E.A. 1987. Reduction of evaporation from the water of reservoirs, Volume 2, Cairo: Egyptian Ministry of Irrigation.

El-Ramly I.M. 1966. The use of fissured limestone in locating groundwater resources and its application to Farafra Oasis, New Valley Area, Western Desert, Arab Mining and Petroleum Association Bulletin, Ext. Transactions 19: 9-57.

El-Ramly I.M. 1967. Contributions to hydrogeological study of limestone terrains in U.A.R., Proceedings of the Symposium on fractured rocks, Dubrovnik, October 1965, Internatio nal Association of Scientific Hydrology 73 (1): 348-377.

Embabi N.S. 1999. Playas of the Western Desert, Egypt, in Studies of playas in the Western Desert of Egypt, Donner J. (ed.), 5-47, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Geologica-Geographica 160, Helsinki: Aca-demia Scientiarum Fennica.

ETTOS 1985. Techniques de percussion appliquées au matériau osseux: premières experiences, Cahiers de l’Euphrate 4: 373-381.

Evans A.A., Woldframm Y.B., Donahue R.E., Lovis W.A. 2007. A pilot study of “black chert” sourcing and implications for assessing hunter-gatherer mobility strategies in northern England, Journal of Archaeologi-cal Science 34: 2161-2169.

Fahmy A.G. 1995. A historical Flora of Egypt, Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo: Cairo University.

Fahmy A.G. 1997. Evaluation of the weed flora of Egypt from the Predynastic to Graeco-Roman times, Jour-nal of Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 6 (4): 242-247.

Fahmy A.G. 1999. Plant macro remains from the Hidden Valley, Farafra Oasis, Egypt, in Italian Archaeological Mission in the Farafra Oasis. Season 1999, Barich B.E. (ed.), unpublished Official Report to the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Fahmy A.G. 2001. Palaeoethnobotanical studies of the Neolithic settlement in Hidden Valley, Farafra Oasis, Egypt, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10: 235-246.

Fahmy A.G., Abd El-Ghani M.M. 2000. Analysis of aquatic vegetation in islands of the Nile Valley (Egypt), International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science 27: 1-11.

Fahn A., Werker E., Baas P. 1986. Wood Anatomy and Identification of Trees and Shrubs from Israel and Adjacent Regions. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Fakhry A. 1974 (reprinted 2003). The Oases of Egypt. Volume 2: Bahrı yah and Farafra, Cairo-New York: The American University in Cairo Press.

Flohn H., Nicholson S. 1980. Climatic fluctuations in the arid belt of the ‘old world’ since the last glacial maximum: possible causes and future implications, Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands 12: 3-22.

Folk R.L., Ward W.L. 1957. Brazos river bar, a study in the significance of grain parameter, Journal of Sedi-mentary Petrology 27: 3-27.

Ford D.C. 1985. Dynamics of the karst system: A review of some recent work in North America, Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 108: 283-291.

491

references

Franzini M., Leoni L., Saitta M. 1972. A simple method to evaluate the matrix effects in X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray Spectrometry 1: 151-154.

Franzini M., Leoni L., Saitta M. 1975. Revisione di una metodologia analitica per fluorescenza X, basata sulla correzione completa degli effetti di matrice, Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia 31: 356-378.

Freundlich J.C., Kuper R., Breunig P. 1989. Radio-carbon dating of ostrich eggshells, Radiocarbon 31 (3): 1030-1034.

Frondel C. 1962. The system of mineralogy. Volume III: Silica minerals, New York: John Wiley and Sons Incorporated.

Fuchs G. 1989. Rock engravings in the Wadi el-Barrami-ya, Eastern Desert of Egypt, African Archaeological Review 7: 127-153.

Fujimoto T. 1983. Microwear Analysis of Microliths from the Upper and Epi-Palaeolithic Assemblages from Palmira Basin, in Palaeolithic Site of the Douara Cave and Palaeogeography of Palmira Basin in Syria, Hanihara K., Akazawa T. (eds.), Part III: 109-133, Tokyo: Department of Anthropology, National Sci-ence Museum.

Gabler K.O. 1985. Osteologische Unterscheidungs-merkmale am postkranialen Skelett zwischen Mäh-nenspringer (Ammotragus lervia), Hausschaf (Ovis aries) und Hausziege (Capra hircus), Ph.D. Thesis, München: Ludwig Maximilians Universität.

Gabriel B. 1973. Steinplätze: Feuerstellen neolithischer Nomaden in der Sahara, Lybica-Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Ethnographie 21: 151-168.

Gabriel B. 1977. Zum ökologischen Wandel im Neo-lithikum der östlichen zentral Sahara, Berliner Geog-raphische Abhandlungen 27: 1-111.

Gabriel B. 1987. Palaeoecological evidence from Neolithic fireplaces in the Sahara, The African Archaeo- logical Review 5: 93-103.

Gabriel B., Kröpelin S. 1983. Jungquartäre limnische Akkumulationsphasen im NW-Sudan, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 48: 131-143.

Gallais J. 1984. Hommes du Sahel, Paris: Flammarion.Gallinaro M. 2008. Il nomadismo pastorale nel Deserto

Occidentale Egiziano durante l’Olocene: Il ruolo rivestito dagli Steinplatz nei modelli di occupazione del territorio, Ph.D. Thesis, Napoli: Università di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’.

Gallinaro M. 2009. Il nomadismo pastorale nel Deserto Occidentale Egiziano durante l’Olocene: il ruolo rives-tito dagli Steinplatz nei modelli di occupazione del territorio, Università di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’, 2008, Azania 44: 159-160.

Gardner E. 1932. Some problems of Pleistocene hydrol-ogy of Kharga Oasis, Egypt, Geologic Magazine 69: 386-421.

Gast M. 1968. Alimentation des populations de l’Ahaggar, étude ethnographique, Mémoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques Préhistoriques et Eth-nographiques, Vol.8, Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.

Gatto M.C. 1999. Sites HV South, HV2, SOE 99/1, in Italian Archaeological Mission in the Farafra Oasis. Season 1999, Barich B.E. (ed.), unpublished Official Report to the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Gatto M.C. 2002a. Ceramic traditions and cultural ter-ritories: the “Nubian Group” in prehistory, Sudan & Nubia 6: 8-19.

Gatto M.C. 2002b. Early Neolithic pottery of the Nabta-Kiseiba Area: Stylistic attributes and regional relation-ships, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa, Nelson K., Associates (eds.), 65-78, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Gatto M.C. 2006. The Khartoum Variant pottery in con-text: Rethinking the Early and Middle Holocene Nu-bian sequence, Archéologie du Nil Moyen 10: 57-72.

Gatto M.C. 2010. Pottery from Gebel Ramlah, in Gebel Ramlah. Final Neolithic Cemeteries from the West-ern Desert of Egypt, Kobusiewicz M., Kabacinski J., Schild R., Irish J.D., Gatto M.C., Wendorf F., 125-157, Poznan: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Gatto M.C., Lucarini G. 1998. Site HV2, in Italian Archaeological Mission in the Farafra Oasis. Season 1998, Barich B.E. (ed.), unpublished Official Report for the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Gautier A. 1976. Animal remains from archaeological sites of Terminal Paleolithic to Old Kingdom age in the Fayum, in Prehistory of the Nile Valley, Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.), 369-381, New York: Academic Press.

Gautier A. 1980. Contributions to the archaeozoology of Egypt, in Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.), 317-344, New York: Academic Press.

Gautier A. 1987. Taphonomic groups: How and Why?, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Ar-chaeozoology, Bordeaux, August 1986, Archaeozoo-logia I (2): 45-52.

Gautier A. 2001. The Early to Late Neolithic Archeo-faunas from Nabta and Bir Kiseiba, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 609-635, New York: Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers.

Gautier A. 2002. The evidence for the earliest livestock in North Africa: or adventures with large bovids, ovicaprids, dogs and pigs, in Droughts, Food and Cul-ture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa’s Later Prehistory, Hassan F.A. (ed.), 195-207, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Gehlen B., Kindermann K., Linstädter J., Riemer H. 2002. The Holocene Occupation of the Eastern Sahara: Regional Chronologies and Supra-regional Develop-ments of four Areas in the Absolute Desert, in Tides of the Desert – Gezeiten der Wüste, Contributions to the Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper, Jennerstrasse 8 (ed.), 85-116, Africa Praehistorica 14, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Geneste J.M. 1985. Analyse lithique d’industries moustéri-ennes du Périgord: un approche technologique du com-portement des groupes humains au Paléolithique moyen, Ph.D. Thesis, Bordeaux: Université de Bordeaux I.

492

references

Germer R. 1985. Flora des pharaonisches Ägypten, Mainz: Verlag von Zabern.

Giddy L.L. 1987. Egyptian oases. Bahariya, Dakhla, Fara-fra and Kharga during Pharaonic times, Warminster: Aris and Phillips Ltd.

Ginter B., Heflik W., Kozlowski J.K., Sliwa J. 1980. Excavations in the region of Qasr el-Sagha, 1979, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 36: 105-169.

Ginter B., Kozlowski J.K. 1994. The Tarifian and the origin of the Naqadian, in Origin and Early Develop-ment of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 247-260, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Gonzalez L., Carpenter S.J., Lohmann K.C. 1992. Inor-ganic calcite morphology: Roles of fluid chemistry and fluid flow, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62: 382-399.

Goodman S.M., Meininger P. L. (eds.) 1989. The birds of Egypt, New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gopher A. 1994. Arrowheads of the Neolithic Levant: A seriation analysis, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Goren-Inbar N., Freikman M., Garfinkel Y., Gor-ing-Morris A.N., Grosman L. 2012. The Earliest Matches, PLoS ONE 7(8): e42213.

Goudie A.S. 1999. Wind erosional landforms: yardangs and pans, in Aeolian environments, sediments and landforms, Goudie A.S., Livingstone I., Stokes S. (eds.), 167-180, Chichester: Wiley.

Goudie A.S., Stokes S., Cook J., Samieh S., El-Rashidi O.A. 1999. Yardang landforms from Kharga Oasis, south-western Egypt, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 116: 97-112.

Greeley R., Iversen D. 1985. Wind as a geologic process on the Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Griffiths J.F., Soliman K.H. 1972. The Northern Desert (Sahara), World Surveys of Climatology. Volume 10: Climates of Africa, Griffiths J.F. (ed.), 75-132, Amster-dam, London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.

Grund A. 1914. Der geographische Zyclus im Karst, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde 52: 621-640.

Gudowski J. 2005. Discovering the contemporary Farafra Oasis, in Development in the Desert. A case Study of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, Plit F. (ed.), Warsaw: University of Warsaw.

Gutiérrez-Elorza M., Desir G., Gutiérrez-Santo-lalla F. 2002. Yardangs in the semiarid central sector of the Ebro Depression (NE Spain), Geomorphology 44: 155-170.

Haaland R. 1981. Migratory herdsmen and cultivating women. The structure of Neolithic seasonal adapta-tion in the Khartoum Nile environment, Ph.D. Thesis, Bergen: University of Bergen.

Haaland R. 1987. Socio-economic Differentiation in the Neolithic Sudan, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 350, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Haas H., Haynes C.V. 1980. Discussion of radiocarbon dates from the Western Desert, in Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.), 373-378, New York: Academic Press.

Halimov M., Fezer F. 1989. Eight yardang types in central Asia, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 33 (2): 205-217.

Hamdan M.A. 1987. Geomorphology and Quaternary geology of Umm el-Dabadib Area, Kharga Oasis, M.Sc. Thesis, Cairo: Cairo University.

Hamdan M.A. 2003a. Textural, mineralogical and geo-chemical characteristics of the Aeolian dune sand of the Gilf Kebir-Gebel Uweinat area, southwestern Egypt, 5th International Conference on the Geology of the Middle East, 171-187, Cairo: Ain Shams University.

Hamdan M.A. 2003b. Playa-yardangs of Wadi El Obiyed, Farafra Depression, Egypt, Bulletin de la Société de Géographie d’Egypte 77: 135-154.

Hamdan M.A. 2006. Geological and geomorphological study, in Italian Archaeological Mission in The Farafra Oasis. Season 2006, Barich B.E. (ed.), unpublished Of-ficial Report for the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Hamdan M.A. 2009. Geological and Geomorphological Study, in The Italian Archeological Mission in the Farafra Oasis. Season 2009, Barich B.E., Lucarini G., unpublished Official Report to the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Hamdan M.A., Lucarini G. 2013. Holocene paleoen-vironmental, paleoclimatic and geoarchaeological significance of the Sheikh El-Obeiyid area (Farafra Oasis, Egypt), Quaternary International 302: 154-168.

Hamdan M.A., Mahmoud A., Hassan F.A. 1999. Geol-ogy of the tufa deposits in the north-eastern corner of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World, Cairo, January 1998, 707-719, Cairo: Cairo University.

Hamdan M.A., Refaat A. 1999. Textural and miner-alogical characteristics of sand aeolian deposits and distributions at Qattara – Siwa area, North Western Desert, Egypt, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World, Cairo, January 1998, 724-736, Cairo: Cairo University.

Harding King W.J. 1913. The Farafra Depression and Du Mungar Hattia, The Geographical Journal 5, London: The Royal Geographical Society,.

Harding King W.J. 1925. Mysteries of the Libyan Desert, London: Seely Service and Co.

Harlan J.R. 1989a. Wild grass seeds as food sources in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara, Sahara 2: 69-74.

Harlan J.R. 1989b. Wild-grass seed harvesting in the Sa-hara and Sub-Sahara of Africa, in Foraging and Farm-ing. The evolution of plant exploitation, Harris D.R., Hillman G.C. (eds.), 79-98, London: Unwyn Hyman.

Harlan J.R. 1992. Wild grass seed harvesting and implications for domestication, in Préhistoire de l’Agriculture. Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques, Anderson P.C. (ed.), 21-27, Monog-raphie du CRA 6, Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Harlan J.R., de Wet J.M.J., Price E.G. 1973. Compara-tive evolution of cereals, Evolution 27: 311-325.

Harlan J.R., de Wet J.M.J., Stemler A.B.L. 1976. Plant domestication and indigenous African agriculture, in Origins of African Plant Domestication, Harlan J.R., de Wet J.M.J., Stemler A.B.L. (eds.), 3-19, The Hague-Paris: Mouton Publishers.

493

references

Hassan F.A. 1976. Prehistoric studies of the Siwa Oasis Region: Preliminary report, 1975 season, Nyame Akuma 9: 18-34.

Hassan F.A. 1985. Radiocarbon chronology of Neolithic and Predynastic sites in Upper Egypt and Delta, The African Archaeological Review 3: 9-16.

Hassan F.A. 1986a. Desert environment and origins of agriculture in Egypt, Norwegian Archaeological Review 19: 63-76.

Hassan F.A. 1986b. Holocene lakes and prehis-toric settlements of the Western Faiyum, Journal of Archaeological Science 13 (5): 483-501.

Hassan F.A. 1986c. Holocene palaeoclimate of the Western Desert, Egypt, The Longest Record: The Hu-man Career in Africa. A Conference in Honour of J. Desmond Clark, Berkeley, April 1986, 43, Berkeley: The Holt Family Foundation.

Hassan F.A. 1987. Origins of depressions of the Western Desert, Egypt: A polygenetic, multistage model, Book of Abstracts, Sixth Symposium on Quaternary and Development in Egypt, Mansoura, April 1987, 12-13, Cairo: The National Information and Documentation Centre.

Hassan F.A. 1996. Abrupt Holocene climatic events in Af-rican archaeology, in Aspects of African Archaeology, Pwiti G., Soper R. (eds.), 83-89, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

Hassan F.A. 2002. Conclusion: ecological changes and food security in the later prehistory of North Africa: Looking forward, in Droughts, Food and Culture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa´s Later Prehistory, Hassan F.A. (ed.), 321-333, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Hassan F.A., Barich B.E., Mahmoud A.A., Hamdan M.A. 2001. Holocene playa deposits of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, and their palaeoclimatic and geoarchaeological significance, Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 16 (1): 29-46.

Hassan F.A., Gross G.T. 1987. Resources and subsistence during the Early Holocene at Siwa Oasis, Northern Egypt, in Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honour of Fred Wendorf, Close A.E. (ed.), 85-103, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Hassan F., Hamdan M.A., Mahmoud A., Barich B. 1996. Geoarchaeology of a cavern in Wadi el Obeid area, North West of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World, 677-691, Cairo: Cairo University.

Hather J. 1995. Parenchymatous tissues from the Early Neolithic Site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, south Egypt. Preliminary report, Acta Palaeobotanica 35: 157-162.

Hawkes J.G. 1969. The ecological background of plant domestication, in The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Ucko P.J., Dimbleby G.W. (eds.), 17-30, London: The Garden City Press.

Haynes C.V. Jr. 1980. Geological evidence of pluvial climates in the El Nabta area of the Western Desert, Egypt, in Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.), 353-371, New York: Academic Press.

Haynes C.V. Jr. 1982. The Darb el-Arba’in: A product of Quaternary climatic changes, in Desert landform of Southwestern Egypt: A basis for comparison with Mars, El-Baz F., Maxwell T.A. (eds.), 91-118, Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Haynes C.V. Jr. 1987. Holocene migrations of the Sudano-Sahelian wetting front, Arba’in Desert, East-ern Sahara in Prehistory of arid North Africa. Essays in honour of Fred Wendorf, Close A.E. (ed.), 69-84, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Haynes C.V. Jr. 1989. Bagnold’s Barchan: a 57-year record of dune movement in the Eastern Sahara and implications for dune origin and paleoclimate since Neolithic times, Quaternary Research 32: 153-167.

Haynes C.V. Jr. 2001. Geochronology and climate change of the Pleistocene transition in the Darb el Arba’in des-ert, Eastern Sahara, Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 16 (1): 119-141.

Haynes C.V. Jr., Eyles C.H., Pavlish L., Ritchie J.C., Rybak M. 1989. Holocene palaeoecology of the East-ern Sahara: Selima Oasis, Quaternary Science Reviews 8: 109-136.

Hedin S. 1903. Central Asia and Tibet, New York: Charles Scribner and Sons.

Hendrickx S., Midant-Reynes B., Van Neer W. 2001. Mahgar Dendera 2 (Haute Egypte), un site d’occupation Badarien, Egyptian Prehistory Mono-graphs 3, Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Hennig G.J., Grun H., Brunnacker K. 1983. Spe-leothems, travertines, and paleoclimates, Quaternary Research 20: 1-29.

Hermina M. 1990. The surroundings of Kargha, Dakhla and Farafra Oases, in The Geology of Egypt, Said R. (ed.), 259-292, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Hermina M., Klitzsch E., List F.K. 1989. Stratigraphic lexicon and explanatory notes to the geological map of Egypt, Cairo: Conoco Coral and Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation.

Hess S.C. 1996. Chert provenance analysis at the Mac Canyon site, Sherman County, Oregon: An evaluative study, Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 11: 51-81.

Hewaidy A.A., El-Azabi M., Farouk S. 2008. Facies associations and sequence stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous-lower Eocene succession in the Farafra oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World. Volume 1: “Borderless Geology”, Cairo, February 2006, 1-20, Cairo: Cairo University Press.

Hillman G.C. 1981. Reconstructing crop husbandry practices from charred remains of crops, in Farming Practice in British Prehistory, Mercer R. (ed.), 123-162, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Hillman G.C. 1984. Traditional husbandry and pro-cessing of archaic cereals in recent times: The opera-tions, products and equipment that might feature in Sumerian texts. Part I: The glume wheats, Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture I: 114-152.

494

references

Hillman G.C. 1985. Traditional husbandry and process-ing of archaic cereals in recent times: the operations, products and equipment that might feature in Sumer-ian texts. Part II: the free threshing cereals, Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture II: 1-31.

Hillman G.C., Stuart Davies M. 1992. Domestication rate in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultiva-tion: preliminary results and archaeological implica-tions of field measurements of selection coefficient, in Préhistoire de l’Agriculture. Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques, Anderson P.C. (ed.), 113-158, Monographie du CRA 6, Paris: Edi-tions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Hobbs J.J., Goodman S.M. 1995. Leopard-hunting scenes in dated rock paintings from the northern Eastern Desert of Egypt, Sahara 7: 7-16.

Hoffman M.A. 1980. Egypt Before the Pharaohs. The Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization, London: Ark Paperbacks – Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Holmes D.L. 1989. The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt. A comparative study of the lithic tradi-tions of Badari, Nagada and Hierakonpolis, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 469, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Hoogstraal H. 1963. A brief review of the contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai), 2: Lagomor-pha and Rodentia, Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association 37 (4): 143-162.

Hope C.A. 2002. Early and mid-Holocene ceramics from the Dakhleh Oasis: traditions and influences, in Egypt and Nubia: gifts of the desert, Friedman R. (ed.), 39-61, London: British Museum Press.

Hulin L., Timby J., Mutri G. 2009. The Western Marma-rica Coastal Survey 2009: preliminary report, Libyan Studies 40: 95-103.

Hutterer R. 1994. Shrews of ancient Egypt: biogeo-graphical interpretation of a new species, in Advances in the Biology of Shrews, Merritt J.F., Kirkland G.L. Jr., Rose R.K. (eds.), 407-414, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, special publication 18, Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Issawi B. 1968. The geology of the Kurkur-Dungul area, Geological Survey of Egypt 46, Cairo.

Issawi B., El-Hinnawi M. 1984. Contribution to the study of the playas in southeastern part of the West-ern Desert of Egypt, in Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.), Close A.E. (ed.), 41-48, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Jagiella C., Kürschner H. 1987. Atlas Der Holzer Saudi Arabiens, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, A 20, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

Jennings-Bramly W. 1902. A Journey from Farafra to Siwa, The Geographical Journal 1, London: The Royal Geographical Society.

Jensen H.J. 1994. Flint tools and plant working. Hid-den traces of stone age technology, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Jensen H.J., Schild R., Wendorf F., Close A.E. 1991. Understanding the Late Palaeolithic tools with lustrous edges from the Lower Nile Valley, Antiquity 65 (246): 122-128.

Jesse F. 2003. Early ceramics in the Sahara and the Nile Valley, in Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 35-50, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Judd T. 2009. Rock Art of the Eastern Desert of Egypt – Content, comparisons, dating and significance, Brit-ish Archaeological Reports, International Series 2008, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Kandel A.W. 2004. Modification of ostrich eggs by carnivores and its bearing on the interpretation of archaeological and paleontological finds, Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 377-391.

Kandel A.W., Canard N.J. 2005. Production sequences of ostrich eggshell beads and settlement dynamics in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (12): 1711-172.

Keeley L.H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Use: A Microwear Analysis, Chicago: The Uni-versity of Chicago Press.

Kelly R.L. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Kindermann K. 2003. Investigations of the Mid-Holocene settlement of Djara (Abu Muhariq Plateau, Western Desert of Egypt), in Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 51-72, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Kindermann K. 2004. Djara: Excavations and surveys of the 1998-2002 seasons, ArchéoNil 14: 31-49.

Kindermann K. 2010. Djara: Zur mittelholozänen Be-siedlungsgeschichte zwischen Niltal und Oasen (Abu-Muharik-Plateau, Ägypten). Teil 1, Africa Praehistorica 23, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Kindermann K., Bubenzer O. 2007. Djara – humans and their environment on the Egyptian limestone pla-teau around 8,000 years ago, in Atlas of Cultural and Environmental Change in Arid Africa, Bubenzer O., Bolten A., Darius F. (eds.), 26-29, Africa Praehistorica 21, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Kingdon J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals, San Diego: Academic Press.

Kitchen K.A. 1990. The arrival of the Libyans in Late New Kingdom Egypt, in Libya and Egypt c. 1300-750 BC, Leahy A. (ed.), 15-27, London: School of Oriental and African Studies.

Klees F. 1989a. Lobo: A contribution to the prehistory of the Eastern Sand Sea and the Egyptian oases, in Late prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 223-231, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Klees F. 1989b. Die große Sandsee. Wurzeln des ägyp-tischen Neolithikums in der Wüste, Archäologie in Deutschland 2: 15-18.

Kleindienst M.R. 1999. Pleistocene archaeology and geoarchaeology of the Dakhla oasis: a state report, in Reports of the survey of Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt 1977-1987, Churcher C.S., Mills J.A. (eds.), 53-108, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

495

references

Kleindienst M.R., Churcher C.S., McDonald M.M.A., Schwarcz H.P. 1999. Geography, geology geochronology and geoarchaeology of the Dakhleh region: an interim report, in Reports of the survey of Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt 1977-1987, Churcher C.S., Mills J.A. (eds.), 1-53, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Kobusiewicz M. 2006. Stone knapping tradition in Old Kingdom Dakhleh, in Archaeology of the Early Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 463-478, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Kobusiewicz, Kabacinski J., Schild R., Irish J.D., Wen-dorf F. 2004. Discovery of the first Neolithic cemetery in Egypt’s western desert, Antiquity 78 (301): 566-578.

Kobusiewicz M., Kabacinski J., Schild R., Irish J.D., Gatto M.C., Wendorf F. 2010. Gebel Ramlah, Fi-nal Neolithic Cemeteries from the Western Desert of Egypt, Poznan: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnol-ogy, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Kowalski K. 1993. Rodents (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Bir Tarfawi, in Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E., Associates (eds.), 189-201, New York: Plenum Press.

Kowalski K., Rzebik-Kowalska B. 1991. Mam-mals of Algeria, Ossolineum, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

Kozlowski J.K. (ed.) 1983. Qasr el-Sagha 1980, War-szawa-Kraków: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Kozlowski J.K., Ginter B. 1989. The Fayum Neolithic in the light of new discoveries, in Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 157-179, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Kretz R. 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals, American Mineralogist 68: 277-279.

Królik H., Fiedorczuk J. 2001. Site E-92-7: An Al Jerar and Late Neolithic Settlement, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 331-351, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Królik H., Schild R. 2001. Site E-75-6: An El Nabta and Al Jerar Village, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 111-146, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Kröpelin S. 1987. Palaeoclimatic evidence from Early to Mid-Holocene playas in Gilf Kebir (Southwest Egypt), Palaeoecology of Africa and Surrounding Islands 18: 189-208.

Kröpelin S. 1993a. Geomorphology, Landscape Evolu-tion and Paleoclimates of Southwest Egypt, in Geo-potential and Ecology: Analysis of a Desert Region, Meissner B., Wycisk P. (eds.), 31-66, Catena Supple-ment 26, Cremlingen: Catena Verlag.

Kröpelin S. 1993b. The Gilf Kebir and Lower Wadi How-ar: contrasting Early and Mid-Holocene environments

in the Eastern Sahara, in Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Krzyzaniak L., Ko-busiewicz M., Alexander J. (eds.), 249-258, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Krzyzaniak L. 1990. Petrogliphs and the research on the development of the cultural attitudes towards animals in the Dakhleh Oasis (Egypt), Sahara 3: 95-97.

Khulman K.P. 2002. The “Oasis Bypath” or the issue of desert trade in Pharaonic times, in Tides of the Desert – Gezeiten der Wüste, Contributions to the Archaeol-ogy and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper, Jennerstrasse 8 (ed.), 125-170, Africa Praehistorica 14, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Kuper R. 1981. Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungsge-schichte der östlichen Sahara, Beitrage zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 3: 215-275.

Kuper R. (ed.) 1989a. Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Ostsahara, Africa Praehistorica 2, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Kuper R. 1989b. The Eastern Sahara from north to south: data and dates from the B.O.S. project, in Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 197-203, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Kuper R. 1996. Between the oases and the Nile-Djara: Rohlfs’ Cave in the Western Desert, in Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 81-91, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Kuper R., Kröpelin S. 2006. Climate-controlled Holo-cene occupation in the Sahara: motor of Africa’s evolu-tion, Science 313: 803-807.

Lamplugh G.W. 1902. Calcrete, Geological Magazine 9: 75.

Larson M.L. 1994. Toward a holistic analysis of chipped stone assemblages, in The organization of North American prehistoric chipped stone tool technologies, Carr P.J. (ed.), 57-69, International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 7, Ann Arbor: Uni-versity of Michigan.

Le Berre M. 1989. Faune du Sahara. I, Poissons, Am-phibiens, Reptiles, Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud.

Le Quellec J.L. 1993. Symbolisme et art rupestre au Sahara, Paris: Editions L’Harmattan.

Le Quellec J.L. 2010. Nil et Sahara: Vingt ans plus tard, ArchéoNil 20: 62-75.

Le Quellec J.L., De Flers P., De Flers Ph. 2005. Du Sa-hara au Nil. Peintures et gravures d’avant les Pharaons, Paris: Libraire Arthème Fayard, Éditions Soleb.

Legrand A. 2005. Nouvelle approche méthodologique des assemblages osseux du Néolithique de Chypre. En-tre technique, fonction et culture, Ph.D. Thesis, Paris: Université de Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Legrand A. 2007. Fabrication et utilisation de l’outillage en matières osseuses du Néolithique de Chypre: Khi-rokitia et Cap Andreas-Kastros, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1678, Oxford: Archaeo-press.

496

references

Legrand A., Sidéra I. 2007. Methods, means, and results when studying European bone industry, in Bone as Tools: Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies, Gates St-Pierre C., Walker R.B. (eds.), 67-80, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1622, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Leoni L., Saitta M. 1976. Determination of Yttrium and Niobium on standard silicate rocks by X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-Ray Spectrometry 5: 29-30.

Leser P. 1970. Entstehung und Verbreitung des Pfluges, Munster: Anthropos Bibliothek.

Linseele V. 2013. Early stock keeping in northeastern Africa: Near Eastern influences and local developments, in Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa, Shirai N. (ed.), 97-107, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16, Berlin: ex oriente.

Linseele V., Marinova E., Van Neer W., Vermeersch P.M. 2010. Sites with Holocene dung deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Visited by herders?, Journal of Arid Environments 74: 818-828.

Linstädter J., Kröpelin S. 2004. Wadi Bakht revisited: Holocene climate change and prehistoric occupation in the Gilf Kebir region of the Eastern Sahara, SW Egypt, Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 19 (8): 753-778.

Livingstone I., Warren A. 1996. Aeolian geomorphol-ogy: An Introduction, Harlow: Longman.

Lucarini G. 2006a. Lo sfruttamento dei cereali spontanei e del Sorghum nei contesti del Deserto Occidentale Egiziano dall’VIII al VI millenio dal presente, Ph.D. Thesis, Napoli: Università di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’.

Lucarini G. 2006b. The use and exploitation of plants at Farafra Oasis, in Archaeology of the Early Northeast-ern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 463-478, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Lucarini G. 2008. Harvesting techniques in the Late Neolithic and Predynastic Egypt – Contributions from experimental archaeology and ethnography, in Egypt at its Origins 2, Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse, September 2005, Midant-Reynes B., Tristant Y. (eds.), Rowland J., Hendrickx S. (coll.), 443-462, Leuven: Peeters.

Lucarini G. 2011. Il paesaggio antico di Sheikh El Obeiyid (Farafra). La playa e il villaggio tra tecnolo-gia e aspetti simbolici, Scienze dell’Antichità. Storia, Archeologia, Antropologia 17: 41-55.

Lucarini G. 2013a. Early Craftsmen of the Desert. Traces of Predynastic Lithic Technology in Late Neolithic Farafra, in The Oasis Papers 6, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Lecce, September 2009, Bagnall R.S., Davoli P., Hope C.A. (eds.), 87-98, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Lucarini G. 2013b. Was a transition to food production homogeneous along the circum-Mediterranean litto-ral? A perspective on the Neolithisation research from the Libyan littoral, in Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa, Shirai N. (ed.), 149-174, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16, Berlin: ex oriente.

Luedtke B.E. 1978. Chert sources and trace element analysis, American Antiquity 43: 413-423.

Lyman R.L. 1994. Vertebrate taphonomy, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Magid A.A.M. 1989. Plant Domestication in the Middle Nile Basin: An Archaeoethnobotanical Case Study, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 523, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Mahmoud A.A. 1989. Quaternary geology and geoar-chaeology of Farafra Oasis, Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo: Ain Shams University.

Maigrot Y. 2003. Étude technologique et fonctionnelle de l’outillage en matières dures animales. La station 4 de Chalain (Néolithique final, Jura, France), Ph.D. Thesis, Paris: Université de Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Maley J. 1982. Dust, clouds, rain types, and climatic variations in tropical North Africa, Quaternary Re-search 18: 1-16.

Marlow C.A., Mills A.J. (eds.) 2001. The Oasis Papers 1, Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Durham, July 1994, Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 6, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Mauss M. 1925. Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés archaïques, L’Année soci-ologique, N.S., Tome 1, 1923-1924.

Maxwell T., Haynes V.C. Jr. 2001. Sand sheet dynam-ics and Quaternary landscape evolution of the Selima Sand Sheet, Southern Egypt, Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 1623-1647.

McBurney C.B.M. 1967. The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCauley J.F., Breed C.S., Grolier M.J. 1982a. The interplay of fluvial, mass-wast ing and aeolian processes in the eastern Gilf Kebir region, in Desert landforms of Southwest Egypt: A basis for comparison with Mars, El-Baz F., Max well T.A. (eds.), 207-239, Washington D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

McCauley J.F., Schaber G.G., Breed C.S., Grolier M.J., Haynes C.V., Issawi B., Elachi C., Blom R. 1982b. Subsurface valleys and geoarchaeology of the eastern Sa-hara revealed by shuttle radar, Science 218: 1004-1020.

McCauley J.F., Grolier M.J., Breed C.S. 1977. Yar-dangs, in Geomorphology of arid regions, Proceed-ings of the 8th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, Binghamton, September 1977, Doehring D.O. (ed.), 233-269, Binghamton: State University of New York.

McDonald M.M.A. 1991a. Origins of the Neolithic in the Nile Valley as seen from Dakhleh Oasis in the Egyptian Western Desert, Sahara 4: 41-52.

McDonald M.M.A. 1991b. Systematic reworking of lithics from earlier cultures in the Early Holocene of Dakhleh Oasis, Journal of Field Archaeology 18: 269-273.

McDonald M.M.A. 1992. Neolithic of Sudanese Tradition or Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic? The view from Dakhla Oasis, South Central Egypt, in An African Commitment. Papers in honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie, Sterner J., Da-vid N. (eds.), 51-70, Calgary: Calgary University Press.

497

references

McDonald M.M.A. 1993. Cultural adaptations in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, in the Early to Mid-Holocene, in Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander A.J. (eds.), 199-209, Poznan: Poznan Ar-chaeological Museum.

McDonald M.M.A. 1998. Early African Pastoralism: View from Dakhleh Oasis (Southern Central Egypt), Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17: 124-142.

McDonald M.M.A. 1999. Neolithic cultural units and adaptations in the Dakhleh Oasis, in Reports from the survey of the Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt 1977-1987, Churcher C.S., Mills A.J. (eds.), 117-132, Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 2, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

McDonald M.M.A. 2001. The late prehistoric radiocar-bon chronology for Dakhleh Oasis within the wider environmental and cultural setting of the Egyptian Western Desert, in The Oasis Papers 1, Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Durham, July 1994, Marlow C.A., Mills A.J. (eds.), 26-42, Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 6, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

McDonald M. 2002a. Dakhleh Oasis in Predynastic and Early Dynastic times: Bashendi B and the Sheikh Muftah units, ArchéoNil 12: 109-120.

McDonald M. 2002b. Holocene Prehistory: Interim Report on the 1997 and 1998 Seasons – the Masara Sites, in Dakhleh Oasis Project: Preliminary Reports on the 1994-1995 to 1998-1999 Field Seasons, Hope C.A., Bowen G.E. (eds.), 7-23, Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.

McDonald M.M.A. 2006. Holocene Prehistory of the Wady el Midauwara above Kharga Oasis, Egypt, in Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 479-492, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

McDonald M.M.A. 2007. Twilight of the microlith in the Late Epipalaeolithic of North East Africa? Local-ity 268 in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, Journal of African Archaeology 5 (1): 79-90.

McDonald M.M.A. 2009. Increased Sedentism in the Central Oases of the Egyptian Western Desert in the Early to Mid-Holocene: Evidences from the Peripher-ies, African Archaeological Review 26: 3-43.

McDonald M.M.A. 2013. Whence the Neolithic of North-eastern Africa? Evidence from the Central Western Desert of Egypt, Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa, Shirai N. (ed.), 175-192, Studies in Early Near Eastern Produc-tion, Subsistence, and Environment 16, Berlin: ex oriente.

McDonald M.M.A., Walker K. 1999. Holocene prehis-tory: Interim report on the 1992 season, in Dakhleh Oasis Project: Preliminary Reports on the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 Field seasons, Hope C.A., Mills A.J. (eds.), 7-14, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Midant-Reynes B. 1984. La taille des couteaux de silex du type Gebel el-Arak et la dénomination du silex en égyptien, in Origins and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa,

Krzyzaniak M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 261-264, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Middleton N.J. 1985. Effect of drought on dust produc-tion in the Sahel, Nature 316: 431-434.

Miller N.F. 1988. Ratios in paleoethnobotanical analy-sis, in Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, Hastorf C.A., Popper V.S. (eds.), 72-85, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Moeyersons J., Vermeersch P.M., Van Peer P. 2002. Dry Cave deposits and their palaeoenvironmental significance during the last 115 ka, Sodmein Cave, Red Sea Mountains, Egypt, Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 837-851.

Mohamed A.A.B. 2001. Site E-94-2: A Late Neolithic Occupation at Nabta, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 412-426, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Moholy-Nagy H. 1990. The misidentification of Meso-american lithic workshops, Latin American Antiquity 1: 268-279.

Morales J. 2010. El uso de las plantas en la prehistoria de Gran Canaria: alimentación, agricultura y ecología, Gran Canaria: Cabildo de Gran Canaria.

Morel J. 1974. La faune de l’escargotière de Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod (Sud-Algérien). Ce qu’elle nous ap-prend de l’alimentation et des conditions de vie des populations du Capsien Supérieur, L’Anthropologie 78 (2): 299-320.

Morelli M., Buzzigoli A., Negro G. 2006. Segnalazio-ne di nuovi siti di arte rupestre nel Great Sand Sea Egiziano, Sahara 17: 177-181.

Mostafa M.R. 1993. El-Diffa plateau: A geomorphologic study, Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo: Ain Shams University.

Motts W.S. 1965. Hydrological types of playa and close valley and some relation of hydrology of playa geology, in Geology, mineralogy, and hydrology of U.S. Playas, Neal J. (ed.), 31-57, Environmental Research Paper 96, Bedford: Cambridge Research Laboratory.

Mulazzani S., Sidéra I. 2012. Technological and Typo-logical Study of the Upper Capsian Bone Assemblage from SHM-1, Tunisia, Journal of African Archaeology 10 (1): 45-57.

Murphy D.J. 2007. People, Plants, and Genes. The story of Crops and Humanity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Murray R.W., Buchholtz Ten Brink M.R., Jone D.L. 1990. Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments of chert and shale, Geology 18: 268-271.

Mutri G. 2011. La Middle Stone Age dell’area di Sheikh el Obeiyid nel quadro dell’occupazione tardo pleistocenica del Deserto occidentale egiziano, Scienze dell’Antichità. Storia, Archeologia, Antropologia 17: 33-44.

Mutri G. 2013. Levallois Lithics on a Middle Stone Age Playa: Finds at Bir el Obeiyid, Northern Farafra Depres-sion, Egypt, in The Oasis Papers 6, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, Lecce, September 2009, Bagnall R.S., Davoli P., Hope C.A. (eds.), 99-106, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

498

references

Mutri G., Hamdan M.A. 2010. Lithic raw material in the Farafra Oasis (Egypt): location, procurement and use from the Middle Stone Age until the Neolithic period, in Landscape Archaeology: Egypt and the Mediter-ranean World, Book of Abstracts of the International Colloquium on Geoarchaeology, Cairo, September 2010, 95, Cairo: French Cultural Centre.

Needler W. 1984. Predynastic and archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum, New York: Brooklyn Museum.

Nelson K. 2001. Site E-75-8: A Slice Through Time, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 386-411, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Nelson K. and Associates (eds.) 2002. Holocene Set-tlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Neumann K. 1989a. Holocene vegetation of the East-ern Sahara: charcoal from prehistoric sites, African Archaeological Review 7: 97-116.

Neumann K. 1989b. Vegetationsgeschichte der Östsahara im Holozän Holzkohlen aus prähistorischen Fundstellen, in Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Östsahara, Kuper R. (ed.), 130-181, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Neumann K. 1993. Holocene vegetation of the Eastern Sahara: charcoal from prehistoric sites, in Environ-mental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J.A. (eds.), 153-169, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Neumann K., Schoch W.H., Détienne P., Schweingru-ber F.H. 2001. Woods of the Sahara and the Sahel: an anatomical atlas. Bois du Sahara et du Sahel: atlas d’anatomie. Holzer der Sahara und des Sahel: ein anatomischer Atlas, Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt.

Nicholson S.E. 1984. The climatology of Sub-Saharan Africa, in Environmental change in the West African Sahel, Advisory Committee on the Sahel, 99-205, Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nicolaisen J. 1963. Ecology and culture of the pastoral Tuareg, Copenhagen: Copenhagen National Museum.

Nicoll K. 2004. Recent environmental change and pre-historic human activity in Egypt and Northern Sudan, Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 561-580.

Nieves Zedeño M. 2002. Neolithic Ceramic Production in the Eastern Sahara of Egypt, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa, Nelson K., Associates (eds.), 51-64, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

O’Connell J.F., Latz P.K., Barnett P. 1983. Traditional and modern plant use among the Alyawara of central Australia, Economic Botany 37: 80-109.

Odell G.H. 1981. The mechanism of use-breakage of stone tools: Some testable hypotheses, Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 197-209.

Odell G.H. 2004. Lithic analysis, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Odell G.H., Odell-Vereecken F. 1980. Verifying reli-ability of lithic use-wear assessments by ‘blind-tests’:

The low-power approach, Journal of Field Archaeol-ogy 7: 48-58.

Osborn D.G., Helmy I. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai), Fieldiana Zoology, new series 5, Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.

Osterkamp W.R., Wood W.W. 1987. Playa-lake basins on the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part I. Hydrologic, geomorphic, and geologic evidence for their development, Geological Society of America Bulletin 99: 215-223.

Pachur H.J., Braun G. 1980. The palaeoclimate of the central Sahara, Libya, and the Libyan Desert, Palaeo-ecology of Africa 12: 351-363.

Pachur H.J., Hoelzmann P. 1991. Paleoclimatic implica-tions of late Quaternary lacustrine sediments in West-ern Nubia, Sudan, Quaternary Research 36: 257-276.

Pachur H.J., Kröpelin S., Hoelzmann P., Goschin M., Altmann N. 1990. Late Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine environments of Western Nubia, Berliner geowissen-schaftliche Abhandlungen (A) 120: 203-260.

Pachur H.J., Röper H.P. 1984. The Libyan (Western) Desert and Northern Sudan during the Late Pleisto-cene and Holocene, in Research in Egypt and Sudan: Results of the Special Research Project Aris Areas, Period 1981-1984, Klitzsch E., Said S., Schrank E. (eds.), 249-284, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

Peel R.F. 1941. Denudational landforms of the central Libyan Desert, Journal of Geomorphology 4: 3-23.

Peña-Chocarro L. 1999. Prehistoric Agriculture in Southern Spain during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age: The application of ethnographic models, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 818, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Peters J. 1986. Osteomorphology and osteometry of the appendicular skeleton of Grant’s Gazelle, Gazella granti (Brooke, 1872), Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca (Pallas, 1767) and Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766), Occasional Papers 2, Gent: Laboratorium voor Paleontologie, Rijksuniversiteit.

Petrullo G., Legrand A. 2013. Étude fonctionnelle de l’outillage osseux de SHM-1, in Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie). Culture, environnement et économie, Mulaz-zani S. (ed.), 263-268, Reports in African Archaeology 4, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.

Phillips J.L. 1973. Two Final Paleolithic Sites in the Nile Valley and Their External Relations, Cairo: Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Wealth, The Geological Survey of Egypt and Mining Authority.

Philobbos E.R., Mansour H.H. 1977. Textural and primary structural evidence for the aeolian origin of the so-called semi playa deposits of the Kharga Depres-sion Western Desert, Egypt, Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Assiut University 7 (1): 187-216.

Provenzano N. 2001. Les industries en bois de cervidés des Terramares émiliennes, Ph.D. Thesis, Aix-en-Provence: Université de Aix-Marseille II.

Puglisi S.M. 1967. Missione per Ricerche Preistoriche in Egitto, Origini 1: 301-312.

Purdy E.C. 1963. Recent calcium carbonate facies of the Great Bahama Bank. 1: Petrography and reaction groups, Journal of Geology 71: 334-355.

499

references

Quézel P. 1965. La végétation du Sahara, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Ramage C.S. 1971. Monsoon Meteorology, New York: Academic Press.

Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Bertrand C., Blackwell P.G., Buck C.E., Burr G., Cutler K.B., Damon P.E., Edwards R.L., Fairbanks R.G., Friedrich M., Guilderson T.P., Hughen K.A., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Man-ning S., Bronk Ramsey C., Reimer R.W., Remmele S., Southon J.R., Stuiver M., Talamo S., Taylor F.W., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. 2004. IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 Cal Kyr BP, Radiocarbon 46:1029-1058.

Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A.,Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Cali-bration Curves, 0-50,000 Years Cal.BP, Radiocarbon 51:1111-1150.

Reynolds P. 1981. Deadstock and livestock, in Farming practice in British Prehistory, Mercer R. (ed.), 97-122, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Rezania M. 1973. Variations in cultivated grain sorghum of the Yemen Arab Republic, Information Bulletin. Ce-real Improvement and Production. Near East Project X (3): 26-41, Rome: FAO.

Riemer H. 2000. Regenfeld 96/1 – Great Sand Sea and the question of human settlement on whaleback dunes, in Recent Research Into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 21-31, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Riemer H. 2003. Abu Gerara: Mid-Holocene sites be-tween Djara and Dakhla Oasis (Egypt), in Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Af-rica and Recent Research, Krzyzaniak L., Kroeper K., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 73-93, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Riemer H. 2006. Out of Dakhla: Cultural diversity and mobility between the Egyptian Oases and the Great Sand Sea during the Holocene humid phase, in Archae-ology of Early Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 493-526, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Riemer H. 2010. Archäologischer Survey auf dem südlichen Abu-Muharik-Plateau, in Djara: Zur mit-telholozänen Besiedlungsgeschichte zwischen Niltal und Oasen (Abu-Muharik-Plateau, Ägypten). Teil 2, Kindermann K. (ed.), 547-714, Africa Praehistorica 23, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Riemer H. 2012. Archaeological Survey of Wadi Hamra, Gilf Kebir, Egypt, in Prehistory of Northeastern Africa New Ideas and Discoveries, Kabacinski J., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 323-348, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Riemer H., Jesse F. 2006. When decoration made its way: the northern extent of Khartoum-style pottery in the eastern Sahara, in Acta Nubica, Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies, Rome, September 2002, Caneva I., Roccati A. (eds.), 63-72, Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

Riemer H., Kindermann K. 2008. Contacts between the Oasis and the Nile: A résumé of the Abu Muhariq Plateau Survey 1995-2002, in Egypt at its Origins 2, Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse, September 2005, Midant-Reynes B., Tristant Y. (eds.), Rowland J., Hendrickx S. (coll.), 609-633, Leuven: Peeters.

Riemer H., Pöllath N., Nussbaum S., Teubner I., Berke H. 2008. El Kharafish. A Sheikh Muftah desert camp site between the Oasis and the Nile, in Egypt at its Origins 2, Proceedings of the International Con-ference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse, September 2005, Midant-Reynes B., Tristant Y. (eds.), Rowland J., Hendrickx S. (coll.), 585-608, Leuven: Peeters.

Riemer H., Schönfeld P. 2006. The prehistoric pottery of Abu Tartur, Western Desert of Egypt, in Archaeology of the Early Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 335-374, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Riemer H., Schönfeld P. 2010. The prehistoric pot-tery of the Abu Muhariq Plateau, in Djara. Zur mit-telholozänen Besiedlungsgeschichte zwischen Niltal und Oasen (Abu Muharik-Plateau, Ägypten). Teil 2, Kindermann K. (ed.), 715-764, Africa Praehistorica 23, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut.

Ritchie J.C., Eyles C.H., Haynes C.V. 1985. Sediment and pollen evidence for an early to mid-Holocene hu-mid period in the eastern Sahara, Nature 314: 352-355.

Roccati A. 1982. La littérature historique sous l’Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.

Roccati A. 1998. Tra preistoria e storia, periferia e centro. Alcune riflessioni suggerite dalle fonti egizie dell’Antico Regno, in The Culture of the Oasis from the Antiquity to the Modern Age, Proceedings of the IV Italo-Egyptian Forum, El Kharga, October 1998, Bonacasa N., Casini M., Etman A. (eds.), 17-20, Cairo: Istituto Italiano di Cultura.

Rognon P., Williams M.A.J. 1977. Late Quaternary climatic change in Australia and North Africa: A preliminary interpretation, Palaeogeography, Palaeo-climatology, Palaeoecology 21: 285-327.

Rohlfs G. 1875. Drei Monate in der libyschen Wüste, Cassel: Verlag von Theodor Fischer.

Rona Tas A. 1959. Some data on the agriculture of the Mongols, Opuscula Ethnologica Memoriae Ludovici Birò Sacra,Budapest, Academiae Kiado: 443-469.

Roubet C. 1973. Essai de classification du matériel de broyage, Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohis-toric Sciences, Belgrade, September 1971, Volume 3: 413-417.

500

references

Roubet C. 1989. Methods of analysis of grinding imple-ments, in The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Volume 3: Late Palaeolithic Archaeology, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.) and Close A.E. (ed.), 470-472, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Rzebik-Kowalska B. 1993. Insectivores (Insectivora: Mammalia) from Bir Tarfawi, in Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E., Associates (eds.), 185-189, New York: Plenum Press.

Sack R.D. 1986. Human Territoriality: Its theory and his-tory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Said R. 1960. Planktonic foraminifera from the Thebes Formation, Luxor, Egypt, Micropaleontology 6 (3): 277-286.

Said R. 1962. The geology of Egypt, Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.

Said R. 1980. The Quaternary sediments of the southern Western Desert of Egypt: An overview, in Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.), 281-289, New York: Academic Press.

Said R. (ed.). 1990. The geology of Egypt, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Said R., Kerdany M.T. 1961. The geology and micropa-leontology of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, Micropalaeontol-ogy 7:317-336.

Schild R., Wendorf F. 1984. Lithostratigraphy of Holo-cene lakes along the Kiseiba Scarp, in Cattle Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.), Close A.E. (ed.), 9-40, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Schild R., Wendorf F. 2001a. Geoarchaeology of the Holocene climatic optimum at Nabta Playa, south western Desert, Egypt, Geoarchaeology: An Interna-tional Journal 16 (1): 7-28.

Schild R., Wendorf F. 2001b. Geomorphology, Lithostratigraphy, Geochronology and Taphonomy of Sites, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 11-50, New York: Klu-wer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Schmidt K. 1993. Comments to the Lithic Industry of the Buto-Maadi Culture in Lower Egypt, in Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Krzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J. (eds.), 267-277, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Schwarcz H.P. 1986. Geochronology and isotope geochemistry of speleothems, in Handbook of Envi-ronmental Isotope Geochemistry, Volume 2, Fritz P., Fontes C. (eds.), 271-303, Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.

Seidenkrantz M.-S., Ulleberg K., Uutela A. 1999. Benthic and planktic foraminifera, Appendix 2 to: The Quaternary geology of a playa in Farafra, Western De-sert of Egypt, Donner J.J., Ashour M.M., Embabi N.S., Siiriäinen A., in Studies of Playas in the Western Desert of Egypt, Donner J. (ed.), 99-102, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Geologica-Geographica 160, Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

Sethe K. 1920. Die ägyptischen Bezeichnungen für Oasen und ihre Bewohner, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 56: 44-54.

Shirai N. 2006. Origins and development of bifacial stone tools and their implications for the beginning of animal herding in the Egyptian Western Desert, in Archaeol-ogy of Early Northeastern Africa. In Memory of Lech Krzyzaniak, Kroeper K., Chłodnicki M., Kobusiewicz M. (eds.), 355-374, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.

Shirai N. 2010. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt. New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic, Archaeological Studies Leiden University 21, Leiden: Leiden University Press.

Sidéra I. 1989. Un complément des données sur les societies Rubanées, l’industrie osseuse de Cuiry-les Chaudardes, British Archaeological Reports, Interna-tional Series 520, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Sidéra I. 1993. Les assemblages osseux en bassins pari-sien et rhénan du VIe au IVe millénaire BC, Histoire, techno-économie et culture, Ph.D. Thesis, Paris: Uni-versité de Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Sidéra I. 2005. Technical data, typological data: A com-parison, in From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusk to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present, Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group, Luik H., Choyke A.M., Batey C.E., Lõugas L. (eds.), 81-90, Tallinn, August 2003, Tallinn Muinasaja Teadus, Tartu-Tallinn: Tartu ülikool.

Sidéra I. 2012. Nouveau regard sur la néolithisation. L’industrie osseuse de l’Anatolie au Bassin parisien via la Méditerranée, Collection Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouvès 15, Paris: Éditions De Boccard.

Sidéra I., Legrand A. 2006. Tracéologie fonctionnelle des matières osseuses: une method, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 103 (2): 291-304.

Sigaut F. 1978. Identifications des techniques de récolte des graines alimentaires, Journal d’Agriculture Tradi-tionelle et de Botanique Appliquée 24: 145-161.

Sirocko F., Sarnthein M., Erleneuser H., Lange H., Arnold M., Duplessy J.C. 1993. Century-scale events in monsoonal climate over the past 24,000 years, Nature 364: 322-324.

Smith J.R., Hawkins A.L., Asmero M. Y., Polyak V., Gie-gengack R. 2007. New age constraints on the Middle Stone Age occupations of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, Journal of Human Evolution 52:690-701.

Sokkar A.M. 1991. Geomorphological, petrographical and mineralogical studies on the carbonate rocks of the Bahariya-Farafra, Western Desert, Egypt, M.Sc. Thesis, Cairo: Cairo University.

Stemler A.B.L. 1980. Origins of plant domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley, in The Sahara and the Nile: Quaternary Environment and Prehistoric Occu-pation in Northern Africa, Williams M.A.J., Faure H. (eds.), 503-526, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Stemler A.B.L. 1984. The transition from food collecting to food production in northern Africa, in From Hunt-ers to Farmers, Clark J.D., Brandt S.A. (eds.), 127-131, Berkeley: University of California Press.

501

references

Stordeur D. 1977. La fabrication des aiguilles à chas, observation et experimentation, in Méthodologie ap-pliquée à l’industrie de l’os préhistorique, Actes du deuxième colloque international sur l’industrie de l’os dans la préhistoire, Abbaye de Sénanque, Vaucluse, June 1976, 251-256, Paris: Éditions du Centre Na-tional de la Recherche Scientifique.

Street-Perrott F.A., Roberts N. 1983. Fluctuations in closed-basin lakes as an indication of past atmospheric circulation patterns, in Variations in the Global Water Budget, Street-Perrot A., Beran M., Ratcliffe R. (eds.), 331-345, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Strzygowski J. 1904. Koptische Kunst, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Wien: Adolf Holzhausen.

Stuiver M., Polach H.A. 1977. Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon 19 (3): 355-363.

Stuiver M., Reimer P.J. 1993. Extended (super 14) C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 (super 14) C age calibra-tion program, Radiocarbon 35: 215-230.

Stuiver M., Reimer P.J., Reimer R.W. 2006. CALIB 6.0.Sultan M., Sturchio N., Hassan F.A., Hamdan M.A.,

Mahmoud A., Alfy Z. 1997. Precipitation source inferred from isotopic composition of Pleistocene groundwater and carbonate deposits in the Western Desert of Egypt, Quaternary Research 48: 29-37.

Summerfield M.A. 1981. The nature and occurrence of silcrete, southern Cape Province, South Africa, School of Geography Research Paper 28, Oxford: University of Oxford.

Summerfield M.A. 1982. Distribution, nature and gen-esis of silcrete in arid and semi-arid southern Africa, Catena Supplement 1: 37-65.

Summerfield M.A. 1983. Silcrete, in Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology, Goudie A.S., Pye K. (eds.), 59-91, London: Academic Press.

Szabo B.J., McHugh W.P., Haynes C.V., Schaber G.G., Breed C.S. 1989. Uranium-series dated authigenic carbonates and Acheulian sites in southern Egypt, Science 243: 1053-1056.

Szabo B.J., Haynes C.V., Maxwell T.A. 1995. Ages of Quaternary pluvial episodes determined by uranium-series and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine deposits of eastern Sahara, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 113: 227-242.

Täckholm V. 1974. Students’ Flora of Egypt, Cairo: Cairo University Press.

Tangri D. 1991. Neolithic basket-impressed pottery from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt: new evidence for regionalism in the Eastern Sahara, Sahara 4: 141-143.

Thanheiser U. 2011. Island of the Blessed: 8000 Years of Plant Exploitation in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, in Windows on the African Past: Current Approaches to African Archaeobotany, Fahmy A.G., Kahlheber S., D’Andrea A.C. (eds.), 79-90, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.

Taylor S.R., McClennan S.M. 1985. The continental crust, its composition and evolution, Oxford: Black-well Scientific.

Tixier J. 1963. Typologie de l’Épipaléolithique du Maghreb, Mémoires du Centre de Recherches An-thropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques II, Alger, Paris:Arts et Métiers Graphiques.

Torrence R. 2002. Thinking big about small tools, in Thinking small: Global Perspectives on Microlithiza-tion, Kuhn S., Elston R. (eds.), 179-189, Anthropologi-cal Papers of the American Anthropological Associa-tion 12, Washington D.C.: American Anthropological Association.

Tringham R., Cooper G., Odell G., Voytek B., Whit-man A. 1974. Experimentation in the formation of edge damage: A new approach to lithic analysis, Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 171-196.

Tubiana M.J., Tubiana J. 1977. The Zaghawa from an Ecological Perspective, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Turq A. 1990. Exploitation des matières premières lithiques dans le moustérien entre Dordogne et Lot, Proceedings of the V International Symposium on flint “Le silex de sa genése à l’outil”, Bordeaux, September-October 1987, Cahier du Quaternaire 17: 415-427.

Udchachon M., Thassanapak H., Feng Q., Chonglak-mani C. 2011. Geochemical constraints on the depo-sitional environment of Upper Devonian radiolarian cherts from Loei, North-Eastern Thailand, Frontiers of Earth Science 5 (2): 178-190.

Unger-Hamilton R. 1983. A investigation into the vari-ables affecting the development and the appearance of plant polish on flint blades, in Traces d’utilisation sur les Outils Néolithiques du Proche-Orient, Cauvin M.C. (ed.), 243-250, Lyon: Editions du Centre Na-tional de la Recherche Scientifique.

Unger-Hamilton R. 1988. Method in Microwear Analysis. Prehistoric Sickles and Other Stone Tools from Arjoune, Syria, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 435, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Urban E.K., Fry C.H., Keith S. (eds.) 1986. The birds of Africa, 2 Vols., London, Orlando: Academic Press.

van Gijn A.L. 1990. The wear and tear of flint. Princi-ples of functional analysis applied to Dutch Neolithic assemblages, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 22, Leiden: Leiden University.

Van Peer P. 2001. The Nubian Complex settlement sys-tem in Northeast Africa, in Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, Conrad N.J. (ed.), 45-64, Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.

Van Peer P., Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E. 2010. The Taramsa Burial, in Chert quarrying, lithic technology and a modern human burial at the Palaeolithic site of Taramsa 1 (Upper Egypt), Van Peer P., Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E. (eds.), 215-224, Egyptian Prehis-tory Monographs 5, Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Vanhaeren M. 2005. Speaking with beads: The evolution-ary significance of personal ornaments, in From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans, d’Errico F., Backwell L. (eds.), 525-553, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press..

Vaughan P. 1985. Use-Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

502

references

Vaughan P., Jarrige C., Anderson-Gerfaud P. 1987. Sickles and Harvesting Motions in Baluchistan (Paki-stan), in La Main et L’Outil: Manches et emmanche-ments préhistoriques, TMO 15, Lyon: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Venir I. 2012. La lavorazione dell’uovo di struzzo in ambito nord-africano.Tecnologia, funzione e valore sociale presso le società oloceniche tra Maghreb e Sahara orientale, Ph.D. Thesis, Napoli: Università di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’.

Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E., Huyge D., Neumann K., Van Neer W., Van Peer P. 1992. Predynastic Hearths in Upper Egypt, in The Followers of Horus. Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1944-1990, Friedmann R., Adams B. (eds.), 163-172, Egyptian Studies Association Publication 2, Oxbow Monograph 20, Oxford: Oxbow.

Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E., Van Peer P. 2000. Shuwikhat I, an Upper Palaeolithic site, in Palaeolithic living sites in Upper and Middle Egypt, Vermeersch P.M. (ed.), 111-158, Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 2, Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E., Vanderbeken T. 2002. Nazlet Khater 4, an Upper Palaeolithic underground chert mine, in Palaeolithic Quarrying sites in Upper and Middle Egypt, Vermeersch P.M. (ed.), 211-272, Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 4, Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Vermeersch P.M., Van Peer P., Moeyersons J., Van Neer W. 1994. Sodmein Cave Site, Red Sea Mountains (Egypt), Sahara 6: 31-40.

Vermeersch P.M., Van Peer P., Moeyersons J., Van Neer W. 1996. Neolithic occupation of the Sodmein area, Red Sea Mountains, Egypt, in Aspects of African Archaeology, Pwiti G., Soper R. (eds.), 411-419, Ha-rare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

Vermeersch P.M., Van Peer P., Moeyersons J., Van Neer W. 2002. The Tree Shelter, a Holocene Site in the Red Sea Mountains, Archéo-Nil 12: 123-137.

Vermeersch P. M., Van Peer P., Rots V., Paulissen R. 2005. A Survey of the Bili-cave and its surroundings in the Red Sea mountains, El Gouna, Egypt, Journal of African Archaeology 22: 267-276.

Vernet R. 2002. Climate during the late Holocene in the Sahara and the Sahel: Evolution and consequences on human settlement, in Droughts, Food and Culture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa´s Later Prehistory, Hassan F.A. (ed.), 47-63, New York: Klu-wer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Vogel J.C., Visser E., Fuls A. 2001. Suitability of ostrich eggshell for radiocarbon dating, Radiocarbon 43 (1): 133-137.

Volkman P. 1983. Boker Tachtit: Core Reconstructions, in Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Volume III: The Avdat/Aqev Area, part 3, Marks A.E. (ed.), 127-190, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

von den Driesch A. 1977. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum Bulletin 1, Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.

Wagner G. 1987. Les oasis d’Égypte à l’époque grecque, romaine et byzantine d’après les documents grecs, Recherches de papyrologie et d’épigraphie grecques, Cairo: Bibliothèque d’Études.

Warfe A. 2006 Reconsidering the argument for an early Holocene pottery tradition in Dakhleh Oasis, central Western Desert, Egypt, Sahara 17: 19-28.

Walter H. 1984. Vegetation und Klimazonen: Grundriss der globalen Ökologie, Stuttgart: Ulmer.

Ward A.W., Greeley R. 1984. Evolution of the yardangs at Rogers Lake, California, Geological Society of America Bulletin 95: 820-837.

Wassif K. 1953. On a collection of mammals from north-ern Sinai, Bulletin de l’Institut du désert d’Egypte 3 (1): 107-118.

Wasylikowa K. 1992. Exploitation of wild plants by prehistoric people in the Sahara, Würzburger Geog-raphische Arbeiten 84: 247-262.

Wasylikowa K. 1997. Flora of the 8000 years old archae-ological site E-75-6 at Nabta playa, Western Desert, southern Egypt, Acta Palaeobotanica 37 (2): 99-205.

Wasylikowa K. 2001. Site E-75-6: Vegetation and Sub-sistence of the Early Neolithic at Nabta Playa, Egypt, Reconstructed from Charred Plant Remains, in Holo-cene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 544-591, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wasylikowa K., Barakat H.N., Litynska-Zajac M. 2001. Nabta Playa Sites E-75-8, E-91-1, E-92-7, E-94-1, E-94-2, and El Gebal El Beid Playa Site E-77-7: Seeds and Fruits, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 605-606, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wasylikowa K., Dahlberg J. 1999. Sorghum in the economy of the Early Neolithic nomadic tribes at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt, in The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, Van der Veen M. (ed.), 11-31, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wasylikowa K., Kubiak-Martens L. 1995. Wild Sor-ghum from the Early Neolithic site Nabta Playa, S. Egypt, in Res Archaeobotanicae, Proceedings of the 9th Symposium of the International Work Group for Pal-aeoethnobotany, Kiel, May 1992, Kroll H., Pasternak P. (eds.), 345-358, Kiel: Oetker Voges Verlag.

Wasylikowa K., Schild R., Wendorf F., Krolik K., Kubiak-Martens L., Harlan J.R. 1995. Archaeobot-any of the early Neolithic site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, south Egypt, Acta Palaeobotanica 35 (1): 133-155.

Watson A., Nash D.J. 1997. Desert crusts and varnishes, in Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands, Thomas D.S.G. (ed.), 69-107, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Weeramantry C.G. (ed.) 1993. The impact of technology on human rights: Global case-studies, Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

Wendorf F. 1968. The Prehistory of Nubia, I-II, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

503

references

Wendorf F., Close A.E., Schild R. 2001. Site E-91-1: An Al Jerar Phase Locality at Nabta Playa. Part I: The 1991 and 1997 Excavations, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 147-183, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wendorf F., Hassan F.A. 1980. Holocene ecology and prehistory in the Egyptian Sahara, in The Sahara and the Nile: Quaternary environments and prehis-toric occupations in northern Africa, Williams M.A.J., Faure H. (eds.), 407-420, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.) 1976a. Prehistory of the Nile Valley, New York: Academic Press.

Wendorf F., Schild R. 1976b. The use of Ground Grain in the Late Palaeolithic of the Lower Nile Valley, in Origins of African Plant Domestication, Harlan J.R., de Wet J.M.J., Stemler A.B.L. (eds.), 269-288, The Hague-Paris: Mouton Publishers.

Wendorf F., Schild R. (eds.) 1980. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, New York: Academic Press.

Wendorf F., Schild R. 1984. Conclusion, in Cattle-keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E. (eds.), 135-164, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Wendorf F., Schild R. 2001a. Conclusions, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 648-675, New York: Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers.

Wendorf F., Schild R. 2001b. Site E-75-9: The Excava-tion of an El Adam (?) Early Neolithic Settlement at Nabta Playa, in Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.), 97-110, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wendorf F., Schild R., Associates (eds.) 2001. Holo-cene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E. (eds.) 1984. Cattle-keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E., Associates (eds.) 1993. Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, New York: Plenum Press.

Wendrich W., Taylor R.E., Southon J. 2010. Dating stratified sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for Fayum Neolithic, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B, 268 (7-8).

Wenke R.J., Long J.E., Buck P.E. 1988. Epipalaeo-lithic and Neolithic Subsistence and Settlement in the Fayyum Oasis of Egypt, Journal of Field Archaeology 15: 29-51.

White W.B. 1976. Cave minerals and speleothems, in The Science of Speleology, Ford T.D., Cullingford C.H.D. (eds.), 267-327, London: Academic Press.

Whitney M.I. 1983. Eolian features shaped by aerody-namic and vorticity processes, in Eolian sediments and processes, Brookfield M.E., Ahlbrandt T.S. (eds.), 223-245, Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company.

Wickens G. 1976. The flora of Jebel Marra (Sudan Re-public) and its geographical affinities, London: HMSO.

Wieckowska H. 1984. Report on Site E-79-1, in Cattle Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, Wendorf F., Schild R. (ass.), Close A.E. (ed.), 73-94, Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Wiessner P. 1983. Style and social information in Kala-hari San projectile points, American Antiquity 48/2: 253-276.

Wiessner P. 1996. Introduction: Food, Status, Culture and Nature, in Food and Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Wiessner P., Schiefenhövel W. (eds.), 1-18, Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Willerding U. 1991. Präsenz, Erhaltung und Repräsen-tanz von Pflanzenresten in archäologischem Fundgut, in Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany, van Zeist W., Wasylikowa K., Behre K.E. (eds.), 25-51, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

Wilkinson J.G. 1843. Modern Egypt and Thebes, Lon-don: John Murray.

Yohe R.M., Newman M.E., Schneider J.S. 1991. Im-munological Identification of Small-Mammal Proteins on Aboriginal Milling Equipment, American Antiquity 56 (4): 659-666.

Youssef M.I, Abdelaziz W. 1971. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous – Lower Tertiary in Farafra Oasis, Libyan Desert, Egypt, Paper presented at the Sympo-sium on the Geology of Lybia, Tripoli, April 1969.

Zaghloul E.A. 1983. Geology of Abu Minqar-Farafra-Ain Dalla stretch, Western Desert, Egypt, Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo: Cairo University.

Zaghloul E.A., Issawi B., Abdallah A. 1985. Qua-ternary geology of the Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, unpublished typescript.

Zahran M., Willis J. 1992. The vegetation of Egypt, London: Chapman and Hall.

Zohary D., Hopf M., Weiss E. 2012. Domestication of Plants in the Old World, fourth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fr

om

La

ke

to

Sa

nd

edit

ed b

yB

ar

ba

ra

E.

Ba

ric

h,

Giu

lio

Lu

ca

rin

i M

oh

am

ed A

. H

am

da

n a

nd

Fek

ri

A.

Ha

ssa

n

From Lake to Sand


edited by



MiniStry oF AntiqUitiES – EGypt contributions by

Donatella BarcaBarbara E. BarichGiorgio BelluominiZbigniew M. BochenskiMario CappozzoLanfredo CastellettiMichela CottiniEmanuela CristianiAhmed G. FahmyMarina GallinaroMaria Carmela GattoAchiel GautierMohamed A. HamdanFekri A. HassanKazimierz Kowalski †Giulio LucariniAbdelmoneim A.MahmoudLuigia ManfraEmanuele MariottiItalo M. MuntoniGiuseppina MutriAugusto PalombiniGiacoma PetrulloBarbara Rzebik- KowalskaErhard SchulzNahla A. ShallalyZbigniew SzyndlarPhilip Van Peer

the volume presents all the data collected during the cycle of research conducted by the italian Archaeological Mission in the Farafra oasis between 1990 and 2005. the 29 multidisciplinary essays contained in this book provide a detailed picture of the population of the Farafra oasis, hitherto one of the least well known within the Western Desert. Farafra became particularly im-portant during the middle Holocene, the period when climate conditions were most favourable, with later brief humid episodes even in the historic periods. the results of the long-term research cycle presented here, combined with data from the survey of the whole Wadi el obeiyid still in progress, allow the authors to identify changes in the peopling of the oasis and to define various occupation phases. the new chronology for the Wadi el obeiyid is one of the main achievements of the book and, as demonstrated in the final chapter, is in complete agreement with the main cultural units of other territories in the Western Desert. on this chronological basis, the contacts between the latter and the populations established on the nile are brought into sharper focus.the importance of the archaeological documents discovered at Farafra and, at the same time their fragility due to the deterioration of the physical environment and the uncon-trolled human activities, make us fear for their conservation. We hope that this book, with its complete documentation of the precious nature of the Farafra oasis landscape and its archaeological heritage, may help to promote more effective policies for its safeguard.

Barbara E. Barich is Professor of Etnografia Preistorica dell’Africa, formerly at the Sapienza University of Rome, and member of the ISMEO, International Association for the Study of the Mediterranean and the East.

Giulio Lucarini is Marie Curie Senior Research Fellow at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, and member of the ISMEO, International Association for the Study of the Mediterranean and the East.

Mohamed A. Hamdan is Head of the Geology Department, and Professor of Geoarchaeology at the Cairo University.

Fekri A. Hassan is Professor at the Université Française d’Egypte, and Emeritus Petrie Professor at the University College London.

€ 60,00

ISBN 978-88-7814-520-7

Date post:	28-Apr-2023
Category:	Documents
Upload:	cnr-it
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

The Boats Arch: a new rock art site in Wadi el Obeiyid

Documents