"'gee bi ees FISHERTÉS'RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA

Translation Series No , 2825

The higher aquatic.vegetation of Lake Krasnoe

by V. M. Katanskaya

Original title: Vysshaya vodnaya rastitel T noseOzera Krasnogo

From: Ozera Karerskogo peresheika limnologiCheskie tsiklY ozera KraL>aogo .(Lakes-of the Karelian Isthintis, Limnological cycles - of Lal;e:rasnOe), 37 5-.1151i 1971

Translated by the Translation Bureau(P-TH) Multilingual' Services Division .

DePartment of the Secretary of State of Canada

Department - pf the Environment: ,Fisheries Respardh Board of Canada

• Freshwater Institute , • Winnipeg, Man.

1973.

u 42, pages typescript

-• '

DIVISION MULTILINGUES

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L'ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION DATE DE PUBLICATION

375-451

PUBLISHER ÉDITEUR

USSR Academy of Sciences

YEAR

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ISSUE NO.

NUMÉRO VOLUME

NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES NOMBRE DE PAGES

DACTYLOGRAPHI ÉES

«OR Leningrad, USSR 1 971 I I •

/17-,/(W ,:? s

AUTHOR — AUTEUR

Katanskava 9 V.M. cl

TI TLE IN ENGLISH — TITRE ANGI.

r

Alp Ths agher aquatic voLetation of Lake Krasnoe

TITLE III FOREIGN LANGUAGE ( TRANSL I TERA TE FOREIGN CFIARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS)

Vysshaya vodnaya rastitellnost' Ozera Krasnogo

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RÈFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS,

Osera Karerskogo peresheika. Limnologicheskie tsikIy Osera Krasnogo

F.EFERENCE IN ENGLISH — RÉFÉRENCE EN ANG1. 4 I

Lakes of the Karelian Isthmus. Limnological cycles of Lake Krasnoe

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143968 Russian F.J.H.

Ozera Karerskogo peresheika (Lakes of the Karelian Isthmus). Limnologicheskic tsikly Ozera Krasnogo (Limnological cycles of Lal';e 1,:rasnoe), USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 1971.

THE HIGHER AQUATIC VEGETATION OF LAEZ KRASNOE

V. M. Katanskaya

P. 375-

The study of the higher aquatic vegetation of

Lake Krasnoe, as one of the lines of investigation in

the overall complex of limnological investigations of the

lake, was begun in 1949, a year in which the water level of

the lake was unusually high (Semenovich, 1958),having been

raised to the extent of 1 to 1 1/2 m by the dam of the

electric power station. It was in that year that the

first detailed description was made of the vegetative

cover of the lake, its main colLponents were distinguished,

a schematic map was compiled showing the distribution of

the plant associations in the lake and several profiles

were laid out. Subsequent studies conducted throughout the

period 1950 - 1952, when the water level was even higher,

were directed towards a study of the yield

* The numbers in the right margin indicate the corresponding pages in the original text. (Trunsiator).

SOS...200-1 31 ••e/2

7550.21.025-5332

-y,% ^ 375and seasonal develo^^i-zient Of the various associations of

the 'ai4,her aq^.^atic ve4etatz.on of BalAe Kxasnoe and certain

o-i,1ler la'L_es of the ^.^a^^o-l:i_an .i.sthr,lus (ITata:rnskaya, 1954,

11'160b) a In none of t}1ese yeo.rs, nor siibsequently_

and thus over -a period of al: _o st 15 y ea rs ,were any

descriptions prodi:ced of the distribution of the plant

associations in Lake -,K.rzsnoe. It was only atarin; the

period 19-63 to 1966 that th:i.s was done annually, chiefly

for the pLU.^pose of asce_rtaining the dynam^ics of the

ve-;etative cover. It is to be noted, however, that during

these latter years ^-mbste.nti.al variations occi:xred in the

:Level of the 1allce. Initially, these resulted from partial

destruction of the. dai-l of the e1.ec-trâ.c power station and

later, :L'ror:._ its total destir. uc tioxi, the effEC t of

was to cause the .,rater in the lake to fall almost to its natL^..-.l

level. By September 1.;66 the vvate.r level in the lake had

fallen by almost 2 m as comja.red with the highes t reading

dLn^Zng the years of the damuming.

Lake h.rasnoe is located in the Vyborg district. of

Leningrad Oblast' and is sitt?.ated in a low part of the

1)1ar^al.ian lsthi:,.us. Its basin is of the f1uv.`^al type,

e1.onUated and widened in a nortl-,westerly direction aaid

-ere are three large bays --irregularly shared (Fig. 1). T?'

.in,^i, ;evurn^T^_ and Lybachli, as well as several s^.^aller^T

one^.^ located on the east side of Govor 1.:ivy i Creek and :Do:Lgiï.

hc:adland, on the ,^ro.st side 'of Va 1.unnyi ïieadl.an.d and near

the southaes tern shore close to Strannitsa TZiver. The

.r3

`& 4 4 y

;if A

--_,-----1---- ,Y ,ç à *,a 3all. el 111CP7 Y.8 ■7.7y1tif bill

qe 't4A

Kra snaya e--•,.„,.1/4., •

River Valunayi ' headland

Govorlivyi Creek

ft_u.19 12_12.1Sa

E1,113 Podll P7.7q1g

baaPe F7;113 lm1121 Lei Li 14 .133 8122

15 Fa-7-1 23

I,* on) bLj? 24

h;:vene, ■ •

"'ieeer.".en74,„hvornyl\ headland

Wharf of Limnological Strannitsa Station River

i it

a • e % e 0

sa 0 N. ,

e ' ..e .----------- )

\ tt" • • •

it

• inyi iniet

3

[41-*41 4

nil 5

eschanyivri-17 hbadland

IF F IQ QQI

1..@1

ybachii

A'f\ Dolgii eadland

•

inlet

Shirokii headland

-3-

headlands are Khvoinyi, Peschanyi, Dolgii, Valunnyi and D. 376.

Shirokii, in addition to which.there is an alluvial

fan of Govorlivyi Creek. Khvoinyi and Peschanyi headlands,

being located on opposite shores, divide the lake into

two unequal parts: a large, wide,central water area and a

small southeastern part. The lake is of the through-flow

type: flowinE into in at its southeastern end is Strannitsa

River, and at its southwestern end - Govorlivyi Creek.

Flowing out of it is Krasnaya River, which connects it with

the neighbouring Lake Pravdinskoe. The rest of the creeks

flowing into it, which number more than 20 in all, are

. chiefly concentrated on the northeastern shore.

Fig. 1. Diagram showing distribution of vegetation in Laice Krasnoe in 1949

1- Phragmites pl&munis; 2- _anirPuP LUDI(Istris; 3-21U1UL festucacea; if- JlodUUUilm fluviatile; 5- 11?-rha species;

•

-4- -

6- Heleocharis palustris; 7- Glyceria maximal 8- .5parganium simplex; 9- Sagittaria sagittifolia with leaf surfaces exposed 7Fo the air; 10- the sanie with floating leaves; 11- Kuphar ],uteum; 12- Hymphaea candida; 13- Polyuonum am.hibium var. à'quaticus; 14- F. amphibium var. terrestris; 15- Potamoeton inup.ris; 16- P. heterophyllus f. grainifolius; 17- P. perf61ia1us;

lucens; 19- P. praelonuus; 20- Myriohyllum alternifloruer 21- -eanunculus sp.; 2-2- Elodea canadensis; Scir-ous radicans; 24- 'f175-(7. -i5T: moisture-loving mixed herbage; the numerals denote the profile numbers.

•

p. 377 Accordine,: to data furnished by N.I. Semenoyich

(1958), during the period 1946-1948 the length of the lake

was about 7 km, the maximum width - 2.8 km, the mean width -

1.3 km, the area - about 9 km2 9 the length of the shore line -

about 20 km, the approximate width of the shore line - 1.87 m,

the maximum depth - 13 m e and the mean depth - 7 m. The area

between the 0 and 2 m isobaths was 1.2 km2 or about 14% of

the total area of the lake. More than 50% of the area of the

lake is between the 8 and 12 m isobaths.

The lake water is hydrocarbonate-calcium in composition.

The mineralization (in the surface layer of the central part)

is about 50 mg/i. The water contains a moderate amount of

organic matter. The colour of the water is greenish-yellow,

the chromaticity according to the platinum-cobalt scale‘ is

between 9 and 30° and the oxidizability - between 4.5 and

10.8 mg of oxygen per litre. The active reaction of the

water in summer is weakly alkaline: the pH is between 7.2 and 7.4.

The total hardness is 1.43-1.7 ° , or 0.51-0.61 mg/equiv.

According to information dated 1964 (Andronikova,

this volume), alterations have occurred in some of the

hydrcchelidcal eleti.ents. Thus, the chromaticity according to

• •/„.•

-5-

3:17 the platinum-cobalt scale• ranges from 25 to 47 0 in the

different seasons, the bichromate oxidizability - from 9

to 20 mg of oxyeen per litre, the pH value - from 6.8 to 8.5,

and the transparency based on the use of a white disc during

the period of open water - from 1.5 to 3 m.

The shores of the lake are high and steep, have a

number of terraces and have become overgrown with woody

vegetation. Towards the northwest they flatten out, the

trees give way to marshy meadow. vegetation (hay fields);

the first terrace (a low-lying strip of the shore) is most

pronounced on the northeastern shore; at Shirokii headland

and on the southwestern shore of Utinyi inlet it is narrow,

and over most of its length covered by sand and in places

by stones, rubble and loam. Until 1949, alder scrub was

growing on it, which in places was very dense. After the raising

of the level of the lake by the dam the whole of the first

terrace became inundated and it was not until 1966 that it

emerged from beneath the water.

The littoral consists of sand, pebbles, clays,

littoral oozes and lacustrine ores. The oozes are situated

at depths of more than 4 m although in the inlets they

are present at lesser depths (Semenovich, 1958).

The structure of the lacustrine bed of Lake

Krasnoe,, which over.the greater part of its length haS

steep slopes loading to the bottom and a feebly defined

littoral strip of shallow water (up to 2 to 2.5 m), is that

of highly mobile sandy and also pebbly, stony, clayey and

21_378

.../6

9

0

muddy de posi-t,s , all of which is scarcelÿ conduc:Lv'e to its

1^eco^!i.nU overgrown b.1 ac1L7.a-ti c vegetation. ï:'ïore or less

f{avoarable conditions for the development of vegetation

e-:à.s^ only in 'h e large ix^1e -t s and at the s o u^ta^^^e s-t er.n shore

at i,he eas ,ern end of the lalze (near S'cr s.nni tss River) .

1T,Ore the slopes have a very i^odes"t degree of s-teeâness.

The bo-t tou deposits consist predominantly of sancb-mrixed

%,,r:i-t+, s7 l't , oozes and clay.:^ .

Durin•,,:,r the years in which the water level is high,

v111en the greater part of the first terrace is under t=ra-ter,

more favourableVOL1L'able conditions for the develôp .11en t of vegei:a tà on

exist in the shallow s trip of water near some of its shores.

Based on the conditions of habitat whic-h are needed

for higher aqua-tic veC;e-ta-ti.onI the littoral of Lake Krasnoe

is divided into the following parts.

The eas-tern Dart

•

The sou-Lhwesi;ern lit-toral be-t,,Veen =<.rvoinyi headland

and the inlet near S-tr anni i sa River: steep slopes leading to

the bottom; sandy-stony and sandy bottom deposits.

The nor-theas-èern littoral between Strannitsa River

and Dolgi1 headland: tho slopes be1;ween the 0 and 2 m. isobaths

are re_la-tively gentle, particularly in. the vicinity of

; i;ranni tsa River;ver; in the littoral region the bo-t'^oi,i deposi-ts

are sandy; at some places the littoral strip of .sh-et'llow

water is N;,ide.

..^/7

378 The central water area

The southwestern littoral between Khvoinyd and -

Valunnyi headlands: the slopes are almost invariably steep,

although more gentle in its western part between Govorlivyi

Creek and Valunnyi headland; the littoral strip of shallow

water is narrow; the bottom deposits are sandy.

The northeastern littoral between Peschanyi

headland and Severnyi inlet: the slopes are relatively gentle,

especially in the northern part near Severnyi inlet; the

littoral strip of shallow water is narrow, although wider than

it is at the southwestern shore; the bottom deposits are 379

sandy, stony-sandy and occasionally stony; this part of

the lake shore is wholly exposed to the prevailing southerly

winds during the growing season; the extensive surface of

the central water area contributes to the formation of a

heavy swell near this shore.

The inlets

4ybachii: when the water level is high the slopes are

gentle and the littoral strip of shallow water is wide;

when the water level is lew they are steeper and the littoral

shallow strip is narrow; the bottom deposits consist for the

most part of sand and sand mixed with silt; to some extent

it is shielded from the southerly winds by Khvoinyi headland,

which is situated opposite it and is both wide and tall.

Severnyi: the slo -pes are shallow, the littoral strip

of shallow water is wide, particularly near the north shore,

• • •/8

and the bottom deposits consist of silt mixed with sand,

although at times they are clayey, especially along the

western shore of the inlet.

Utin;^i^ the slopes are gentle and the littoral strip

of shallow water is wide along the entire periphery of the

inlet; the bottom deposits are sandy-silty, silty-sandy

and clayey.

Idear Covorl^Ii Crevk soutt^east^verds of t: the

slopes are fairly steep and there is a narrow strip of shallow

water; the bottom deposits are sandy and silty-s,,ndy; this

area is sheltered from the southerly winds by the high shore ;

T?ear ValuxanTi. i?.ea.dland as seen froT11 Uti nyi inlet:

the slopes are gentle and the strip of shallow water is wide;

the bottom deposits are sandy and sandy-stony; the area is

sheltered from the southerly winds.

Wear the soutlwiest shoreclose to Strannitsa River- :

the slopes are gentle and the shallow strip is sr:ide ; the

bottom deposits are sandy-silty and silty; it is sheltered from

the southerly winds by the Yli,-,:) i shore and woody vegetation.

Near Dol ii headland, on its eastern side: the slopes

are gentle and the strip of shallow water is wide ; the

bottom deposits are sandy; the area is ex;,Dosed to the

southerly^viinci.s.

.../9

Scirpus lac ustris L. (bullrush) •111 111

■IMMI

. «..9._ , Table 1 . 2. 380

List of hiher aouatic plant species of Lalle Xrasnoe for . ;years of differing water content

Plant naes 1949 1964 11, Amphibious (air-water) olants-helophytes

‘

4 +

(American water plantain) Alisma ppntago-aquat.ica L. Carex rostrata Slakes (bati.71-e-Ude)--- ------ ' + +

Equisetum fluviatile L. (horsetail) • II Il

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. (floating sweetgrass)

G. maxima (Hartm.) Holomb. (reed sweetgrass)

Heleochariseicularis R0,07,M. et Schult,:, rsiender spikerushr

H. palustris (L.) R. Br. (boggy spikerush)

Tip2pris vulgaris L.f. terrestris Schwarz. common marestail) Iris pseudacarus L. (yellow iris) Phragmites communis Trin. (comcuon reed)

Ranunculus reptans L. (crowfoot)

• Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (arrowhead)

II II

t1 II

II 11

1III

II

Sparganium simplex Huds. (simple bur-reed) - II II

Scolochloa festucacea Link. (river grass) • • 4- II

Typha angustifolia L. (lesser reedmace) II II

T. latifolia L. (great reedmace) 4 LT Zizania aquatica L. (annual wildrice, or Canadian wildricer

-10- Habitat

1965 1966

11› II In the inlets, in the shallow water at the shores _and in the silty bottom deposits. In the inlets, on the swampy shores.

III In the inlets, in silty and silty-sandy bottom deposits containing large plant reuains to a depth of 1 m. In vs.rious parts of the lake, on the wet sandy beach near the water.

II III In ti:e inlets and in the southeastern part of the lake, in silty and clayey bottom deposits to a depth of 1.2 m and on the wet beach near the water.

'Il Gradually becoming established in all parts of the lake, most of ai]. in Rybachii inlet; in sandy, less frequently silty bottom deposits to a depth of 1.6-2m.

II II Gradually becoming established in all parts of the.lake, chiefly at the southeastern shore, in Rybachii and Utinyi inlets, near Valunnyi headland, in sandy and silty-sandy bottom deposits in water of up to 0.5 m deep and on the damp beach. In Utinyi inlet, in a reed community (in a permanently wet place).

In Severnyi inlet, on the wet beach.

IIII In all parts of the lake, in sandy, stony, clayey and silty bettom deposits to a depth of 2 m.

-0 381

II

13: Gradually becoming established in all parts of the lake, chiefly in sandy bottom deposits to depths of between 2 and 25 m. Together with Heleocharis acicularis.

In 1949, found in a form with floating leaves - in almost all parts of the lake near what used to be swampy shores. In 1966 - in the inlets, on. wet beaches near the water and also at

Khvoinyi headland in sand sometimes as deep as 0.5 m.

IIII In 1949 - in the inlets and in the alluvial fan of Govorlivyi Creek, in silty, sandy and sandy-silty bottom deposits to a depth of 1.6 m. In 1966 - in all parts of the lake in silty, sandy and stony bottdm deposits.

II In the inlets and on Shirokii headland, in silty bottom deposits sometimes with a depth of up to 0.6 m.

II III In the inlets and at the southeastern end of the lake in clayey 1

and silty bottom deposits to a depth of 0.7 m and on the wet beach.

II 2. 383. II -) In the inlets, on marshy shore and at the southeastern end of the lake. •

' II II

1 In 1966 - two speciLLens found in Sovernyi inlet in loose silty 11› bottom deposits where the depth was 0.2-0.3 m; in 1963 - three

speci=ns in Utinyi inlet; introduced.

aLlpi1ibious l:no "Mreed, 4,qua-tlc varietyl

Potamogeton alpinus Balb. (alpine pondweed)

382

1949 1964-

Nuphar lu tGuiT! (L.) Sm. (yello^^i pond lily) II II

1T. pu:^i]_u^i (ITo:ifm.) DC (siuall pond lily)II IITtymphaea candida Presl. (a?^; -te water lily)

Pol7 ^•oi1L?u an-on.^.biurl L. var. ^,ouaticus Leyss. II +._.__^;.v___ ^--- ^

LlL^a^ic plan ts_ - iz^ dro,oi^r tes

A. T''loating and ^ai-th leaves floating on the surf.ece

Lez.no, minor L. ( co^^on duci;-weed)

P. natans L. (floating leaf pondweed) il +

Sparganium Friesià. 3euc°l. ( pries's bur--reed) - `{

B. Submerged

Cal.li-trlche palustris L. (marsh starwort) II

Elodea canadensis Rich. (Canadian pondweed ) ° 4-

T^yr^?l^^rllu~^t al terniflorL^n DC ( alterna-te-:i lowered IS

^Iw-cer

Po ta:?oç;e ton het ero^yl1Li^^ Sclireb. f. ^^ra:^zinifol^.us Fr. il +

'Ciié-i;er ôpiz^Tl1ous pondvtieed

P. lucens L. (shilling pondlveed) III II

P. perfoliatus L. (amplexicaul pondi-veed) Ili III

Potaraogeton sp. (BL7^chtoldiï Frirb.? ) +

P. praelongus 'rVulf. ( long pondweed)

II<:aruz:culus sp. (R. c:i.?'c:inat u's Sibth.). (possiblyScleropi'_yll-OUS croV71001;.7

- + At the southeastern end of the lake in a reed community, in a permanently wet place. •

II II In the inlets, at depths of up to 1.5 m at places where there are•silty bottom deposits.

4- 4- In Severnyi inlet, in silty bottom deposits to a depth of 1.5 m. :El. II In the inlets, in siltibottom, deposits to a depth of 1.5 m.

+

4 In all parts of the lake, near the shore in sandy bottom depobits or in decoi:Iposing waterlogged grassy areas at 'a depth of up to 1 m.

▪ - At the southeastern end of the lake close to the mouth of Strannitsa River, in sandy bottom deposits in places with a depth of 0.6 m.

▪ 4. In Severnyi and Utinyi inlets and at the southeastern end of the lake e in silty bottom deposits at places with a depth of up to 1.5 m. In Utinyi inlet, in sandy. bottom deposits at places with a depth of 0.6 m.

4- Gradually becoming established in all parts of the lake, in sandy and silty bottom deposits to a depth of 1-1.3 m. Often

• together with Heleocharis palustris and ranunculus reptans.

• 4- In Severnyi inlet and at the southeastern end of the lake, in sandy and silty bottom deposits at places with a depth of 0.2-0.3 m

In 1949 - gradually becoming established in almost all parts of the lake, in 1966 - only on the northeastern shore between Strannitsa River and Dolgii headland in sandy and silty bottom

• deposits to a depth of 1.7 - - Gradually becoming established in the inlets, in sandy-and silty

bottom deposits to a depth of 1 m.

II -4 In the inlets and at the southeastern end of the 'lake, in silty and sandy-silty bottom deposits at places with a depth of up to 2m.

III III In all parts of the lake, in sandy and silty-sandy bottom deposits to a depth of 2 m. p. 385

- - In Utinyi and Rybachii inlets, although occurring in very small numbers, in silty bottom deposits to a depth of 2 m.

- In Severnyi and Utinyi inlets, in silty bottom deposits at places with a depth of 0.2-0.3 m and up to 1.2 m deep.

4. On the northeastern shore of the lake in sandy bottom deposits to a depth of 1 m. .

-13-

Utricularidintermedia Hayne (intermediate bladderwort)

y..384

1949 1964 +

»

U. vulgaris L. (common bladderwort)

NOTE: Found: IIII - abundantly in all parts of the'lake, III - often , 11 - occasionally, -4- - rarely, - - not at-all.

The he•dlands

Khvoinyi headland: littoral slope steep and • andy.

Peschanyi headland: littoral slope relatively gentle,

sandy.

Valunnyi headland: littoral slope gentle, covered by

large stones.

Shirokii headland: littoral slope gentle, covered by

clayey and sandy deposits.

The alluvial fan of Govorlivyi Creek: littoral slope

gentle, covered by sandy-clayey deposits.

THE FLORA OF LAKE KRASNOE

_1 In Lake Krasnoe 37 species of plants permanently

growing in the ater have been recorded,as well as about 70

species inhabiting the wet and excessively wet beach locations

(Table 1).

Almost half of the aquatic plants (18 species)

belong to the amphibious (air-water) group of plants - the

helophytes (after Shennikov, 1950), or to the aerohydrophytes

(after Bogdanovskaya-Gienef, 1950). The group of aquatic plants •••■••.11.1..•••■••••••••••■••••■■•■••••■•■•■■••■■■••••■■*••■■■■•■•■.■••••■

1 The naines of the plants have been *taken for the most part from the guide entitled "The Flora of the Leningrad Oblast".

r. 3p5.

1,.

On i;ze nor'i ^1eostcrn shore and in ï^y baclli i i n1.e t: in la4 a^+a«on6; s^ii^..cr ^ed alder scrub, in 10,65 and 1066 in Sc1-r-Pvslactzs'tris associations, in :^er:_,anently we-t, places.

At the sotitt;ll.eas tern end of the lake in a sub:.xer;;ed low lyingplace near Str a nszi-tsa River.

^- . r _ c,onsisc^'^ of l9 sP'_ ec1.e ss ( of t`^i2:iC.^^.pro*,,er ^Aze _zydro^,liy^;e.^ ^

^ ^.per'èain ^to pl^3.n^i,s ^:vài:.z leaves ^^:1.oat^.n^ in the vr^.^,er, 1 - to

p1.an-ts .^loa'ting in -the cra-tFr and 11 - to subL:erged plants.

The vast ^^a.1o-ri-ty oz U-lese plants were discovered

in 'the lake dùc:in.g -rears oF bo ûh hipil and low s=ra'ter levels o

O?.11,,1 soTiie Of 1;hez1, moreovOr, sL?c!1 as L,1.Zan1.ci, aC11?at7w^Mc€^.. , lTi p.`•.;a^

i

n7..u:,!1 ? L teS L^ s W.y^C'1 0:^^^T^1LL1 c^.;l-terlli:l'lo:t:'uL].p u.t;i7_ Sp`l xJ^, 9

Ÿ^'o'Üa ^,?O ;e tOxi pz"aelongus and o-tisers, zere absentp i.n cer'tain

years, These la't'ter species, hovrever, occur only rarely anâ.

do no't play a proinin.en-^ role :zn -the îox•^iz-tiuxz ol' the vez;e -ta'tivû

cover o:i t'•?e lake . 1 v would appear tna -t t1:iey b.ave been

broug'rz't i.n îrom Krasnaya River, in wh_i.c!3. rIlany o^ -them ar e

:^oi:u.zd in abtuldance . ±+'or e}^aLple, in l,a ke Krasnoe Canadian

rice 1s an Occasional spec:i.es and its seeds liave probabl,,y

been brouont in J'rorr, nearby lal•.es t,rhe.-re there a:re plantings

of i't (pas, r:ib_l_y by ^Z,LU1-t,rs). va^^,min•, ^ the J-ti:-ears tl^a-t^?.386

^

followed the _raising af t'L;e 1.evel o tL 'L_,e lakc; ^yqz_ i opï^ylltzn

a:l-terniîloru_., and ]ianlu^.ct1lus sp. e.'t :î:i:.rst disapl^eared

al'toSe'tner bu't la-ier a:°eappeared.

r,2 hia_self wi'th uhe d^t,:L in Table 1','rhen fa_ailiarizin,

tii.e a't'ten-tion oJL -the reader :i.s d.irected to -the J.ae't 'txia.-r

Onlj a very si_:ca:1.l pro_-L:o.rtion o°E 'tlze to'tal ntur.be.r of speci.es

reco.r.ded à.n 'l,he laI:e are :t:ound :f'requently and everyrrlierc.

/l5.e«

-15-

22_18_6_ Of the helophytes these are Phragmites communis and

Scirpus lacustris, and of the hydrophytes (sUbmerged plants)

Potaeeeton 1:eloliatus. All of the other species named in

the list are merely labelled "occasionally" and "rarely".

The data presented in the table also indicate that despite

the two catastrophic periods in the life of the lake, namely

the period in which the water level rose by 1.5 to 2 m and

that in which it -fell, the species composition of the plants

has remained more or less constant. The changes which are

to be seen in the frequency of occurrence of a number of

the species can hardly be attributed solely to fluctuations

in the level of the water in the lake. It may be that only

the wholesale spread.of lacustris can be linked with

the drop in the water level. A similar spread of bulrushes

during years of low water level was observed on the shores of

the Rybinsk reservoir (V. I. Zhadin and S. V. Gerd, 1961).

During the 15 years that elapsed since the first

study was made of the vegetation in Lake Krasnoe changes

occurred in the distribution of a number of the species and

in the sizes of the areas occupied by them. Thus, in ,

com.oarison with 1949, during the period 1964 - 1966

Ecluisetum fluviatile, Glyceria maxima, Sciuus lacustris,

Scolechloa festucacea, j1ia latifolia, Nuphar luteum and

Nymphaea candida became more widely distributed throughout

the lake. Conversely, Saeol_ttaria aifo1ia, Potamoepton

natans and Poiwonu a;uphibium var. aquaticus were found

less freqUently and in a number of places they disappeared

111».

.../16

I-16-

386

a1-cogether. The aquatic var., of the arrowhead (svi-th

f1.oatinE leaves oniy) , which was widely distributed in 1949

alon ;-t;he shores of the lake, had almost completely disappeared

in 1966. Also found very rarely was its coc^snon variety, with

aerial leaves. There were no other important changes in

the distribution of the various species in the lake dc.irin.g

this per::. .od.

The lower limit of the .occurrence of aquatic

plants during the years of high ^,ia-ter level ex-tends at a

depth of between 2 and 2.5 m. On the wet, low-•lying shores

.of the lake and at the wa ûer' s edge various species of

hygrophytes are found, while at the less wet locations --those

of hygro^mlesopl1ytes. The plants of these groups were par-t:i.cularly

widc spread along the shores of the lake a f G er the f e ll in. ^he

tira-ter level. The following were the most prevalent species:

Alopecurus aequalis, Scir^^us radicans, Jvncus Gerardii, J.

li 1if orrais, J. bufonius , Bidons cernua, Epilobiurr^ palustre,

Gal i Lm -palE Lre, Gnap',^aliv^^ uli^;^riosu^^, I,yço^us eL^xo^2aeus,

ZyEh^^t?^ sal -icari^t, Clouta virosa, M:entha arvensis, ,vosotis

^alus tris, roly^^os^u^ '^ dro_S?i_^^e^', ro^,^a islana:i.ca,

Scutellaria ^;aleric^^lata and others. (See Table 9)._.. _..._....o^ . .___., r ^ _ ^ ___

l

TF-.iE^ VEGETATIVE PATTERN OF THE LAIMI : R^1Sl`ICEASSOCIATION

During the period of higi1 water, no more than 15

to 20;0 of the shallow littoral strip of the open area of the

lake (extending to a depth of 2-to 2.5 m) which is accessible

to the springing up of plants is occupied by vegetation.

.../17

-17-

D. 387 In the inlets, between 50 and .60% of the shallow water

area is covered by vegetation. If it - is accepted that the

strip of shallow water in the lake constitutes approximately

15 to 16% of the area, then it is quite natural to assume

that not more than 5 to 7% of Lake Krasnoe is becoming covered

with vegetation and that this coverage amounts to about 0.6

to 0.7 km 2 .

Predominating in the vegetative cover of Lake Krasnoe

are helophyte associations. They make up approximately 70%

of the total number of plant associations of the lake.

Associations of hydrophytes that have floating leaves and are

submerged in the water are much less well represented and

constitute altogether only about 30% of the total number of

associations, approximately 10% of the associations being

represented by plants with floating leaves and 20% by plants

submerged in the water.

In the years with a high water-level the plant

associations of the aquatic habitats are more varied and

occupy large areas. The impoverishment of the composition

of the aquatic associations that occurs when the level is

low is mainly due to a reduction in the number of hydrophyte

associations and also of those helophyte associations which

involve the participation of submerged floating hydrophytes.

II. 388 A similar phenomenon has also been observed by a number

of authors during subsidence of the water in reservoirs

(Kutova, 1953; Delavskaya, 1958; Raspopov, 1958; Zhadin and

Gerd, 1961 et al.).

.,

0

^._;88

Upon a decrease in the water•-level there is a

reduction in the area comprising the aquatic habitats,

a ltrzou;;h in G^,;:^osed regions moist and excessively mo ist

e.^^:i.geous habit

associations that have emerged from the water cont- inlie to

eYJ s-û. TileiÏ` sî(,ec7-es coL'--(Os"!t:1.Cn becGa!es more var:Led

as a result of the de velbT;r?Gnt of hy grophilous mi4xed

herbage and the:i-x° arrangement beco_:. es more comp:L.2cated.

In. places which had previously been devoid of aquatic

vegetation, aî ter their- ex-posure h^Tgrophytes such as

^cnuL^ nodoçu?^z, ^^lo u^.1^.s, E?^i_lpbiun^

,palus tris, Junc!zs bui'onius , Uidens cernua and other species

make their appearance in open groupings.

The plant associations of -the aquatic habitats of

Lake Xrasnoe are simple in their arranger ^^n t^ most of them

are single-stage or two-stage. They are only moderately rich

as regards the number of s-r ecies . Pure, monodominant

associations are widely y revalent. Although there are

25 dominant species (association generators) the only

associations that are abundCntly prevalent are Frzra^?:Tlites

communie and I?otal ton aerfol-i`tus, as well as in

subsequent years - Scirpus lacustris and Eç^uiseteun fluviatile.

The associations made up of the first two plants occurred

with iden tica l-Crequency along the entire lal^^e shore ,

both in tirears when. the via-Ler.-level was high and in years

tiaheiz it was low; it was only alter the final drop in the

Yvater-level that they decreased sp::.ev'Ti1a, t in area.

. a ./IJ

-19-

p. 388

Given below is a description of the associations

of Lake Krasnoe. The Swedish - Russian method has been

used for compiling their names (Alekhin, 1938).

AQUATIC PLANT FORMATIONS - IELOPHYTES

.The common. reed formation

The reed formation is the most extensive of

those of the other species of aquatic plants. Associations

of it are prevalent in both aquatic and land habitats.

From the standpoint of tLeir diversity and the area occupied

by them they form the largest group. It would appear

that the associations are only of the clone type, the

probability being that there is no regeneration from seeds. 1R0

The reed associations of the aquatic habitats

(Table 2) serve to outline the shores of the lake. On the

beaches of the open water area they occur almost everywhere

in the form of smR11 but hiEhly broken sectors, whereas

near the shores in the inlets they form almost unbroken

and fairly wide strips.

The pure or almost pure reed association, the

presence of which is for the most part random (Phrapmites

communie Durum ass.). This is one of the most prevalent

associations of the aquatic habitats in both sets of

water level conditions. It is found in all types of •

bottom sediments, be they sandy, stony, silty . or clayey,

in a stripextending almost from the . waterls edge to a

depth of 2 m, close to exposed and calm shores, in the

.../20

-20--

inlets and near the promontories. The projection onto

the surface of this reed association ranges from 60

to 100%, and in the sectors where the herbaceous cover

is most sparse - from 25 to 40%. The association is sinle-

stage and forms a tall herbaceous cover of up to 2 m,

the average being 1.5 m, above the water. When the number

of stems is between 41 and 74 the yield1 of the pure reed

associations is about 2.4 - 3.9 km/m2 when wet and 0.7 - 1.2 kg/

m2 in the air-dried form, the reed associations with the

highest vegetative mass being those on Shirokii promontory.

In the years with a high water-level, the pure reed

association forms a very hi,grn proportion not only of the

other reed associations of the aquatic habitats, but also

of the entire range of aquatic associations of the lake.

This association is dominant in its vegetative cover. -

It is especially well developed in the sandy-clayey sediments

near Shirokii promontory at a depth of about 1.5 m and

in the inlet near Strannitsa river, for the conditions

are roughly the same. It forms a tall and bushy herbaceous

cover in these places. The projection of the plants onto

the surface reaches 100. The reed is broad-leaved and 21_122

abundantly flowering. Less favourable habitats are

those with stony and pebbly deposits, where the association

has a much less prolific and low herbaceous cover, and the

reed itself is usually slender, less verdant, and has

fewer flowers.

1 Throu.Q.hout this report, information on the phytomass is based on data for 1951 - 1952. (Katanskaya, 1954, 1960).-

2. 38 9

.../21

-21-

4

90

•

•

The reed and bulrush association (Phragmites

communis Scirpus lacustris ass.). In 1949 the bulrush-

reed association was found very rarely and only at places

of contact between reed and • ulrush phytocoenoses. In

1964 this association was encountered rather more frequently

but here again, mainly at places of contact. In 1966,

however, despite the fact that the areaà occupied -by the

reed-bulrush associations had increased, in the aquatic .

habitats this association was a very rare phenomenon.

When the water level was high it was found in sandy-silty

and clayey bottom sediments to a depth of 1.5 m. With the

exception of Potamoon natans, the herbaceous cover

contained no other concomitant_species. The height of the

herbaceous Pover was 1.25 - i m above the water. The

projection of the plants to the surface was 70 - -90%, and

in associations with a thinned herbaceous cover - 40-50.

The yield of the bulrush-reed associations when

there were 40 reed stems and 21 bulrush stems and the

water deDth was 1.6 m was about 1.3 kg/m2 in the wet state

and 0.4 kg/m2 in the air-dried state. The reed therefore

wei•hs about 1 kg/m2 in the wet state and 0.3 kg/M2 in the

air-dried state, the figures for the bulrush being 0.3 and

0.1 kg/m2 resDectively.

The reed and horsetail association (Phramites

communie Bouisetum fluviatile ass.) is very liu.ited

in its distribution. In 1949 it was found only in Utinyi

0

N

?90

inlet and near the sources of Kra:silaya River, at a depth

of 0.9 mwhert there were sandy-silty bottom sed:ihien-i;s.

In s ubsequent, years it appeared in Severnyi and Rybach1:i

inlets, had spread to the dry land. Thewhere by 1966 it

association is tVvo--st<zge a The coriiyionentus :ne.king up its

herbaceous covex, are Sc7..:C'JLlà l^^ ...cLls tr 7..5 , SVl1??hQr lllteuli-, and

so^ _:..,°etiru.es Scoloc111oa ÿ,'eStucacea.

There are 102 reed stems and 35 horsetail stems

-0er 2, the yield being 6.3 kg/n2 in the wet ste.te and

2.3 k,/n2 in the air-dried sta.te. The v;eigh-L of the reed

is 5.3 and 2.1 kg/M2 respectively, and that of the horsetail -

1 and 0. 2 kg/m2 "2. 391

T'a er.ecd, horsetsil and ll(Lv -Pnd lily association:

(7?hra.^i^zites coi.i^^unis ^ EnL?isctUli fluviatile - Ivu-Che<r luteu?n.^.. ......._4._.-.Y»...,._...... ....,. - ..... ... ........_..^......._...e.-. ..e.-, ......,... .....^...^.........

ass.) occupies a very small area in Severnyi inlet in the

silty bottom^ sediments extending almost from the water' s edge

to a depth of 0.5- -- 0.8 m. Although it was absent in 1949

it appeared in the years abounding in water and in 1966

was seen to comple tely cover the sector of wet shore that

had recently emerged ifrom the ria-Ler. The herbaceous cover

has three stages: two e:. ^ergent and an emersal. Its

coi^^oonen-'Us are Scir-, us lacustris and O:i.çuta v:irosa. The

projection of the plants onto the surface is as mucia as 100;^.

The recd andvellow ^^onl 1? ly as ocs.a tiorz ( Phr^:ii tes

co:-,rnu^.l:is - Numl?ar ltateuirL ass.) occurs only in Utinyi and

Severnyi inlets. In 1949 it was found only in Severnyi inlet;

its c3.ppearance in Utinyz inlet bein ; confined to the years

23...

-23-

391 abounding in water. In 1966 only fragments of it were

found, in places where there was still some water. Its

develo=ent was confined to sites of . silty bottom_sediments,

at depths of up to 1 m. As a rule, the association has two

stages - en emergent and an emersal. Of the . concomitant

species mention can be made of Sagittaria sagittifolia

(with floating leaves only), uiseb fluviatile, and

the ponckiweedsy-qamoFetqn lucens and P. erfoliatus.

The projection of the plants onto the surface is between it

90 and 100%. Sometimes/consists only of the rtied (dominant)

and pond lily (sub-dominant).

The association comprisin& the reed and the aquatic

variety.of'the amphibious bistort (Phragmites communie

Polvgonum amphibium var. aqzlticus ass.). A fragment of the

bistort-reed association occupies a very small area in

Rybachii inlet. In 1949 this association was completely

absent. In subsequent year's the reed gradually invaded

the bistort association that was already present in the

inlet and the bistort continued to exit under cover of

the reed, whereupon it assumed the role of a sub-dominant.

In 1966 this association completely covered the shore.

The reed and perfoliate pondweed association

(Pragmites communis Potamor,.eton perfoliatus an.)

is relatively limited in its distribution and is found in

inlets with sandy and sandy-clayey sediments at depths of

up to 1.5 m, chiefly at places of conLact beteen reed and D. 392

Pondweed associations. It has two staGes: an emerc.,ent,

.../2 4

•

0

►.P_

r^^^.`^ J L.

form,,ed by the reed (dominant) and a demersal, formed by

the pondV^éoed (sub--dominant) . The hc;rbaceous -c.ovc:a.^ is

fairly thin: the -projection of the plants onto the surface

is as much as 60 to ôG;L. 0ccurting as an impurity in it

7..s ;?o"ta;.;o,`r,e 4on lucens a

The association made up of the -reed and small

gr^`^tes coi1mtzni.s - Iierba e nanebot to:n-dwell:i.ng plants (1=Irza,

aquat:i_les ass.) occupies ^^, very srlall are,,--t i.n .I^yb•achii. inlet..w.Sw.....r.....w-a..-,...

and was noted for the first time in 1964. In 1949 the

sandy bo t-to,a1 at that place was covered (to a dept:a of l.fl m)

by growths of Heleochaz•is acicularis and Ranv11cu7_us reptaxxs.

The subsequent years that abounded in. water were marked

by a reappearance of the reed, associations of which were

found no t far away, and the aforementioned plants came to

exist beneath its cover, being unevenly distributed throughout

the area. In 1966 this association was located 2 ra from the

shore a t a de1^-th of 0.4 m in iDlaces iwhere there were sandy--

sil-Ey bot-tom sediments. Its herbaceous cover consists of

two stages: an emergent, ÿo.rmed by the reed (dominant)

and a demersal or bottom-dwelling stage 7 consistin.g of

the slender spih-e--rush ( sub--dominant ) and creeping buttercup.

The ov-srall projection of the plants onto the surface is

about q0;as

The association consistin z o_C z•eeds andclixed

ao. u:a tic (xhrzr,rAtes coïqi_îuris + I-Iex.°bae mixtae

,.LL uati] es as s. ) cLU°rentl; occupies some very small areas in

Uti.ny i and Severnyi inlets. It was first noted in 1964 near

.../25

-25-

P. 392

the eastern shore of Severne inlet at a depth of 0.4 - 0.5 a

in places where there were sandy-silty bottom sediments.

With the exception of the edificator reed, the groups that

made up the association there were Spari!anium simplex and

Ap_isma plantaeo-aouatica, together with a small admixture

of Em!„isetum fluviatile. The association had only two

emergent stages. The overall projection of the plants onto

the surface is 80%. In Utinyi inlet this association has

a rather more intricate herbaceous cover, which is separated

into two emergent stages, anersal and a demersal, or benthic

stage. riaking up the first emergent stage which is from 2 to

2.5 m high (from the surface of the soil), are the reed

(dominant) and bulrush; the second emerent stage with height 22_293.

of 0.5 to 0.75 m, is made up of the horsetail, American

water plantain, European water hemlock (Cicuta virosa) and

the sedge Carex acuta. Making up the eizersal stage are the

floatini,r leafepondweed and the yellow pond lily, whilo in

the benthic stage . there are groups of slender spiko-rush.

In addition to the plants already mentioned, its herbaceous

cover also contains a very small admixture of -ii_ppuris

vulDaris and §_Far.r;anium simplex. Bulrush is soetimes seen

as a sub-dominant. The projection of the plans onto the

surface is about 80%.

This association grows close to the shore in shallow

water. In 1966 it was found on land that was alost dry

and the aquatic Plants of the hydrophytes uroup existed only

in depressions containing water and in wet

/26

-26-.R. 393

theIn 1966 ,- a^ t^ r the drying up of a large part of

sl1allo^r littoral s trip, only a:^ev^ of the above described

reed associations ^^re^•e left in the a.qL^. ,-t:ic -habitu.-ts . A

cozlr i derablf. py o^^oition o^ ^theL^s ^.ppeared on. the shore, ^,rhere

the growing conditions were epigeous. : ere , various species

of hy;rophilous rai:;ed herbage very soon appeared u1nder cover

of the r.eeds: Galiuiïl palustre, 7^'cal-IL s uropaeus, Cicut!!

, ^ alustre , Lys:i_trieGhiavârosa ryt^irpLn ^salâ.c^.z ia Couia:c.z^< r

vul ^^,^_°.: -^; species of bur marigold (Bidens), Al^eçu^^L?s s.equnlis,

JJi,^r`a^I^ i s artaiîd^_nac°e.? Ca^ Â r_ a;ros tis 1?e^lec ta, sedges and

soli?e species of green t-riosses. In those reed associations

whâcb, have emerged from the water comparatively recently and

during the la te summer reriod, where the ground is still

and .^.^., -3- ^"^r. ^^c in, the d,.^^Yw.'e ti: •.• .• n4 :^•lere is

ilGL U^.L.^: UeC.G c1.LiQ lii.AG Ÿ^1'C4 -ter .4 tïL:ic.^.•_^tiv 1 VA.•.^^ i) .o«.ri^

very little mixed herbage. Usually, sprouting plants or

weak specimens of species such as Galium ^Talus tre,

Scutellarie M;alericul.a Lyco-Ous euso-Qaeus S C^.çu^ta viro ]a

are found to be scattered 't}.zere.- Sometimes, green mosses

appear at the bases of the reed stems, and on the surface of

the riet soils -- _r::archa n-tia 2,oly

In reed associations that have emerged from the water

during the earlier, spring period or even in the previous

growing season, here ground is likewise still vret

and there are occasional pools of water in perr.,anen-tly wet

places, ;i:ixed herbage is a.bundan-i;ly developed and highly

varied in corl-pos].tion. In addition to the raAxed h-erbage,

also found are sott.e species of sedges, the, grasses

.../2l

•

-27-

IL 3.92 Aeostis alba, Digraphis arundinacea l Calamagrostis neglecta,

Alopecurus aequalis, and rushes such as Juncus filiformis and

J. articulatus. Also well established are the green mosses.

:rom time to time, willow shoots make their appearance as'

well as very small willow seedlings. Some of the species,

for example, Cicuta virosa, Digraphis arundinacea, Calamagrostis

neglecta, occasionally become sub-dominant in the reed

associations.

In the portion of the shore-line lying immediately

adjacent to the slope, which becomes free of water very early

on the reeds do not normally form an almost closed canopy.

They are usually fairly well thinned out. lilixed herbage

is abundnPtly developed there and it is seen to contain

such species as Leontodon autumnalis, Viscaria aris,

Vicia cracca, Filipendula ulmaria. Sometimes there is a

profuse growth of the grasses, sedges and rushes, in addition

to which small bushes of willow and alder shoots are found. .

The herbaceous cover is usually quite luxuriant. The projection

of the plants onto the surface can be as much as 100%.

Mention must be made of the fact that in those reed

associations in which various species of helophytes (such as

Scirpus lacustris and Ecuisetum fluviatile) or hydrophytes

forming epigeous varieties (roLl .,,r,ç2-2.num amdlibium var. 2nup:ticus)

were sub-dominants, species of moisturc:-loving herbage

also appear upon drying out of the surface.

.../28

•

-28- •

Vie Will ,nbt dwell in greater detail on the

characteristics-of the reed associations of epigeous

habitats. A list of them is given in Table 2. These are

impermanent associations which spring up in temporarily

drained margins or beaches. Their existence moreover

is limited to the duration of this drying out. A new

rise in the water-level puts an end to their existence

as epigeous associations. In the event of the drying out

of the littoral region being of brief duration, the majority

of the reed associations whose herbaceous cover previously

included floating and submerged hydrophytes, gradually

become re-established in their previous form. If however,

the water-level in the lake remains low, either for a

prolonged period or permanently, then in the course of

further drying out of the previously submerged littoral

strip the variherbaceous-reed associations gradually begin

to be replaced by reed-grass or sedge associations, and

eventually woody and scrub vegetation can become established.

The formation of reed associations in new aquatic

habitats in a lake will probably occur through vegetative

spreading out of the reeds, and subsequently through the

establishment in this growth of other aquatic plant species.

P. 395

11..•

-29-

Table 2

,Common reed formations

Nailes of associations 1949 1964 1966

Under aouatic conditions. of habitat

Pure reed association (PhraEls communis 1111 III II Durum ass.).

A

Reed and bulrush association (PragTnites conmunis II II - ._ -1- Scirpus lacustris ass.).

Reed and horsetail association (Phracmites + + - communis - Equisetum fluviatile ass.).

Reed, horsetail and yellow pond lily - + .-i. association (Phragmites communis - . Equisetum fluviatile - Nuohar luteum ass.). Reed and yellow pond lily•association + + t (Phragmites communis - Nuphar luteum ass.).

Reed and amphibious bistort,. aquatic variety, - + - association (.Phragmites pommunis + Polygonum amE12.ibium var. acuaticus ass.77

Reed and amploxicaul Dondweed association + q-- _ II, (Phragmites commuai,s - Potamogeton perfoliatus àa.). Reed and small benthic plants association - +- + (Phragmites communie - Herbae nanas aquatiles ei-s-7).

Reed and aquatic mixed herbage association + + + (Phrag:nites communie + Herbae mixtae aquET.Uiles âss.).

In oieou -p ,-, s habitats • _.,p u- - Reed and moisture-loving mixed herbage - + MI (Phra„mites communie - Herbae mixtae hygrophilae ass.).

Reed, bulrush and moisture-loving mixed - - III herbage (Phragmites comiuunis + Soirpus lacustrie- Kerbae mixtae hygreiihillae ass.).

Reed, horsetail and moisture-loving ' mixed herbage CEhragmites communie

Equisetum fluviatile Herbae mixtae hygR57.1irlaFTWi.7".1-7-- Reed, horsetail, Digraphis arundinacea and moisture-loving mixed herbage gl> association (:i7hra.smites cotmiumis - pquisetum fluviatile - Di5rahis arundinacea Herbae mixtae hygrophilae ass..77

... /30

•

-30--

Na,.,.es of associations 194•9 1964

• Reed, cwimion reed--;rass and imo:i.stLU e--7_oving YAxE:cr hex'bar,e associai il on

H r1r élÿ ':^^ L"^c s comm_tL1C11s ^° ii^l."^^?,T4a, r os L1s

T].e C o^û - ï1Gr t7c7,e 1"à17.x uae hy ^;r op^l^..)..ae

Reed, river ;^.r.ass and rsoisture--lov_i.ngr ,n-i^;ed hur^,^<^^,Te association (_PhJ'^1 ^.r^i'^^.^

C Oi?"'?L^T11_S S GOIOC}? 1 Ga T'OS ül:cacec?.

Evrb4.û làl:LY'%aé3 hj`Go-z'ophi.Lae ass, .

ïzeed , boggy s-pilke--rush and mois t^ase--^lovlng mixed herba,,,,,o associationP.rlra,;mi tes communie - i-zeleoclsaris

i:)a1us1t_s 7111erbae iii-x-tâe hygrophilae^.^._.._._.as:, . Té

Reed, boggy sp ilh-e-rush y ^fr. eat reedmace --vra ^e.r heraloc :^: and moi sttq_re-lov:i.nzr.zi:ixed herbage association (Phra^rimaites

^.l.usT,:L'1.s ~communie N^ t'le leE7C?h`c.r is --b

-C:icu'Ca yirosa^e ^^7'c? P I1:i?^^ G' ^ly 4 ro a,J1i.L Yi..^ l`^i G i^ s.^) o

Reed.S bottle sedge and moisture-lovingmixed herbage associationcol:'InUn:is ^- Carex ros tra ta -- He.rbae^__.; _.._._^.^...mixrae ,l^^grôpJlilaé âs^ ^ ^..

heeci, tlater hemlock and imo:is tltrew-lov'Lngmixed her.bGu,,,;e association (Fhra^.:ii-tescommanis ..- Cicuta virosa -- rer;7aerii^^aé ^â.yz;ro^.rl^.lâe ass.^.

heed and epigc0us vur:i.ety of a:;Iphibiousbistort association (rhro.zmr_-Lz.tes0 olir:^U.ï11•s -- T,olnLU11 al^^%^1ibiuLl_vc..r.

^iE rreS 't."] ^ ass. )o

4

ïtOT.:t.. Bot11 here and subsequently: xSll -- ^^ridely prevalent in all

parts of the lake; III •-y found often; II ^ occasionally; pb - rarely;

- - not at al l .

! 1 =y...iBU - [.'Z -U_C -.. `,I 1-y ^ ^ 71 ;.L L11^r1 :. C,.,z_:_sT 1 01 ,

( Sciri^^L's lacus"tris)

The bulrush associations are less diverse than the

reed associa t-:ionS and sur;?ass them in the area occupied.

Like the reed associations, -those of this formation are

prevalent in both aquatic and epigeous types of habitat.

In 1949, the bulrush associations of the aquaiic habitats

P,9 6

1966

Ix

^^ . 397

.t -31-

were found only in the dnlets in the.form - _of:small strips,

which served to outline a part of the, shore. Whereass-in

1964 fragments of bulrush associations from -Lime to time

got into the immediate offshore region-of the open water

area, in 1966 these associations were widely prevalent

along the lake shore and were chiefly enoountered on the

dry land.

The bulrush associations of the aquatic habitats,

The "DUTO bulrush association (Scirpus lacustris

wr_wst_ ass.) is found chiefly in Rybachii, Severnyi and

Utinyi inlets, and near Govorlivyi Creek and Shirokii

promontory at depths of up to 1.5 .to 2 m in places where

there are sandy-silty, clayey and silty bottom sediments.

The projection of the plants onto the surface is 70-80%

and occasionally even reaches,100%. The yield is about

2 kg/M2 in the wet form. and about 0.6 kg/m2 in the air-dried

form.

The bulrush and reed association (Scirulp lacustris +

Phragmites communis ass.) is found chiefly at the places of

contact between the phytocoenoses of these plants. During

subsequent years, as a result of the more extensive distribution

of the bulrush along the lake margins emd its establishment

within the reed co_amunities, this association has come to be

encountered more frequently, not only in the inlets but also

on the margin of the central water area. It has become

well established in the alluvial fan of Govorlivyi Creek.

-32- 2: 397

In the littoral area the reed-bulrush association

extends to a depth of 1.5 m and is growinA‘ in sandy-silty,

sandy-clayey and silty bottom sediments. Fragments of it

were also found in stony-sandy soils.

The only particiants in the herbaceous cover of this

association are bulrushes (dominant) and reeds (sub-dominant).

Very rarely are other species included in it. The association

is single-stage, the height of the herbaceous cover - about

1.5 m above the water, the projection of the plants onto

the surface being 70-80% although this value may be as low

as about 50% when the herbaceous cover is greatly thinned out.

The bulrush and*mixed aquatic herbage association

IL. 398. (Sciruus lacustris Tleyoae mite aw4atiles_ass.) is

present to a very slight degree and only in years when the

water-level in the lake is high. It is found at depths

of up to 1 m in Utinyi and Severnyi inlets and near Strannitsa

River at places where there are silty and sandy-silty bottom

sediments. Scirpus lacustris is dominant and the

concomitant species are praepites communisi EaEl_s.ftum

fluviatile, Scolochloa festucacea, Nuuhar luteum, Alisma

21. nazo-A9uatica, Potamoton lucens, P. uerfoliatus and

small benthic plants (Heliocharis acicularis, Ranunculus

mptans). For the most part there is only a single,

emergent stage and only rarely - a demersal stage. The

projection of the plants onto the surface is 60 - 70%

but may be as much as 90%.

.../33

-33-

1,. 398

`1'h.e bulru}s'a and s'az^.i^; ? or^d^veed assoc.^^.tion

(Sçir;:us lacus'1-,ris -- Po-Lalucens ass.)occupied an

extreL:e? y small area of the lake durin ;the years when the

wat)e,r-level was high. In 1949 it was found in a small

inlet near Govorlivyi Creek at the place of contact betv,reen

the bulrvzsh and pondweed associations at depths of up to

I to 5 m wËlex=e there are silty--sandy bottom sed_i,men-^s and

in an inle-i, naar Strannitsa River at a depth of 0.8 m where

there are sandy-sil-ty bottom sediments. It consists of

the bulrush (dominant) and shining pondweed ( sub-dorninan t).

The herbaceous cover is two-stage. The projection of the

plants on-to the surface is 60 - 80-^"- but where the herbaceous

cover has become heavily thinned it falls to 15 - 20,,ô.

As is the case ^vi-uh the reed assoc:iations 9wi-eh. a

decline in the wa-teralevzls species of r,-ioisture-loving

mixed herbage appear in. the bulrush associations fairly

rapidly and in large nLr-Abers. The aquatic plants either

die off comoletely or remain only in the vre lt places. A

list of these associations is given in Table 3.

THE UESSER ;ELDI;ACE Aïf-, Ga .E A T wCEELi,'^'ACE(T^, ^ha an^^u:^-tifolia and T. latifclia)

The lesser reedmace associations occupy an extremely

scnal'l area of: trie lake and are made up of only two associations

those of the aquatic and epigeous conditions of habitat.

.../34

--34—

eMell

II

III

4-

p..399

Table 3

Formations of tall emergent plants

Names of associations 1949 1964 1966

Bulrush formation (Scirpus lacustris)

Pure bulrush association (Scirpus 11 111 lacustris purum ass.).

Bulrush and reed association (Scirpus lacustris Phramites c7=-37i

Bulrush and shining pondweed 4 association (Scir7us lacustris - Potamogeton lucens ass.).

Bulrush and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Scirpus lacustris Herbac mixtae hygrophilae ass.).

Bulrush, reed and moisture-loving Amk mixed herbage association (Scirpus Wlacustris + Phragmites communis - -

rierbae mixtae hygropnilae ass.).

Lesser reedmace formation (Typha anffl2stifoliE)

Pure lesser reedmace association (Mpha anuustifoli purum ass.).

Lesser reedmace and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Tvpha angustifolia ; Herbae mixtae hygrophilae asst).

Great reedmace formation -(Tvpha

Great reedace and aquatic mixed herbage association (Tvi.2ha latifolia 4 Kerbae mixtae aquatiles ass.).

Great reedmace, horse tail and aquatic mixed herbage association (Ta

1101atifolia 4nuisetum fluviatile 1-lerbac Lixtae aquatiles ass.).

1949 _1964 1966_

'gear el••

•■•■■• II

-35-

Names of associations

Great reedmace and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (pha latifolia 4 Herbae mixtae aquatiles ass.).

Great reedmace, boggy spike-rush• and moisture-loving mixed Lerbage association (Tylpha latifolia Heleocharis -leroae mixtae nygrophilae ass.T.

River grass formation ,(ScolochIoa -Tstucacea)

Pure river grass association (Scolochloa festucacea Durum ass.).

River grass, reed and horsetail association (Scolochloa festucacea + Phragmites communis Equisetum TIUVÏEUng UÏE777—

4 4

Reed sweetgrass formation rlyceria rraximaj-

Pure reed sweetgrass association 4

( .g..1/9.m.Ip, maxima purum ass.).

Reed sweetgrass and bulrush association 4

(Glyceria maxima Scirpus lacustris

Reed sweetgrass and horsetail association (Glyceria maxima - Eq24etum fluviatile

asb.4-.7*.

Reed sweetgrass and aquatic mixed herbage assocation (Glyceria maxima Herbae mixtae aquatiles ass.).

Reed sweetgrass and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Glyceria maxima - Herbae mixtae hygrophilae ass.).

The pure lesser reedrlace association (Typha

angustifolia purum ass.) was noted in 1949 in Rybachii inlet

and ac5,ain in 1964 in Severnyi inlet. Although the reedmace

in Rybachii inlet displays very little vitality, it is

t, • • I/ 3 6

-36-

.11._400

growing and its association is situated at a depth of

about 1 m 3 in submerged turf. The reedmace had emerged

very little above the water and was thinned out, the projection

of the plants onto the surface amounted to 60%. Growing

on the bottom was a Drepanocladus SD. It is difficult to

say whether these were young weeds or whether they had existed

previously on the marshy shore. A possible explanation

of the low vitality'of the reedmace is that there was a new

set of water-level conditions to which it had not yet become

adapted. During the years with a high water-level this

association extended over a large area.

In Severnyi inlet, in 1964 a similar reedmace

association was situated at a depth of 0.4 m in places where

there were silty bottom sediments. The herbaceous cover was

greatly thinned out, the projection of the plants onto the

surface being 50%. .

Y. 401 In 1949, there were no Tx-pha latifolia associations

in the lake. All that was found in the various parts of the

lake shore, chiefly in the inlets, were occasional individuals

or groups of this plant. During the years in which the

water-level was high, when the low-lying marshy shores

of the late were covered with water, the reedmace was

fairly widespread along the littoral and had become a

component of cosnoses of various plants, while near the

shores of Utinyi, Severnyi and Rybachii inlets, associations

.../37

-37-

-P. 401

of it had appeared. As the water-level decreased, the

reedmace began gradually to die out and at the place where

the earliest of the coenoses had emerged in 1966 all that

was to be seen were its Wit?lered stems araong the prolific

grov,;-ths of Cala,__a _oa-os-t_ts neglecta. Individual green shoots

of it existed only in the v-ra ter itself.

There are no pure associations of great reedmace

in the lake. They are all more or less variherbace-ous.

In addition to the reedi^iace (dominant) the following

also :'or_,i part of 'the ^;rea t^°eedmace and ac^ua tic mixed

hejbage as socia-tion ( T,-^^h a lL-tt-i folia -;4 Iierbae mixtae

aquat :i_les a ss. ): Fota:_^oLet on na-tans, ltiteE,u, :Ieleocharis

rL us-tris and B^,u^.se ^L?^ flu;Tiatile. The projection of the

plan -Gs onto the surface is 70 -- 80;ô.

In addition to the reedmace (dominant) and horsetail

(sub-dominant) the follotving form part of the great reed.rnace,

horsetail and aqus -uic mis ed i:c1.ia ;e association (2EIha

la Ûif olia -- T uisetum fluviai;ile -h' ilerba.e mixtae aqua -tiles

ass.): Ann_erican water plantain, sim_ple bur reed, r_ares-tail,

v.:atc;r hemlock, yellow pond lily and others. The projection

of the plants onto the surface is 80 -- 90c/'o.

The lesser and great reedmace associations which

existed under the dry land conditions that prevailed in 1966

contained -L-he sa;i)e species of moist ure--loving mixed herbage

as were foiuld in the reed and bulrush associations (Table. 3).

.../38

-38- 1,2_11-01

THE RIVER GRASS FORMATION (Scolochloa festucaoea).

The river grass formation comprises a total

of three associations - two aquatic and one epigeous

(Table 3). They are mainly developed in Utinyi inlet near

Krasnaya River and in Severnyi inlet.

The pure river grass association (Scolochloa

festucacea purum ass.) is to be seen in Utinyi inlet close

to Krasnaya River at a depth of 0.7 m where there are

clay bottom sediments. The projection of the plants onto

the surface is 70%.

The river irass, reed and horsetail association:

(S,solochloa festucacea Phragmites communis - Equisetum

fluviatile ass.) is also found in Utinyi inlet, immediately

adjacent to Krasnaya River, at a depth of 0.4 m where there

are silty. bettom sediments, and in Severnyi inlet. The

herbaceous cover of this association consiste of river grass

(dominant), reeds and horsetail (sub-dominant). The

concomitant species in these associations are Cicuta ylEs2g2u.

;Cuthrum salicaria, Tyea latifolia and Alisma plantae9-

au2p,tica. The projection of the plants onto the surface is

up to 100%.

In 1966, river grass associations containing an

adclixture of uloisture-loving mixed herbage were noted in

the dry areas on the shores of these inlets and also in the

inlet near Strannitsa River.

.. ./39

p. 402

0

•

39-

P.2122

THE REED SWEETGRASS FORLIATION (Glvceria maxima)

The reed sweetgrass associations are chiefly found

in the inlets, at the mouth of streams and creeks, and in

the wet littoral areas, both near the water and in it 'to a

depth of 1.2 m, in clay, silty and sandy bottom sediments.

In 1949, reed sweetgrass associations were found very rarely,

almost . exclusively in Rybachii inlet. By 1964 the reed

sweetgrass had become fairly extensive along the margin of

the lake and its associations were not only noted in the

aforementioned inlet but also in Severnyi and Utinyi inlets,

near Strannitsa River and at some other locations af the

littoral.

The pure reed_sweetgrass association (Glvceria maxima

purum ass.) occupies a fairly large area in Rybachii inlet,

near the creek and Peschanyi promontory in Utinyi inlet,

in the vicinity of Krasnaya River prild at the southeastern

end of the lake, near Strannitsa River. As a rule, its

herbaceous cover is dense and the projection of the plants

onto the surface is 80 - 100%. 40 3

The reed sweetc9rass and bulrush association

(Glyceria maxima 4. Scirpus lacustris ass.) exists only in

Rybachii inlet at a depth of up to 1.2 m, in the belt

marking the contact between the reed sweetgrass and bulrush

associations. Its herbaceous cover consists solely . of reed

sweetgrass (dominant) and bulrush (sub-dominant). The

projection of the plants onto the surface is 90%.

.. ./40

--40_

.^...1- 03

The reed svveet^^ra_ss and horse-ta:il association._^-^ . --_ -^

(ttl,K çeri^• maxima -• _^^quise•tiu.i rluvia-tile ass.) occupies a

very qr:rall area in Severnyi inle-t. In 1966 it was already

established on a newly built shoal. Its herbaceous cover

consists of reed sweetgrass (dominant) and horsetail (sub-

dorninant) . Only rarely are other specà cas admixed with it.

The herbaceous cover is somewhat thinned out: the projection

of the plants onto ti'li: surface 1s 701;'..

The reed s,ce t^,rass and aquaticLic rni:^ed i erb^_;e_ association

4)

ceria ;r^axil^ia -+ - I±ex°bae mixtae aquatiles ass. ) occurs

at various places on the littoral, a t very slight de_p uhs,

e^ther at or near the shore and in wet places. The reed

s^,^eetgr.ass is dominant. The concomitant species are

ac^c^^1_âr^sAlisma planta-o-aaua'tica, I1e_LeoCllaris ^^alLrsvri.s, H.

L!"'qLl] se tLlCt? fluviatile, mites comillunis and Fzupiar lu,

although their admixture is normally only slight. The

projection of the plants onto the surface is 60 -- 100-';,,.

Species of moisture-loving mixed herbage are pc°esent in

abundance in the reed sweete--rass coenoses of the epigeous

habitats.

THE, HORSETAIL I'0 MJ'! TTON (Fquise-tu.. n :C1uvia -tile )

The horsetail associations (Table 4) are confined

to the inlets close to Strannitsa 'River, namely, Rybachii,

Utinyi and Severnyi. In 19, --9 they were very vrealLly

established but dur.i.nr; the years aboLUndin,; in vra•ter the

horsetail bcco.r_1e fairly vridesareo.d -throu^;hou-t the shallow

p a rts o^ the inlets. By 1^64- its associations embraced

.. ./4-l

•••■•

Mai II

«NM

-41-

p. 403

fairly extensive areas and had shown up in new places.

The depth of the water at the sites of the horsetail

associations is up to 1 m l and the bottom sedirnents are

sandy-silty and clayey-silty with coarse plant remains.

Table 4

The low emergent plant formations

Association names 1949 1964 1966

The horsetail formation nq3,1isetum fluviatilg)

The pure horsetail association (Equisetum fluviatile purum ass.)

Horsetail and aquatic mixed herbage association (Eguisetum fluviatile -Y-Herbae mixta.6=s d.F.777.

Horsetail, boggy spike-rush and aquatic mixed herbage association (Equisetum fluviatile - Heleocharis 1:;Fri:E=4 Iierbae mixtae aquatiles ass.).

Horsetail and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Equisetum fluviatile Herbae mixtae 77grophilae ass.).

Te boy spike-rush formation _ .,, _ - - (Hole o charis palustris)

The pure boggy sr.j.ke-rush + + 4 association (Heiëocharis palustris purum ass.).

Boggy spike-rush and aquatic mixed + + + herbage association (Heleocharis lp_lustris .-qr Herbae mixtae aquaales ass.).

Boggy spike-rush and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Heleocharis palustris Herbae mixtae hygrophilae ass.).

.../42

-42-

Association names

p. 404

1949 1964 1966

OW.

The simple bur-reed formation

(Spar,ganium simplex)

The simple bur-reed.and aquatic mixed herbage association (Sparanium simplex Herbae mixtae hygro7nlâe ass.7. -----

The arrowhead formation

(Sagittaria sagittifolia)

The pure arrowhead association (Sa[;ittaria purum ass.).

Arrowhead and aquatic mixed. herbage association (Sagittria sagittifolia Herbae mixia aquatiles àss:77----

The American water plantain formation

(Alisma plantio-acuatica) -

American water plantain and moisture-loving mixed herbage association (Alisma plantaP;o-auatica Herbae nâxtae hygrophilae ass.

4

405

•

The pure horsetail association _Iiisetum fluviatile

. purum ass.) occurs in Severnyi and Utinyi inlets, and has

a rather short (0.4 - 0.6.m above the water) thinned

herbaceous cover. The projection of the plants onto the

surface is 50 - 70%.

The horsetail and aquatic .mixed herbaee association

(EuAisetum fluviatile 4" Herbae mixtae aquatiles ass.)

occurs more frequently than the previous one. Besides

Severnyi and Utinyi inlets, it is also present in the inlets

near Strannitsa River and in Rybachii inlet. The horsetail

is dominant. The herbaceous cover usually consists of an

admixture of highly diverse species of emerD;ent plants,

.../43

-43-

p - 405

for instance, reed, bulrush, bu.r-reed, American water plantain,

and also of species with floating leaves, such as <<rhite

water lily, yellow pond lily and flo^,ting leaf pondweed.

Also present are rainute benthic plants such as tâeleoc.zar:i.s

acicularis and Calitriche -oalustris. For the mos t part one

or two stages are ^anifes Led. The projection of. the plants`.'

onto the surface is 90'%, although it falls to about 601/7o

when the herbaceous cover is thiz-in.ed.

The horsetailboÇgy i?s.e--•ush and aqu.a tze ^:ixed

herbw.geassociation (Léu.i.setLUZ fluviatile •- Heleocharis

Ual.ustrà.s :F Herbae rs3.ixtae aquatiles ass.) exists only in

the sxi.allovr regions Of Rybachii inlet. Its herbaceous cover

is variously composed: .in addition to the horsetail (dominant)

and spike-rush ( sub--domina.nt ), also present are the great

reedmace, water hemlock, yellow pond lily, amphibious

bistort, amplexicaul pondweed, cro^rsrfoot, slender spike-rushp. 406

and ,rany others. Two or three stages are manifested.

The projection of the plants onto the surface is 90 - 1001i0.

1`lhen the littoral becomes dried out a mul ti-p-licity of species

of hygrophilous mixed herbage appear among the horsetail

on the shore.

'liL BOGGY ^ÿ^Ir^-i ^JS^I pOî^Y^^,^^T.lOT1 ( Iieleoclne.ris p^,lustris)

Associations of the spike-rush formation (Table 4)

are found along alraost the entire margin of the lake.

They are i_lore c le arl-lyr cIe f ined in the inlets than near the open

shores of the central :,rater e.rea. F or the most part they

grow in sandy and sandy-stony soils, less frequently in

. . . /11-4

-44-

22_2106

silty soils, at depths of up to 0.4 - 0.5 m.

The pure bogi;:l_spike-rush association (Heleocharis

palustris.purum ass.) or fragments of it are 'often found

near the shores of the central water area and near the .

southwestern shore of Utinyi inlet. The herbaceous cover is

greatly thinned out: the projection of the plants onto the

surface does not exceed 50 to 60%.

The boggy spike-rush and aquatic mixed herbage

association (Heloocharis palustris Herbae mixtae aquatiles

ass.) has been noted in Rybachii inlet. Besides the spike-

rush (dominant), also present in the herbaceOus cover are

Alisma plantago-eouatica Heleocbaris acicularis Ranunculus -

reptans, Potamogeton beterophyllus and other species. The

projection of the plants onto the surface is up to 70%.

In 1966 this association was growing on the shore and was

seen to contain much hygrophilous mixed herbage.

The three folluwing formations - the simple bur-reed

formation (Sparganium simolex), the arrowhead formation

(Sa.cittaria sagittifolia) and the American water plantain

formation (Alisma plantago-aauatica) - consist of no more

than one or two associations (Table 4), occupying an

extremely small area. As a rule, they are found near the

shores in shallow water, 0.5 - 0.6 m deep. Some of the

associations of the aquatic variety of the arrowhead were

found at depths of 1 and 1.25 m in 1949, but this was a

temporary phenomenon, caused by the rise in the water-level.

.../45

-45_p. 406r. .

Subsequently, the arrowhead was not found at depths such. as

-the se .

The associations of these ^^lan^cs are not of a

special :i.;<<ror-tance in the :Lcalke-G?,a of the ve`etative cover

of the lake.

Only one of the bus-reed associations excists in the

lake, narael.y the bLar--reed and ar, ua tic raixed herbage

association (Spara:Eii^?ra s:ir?Iylex -^- Herbae mi-c^tae aqttia^tiles^ _ ..^_ ...__

ass.), whic.11 is fovna in Severnyi and Ütinyi inlets, near.

Strannitsa River and on Shirokii promontory, close to the

Passage L r the boats. The bur--reed is domina-t. ThePassage ÿo.r -- -a

concomitant species -Sac;^^a rleleocha-rà.s

oal4?siris. Nittiphar luueLZm, Lc^uiseGv^i :Cl^zv^_a^tile and perl^aps.^ ^ _._ .

others as well -- are for -the c:iost part. netiracoi-aers from

neighbouring associations. The projection of the plants

onto the surface is 80 -- 90%. In 1949 the association was

iound only in Severnyi inlet. in 1064 °- 1966 it was also

noted in the other above--ment ioned -u-laces.

P . 4 07

The arrowhead associations (Sa^z

occu^^y a very minute area. in 1949 they consisted chie^ly

of _IL-ragr.^ents of pure arro:^.hea.d associations (Sa^i i ^Garia

sa :1.'t tif o1ia pvs°tun ass. ), f ormed by the aquatic variety of

the arrowhead (the ve;;etat i ve variety with :C'loa-ting- leaves

only )that occurred near the nor-tn.eastorn shore between

Peschanyi proi__on tory and Sevexalyi inle-t at dep-ths of up to

1 in where there are sandy botto.s sediments, and more frequently --

.../46

-46-

.12. 407

in inundated turf. Also in that.year, an arrowhead and

aquatic mixed herbage association (Sagittaria sagittifolia ;

lierbae mixtae aquatiles ass.) was found near the eastern

shore in Severnyi inlet at depths of up to 1.25 m where

there are silty bottom sediments. Although the water surface

in this association was covered by the leaves of the arrowhead

Heleocharis acicularis and Callitriche palustris were noted

on the -bottom. The projection of the plants onto the

surface is 70%.

In 1966 the arrowhead association was absent in the

above-listed sectors. A fragment of it measuring

approximately 2 X 2 m, but without concomitant species and

with aerial leaves only, was discovered near the eastern side

of Khvoinyi promontory at a depth of 0.5 m where the soil

is sandy. In 1964 it had been absent at this place.

A fragment of an American water plantain and moisture-

lovinr mixed herbage association (Alisma plantago-muatica P. 408

Herbae mixtae aquatiles ass.) was found in 1966 on a

sticky wet shore (a newly formed shoal) in Severnyi inlet

near the edEe of the reedy undergrowth, and in the passage

for the boats. In addition to the American water plantain,

the herbaceous cover included Tvpha latifolia and hygrophilous

Lixed herbage. The projection of the plants onto the

surface is about 90 - 100%.

..147

• -47-

p. 408

AQUATIC PLANT rORMATIONS NYDROPEYTES

Plant formations with leaves floating in the water,

In Lake Krasnoe, the formations of this biological

grouD of plants, the greater part of which are confined

to calm conditions, shallow depths and soft, silty bottom

sediments, are not distinguished by a great diversity of

associations. With very few exceptions, they are growing

in the inlets. Of these, the most well represented formations

are Nuphar luteum and Nymphaea candida. The herbaceous

cover of the plant associations with floating leaves consists

of a very small number of species. -Of the stages there is

usually only an emersal and less frequently a demersal.

The yollow pond lily (NuDhar luteum) and white wat ,,r lily ( - umfJhaea candidar—TUFEETIons.

Both these plants are similar in their ecology.

Associations of them (Table 5) are growing in Severnyi inlet,

where in 1949 and again in 1964 they occupied a large part

of the open surface of the northern end of the inlet where

the depths ranged to 1.7 m. In Utinyi inlet, only the

pond lily associations and chiefly fragments of them existed

in these years. They were located near the edge of the reeds

near Krasnaya River. In 1966 the areas occupied by the yellow

pond lily and white water lily associations decreased due to

the development of shallows in the marginal strip. Their

associations in that year were very weakly defined.

• • • /48

t^e ÿ:; ^ ï î: p T t:"°; I^i :: °._.^ `< i^?^-!is-48- , NOV 2 9 1`Ivi

For :i]fC3 ;fi3a^;riL"rii 4'1i,:^!

T16Ftl.aVOICN NON iL iü Y 1.â+ p. 408

Infcirrnal-ion 5euiert; n9The pure yellora -Pond lil,y association (^iuT^har luteuz^

1Jur u`ir_' a ss. ):ts growing al detthS of u1J to 1.5 1"Il at places

where there are s:ilty bot tom sediments. in the associations

i••r_it'ri a thinned herbaceous cover the projection of the plants

onto the surface is about 50^, while in those in which

it is dense the figure is as much as 80 to 9G'. The yield^

j, s about 2.6 hg/I12 in the ti'le t.i or^tl. -and 0,^j kg/I21G in the

air-dried f orm.

Table 5

Formations of plants with floating leaves

Name of association 1949 1-964 1966

.ellovr pond l3__l formation'v

(Nuphar lute

Pure yellow pond lily association 41-

1 (SVuU^1ar uwLum puri:ml ass. j .

Yellow pond lily and white water 4 + ^lily association (Nuchar luteura 4-NY2.anhaea candida s,ss.To

Yellow pond lily and araplexl_caul + + °pondvreed association (iyut,'Zar lute=Pota.e ton erl( 01 a s^

Yellow pondlily and shining pond + +reed association ( ï^.IL?-oilar luteum --E'ota^:lMetcn lucens a;;s .) o.^

The white water lily formation

(1^ "lill^ilcl.ea candida)

The pure white via-ter lilyas soc:iation (^; ^^^;lxaea candida purum ass . ) .

S^; ^ ite via-ter lily and aquatic mixedherbaL,e association (l'ïy^t_'_^.naea candida

+ llerbae mixtae ac4u4 tïles ass.^.N___

.!'1!e Lloatin, lea:C .ondweed i ûrr,_ation

( oto.TIo.,eton natans)

.../4-9

-49-- Y) 20q

Name of association 1949 1964 1966 The pure floating leaf pondweed association (Potamo,veton natans 4 4

purum ass.). .

The amphibious bistort formation Thquatic variet7) (Polvï,7onum am -;?hibium var. aouaticus)

The pure amphibious bistort (aquatic 4 variety) association (Fo1y,7onum amPhibium var. anuaticus purum ass.). -

The Fries's bur-reed formation

(Sparganium Friestii) The pure Fries's bur-reed association (Sparpanium Friesii Durum ass.) The alpine_londweed formation (Potamogeton alpinus)

The pure alpine pondweed association + (Potamoeton alpinus purum ass.)

12..t._41°

The yellow pond Mir and white water lily association

(Nupha:q luteum Mr!iphaea candida ass.) is typical of

Severnyi inlet. It is growing both at the edge of the

strip containing reeds and • ulrushes and also in the open

part of the inlet at depths of up to 1.6 m where there are

silty bottom sediments. Besides the pond lily (dominant)

and water lily (sub-dominant), also occurring as concomitant

species in this association are large pondweeds, and in 1949 -

the aquatic variety of the arrowhead. The projection of

the plants onto the surface is up to 90$ .

The yellow tond lily and amplexicaul pondweed

(111,uhar luteum Potamor;eton perfoliatus ass.) and yellow __-

1.2end lily and shinin clndweed (Nuohar luteum + Potamogeton

lucons ass.) associations. These pondweed and pond lily _

.»./50

• -50-

• l•

associations and fragments of them . exist only in Severnyi

inlet. They are growing under approximately the same conditions

as the preceding ones. The projection of the plants onto•

the surface is 60 - 70.

The pure white water lily association (N.y.Ephaea

candida Durum ass.) occurs very infrequently. In 1949 it _ . _ _

was found in Severnyi inlet at a depth of up to 1 m where

there are silty bottom sediments. In 1964 and again in 1966

it was missing altogether.

The white water lily and acIEn.c_21ixed herbage

association (Aym2haea candida -T Herbae mixtae aquatiles ass.)

is growing at depths of up to 1.7 m in places where .there

are silty bottom sediments. In 1949 and 1964 it occupied a

fairly large area in the open part of Severnyi inlet, but

in 1966 only fragments of it remained. Occurring as part

of the herbaceous cover of this association, besides the

water lily (dominant), are the yellow pond lily, arrowhead

(aquatic variety), reed (when there is a reed association

growing nearby) and large pondweeds.

The yield of such water lily associations is about / 1 kg/m2 in the wet form and 0.1 kg/m2 in the air-dried form,

the weight of the pond lily being about 0.8 kg/M2 in the

wet form, p.411

Formations of other species of plants with

floating leaves (Table 5) floating leaf pondweed

(Potamoeton natans), the aquatic variety of amphibious

-51-

bistort (Polypnum amphibium var, aoUaticus), Fries!s

bur-reed (S.Eanium Friesii) and alpine pondweed (PotamoFeton

alpinus) - are very poorly defined. In the first two species

they are represented by a single association, in the remainder -

by fragments only.

The pure floatinc leaf pondweed association (Potamezelon

natans purum ass.). In 1949-1952, and probably in certain

of the subsequent years when the water level was high, this

association existed in Severnyi inlet and near Strannitsa

River, being situated In both cases at the edge of the reeds

• at depths of up to 1.5 m, at places where there are silty or

sandy-silty bottom sediments. In 1964 it remained only in

Severnyi inlet and in 1966 it was even absent there, but turned

up in Utinyi inlet, in a clearing among the reeds, whePe it

occupied a small area at a depth of 0.4 m. It may be that

this sector of it also existed in 1964 but had remained

undetected. It also has been disappearing with the further

development of shoal areas in the littoral region. In the

floating leaf pondweed association the projection of the plants

onto the surface is 60-80%, but where the herbaceous cover

has become thinned out it is only about 40%.

In 1951, Phragmites conmunis, SaFittaria saettifolia

(aquatic variety) and 221.3n1A9A2-Aon perfoliatus occurred in

very small numbers among the herbaceous cover of this

association in Sevarnyi inlet. The yield of this coenosis

kg/ i n ' about 1.7 kg/me' in the wet form and 0.25 kg/m - in the

air-dried form. The weight of 128 stems of pondweed came

.../52

to 1.5 kg/m21)

in the wet form and 0.22 'cg/m` in the air-dried

foM.

Thei:iarE, a.mphibious bis tort (an u^.tic varietWy^àssociai:ion

,^;,_: onur.1 aLr^^il:i. b iurn var. aç; uaticus purum ass .). Fragments

of this association were found dvring the period 194.9 -- 1952,

ciliefly near the sou-tjhwes-cern shore, between Y,-hvoinyi and

Valunnyi promontories, and in Utinyi and Rybachii inlets.

They were situated at depths of up to 1 m in sandy and sandy-

silty bottom sedimen-ts and in inundated areas of -ti.lrf. The

projection of the plants on-to the surface is 20 - 25;ô in

the associations where the ]ie rb^7lceous cover is heavily

-thinned and up to 60-70; in those where it is more closely

spaced.

In 1961-, almost no fragments of the bistortp . j-2_L

association were found in. the lake. In Rybachii inlet, at

the site of a former bistort association, the area of which

had increased duzrin; the years a botuzdin ; in water, a bistort--

reed association was fou.nd. In 1966, no bistort associations

were discovered in the aquatic habitats. Here and there,

bis-tort associations containing the epigeous variety of the

bistort ('L01^,7onLUu airiphiblum var. i;errestris) were fovnd

on the s-}Zores.

^ure ï`r ie:^' s bvr--reed association (apa-IraniEn-The

Prie s-T i puruLi ass.). The initial discovery of a fragment of.

i.his association, with area 5 X 5 m, was made in 1966 in.

Utà.nyi inlet, close to Valunnyi promontory. It was situated

at the edge of the reeds, at depths of 0.6 in, in places xvhere

c../]3

-53 - 1

there are sandy bottom sediments. Most of the bur-reed

individuals were vegetative only.. rive of them had

reproductive organs. The projection of the plants onto

the surface is 90%. This •san entirely new association

for the lake.

The pure al-eine Pondweed association (PotamoFeton

alpinus purum ass.). A fragment of this association with

area 3 X 3 m was found in 1964 close to the mouth of

Strannitsa River at a depth of 0.6 m where there are sandy

bottom sediments. In 1966 it proved impossible to approach

• this place either by boat or on foot. The subsequent fate

;of this sector is therefore unknown. The appearance of

an alpine pondweed association in the lake probably resulted

from seedlings of this species being brought down by

Strannitsa River.

SU-MERGED PLANT FORI:IATIONS •

The associations consisting of submerged plants

are more diversely represented in the lake than are the

emersal associations. They are found in all parts of the

lake at depths ranging to almost 2 m and where there are

various bottom sediments. The most widespread formation

is Potamogeton perfoliatus. The herbaceous cover made up

of the submerged plant associations is poor as regards the number

of species. Of the stages, ordinarily the submersal one

(consisting of tall or low benthic plants) is well defined,

although sometimes there is also an emersal stage.

....54m

The ^:nwDlel.:Lcaul ^^enC^.FTeed formation (Fo_ta?^tan pez.:f:oliatLls)

This species of pond-vieed is r. esz--onsible for the

building of two associations (Table 6).

The 1?Li1:'c le i LGaU.1. pondweed association -1

^^er^o7_i_^!tus yux't:u^x assa) is ;-;1dely 1Dreve.l_ent in the lake

and fragments of i t can be foL1.nd eve:c; where , at various deP t)hs

of up to 2 m in all, where there are diverse pf

bottom sedi,E_ents 9 in rLi-ost cases sandy or silty-sandy but

less frequently, stony and. silty in composition. It

usually takes the l:orm of sectors located near the open

shores of the central and sot:it^ieaste.,-n water aroa and in the

inlets, near the edge of the reeds and bulrushes. It was

faund d.t^..ri_1:1g all of: the years, irrespective of the water

level. It is only the external appe@xance of the associations

that changes and tiY1hen the water level is low there is a

decrease in the area that they occupyo Thus, in 1966, as a

result of a drop in the level of.the lake the associations

growing in the shallow water close to the shore completely

emerged from the vrater and the pondweed died out. During

the years that elapsed between 1.949 and 1064, generally speaking

the area of the lak'e occu:pied by the acnrilexicaul pondweed

association increased a1_tiiough the association itself

repeatedly chan^ed its position. The most noticeable feature

during that perâ_od r;as the disappearance of this association

on the southwestern Mhore;, bet',`ieen Yarvoinyi proii.ontory and

Crovorlà.vyi-. Creek, and its a--c)ear.ance on the southwester.n

sh ore close to the inlet ne^^r Strs.n.l^.tsa River. On the

-55-

p. 413_

northeastern shore, somewhat to the north of Peschanyi

promontory, a joining occurred of iôertain of the disconnected

sectors of the pondweed association.

The herbaceous cover in the Potamogeton Derfoliatus

associations is of varying.density. . On the average, the

projection of the -plants onto the surface is 70-80%. It is

higher in-the associations that appear ugder the phallow

conditions obtaining after the decrease in the water level

than in the associations growing at greater depth.

The yield of the pure amplexicaul pondweed associations

2 . 2 . ranged from 0.6 kg/niin the wet form and 0.1 kg/m in the

air-dried form when there were 192 stems and a depth of 2 m

to 2.Ç, _ kg/m2 in the wet form and 0.4 kg/m2 in the air-dried

form when there were 283 stems at a depth of 1.75 m.

Table 6

Formationsof submerged plants

Association name 1949 1964 1966

AmDlexicaul Dondweed formation

(Potamoeton Derfoliatus)

Pure amplexicaul pondweed association (Potamogeton perfoliatus Durum ass.).

Amplexicaul pondweed and aquatic mixed - .4- herbage association (Potw:Jogeton Derfoliatus Herbae mixtae aquatileb-WIg77.

Shining pondweed formation

(Potamoc,pton lucens)

Pure shining pondweed association + 4 (Potamogeton lucens purum ass.).

III III III

MM.

.../56

114.

—56—

Association name

Shining pondweed and amplexicaul pondweed association (P9tamoeton lucens 4 P perfolia -b.a àss.). _ ,

Heterophyllous pondweed formation

(Potamogeton heterophyllus f.

Heterophyllous pondweed and amphibious bistort (aquatic variety) association (Potamogeton heterophyllus f.

.e_Taminifolius Folygonum.amphibium var -à7iTuEïrcTUs aUF.)--. --

Alternate—flowered water-milfoil formation

(Myriullyllum alterniflorum)

112....2113 1949 1964 1966

4

Almost pure alternate-flowered water- - milfoil association (MII4ophy11um alterniflorum subpurum as.).

Acij.latic crowfoot formation

(Ranunculus sl.)

Almost pure aquatic crowfoot - association (Ranunculus sp. subpurum ass.).

Canqdian pondweed formation

(Elodea canadensis)

Pure Canadian pondweed associatibn 4 4

(Elodea canadensis purum ass.). . Canadian pondweed and aquatic mixed herbage association (Elodea canadensis Herbae mixtae aquotiles ass.).

Slender spike-rush formation

(Heleocharis acicularis)

Pure slender spike-rush association 4 4 (Heleocharis acicularis purum ass.).

Slender spike-rush and moisture • loving mixed herbage association (Heleocharis acicularis Herbae mixtae hydro -fDhilae ass.).

Creepin ,- crowfoot formation (.lanunculus reptans)

1,44157

-57--

Association name 1949

Pure creeping crowfoot association (hanunculus reptans purum ass.).

er.l ■

&1 5

1964 1966

4 4

The ami:lexicaul pondweed and aquatic mixed herbac,e

association (Potamogeton p_clfoliatus Eerbae mixtae

acuatiles ass.) is found only in Severnyi inlet, near the

western shore at a depth of 1 m where there are silty-sandy

bottom sediments. Besides the pondweed .(dominant),

participating in its herbaceous cover are Nuphar luteum,

Ifyg)Dhaea candida, Potamogeton lucens and others. There is an

emersal and a demersal stage. Situated in close proximity

to this association were the above mentioned concomitant

plant coenoses.

THE SHINING PONDWEED FORMATION (Potamogeton lucens)

The shining pondweed associations (Table 6) have a

limited distribution on the littoral of the lake. They are

found only in Severnyi and Utinyi inlets, in a tiny inlet

situated to the east of Govorlivyi Creek and in the inlet

near Strannitsa River. Ordinarily their herbaceous cover

consists only of a single demersal stage of tall plants;

the emersal stage is not manifested.

In 1949 and 1964, Potamogeton lucens associations

occurred relatively rarely. They were, however, visible

in the vegetative cover of the lake. In 1966 ,they were even

more contracted in area.

The pure shining pondweed association (Potamog,eton

lucens purum ass.) exists in all of the above-mentioned

.../58

inlets. It is f ou:a.d to a depth of 2 m in sandy-silty and

silty bottom sediments. On the average the projection

of the plan-lbs onto the surface is 60 - 70;f,. When there are

bet,:'(::e).z 31 and 37 stems and at a dept:r.i of l.& to 2^.

9the yield is :L to 1.2 kg/m` in. L:Lie Vret form and 120 to 135

g/1.^.2 in the air-dried f o.ra1.

p. 41G

ex:is t'a in Utinyi inlet, near Straruli-tse. River and in Severnyi

ânlet. In the first two of •these, its herbaceous cover

consists exclusively of sh:ining (dominant) and awqplexicaul

(>ub-dominani; ) pondweeds a Here, it is found at the edge of

the reeds at, a dep•tïa of 1.5 - 1.6 m where there are silty

bot•toia sediraen•tM a The projection of the plants onto -the

surface is about 70%). In Severnyi inlet, in addition to

the above--men-tioned pondweed ;species, Sa^Ltaria atg i-t•tifol:i.a

(aquatic varie-ty) , Iluphax. lutewu and. 1,:y;^iop1hhyllu:m alterniflorum

are pr e sent in the form of a slight admix tvse in i ts herbaGe ous

cover^ Here, the association is found at a depth of 1-- 5 m

in silty bottom sediments. The projection of the plants onto

the surface is 80,',o. The yield is about 0.7 ]g/m2 in the

wet form and 75 8/m 2 in the air-dried form. When there are

11 s L'ei_-is the tteiglrt of the shining pond-^reed is 0. ^i• l^g/ra2

in the wet ^îorii^ ^.nd 50 ^/r,2 in the air-dried form, While

that of the an?plexi.caul pondweed is 0.2 kg/m2 in the wet

f or«z and 25 g/m2 in the air-dried f orm when •there are 19 stc:uis.

The s%Ei.ninx, oondN;reed and ari-mlexicaul pondweed..^....^..^.._..._..^ - _ ^.._.. . . . . . . .. .. . _.^......._._._ .^......^...._._. . , --^.-. - . . ^^_

association (^'ota.mogL-ton luczns ^• L. 4^erfoli atus ass.)

f e /59

-59-

12:_2116

The formations consisting of heterophyllous

pondweed (Pptamonpton heterophyllus f. Izaminifolius),

alternate-flowered water milfoil (12riophylium alterniflorum),

crowfoot (Ranunculus sp.), Canadian pondweed (Elodea

canadensis), slender spike-rush (Heleocharis acicularis)

and creeping crowfoot (Ranunculus reptans) are Very poorly

manifested and, except for the spike-rush and Canadian

pondweed formation, are made up of a single association

or a fragment of it (Table 6). They are found chiefly

on the littoral of the open water area and in small inlets.

The heterophylious pondweed, water milfoil and crowfoot

associations disappeared during the initial years following

the rise in the water level and have not been restored.

The Canadian pondweed and creeping crowfoot associations

appeared in the lake after 1949. There has been almost

no change in the position of the spike-rush association

although in 1966 it was already on the shore.

The hetercrehelous _p.ondweed and amphibious bistort

(aquatic variety) association (Potamoeeton heterophyllus f.

graminifolius Polygonum amphibium_var. aquaticus ass. ).p.21" 417

Fragments of this association were present in 1949 only in the

small inlets near Govorlivyi Creek at a depth of 1 m where

there are sandy bottom sediments and in Rybachii inlet.

The two-stage herbaceous cover (demersal and omersal)*

consisted o. (dominant) and bistort (sub-dominant).

The Projection of the plants onto the surface is 80%.

.../60

_60-

j2. 417

!'iie almost 7^ure alterna,te--xlowered wC-Ler -,-,ilïoil

association

A frag^ient of a water ;i:i1.f ci.l association was discovered in.

1949- growing only in a small inlet near Va_tLUin.yi pronion-tory,

on -the Utinyi. inlet side, at a depth of 1.75 m. in a sandy

sub s ^^ra.-tua-ri. Its ^^.er^^aceous cover consisted of milfoil

with a very light admixture of a: rplexieaul pondweec1 which

.oi_l association fromIzad ^:'ouud its way into the tiia-te^:° ^.ili

it s own, neighbouring a.ssocia-tion. The projection of the

plants onto the surface is 60 w 70,^-.

In 194-9 an alm-ost pure cx'olafoot association

(Ranunculus sp. subpurtvLl ass.) occupied a fairly large

area in the inlet located on the eastern side of Dolgii

promontory. It was situated at a depth of 0.75 - 1 m in

sandy bot-tor.: sediments. Fragments of i t were fouzi . d near the

northeastern shore 'ue-tz,^ieen Peschanyi promontory and Severnyi

inlet. In addition to the crowfoot (dominant) its herbaceous

cover also included a very slight admixture of Calli-triche

Ualus-tris and Po taiL.o,7e-Lon ^er^olia ^us.^___._.^..^__...._.._. _.^..._._ _..v

As alread^^ iïien Lj.oned, a ^^ure Canadia,n ?^ond^^leed

association (L,lodea canadensis purui,i ass.) and a Canadian

ko, ^d^^eed and aa izat^.c :.^ixed l erba. U^•s scczation (Elodea^

cana.densis i- Herbae mix-LaQ aquo.tilj.s ass.) appeared in lake

t'rasnoe subsequent to 1949 and cont-_nued to occupy very small

areas in Severnyi inlet and on the- southwestern littoral in

the vicini..ty of the inlet near Strazali-tsa River. Eviden.tly

the appearance of this pondweed in the, lake is attributable to

.<.^61

-61--

.1). 417

the fact that it is growing in zreat profusion in Krasnaya

River. Fragments of the associations are located near the

boat moorings ab a depth of up to 1 m in silty and sandy

bottom sediments. The projection of the plants onto the

surface is 100%. The stems of the pondweed are intertwined

D. 41..8

The pure slender spi4e-rush association (Heleocharis

acicularis en'rum ass.) and the slender spike-rush and moisture-

loving mixed herbage association (Heleocharis acicularis

Herbae mixtae hygrophilae ). In 1949 a slender spike-rush

association was found only in Rybachii inlet at a depth of

1.6 m where the soil is sandy. The herbaceous cover, with

a height of not more than 4 - 5 cm above the bot -tom, consisted

only of spike-rush. The projection of the plants onto the

surface is 95%. In 1966 it was found to be present on the

shore and to contain moisture-loving mixed herbage. Also

in that year, a similar variherbaceous - spike-rush association

was discovered on Shiroltii promontory, on the moist shore

near the passage for the boats.

The Ellre creeping crowfoot association (Ranunculus

reptans purum ass.). In 1964 a fragment of this association

existed near Khvoinyi headland, partly on the shore and

partly in the water to a depth of 0.1 m in sandy soil.

The crowfoot had grown to a height of not more than 2 - 3 cm

above the soil and was thinned out, the projection of the

plants onto the surface being 30 - 40%. On the shore,

however, it was flourishing. In 1966 this location was wholly

.../62

and densely cover the bottom.

-62- .•

•

p. 418

on the shore and the crowfoot therefore existed under epigeous.

conditions although, as before, it was thinned out. In

1949, the creeping crowfoot had been present at this spot

both in the water and on the shore, but in very small numbers.

Of the associations growing on the moist shores

of the lake, often near the water and in the water at small

depths, but not included among thé strictly aquatic

associations, mention can be made of a Carex zeuta .and

moisture-loving mixed herbage association, a Scirpus radicans

and aquatic mixed herbage association growing in the water, .

a Scirpus radicans and moisture-loving mixed herbage association

growing on the shore, and also a Oicuta virosa and meisture-

loving mixed herbage association (Tables 7 - 9).

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEGETATION IN LAIE LUASNOE

We will deal very briefly with the distribution pattern

of the plant associations in lake Krasnoe since much of the

information has already been given in the descriptions of p.419

the associations. The following three years have been

selected by us as being key periods: 1949 - the first year

of the description, 1964 - the first year following the

major interruption in the investigations in which there was a

sufficient abundance of water, and 1966 - a year in which

the level of the water in the lake had fallen by almost

2 m as compared with the highest level during all of the

years that abounded in water. We have not used the results

of the investiations for 1963 and 1965. The first of these

was a year in which there was a very low water level, the

1

-63-

4 1.2

decrease of which evidently took place rapidly and during

the o-?ening phases of -plant. growth ( Liay and June ) , with

the result that the plant associations in the lake were

poorly developed and even the reed associations were in a

de-aressed condition. In 1965 no abrupt changes were noted

in the vegetative cover as coupared with 1964.

The most detailed description to be given will be

that of the plant cover of the la^^e for 1949. It is highlyand

probable that prior to the rise in the v4ater level, iduring

the years preceding this, the vegetative cover was

approxisately the same. Very appreciable changes in the

cover, which took place over a fifteen-year time span,

will be listed for 1964. For 1966, moreover, details will

be given of the aquatic p:Lant associations that remained

in the water after the drop in the level. During that year,

al ranost all of the vegetation was found to be on the shore

and the amphibious plant associations were existing uZder-

epigeous habitat conditions. The aquatic associations,

however, died out. The only associations that remained in

the water were those at depths greater than the drop in

the water level.

The distribution Patterns of the vegetation in the

lake in 1949 and 1964, and the conventional symbols used

to denote them, are given in '-Rig. 1 and 2.

n--••-, Tn°1..^:I+^^^r-,c^s u Rr;,-,-,a^..^ hi1 SH ORE:-.r ^:iCVy1 i

I. Klivoinys. promontor^j - St y'^IZ1itsa tiiver and^., ^..• ^•, River:LnJ.e^^ nv^".i a l;' ^,nn7.^f;s^.^^^ - -

194-9. Over r__ost of the littoral the vegetation is

-64-

p. 419

sparse but in the inlet it is.fairly well developed. In•

the very narrow strip of shoreline around Khvo•nyi promontory

there is no vegetation. Occasional specimens of reed are

Present in the inundated alder grove and near one of the

small sandy promontories - a fragment of a pure reed

association. Occurring on the southeastern side of the .

promontory, at a depth of 1 m e are sparb0 groWthS• Of

Callitriche palustris, Ranunculus reDtans, Heleocharis

acicularis and Sagittaria sagittifolia (thong-like, demersal lat2-20

leaves only), (Fig. 3a and b). Further along, in the

very narrow strip of interrupted shoreline located between

Khvoinyi promontory and the inlet near Strannitsa River,

occurring almost immediately at the water's edge or a short

distance away from it at a depth of 1 - 1.5 m e are solitary

specimens and groups of reeds only, although from time to

time there are fragments of a pure reed association.

Both here and on the promontory the reeds almost everywhere

lack vitality, are elevated only.a short distance above the

water and are vegetative. There is no other plant life.

At the southeastern end of this sector of the shore,

with increasing proximity to the inlet near Strannitsa River,

where the bottom becomes more gently sloping, near the

shore the reeds form a more or less distinct and narrow,

initially broken but subsequently continuous strip, which

extends into the inlet. This strip (Fig. 3h) also consists of

a pure reed association. Here, the vitality of the reeds

is good. In the inlet the reed associations form a single

strip which gradually becomes wider in the direction of

At. daegewii •

£e>

-6 5-- •

420

Severnyi • in le t _

.c9

. *â .. Shirokii 1/3

. prom ont ory ,

tp, Krasnava ,„ River

F 4:7.;___?.\ -+ 3, i e., iC,1.3"1"/Pl.i

,. _._,±7.._;“, • re-

Utinyi inlet \h.Y.

Govorlivyi Creek

Fig. 2. Distribution pattern of the vegetation in lake Krasnoe in 1966. The symbols are the same as in Fig. 1.

the river and has a meandering edge when viewed from the

As a rule, this strip begins at the water's ed.:?-e and

continues down to a depth of 1.6 . — 1.7.m. Its width is

about 45 - 65 m. Near the mouth of the river, the reed

associations situated in the water merge with those covering

the swampy shore, forming a single, large mass of reeds.

The reeds here are in a very healthy condition and rise

almost 2 m above the water. Flowering is abundant. This

strip (Fig. 3,d, e and f) consistalmost entirely of a

pure reed association.

e Valunnyi promontory•

e

* . ilperMb A

. Wharf of the lir 1 • - , 1 cr,04 :,:nvoin i , e, fievornexe„ t '

,cio ogica - station . promontory e,

Str '-anitsà iver

It Peschanyi promontory

Rybachii inlet

d. •

Dolgii . friontory

, à x.Eatinee7

water.

Y. 422

-66w

1^ ff^^

64

45xçR

ffur rw F

^r'rt rr I I I I NM II . ililf^^^x^.^, ^^Îii ► I^;^^^.l,^r' •^r^,r,f>t^^

,r f

,r`.r`^.`.. ;,:Fi F%,:.^;r. . •.. t

a. $

9

MZu fA a. Ripfa R

R 1 1L

^ , `«,

65m

55st

^IC^fi 1°'M iIUIM ^---I 'h ' I i j t1TFF-^

P 9A

^M

-%Shf

U

kI I

Z = 3 ^y 4 C R 5^5 [JID 7 9

to H:O l! ,,,, „ 12 M ^+ /3 ^ssss 14 E'I 'S E^15 M 17 ff- ^ 19

12. _r{-2l

:L ^'9. 3 o Successive replacement of the plant associationson the southwestern shore of lallLe Tïrasnoe in 10,4-9.Prof i_l.e : a and b-- on ths eastern side of Khvoinyi promontory;c - close to the inlet near S-éran..nitsa River; de and :î -in the inle t near. S-traizra.i-Lsa Rivera

1-- Psl^,,A:_i-ces co::.2^^I ur_is 9 2-- Scir-1^us la.çus-t-ris; 3- T;^^ha s-^:ecies

4 Scoloc:l.lo3, i'estL^csccw; 5-- Gl-^rce^^is. : ^s.^.i^^?a ; 6--^.^leocl^z_isl 8 -- se^J.^e spocies;^ i^.L1s-i^r1. ' ^ } j -•° 11J L1:I.sC;'tuli: fluviatile-

-77.

!._..-_...._.__._ '- _t10 i_, ïlV J-^ .L QJ_<<.. V Ü.^J i 11 - P . jZc n.a f^) - o i c^::;ow;e ton n_^? ? s; _1G - -k, ^^__

12-- s_.alL o?l:t iàc û1^yz^ts: ï-ieleocI<_Lr?s acict.zlas•is, f;:anunculus

and Gea11- ,,e 13 - 1,^o-i^^^ur^^-lovin ^-,^E;^^-tans :i.-'tx^ic,^z,miled iL; r'oa^^,c ; 14- -d- inundated e_^xSeou;^ veEe^ta^;ion; 15 -- ârush,

e-cLti_j-os and dried out tree -trLmIcs; 16 -• sand;

17 -- silt ; 18 - soist soil and po,.3s_ï.bly perü_anerztly wet places.

t

^../â7

-67-

ü. 422 From time to time, associations made up of reeds .and

bulrushes, and reeds and large pondweeds Potamoeton

perfolitus and P. lucens - are interspersed in it. Occurring

in the form of small sectors around the mouth of the stream,

boti-J_ on the shore and in the water, are G],zceria maxima

associations. Several specimens of Ty.pha anp;ustifolia and,

in places, Eouisetum fluviatile are found on the shore of the

inlet.

At the margin between the water and the reedy strip

there is no vegetation. Associations of the pondweeds

Potaiuopeton natans P lucen9 and P. perfoliatus are present

in only one of the large bends in the reedy border.

1964. The overall character of the vegetative _

growth in this sector of the shore has remained the same

as that described above. As before, near the southwestern

shore the vegetation is sparse. The inlet is likewise

becoming heavily oVergrown.

Near Khvoinyi promontory, on its western side,

a new Fotamogoton .1?erfoliatus association appeared, though

it is true that this is small in terms of area. On the

eastern side - on the wet shore and in the water - there is

a fragment of a Ranunc.ulus rertans association.

Near the southwestern shore, in its eastern part,

close to the inlet, the numerous, previously isolated

reedy association s have merged and formed what.in places is

a fairly wide strip. In addition to the pure reed association,

•

-68-

P. 4.22

this . new strip also consists of a new amplexicaul pondweed-

reed association. In places, the great reedmace appeared

near the shore.

It would seem that in the inlet the strip of emergent

plant associations that fringes it has become somewhat wider.

It currently consists not only of reed associations but also

of bulrush associations, which have an important role in its

make • up, more especially in the part immediately .adjoining

the shore. At times the bulrushes predominate over the reeds.

In addition to the bulrush and reed associations there are also

shining pondweed-bulrush associations. Situated in the

clearings among the bulrushes is a group of Nuphar luteum.

At times, the strip of bulrush associations extends far

into the reeds. As before, fringing the inlet on the lake

side are the reeds. Occurring in profusion among the reeds

near the shore is Equisetum fluviatile and there is also a

small quantity of Alisma plantaguatica and Sagittaria

sa,ozittifolia.

In the mouth of Strannitsa River the area occupied

by the Glyceria maxima association increased. No Tuha

aneustifolia individuals were discovered. Near the shore

several T. latifolia specimens are found.

A fragment of a Potamogeton alpinus association

appeared in front of the river mouth. Of the pondweed

associations, there is no P. natans association near the edge

of the reedy strip.

.../6 9

-69-

p. 423

1966. Thers is very little vegetation in the water

alon the shore and in the inlet. A fragment of 'a Saeittaria

sagittifolia association with aerial leaves appeared . at a

depth of 0.5 m on the eastern side of Khvoinyi promontory,

at a distance of 10 m from it.

Here and there, isolated reed individuals are to be

seen amon ;2; the stones in the water near the southwestern

shore. In the eastern part c):C this shore, occasional small

fragments of a reed association are beginning to appear

in the water to a depth of 0.6 - 0.7 m, and they occur more

.and more frequently as one draws closer to the inlet.

Occurring between the fragments of the pure reed association

and the amplexicaul pondweed association are remnants of

associations of this pondweed and at a depth of 0.3 - 0.4 m

there are patches of Elodea eanadensis. Very large quantities

of pondweed were present on the shore in the dried out state.

Near the inlet, Z2nisetum fluviatile occurs intermittently

among the reeds and at one place ) small strips and groups of

it are growing separately from the reeds. The inlet has

become almost open. Only small sectors of the reed and

bulrush associations have remained in its water. From time p. 424

to time, Eotamoppton yerfoliatus is encountered. Situated

almost on the shore is a horsetail-reed association. In a .

water-filled depression located on the shore near the wator!s

edge are a Spar.ganium simplex association, an EcLuisetum fluviatile

. association, and also C.1ceria fluitans and Scirous lacustris.

-70-

2 _ Q. % L^.

II. KHVOl ;Z ïP :0;.:0ïd!l'GR^' - V^1I,Ui;It^T P:.zOŸy 0iFT0^^Y 1^GC^_^TIIEt^^J.J ^i` 1^^: i1li ï'IiE ALLL`!1_-,L 0^1 GOVO._;ï,IV'lI CP^J"-: +^_

.l.HIJ

Ai0 GGVO^",LTV'fI C û

19,49. Along the exposed 1:)art of this shore in the

narrow lz.ttor:zl strip of shallova water there is v^:ry little

vegetc:ltion. It i s better developed in the inlet near the

creek and in a,^lluv:ial fan of the latter.

In the littoral strip extending ÿ=ror.1 Ivoinyi

pro.:lontors to the wharf of the Limnological Station -there

is no vegetation. Ever`,iahere there are submerged and

eroded sections of tvrl' fro :which the roots of the epigeous

plants protrude. Present in a drowned alder and willow

grova are Carex ro str q-.ta , C otiiarur.i -p lustre ,^ thr >>" n salicaria

and other aquatic plants that inhabit s-satmps. Occurring

in the small bonds in the shore between the ^rharî and the inlet

near Govorlivyâ. Creek is a pure reed association (or fragments

of it ),which near the shore i orms ^!rhat reseables a highly

disconnected narrow strip. In sonie plc.ces there are grou'as

and isolated snecirsens of reeds. Occurring very occasionally

near the shore, almost dirUctly at the rra.ter's edge, are

grou^os of amphibious bistort (aquatic variety) and in one

place, a fragment of an am,Dn.ibious bistort association.

For the most -part, the bistort is in the vegete.ti.ve state.

Quite o ïten i t is gr oti*rin , in submerged sod ai_iong roots oa.°

trees and shrubs that have been washed out of the soil.

.../71

-71-,p. ° 4-24

Ttiot far from the -wharf of the Lip^nological Station, a short

d:i.::t;?Â1CG ai` cZSj one Q-i the fragments of the reed associa- ibol",

an a.T^^1C;x1-ca ul -pOndwe eCl.- association was hctiiCoVQrei'J- at a

de,ctlz of 1.7 m, and z"'Laz`uher alon, the shore, in the direction

of the inlet, ther, are C,rour^s of it at 2 or 3^ç^laces.

Extendi^.;^ interr^itten t l^y along the shox^e in the

sector bet ,ieen Govorlivyi Gree^- and Valusanyi ;^ro^i^o ntor^r is

a sta2 t,p of °i_-eeds. ^{ o:c t^ae _ost part :i_-i, begii^.s r:17 ,xzo5t at the

water's edge, but in some ?,,laces it recedes a 17.-^tle i^c'o:^ it.125

Here, occurring in the sub:.. ^erged sod near the shore are

isolated ^o1:rT^onv^^ a^^^zibiu;.z var_ . aC^L2^ L7 Cl1.S individuals, and

be i;-Vreen the stones at a de; th of 0. 5 ^tanL^^^culuc re^^t wns.

Groups of Scir-o us lacustris are present in the reed strip.

Ma ^.m.p_..exicaul. pondtiveed association 7.s ^roVrin^ no`^ far from

the reeds at a deptli of 1.5 Lz.

N:ear Govorliwyi Cree^c the inlet is fringed by a

con-Linuous strip of erjle-rgent vegetation, consisting of

reed and bulrush associations. The main constituents of this

^L^°the.rz^zore,strip are pure associations of `^r^ese plants.

-there are also fra;i:zents of s1a.:ins-ng pondweed-reed and

sTlinin" pondrleed-rbulrush assocJ_ations. Occurrin-, at the places

of contact betj,ieen the reed and bulrush associations are

cor:-mon associations of these in lallj.ch there are solitary

Fot:j.T.io=::etolz lucens individuals. •

The inlet is frin;;ed by reeds, fragments of w1hose

association are advz=ncin;; into th,,,;,,, oj^^.en par -[;, brolien

avray from the coûunon strip. A we.ll dei.ined shin:in^; pondvaeed

... /12

-72-

•

•

•

D.. 425

association is situated between these fragments and the edge

of the reedy strip, at a depth of 1.5 - 2 m. Close to the

shore, between the latter and the reeds, is a strip of bulrush

associations, in places alternating with reedy associations.

There are also local sectors of bulrush associations in the

reeds.

Almost everywhere the bulrushes are situated at

some distance from the shore f thereby leaving a strip of

clean water measuring 7 - 10 m wide. A fragment of a bistort-

heterophyllous pondweed association is present in it at a

depth of 1 u. Occurring at the water's edge are groups or

individual specimens of Polwonum amphibium var. aquaticus,

Heleocharis palustris, Ranunculus reptans, Callitricho

•Drepanocladus SD.

The part of the inlet located near Valunnyi promontory

(as seen from Utinyi inlet) is open and not becominL,, overgrown

with emergent vegetation. Its associations consist only of

spike-rush (Heleocharis palustris), which extend along it at a

depth of 0.4 m a short distancee. from the shore. Occurring at

the water's edge is Callitriche 2 -alustris, and in a submerged

alder grove - Alisma plantago-aquatica with floating leaves

only.

Developed in the open part of the inlet at a depth

of 1.7 m are a kyriophyllum alterniflorum association and a

Potamo2;eton :perfoliatus association, as well as fragments of

- these.

0/7 *P3

•

-73-

426

There is almost no vegetation among the large stones

surrounding Valunnyi promontory. Hero and there, isolated reed

specimens protrude and near the projecting part of the promontory

there is a fragment of a reed association ut a depth of 0.4 -.1 m

that has a greatly thinned herbaceous cover. Here, the reeds

extend to a height of only 0.7 - 1 m above the water and

all of them are growing.

Reed and bulrush associations have developed in the

alluvial fan of Govorlivyi Creek, most of which are of the

combined type. They form a strip of up to 10-15 m wide that

encircles the.mouth of the creek and extends from the - submerged

shore to a depth of 1.25 m. Here the reeds and bulrushes

are in the vegetative state.

1964. As before, the sector of the southwestern

shore being described is becoming only slightly overgrown.

It is only in the inlet near Govorlivyi Creek and in its

alluvial fan that the vegetation is well developed. Almost

no changes have been noted in the vegetative cover of the

littoral. The fragments of the reed association located

between Khvoinyi and Valunnyi promontories have increased

slightly in size. Although the amplexicaul pondweed association

is absent near the wharf, new fragments of it have appeared

near the shore. Near Khvoinyi promontory and Govorlivyi

Creek and also between the latter and Valunnyi promontory,

the area and the density of the herbaceous cover of this

.../74

6.

pondweed association have increased. Close to the shore

the bistort begins to be encountered much Iess frequently.

In the inlet near Govorlivyi Creek the bulrushes

have become more humorous and in places, associations of

these also exist near the open water. They approach almost

right up to the water's edge. The bistort-heterophyllous

pondweedassoeiation. has disappeared. The bistort is absent

at the water's edge. In the open water, fragments of an

amolexicaul pondweed association have appeared alongside

a shining pondweed association.

In the southwestern part of the inlet near Valunnyi

promontory a reed association has appeared that is a

continuation of the association fringing Utinyi promontory.

The spike-rush association has become less distinct. Only

fragments of the amplexicaul pondweed association have remained

Œn the surface of the water. The milfoil association is

absent. Close to Valunnyi promontory the number of reeds

has increased. Reed and bulrush associations are also

developed in the alluvial fan of Govorliirji Creek. The

bulrushes have evidently become more numerous.

1966. In the water of this segment of the southwestern the

littoral there is almost nothing left of/vegetation although

it has appeared on the shore. At some places located close

to the reed associations small vegetative shoots of these plants

are found in the water at a depth of 0.5 - 1 m. Between

Valunnyi promontory and the alluvial .fan of the creek there is

.. ./75

-rl 5-

ja - 427

a bed of buirushes in a very si-tallotir plwce near the shore

,There is lil,.e`và-se little reü_a:in:in,^ rere of the arnplexicaul

;,ondvreed association.

In the inlet, t^zere are, places in Govorlivyi Creek

tifrl^er e-th^: reeds and bulr uS,^es have been }^reserved in the z:aa^ter.

Almos-t n.oti_.ing has remained of the shining pondwecd and

ar_iplexicaul pondweed association. Nea-r the shore, the

aQ ;;,at1.C var:iC` ty of the aL-,ph1 bl.ous bistort .lîc s ev;rywÂlere

disappeared.

In the :inlets in the southwestern part of Valunnyi

promoni,ory a bed of ^c^ rT)us lacustris has appee.red e ilere $

the reeds and bulrushes are par-t11; in the water and partly

on the shore. Five specimens of Sagit-t,aria say^^4çiifolia

vii-th aerial leaves are to be seen 20 m from the share at a

depth of 0.6 ma The part of the aliiplexicaul pondweed association

-tï1at has reEiulned is loca-L-ed close to the via-ter' s edge.

The reeds svrrotry.nding ValU.nnyi prorLion-tory have become

more nuirerous and associations of them have appeared in new

places. There are îe^., reeds in the via-ter. î^iere, Sçi.r-pus

lacustris is found from, time to time among the reeds and

there are several beds of it on the eastern side of the

proi_ion tory.

In the water located in 'U.11-Le alluvial fan of

Govorliv^ri Creel:. there are reed and bulrush associations that

for,-,i a narrow s-tr7.P, a-to 1.0 m in dia,aeter, wiiich fr:inSes the

mouth of the creek. lHe.re, the bulrush^;s predotninate over the

reecl s.

. g r /76

-76-

1

428

IL. 427

THE NORTHEASTERU SHORE

I. Strannitsa River - Dolr;ii promontory together with the inlet on the eastern side oi the latter

1949. The shoreline that extends over the full length

of this sector of the littoral and also takes in the inlet

and Dolgii proinontory is exposed. Here, groups and isolated of

specimens/dwarf and vep.:etative reeds and boggy spike-rush

are very rarely enceuntered. The reeds are better developed

on Dolgii promontory where there is a small association of . them

with a low and greatly thinned herbaceous cover.

1 In addition to the reeds and spike-rush, along the 1 1 entire shore, especially in the low-lying swampy places,

1 1 near the outflow of the creeks, and occasionally in the 1 • 1 alder grove as well, froill time to time Glyceria associations , , . are found, for the most part groups or isolated specimens

i of it. Close to a place where the shore swings steeply ,

1,_,. 1

noruhwestward there is a fragment of a Polygonum amphibium

1 var. aquaticus association.

In the inlet a fairly large area is occupied by

a crowfoot association and an amplexicaul pondweed association,

which form a narrow strip running along the shore.

1964. As before, the shore is exposed. Near it

there are likewise groups and isolated specimens of reeds

and spike-rush. Glyceria is also present. Growing in patches

on the damp shore is Ranunculus reptans. In the water it is

virtually absent. Several fragments of an amplexicaul Pondweed

.../77

--77-

0

U. 428

association are found along the shore at a depth of 0.5 - 0.8 m;

in the inlet it occupies a fairlf large area. The aquatic

crowfoo-t association is ^:.'osen-t. In 1965 several vegetative

speci mens of the aqLa-tic c.rouf oot and alternate-flowered

wa-ter miltPoil were found at this place.

On JJolgii promontory the reed as-sociwtion remained

almost as it was before.

19,66. The shore was not visited.

Il. Peschanyi--^ror,2ontor5^^^to Severnyi inlet

199.9, There is little vegetation in this sector

of the littoral and i t is chiefly confined to the bends

in the shoreline.

Near the sector of the shore of Peschanyi promontory

that projects into the lake and has slopes covered with

movin; sand there is no vegetation. Be-i;ween 0.5 and 20 m

from the wa -ter' s edge, on the slope leading to the bottom,

pth ofwhere the sand is less subject to movement, at a de-

1 - 1.6 m Ca1litriche _oalustris, Ranianculus re ï,, Heleocharis

acicularà s and ^^. ^ tari a s^ ^ i^t^L-isolia ( ac^ ua 1;ic vari c Ly ) are------

fout1d growing in very small nwzibers. Situated at dep-Lhs of

1.6 to 1.75 in is an e.nyriplexicaul pondweed association (Fig. 4a and

b), fragments of which also exist on the western side of the

promont ory .

S`uri;her, on the northeastern littor4 l i right up to

Severnyi inlet, sectors of a reed association or. fra,^-,ïrients of it

are found in several i3laces which are qui-te far removed from

.../78

•

500

o---

• ire..

25/4

z7ef,A5,:t(7.2 1.75m

200

1

r

30,, r--

letei",1 1 1 1

H"*.f/x V :,••')y,fge, .e 24

2.5w

-73-

one another. .The reed association that has the lare:est

area is located not far from Peschanyi promontory, close to

the low-lying swampy shore. It is usual for reeds also to be

•

Fig. 4. Successive replacement of the plant associations on

the northeastern shore of Lake Krasnoe in 1949. The symbols

are the same as those used in Fig. 3. The profiles are as

follows: a, b close to Peschanyi promontory; c l d l e l f -

in Rybachii inlet.

found growing near the small promontories that jut out into

the lake. As one draws closer to Severnyi inlet dt is more

and more common for the sectors of the shore that are free

crowfoot. D. 430

—79—

• 22._ 429_

of vegetation to be replaced by sectors containing reed

associations occupying a somewhat larger area. Close by the

inlet, Scirpus lacustris is gradually becoming admixed with

the reeds. Reed and bulrush associations, with one or other

. of the species dominating, begin to occur. These include an

admixture of small plants - slender spike-rush and creeping

•

Near the water's edge, fragments of a Heleochoris

palustris association are found in places alone the shore.

It shows up most distinctly in the vicinity of the creek

near Peschanyi prom.ontory. Here, fragments of the spike-rush

associations have moved 7 to 10 m away from the shore towards

the surface of the lake. Likewise found from time to time

and in ver y sma 11 numbers, either near the water's edge or

a short distance away from it over almost the full extent

of the shoreline are groups or fragments of Callitriche

palustris and Ranunculus reptons associations, in places

Sazittaria sagittifolia (aquatic variety), and growing in the

submerged sod - groups of Folygonum amphibium var. auyiaticus.

Occurring at depths of 1 - 1.6 m, parallel with the

shore but a short distance from it, are fragments of an

amplexicaul pondweed association or groups of it, and also

groups of the aquatic crowfoot. There is a heavy undergrowth

of pondweed, made up of several sectors extending aleng

the shore in the form of a 20 - 25 m wide strip, in the

vicinity of the creek near Peschanyi . promontory. It begins .

alu.ost at the water's edge and extends to a depth of 1.25 m e

-8o-

•

•

•

D. 430

beyond which only individual specimens of Callitriche .palustris

• are found on the bottom.

1964., Almost no changes had occurred in the

distribution of the vegetation. Near the shore there are

likewise sectors of reedy plant associations which had

increased only very slightly. Here and there, bulrushes

had appeared. The spike-rush associations had increased

in size and become more readily discernible. Near the shore,

in the vicinity of the aforementioned creek, they now formed

a more or less distinct strip. There were no bistort,

.arrowhead or aquatic crowfoot groups. The pondweed associations

had begun to occur rather more frequently; in the vicinity of

the creek they now formed a single strip, extending for a

considerable distance along the shore from Peschanyi promontory.

1966.. Only a few reeds and bulrushes were loft in the

water. Quantitatively speaking, in some places the bulrushes

surpass the reeds, which is especially noticeable on the

shore. A short distance away from the shore and at depths

of about 0.3 - 0.5 m fragments of ah amplexicaul pondweed

association are encountered. Latterly, the extensive

association of it near the creek has been preserved only in

the shallow region,the beach portion of it having dried up

and died out. Near Peschanyi promontory, only a very narrow

strip of the amplexicaul pondweed association remained, this

being right at the shore of the promontory.

s._8,J,...

)I .^tk=^l

THE Ii IB TS

bo.chii inlet

1949. The greater ,part of the shallow region is

covered 1,•;i-th vegetal.ion6 Close by its shore, e:iiersal plants

for:_z a continuous strip, near which associations of demersal

plants occur fro û time to -time. Successively replacing one

another in the margin of the inlet, begir-ning at Dolgii

prol:ion-tory, are the plant- associations described here„under.

A pure reed association, which is replaced for

a shor ^ distance by reed and bulrush associations, in which

either one of the species is dor^.inwnt. They in turn are

replaced by airrell defined bulrush association (zig. 4d)

-tha-t has a very dense herbaceous cover rising from 1.5 to 2 m

above the 4`•!Ca-ce.c. Near the mou-Eh of the creek, a sm-a.l1 sector

of the bulrush association is interrupted by a reed sweetgrass

association (Fig. 4f). Traces of reed sweetgrass are also

found among the bulrushes. izere too, in the vicinity of the

creel., there is a fragm-en tj of an arrowhead association

(one that has floa tinE leaves as well as several sp.ecimlens

with aerial leaves). Once again, the sector extending from

the creek in the direction of k•eschanyi -Promontiory is occupied

by the bulrush association, i,v.iiich outlines in its entirety

the most remote part of the inlet and occupies a large area

there. It -then breaks off abruptly 4;rith the result that here,

a s•triL, of free water is formed at a co^paratively short

dis-tance from ; esche,nyi promontory. Developed in this s-trip

.../82

-82-

22_21.11

is a spike-rush association containing small plants, which

do not form a continuous cover on the bottom. It occupies

a considerable area in the littoral strip of shallow water

situated close to the bulrush association and is separated

from the latter by a sector of clean water.

In addition to the boggy spike-rush association,

also presewb in this water expanse, space, but closer to the shore

of Peschanyi promontory, are frag:Jents of associations made

up of TylDha angustifolia, Eouisetum fluviatile, Polysonum

amphibium var. acluaticus, groups of these, and also isolated

.specimens and groups of the aquatic variety of the arrowhead,

heteroDhyllous pondweed (Potamogeton heterophvllus f.

graminifolius), aouatic crowfoot and amDlexicaul pondweed.

Doveleped on the bottom of the open water area are small

benthic plants, among which the slender spike-rush p. 432

predominates (Fig. 4c). This expanse of water is

separated from the open Dart of the inlet by two small. reedy beds.

Scattered on the surface of the inlet, near the

-edge of a belt of emergent plants consisting mainly of

bulrush associations, are groups and fragments of an

amplexicaul Dondweed association (Fig. 4e), in addition to

which the aquatic crowfoot is found from time to time.

1964. The overall distribution pattern of the

vegetation in tne inlet remained the sanie as in 1949.

Beginning at Dolgii promontory, a Strip of reed and bulrush

associations intermixed with one another likewise extends

close to the shore. Near the creek, a Gl:.1- ceria maxima

.../83

1).! ,^? `

0

and swee-tgr.as s association is îourzd among the bulrushes.

In ^.'ais --art of the i__ar gin of the inlet , developed near the

ed-;e of _the bulrush and reed associations are amplexicaul

poxzdt;ieed coenoses, ^,7:fhich form a highly discon-tinuous strip.

-^

Tn the inlet near ïesch^^nyi promontory, where.1_ t^ere was

previously an. open expwxise , alralost no free water reiiiained.

l. i.le associationsï:ere 91 -- zl ^ ' ^ and _•^ c ^ .- l_ ^ r

, i.^?-Wa a^,a^'oli^ Ga1a. ^,aui.^e^ti. fluviatileluvia^^

had appeared and they occupied a large a-rea. Considerable

qiiantit:ies of horse-tail and mixed herbage had developed

in the spi^^e--ru^r3^x. s,ssociG t_i.on. As be^ ore, lesser reed>iiace was

present in very small quantities. On the littoral of

I'eschany_i. pro::aozry.-tory i^hich faces the inlet, GlLçeiia maxima

and Scir pus radioaxzs associations ha d developed near the

wa-te r' s edge. The reedy mldergrovi-tiis had jviiied up and

greatly increased in area, having ocCUpzed the sites of the

plant associations 't:i1at were previously -tliere b Isolated

specimens of the yellow pond lily were 'co be seen. Besides

the emergent plant associations, also present in the water

near the edge of these were fragments of -o-tamo ;eton

.p^ I ser^:oli.a^tu:^ associations and grouUS of P. he-teropŸ1.r__..__....^__w_._..

1966. very little of the vegetation had remained

pr ovecl -to be alzztost wholly on the Shore.in the water. I t

In the sector 0-'L:' the shore beginning at Dolgii proi:ior.tor.y

t1lc; narrow stri,.^ of reed and bulrush associations continued

to be present in the 17,,ater.,'cu-t tin^; deep into the inlet.

.../84

-84--

12

Further along, in the part of the .inlet located adjacently

to Peschanyi promontory it is only in places that the reeds,

reedmace and sweetgrass occur in the'water, while on the

marp.in of Peschanyi promontory Heleocharis acicularis and

Ranunculus reptans are found at a depth of 0.3 - 0.4 m l

for the most part in patches. Extending along the shore of

this Dart of the inlet in the form of a broken and very narrow y. 433

strip located at a depth of 0.3 - 0.5 m is an ampiexicaul

pondweed association. In the other part of the inlet,

near Dolgii promontory, it is only very rarely that groups

of this pondweed are found.

II. Severyi inlet

There is much vegetation in the inlet. Associations

of emergent and . benthic plants are well developed, as are

associations of plants with floating leaves. Occurring near

the shores of the inlet are reed and bulrush associations

in which reeds predominates Near, the western and northern

shores they form an almost unbroken, fairly wide (20 - 25 m)

strip running parallel with them. In only a few places is

this strip interrupted by boats approaching the shore.

Fulfilling the role of sub-dominant and concomitant species

in the reed and bulrush associations of this strip are

plants with floating leaves (Nuphar luteum, N:Imphaea candida,

Potamogeton natans) and also submerged plants (the large

pondweeds) .. •

'Near the north shore, beds and groups of bulrushes

are also found on the open surface of the inlet not far from

.../85

-85-

- Y. 4 33

the littoral undergrowths. Near the eastern shore there ds

no such continuous buirush-reedy strip. The associations

of these plants, and also those of the horsetuil and aquatic .

mixed herbage, the aquatic variety of the arrowhead-, the

lesser reedmace and the bur-reed occupy small sectors there.

The shore is fairly exposed.

On the surface of the inlet, both in its .shallow

part with depths of up to 1.5 - 2 m and in the clearings

in the bulrush and reedy belte various associations of large

pondweeds are extensively developed: Potamogeton 1-lerfoliatus

and P. lucens. , Nuphar luteum Nymphaea candida and in part,

Petamogeten natans. All of these plant associations are so

gl, , arranged so that they form sectors near the edge of the

reedy-bulrush littoral belt and large patches of them cover

the central part of the northern end of the inlet.

1964. The overall pattern of distribution of the

vegetation in the inlet remained the same as in 1949. The

inlet was girdled by a belt of alternating bulrush and reed

associations. As before, this belt was particularly distinct

near the western and northern shores and had become somewhat 434

more clearly defined near the eastern shore. The bulrushes

had become more numerous in the inlet, associations of them

occurred more.frequently where the edge of the belt met the

water and formed a larger number of beds on the surface.

Near the eastern shore of the inlet, in addition to

the reed and bulrush associations, those of the lesser reedmace

-86--

433

and simple bur--reed had also been ,_,reserved. The horsetail

and arrowl•zead associations had disaLp eared. Instead, t llere

were new associations-. a Typlha la ^^ folia association

( a1m,:^Dst at the beginning of the inlet ), a Gl;, ceria maxima

associa-tion,. and fragments of _Elodea cane.densis, Scir'^.)us

rad i cans, Equise-tutn f luvia tile and Sa^;it t ar:i.a ifolia

associations. - The shore llad becoL_e more covered thon it was

in 194'9. On the surface of the inlet and near the edge of the

reeds and bulrus1aes, as before, associations of large

pondweeds, water lilies and pond lilies were well developed

and var_i.ed. Near the reeds, the Po-tapzo,ye-Lon natans association

had beco..e less distinct. The aquatic variety of the arrowhead

a constant component of many of the wssociations of the exposed

water area in 1949 - had almost disappeared from the inlet.

In its open part, groups and isolated specimens of Nuphar

pum1luû.î had appeared.

In 1965 tlse al-ternate--flowered r.iilfoil and aqua-t7..c

crowfoot were found in the in1.et.'

1966. 1-Rear the shores of the inlet, almost everywhere

only a small proportion of the reed and. bulrush associations

were left in the water; most of them were on land that had

dried out. Bulrushes predominated throughoutiand associations

consisting of reeds and bulrushes with one or other of the

species predominating had becoL..,e widely prevalent. The depth

of the viater near the zrargin of the undergrowth was 0.8 in.

In this belt there were fewer pond lilies, viater lilies

and large  ondv°rueds -t'rian in -the imraedia-tely j,-,recedi_ng years.

-87-

potaton natans was nowhere to be seen. Less vegetation

remained in the water near the eastern shore of the inlet

than near the western shore. Near the creek, only the.

reed sweetgrass association remained well developed. Pond

lily, water lily and large pondweed associations were seen

to be 4:'owing in the open part of the inlet but Potamoueton

natans associations were absent altogether. •

Unfavourable weather conditions and the lateness

of the study made it impossible to aTrive at a clear

understanding of the changes that ha il occurred in the inlet,

and especially of the alterations in the plant associations

in its open part.

Near the western shore, of the plants which had

not been noted in 1964 and 1965, the following were found

in 1966: in one of the passages for the boats, a fragment of

an Elodea canadensis association; in several places near the

edge of the reed-bàlrush strip, groups of Typha latifolia;

at a location 10 m from the shore and 0.6 m deep and in very

wet silt in the vicinity of the irrigation channel, several

specimens of Sauittaria sagittifolia with aerial leaves,

and near them, two specimens of Zizania aoLuatica; near the

shore at a depth of 0.2 m, Ectuisetum fluviatile associations.

Utinyi inlet

Vegetation exists only near the shores. Emersal

plant associations are well developed. Associations consisting

of plants with floating leaves and of those submerged in

a.e/88

T . -88-

•

22_435

the water are very few in number.

1949. Stretching along the southwestern shore of

the inlet is a strip of reedy association, for the most part

pure in composition. It becomes gradually wider as one

approaches the source of Krasnaya River from the direction

of Valunnyi promontory. The strip is 5 - 7 m wide near the

promontory and 25 - 50 m wide near the river. The reeds

begin almost at the water's edge and descend to a depth of

1.5 - 1.6 m. An amplexicaul pondweed-reed association is

a minor constituent of this strip. Very occasionally, for

the most part near the promontory, some small interruptions

are to be seen in the reedy strip. Apparently, anchorages

for boats existed at these places in previous years.

Situated near the river are bulrush, associations which occupy

a comparatively small area between the reedy strip and the

shore. At the places of contact between these plant

associations there.are composite associations of them.

Furthermore, there is a small isolated group of bulrushes

at the break in the reedy strip near Valunnyi promontory.

Also occurring Singly on the bottom at that place are the

following small plants: Callitriche nalustris, lieleocharis

• acicularis Sagittaria. sazittifolia with floating laves

only and Lyrionhyllum alterniflorum. Occurring along the

greater part of the shore, almost at the water's edge, are

groups or small beds of Heleocharis ,palustris, and in

submerged sod - occasionally Poly . pnum amphibium var. aouaticus.

.../8 9

0;^ ^e re the reeciy strà.r ^ï^eets the t,;^^,ter there is

a1.most no .ve;eta tioi^:, ,:^1.tL'c•^^.ted in some places a t depths

of up to 1.5 --- 1.75 m are fra^cna_ents of an association inade u-0

of el,':lplC?;:ilCc.uj_ JJondweed., and isolated Spt;c:Liuens or groups

of it. OccL;x,ring near the edge of the reeds, not far _Lrozn the

river , are groups or solitary specimens of -.-°ota,no ;^toli sp.

(?û0]^C ZtO1d1 L`' ) i' • 1?el ^0^_1 2t1?`^ ^ Kf r 1 0:'ÿlyl...l.UL? cl.lte^ni']..orLi^m,

a L1(.i SpCClïiï2llS of, Cc?1Cl.J-da and !ïtf1Ç:OC'Z ar1 s c C1CL?lci.ri_".z

These i 1StJtS are lilOVLxl` é:)xiaÜ` froT-l the reeds -towards -the surface

of the 1.ak-e over a distance of 10 to 15 i71 and to a depth

of l. 5 n. Opposite the source of the; river at a depth of

about 2 in c`' S:i^,ll ^roup of ^^'o tû.^lo^;Oton p1"'ctG^lon;rL?S is to be

see:Cl e

Keax, the river, i.n the channe]_ ^:Jl:1ic;a borders it and

projects somewhat into the inlet, there are reed associations

ccntain:ing an ad_.Axture of ScolocIaloa festucacea, Equisetum

fluviatile and other aquatic--syvamp plan.ts , as well as reed

associations admixed wi tn ï^ vphar luteum and Sa? i ttaria_ . .._._^... ___ ._ ^ ^_..__^

s4.4;ittiCclia (a7 uatic vari ety ). iV`or thwa_cds of the river

ch^,.zi^lel, in the small bai of the inlet Yr:^^ich has fori_L'ed here,

arr orr^-:eo.d and horsetail associations inhabit the soft,

silty çs.o:il a tu a depth of 0.5 - 1 in.

`he northern shore of U-cinyi inlet is bordered by a

wide reedy strip, consist:i.ng, as is the case on the SOLrtiîwestern

shore, al:.:ost solely of a pure read association. Fragments

of t^i:is association occL?i- in the of small islets on

the crater surface at some distance from its littoral strip.

•

•

-90-

Dé 436

-Nearer the river , in addition to the reed associations there

are also bulrush associations and at the places of contact -

composite associations of these. Here, the bulrush associations

are situated in front of the reed associations and close to

the open water. Not far from their edge, groups and beds .

of bulrushes are to be seen on the surface. Further towards

Shirokii proontory, the bulrush associations are located near

the shore and behind the reed associations, in the form of a

narrow, highly interrupted strip. Close to where the reedy

strip meets the water, occurring along the entire shore

are groups or fragments of a shining pondweed or amplexicaul

pondweed association, a Sap,:ittaria sagittifolia (aquatic

variety) association, groups of 'À'.yriophyllum alterniflorum,

close to the river - Nuphar luteum. There is no v- ,,et-tion

on the open surface of the inlet. IL. 437

1964. As before, near the shores of the inlet

there is a well defined strip of emergent vegetation. While

it consists ahiefly of a pure reed association, also included

in it ard numerous sectors containing bulrush associations

or composite bulrush-reed associations. At times, the bulrush

associations are situated near the open water and the reed

associations - near the shcre. Near the water, the greater

part of the inlet is bordered by reeds. Also developed near

the shore and close to the water's edge is Eeleocharis

There are few bistort specimens. Associations and groups

of Typha latifolia and T angustifolia are to be seen.

• • /91

and

-91-

p. 437 Occurring noar Krasnaya River are a Scolochloa festucacea

association and a Glyceria maxima association. Scolochloa

is present as an impurity in the bulrush and reed associations.

Occurring near the edge of the littoral strip of tall plants

are a Potamogeton perfoliatàs association and aY. lucens

association, fragments of them and groups of these plants.

Associations of P. lucens are found more frequently and

near the southwestern shore a group of piparganium Friesii is

to te seen. Near the channel of Krasnaya River, .1122pAr luteum

and Nyip.:±aea candida had become more numerous and Potamogeton

natans is present. P. 2.raelonus, however, is not found there.

1966. A small proportion of the strip•of emergent

plants fringing the inlet remained in the water although

they are distributed along the entire periphery of the inlet.

Near the southwestern shore this strip is wider than near

the northern shore. It also consists of reed and bulrush

associations, although among the reeds the bulrushes have

become more numerous than was the case in 1964 and at times

they predominate over the latter. The inlet .as well has now

become fringed by these intermingling reed and bulrush

phytocoenoses, which extend from the shore to a depth of 0.6 -

0.7 m. Beds of bulrushes and reeds also exist on the

surface, some distance away from their littoral strip.

As one draws closer to Krasnaya River frugments of a river

grass association appear as islets. On the shore, this

association is widely developed. Occurring in the reed and

bulrush associations near the river are the white water lily,

.../92

-92-

P. 437

yellow pond lily, floating leaf pondweed, river grass and

horsetail. Occurring in the littoral region, for the most

part on dry land but also in the water, are yyph.a latifolia

and T. angustifolia reedmace associations. p. 438

The successive replacement of the plant associations

near Krasnaya River is shown in Fig. 5 (profile 2). Here

beginning at the shore, the following phytpcoenpsps succeed

one another over a distance of more than 300 m.

0-60m. There is a reed association that includes

Comarum T2alustre, Calamagrostis neglecta and moisture-loving

• mixed herbage. Green mosses are present at the base of the

reed stems. There are also numerous trunks and stumps of

411 dead. trees. It is generally wet and water is appearing in

the dainp places.

60-175 m. Over the full length of this strip a

variherbaceous-reed association and a river grass-reed

association constantly replace one another. In places,

Clouta virosa and Comarum palustre are present in abundance.

At a distance of 150 m from the shore there is a bed of

Scirpus lacusbris. Trunks and stumps of dead trees are found

in the strip located between 60 and 100 m from the shore.

Beyond this there is only a live willow shrub. It is wet

and water has collected in the damp places.

175-210m. Here there is a river Érrass-reed and

sedge association. There is also a fragmeni . of . a bulrush

association.

.../93

4,1 1,3L.-L-

210-235 r.i. successi.vely replwcino; one az^ot'^er

are Scir ^Lls lcCL?stï' Ls ?^.'^ cï1Ll lc-..tiJ 0112 and ^^C^ L71setL^^r1 l^UVi^t11_e:

associations. re:,iains on the st:,ra'ar•e, the deptr-i be:Lng

nol °•• 0.2 Ll. T.tlere nL?tileroLis stems of dead reeLi.II:.ace.

Present as coïï!ponents in these associations are

nai;c^,iis and !iL?J%il_ luteum. There is a fragment of a floating

leaf _oondweed association in a clearing in the uater.

-4 235-275 rio Ther e i s a river grass reçd and sedge

assoc^.u t ion. Situated ad jacentJ_y to inc -profile are frak,.i

0 of r<,edraace a la^,i and T. ^nc;us"tifol^_a) and horseta-l-^' .... ...._.._. ^ ^ ^. _ .

--^' rl ul reed associabions. ;ater remains on the surface.

275--•300 ?s. '^,,,er(-,, is a horsetail-reed associationoCiZ i;l

t^ G)The i:.'Ze•I^ti1 7..;i v. j--"U. 4^ i}1. illtern^a.tinU V11 U11 Une c:'•,.3..r,ot1?.er -irOltl=.-I

-'i Cû.S^1

^".,; in ti-i '.. .^ ^.ar,Y.,ra to t '^e rc^;t^ion of open t',[_..•^ ter arc Y,eed n t; l^ü^u.ce (`_L. lawti^ol^.a),

bulrilsh 4tind reed a ssociat?.ons .i!,•0 (_),^

1 ^i^Reed sweetgrass and horsetail associations remained

`---=i!i" ^i-i •^Î^ a at very shallova depths in the snzall inlet located between the

0, river bed and the north shore, and a fragment of a Sp^.r^;aniur^

simnlex association appeaxed. This species oï bur-reed.. --.7 r.•3

.Y.. _.,...___...,..,...

^-I< <-i ct3s; and the yellow ^ond lily are occasionally ÿoL^.1d today near

^^ <^ ul -^A ç9

the sou t'ït•restern sllore, in brea{cs in the reed-bulrush strip.T__

r-i 3`_'Over the 'u-11 extent of the i.::wr ;in be t:aeen this strip and;''1 •

^_i,. uhe water t,nere s.r. e no more than ^fe^°^ specimens of -the

U -l^:-•-t

pci7ld.zreed. In the vicinity of Vall=iyi proi,lontory

^r^lt?;iiien'^ 0^^ a i71?c^.Y';?=.111.L?I l 1!t1'J.e s7.7.. association has appec'l..red- ,tL l •rl C`3`

; i.'`' ir;^^r o ed^:: o' the ^^ulr us<<es.T,^cr^; 1.s no ve^^ t^^tion on the?.0- r{ t^:^' •C-i -P ci

::i L^r ^^^ü.c4'• .

-93-

- • . ./`?4

-94-

Shirokii promontory _D. 439

1949. The sector of shore located between.Severnyi

and Utinyi inlets (Shirokii promontory) is girdled by a

broad belt of ' .vetation consisting almost entirely of

a pure reed association. This belt begins almost at the

water's edge and descends to a depth of 1.75 - 2 m. In

places, bulrushes occur amona7 the reeds. Close by Severnyi

inlet there is one of the most well developed bulrush

associations in the lake; it has a very dense herbaceous cover.

In the reeds making up the marginal belt there are some

small plants - :Fieleocharis acicularis and Ranunculus reptans,

while near the edge of the belt and at a considerable

distance from one another there are fragments of a Potamogeton

perfoliatus and P. lucens association.

1964. Just as in 1949, the promontory is girdled

by a broad belt of pure reed association. The bulrushes have

become somewhat more numerous in it. Located near its edge .

are fragments of shining pondweed and amplexicaul pondweed

associations.

1966. Only a small part of the belt of reedy

associations that previously girdled the promontory was

left in the water. The rest of it was located on shore •

that had dried out. Bulrushes had appeared in it in large

numbers, with the result that some sectors of the belt

consist almost entirely of bulrush associations or bulrush

.../95

-95-

ID. 439

and reed associations; here and there, river grass is. encountered.

In the miudle of the promontory, in the reeds, a solitary

Ty -oha latifolia speciinen is found. Occurring near the •

edge of this,beit, at a short distance away from it, are

beds of reeds. Ti.:e detth of the water surrounding them

is 0.8 - 1 m. There are no tondweed associations near

the margin. The successive replacement of the plant

associations Œa Shirokii tromontory is shown in Fig. .6

(profile 1). Beginning almost at the slope of the second

terrace and extending over a distance of 235 m the following

replacement of the plant associations is observed.

0-115 m. A variherbaceous-reed association containing _ _

an abundant supply of mixed herbage. There are trunks and

stumps of dead trees. It is wet and water has Penetrated

the damp places.

115-195 m. A variherbaceous-reed association

containing a small quantity of mixed herbage. Again, it is

wet and water has collected in damp places.

195-215m.. Reed-bulrush, bulrush-reed and river

grass-reed associations. Water has collected in the damp

places.

215-235 m. A reed association in water to a depth

of 0.6 m.

A comparison of the results of the investigations

of 1949 and 1964 indicates that no major changes had

occurred in the oomtosition and distribution of the plant

-09 440

.../96

-96-

0

0

associations in the shallow littoral strip of Lw--.e T>rasnae,

no r f or t^ia i, i^a tte -• in t' -je size of t?he areas occupied by

dvrin.`ï the 15--year ^er. iod of hi^,h ^-vater. The changes

r4v:.aled cc..nno t be classed as radical s^iifts, but touch

chiefly u1oon the floristic -nake-u.i) and cou,.-position of the

plant- associations of the lalîe : the ap^earance of some

sT)ecies or associations and the disappearance of others,

the more e.;-,tensive establishment of some plants or

associations along the m1argin of the la--k:e, the ^od.Est

increase in the areas OCCUr^i ed by the weedy grOviths, the

Lm ore complex ma iiP °Uz^ and structure o .L sO^ie  lc. a.n t associations,

etc.

Thus, over the listed years of hi;h water-level

there has been a modest increase in the areas occupied by

the reed associations while that pert•aining to the bulrush

associations was more -r,ronouSI.CGd. ^..'l7.Z.s 1.s especially

noticw .>.ble in the inlets with shallow bottom gradients.

The s?readinâ out of these associations takes place both

to shor. et,rw.rd and in the direction of the open surface,

wherever the depths permit it. A joining up had also

occurred of a 1^^Lrt of the disconnected se(: UOrs of the:P. .

uznder,,rowths . Hero and there , new fragments of

t!1 ese :.,ere to be seen near the shores. Dv.rin" the: e^;•ears,

associations Of ilor set0.ll and rec:d:llaC:e, ci17..e1_L`tr ;rea,t

ree.di,ia,ce, as well as some other s_^ecies of helophytes,

had l`or,..ed in the inlets neG,r the snores.

.../97

bl i

tt.L.

1 1'1 itZ-1" :e..-

(CZ

,p111

1 .•

‘..4. 1111

III

}h

4-7111 1 ,1

11'

,m

-97-

• •

-

•

The yellow pond lily and white water lily mere.

seen to have become more widely distributed along the margin

of the lake 'than was previously the case (isolated.specimens

and groups of these plants were discovered in inletS where

they had previously been lacking). In Severnyi inlet

the small pond lily had appeared and in Utinyi inlet - a

group of 2ries's bur-reed. There had been a decrease in

the areas occupied by the associations of floating leaf

pondweed and amphibious bistort. In some places they had

disappeared altogether. No longer were associations found 0 0 gt w that consisted of the arrowhead with floating leaves only. 0 •H

The disconnected sectors of certain old associations of c3 c3

0 anolexicaul pondweed had joined up and increased in area, 0

M ,1 W A.D and some new widespread associations of this species of 0

pondweed had appeared. At some places,. on the other hand, Cà

Ulu-4 they had disappeared altogether. No longer existing were (D 4)

the heterophyllous pondweed and amphibious bistort, water

ct-t O 0 crowfoot, and alternate-flowered water milfoil associations,

.24 -P

the long pondweed group and in a number of habitats - the •

• ‘..0 shining pondweed associations. Some small Elodea associations oLo r—I H had reappeared in the lake, and opposite the mouth of 0

Strannitsa River - a fragment of an alpine pondweed association. 0

1).242 o w During the three years that had elapsed since the • O o r• decline in the water level there had been a marked reduction Oa

in the areas occupied by the vegetation in the aquatic

..r-4 • . habitats. A change had occurred in the constituent composition .

•

d 1,0T1 u of the associations that.had come to be present on' the shore.

./98

—98--

• Many of the true aquatic plant associations had ceased tà

exist. There was almost'no evidence of 'a revival Of the

plants in the new aouatic habitats. Species of moisture-

loving mixed herbage now formed part of the constituent

composition of the reed, bulrush and other associations

of helophytes present in the dried out locutions of the

shoreline. During the years immediately following the

drop in the water leve1.7 the reed associations were still

widely represented on the wet margin of the lake and served

to outline it (for the most part by land, since there were

very few of the 111 in the water). As before, the bulrush

associations occupied relatively small areas. Thereafter,

however, the bulrush began to appear more and more frequently

as a component in the reed associations and gradually

became widely prevalent along the wet margin and littoral

of the lake, in many places almost completely displacing the

reeds. As mentioned earlier, information concerning a

similar establishment of bulrushes during the years of

low_ water-level has been reported by V. I. Zhadin and

S. V. Gerd (1961).

1 The year when the water level was at his lowest

(1966) was marked by a pronounced decrease in the areas.

occupied by the hydrophytes. Then, however, the appearance

was noted of fragments of associations that were now to

the lake, naelY, of Fries's pondweed and the arrowhead

with aerial leaves.

In 1949, about 5 to 7cA of the area of the

which amounts to 0.6 - 0.7 km 2 (600 - 700 hectares) was covered

by vegetation. ^j.ccouslti ng for î 5i^ Of figure (about

500 ±lect^^.r t S) were tiurl.dCrgroviti:is of plants with steï,'"is elevated

above the vacate ( ' S :i'_rl le growths of subi-iierged plants and those

with lloa'f1n- leaves a ccoU"!lted for 25/ô (about 200 ^leC i,clZ•es) .

It is very li'^ely t.^i^t during the years when •i;b.e ^ma-L-er level

was the area occupied by the usa.dergrovvth as a whole2

increased to 1 kri (1000 Rectares) , and that during the

year of the lowest vrater• level it decreased to 0.2 - 0.3 lLm^.

The undergrowths of submerged hydrophytes and tl-a.ose with

floating le^_^ves covered not less than 40 -- 50% of it.

ACcordin^; to very rou;;sj. estirriates, in the case of

Lake Krasnoe the 7ner: hectare produc tivi ty of the associations.

of plants elevated above the water can be taken to be 22 -- 23

tons in the S,ret state and 10 tons in the air-dried state,

4v11:Lle that of the associations consisting of subr,-^erged plants

-oD. 443.G..^...._.._.._e.

of these categories vroduces about 12,000 tons of wet mass

and 5,000 tons of dry raass, the second - about 2.5 - 3

t}.^ousand tons of Yve t mass and 300 -tons of dry mass.

and of plants wi-i,li .ïloating leaves (talvïen together) cornes

to 12 - 15 tons in the ,,,,et state and 1.5 - 2 tons in the

air-dried state. Consequently, in Lake Krasnoe -t,b.e first

Thus, for the ;,eriod when the level of the -^vater

in the lake was 'riign the mass of vegetation produced by

all of the plant associations in the lake comes to 14 - 15

tî>.ot.isand tons in the wet state and 5.5 thousand tons in the

d.^• y i tate . This c.GIoul:lts to 160, g of vlet mass and 60 ^ of

dry mass per square nLeter of lake area. During the year

...ilUO

-100-

A/L3

in which the level of the water in the lake was at its

lowest there was a fairly substL_ntial decrease in the mass

of green material being produced by the plant associations.

This was due not only to the overall decrease in the area

occupied by the undergrowth but also to the fact that there

had been a major reduction in the areas occupied by the

undergrowths of the 7.-,lants elevated above the water which

yield the largest mass.

The seasonal development of the plants in Lake .‘,,rasnoe

It was not until 1951 that arrangements were made for

continuous phonological observations of the aquatic vegetation

in Lake.Krasnoe (Katanskaya a). Selected as the main

41> subjects of the observations were 20 associations of aquatic

plants, situated in different parts of the lake and growing

under various conditions of habitat, and a group of Potamogeton

praelorgus near Krasnaya River. The breakdown of these

associations is as follows: Phragmites communie plant

associations - 8, a combined Phragmites communis and Scirpus

lacustris association - 1, Scir -ous lacustris - 1, Apha_

angustifolia - 1, Potamoeton natans - 2, Tiymphaea candida - 1,

a combined Nuphar luteum and 17vmuhaea candida association - 1,

Polyonum amphibium var. agy,oticus - 1, Potamoeton rerfoliatus _

Potamoeton lucens 1.

The phenological spectra of the associations of

plants elevted above the Water are . shown in 2ig. 7, and those

of the plants with flouting leaves and of submerged plants -

.1101

•

, f1 VII X 30 VW o 30 31

&la

/1 {a

r /V la V

VI

la o.

Viii

Al

—101—

• 4L1-

in 'Fig.. 8. Also indicated there are the conditions existing

at their places of habitation. As can be seen from the .

phonological spectra, during the third ten days of August

the rads 2lower in large numbers. These are the latest

flowerin plants. In com(;arison with the other places,

the reeds bloomed earlier at the site in Utinyi inlet,

near Krasnaya River (Fig. 7, IX) and in the shallow places

(depth 0.1 — 0. 25 m) near Dolgii promontory (Pig. 7 1 II).

I I I I_ I lIlIl IIIII I •

•

v ., „ v v v vs• v V v V V V ‘-' V ••.-Sr,'W:»7;: e ./ / ././. / 7;f 7/». V V' •-• `,./ V' V V V V 'V V V ',./ ,./ 'V V V V V i

NV VMS. `..V V VVVVVV ,.'VVVV VV V V V V v . -.-------1 I

,..., ,7::‘».-1`-'4.:.'«mr-e-e7di,se,d,. ."/ /./ .7 AKOUI

1 I 1 v V v V V V v v V V /t1- • v V V v v v v v v

I V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 00«,«K.s,›(> r; ',.:, :, ,..,i, ArAMMOUS

I I /,-- .0-4. r..,,-,- v v v v v , , v , , v v , .. ,, r>////7,

/1/2 ///// ;I1

1 I I, , • ' ' ' • 1-....,ii•e", er.:.>-1 ..,..s_,.....f--/-_,—.‘ , ! , ...- , 7,-,—,-", .....1 . — • -, , : 1

I I v v v se v v v vvvvv vvvvvvv v v vvvvvvvvvv,• -r,+ +,71,

V se vvvvvv vv v vvvvvv v v vvvvvvvvvvvv'v ÷1

ï 1

1 ,.,,,, , sr.v v, ,,.., „iv .,,,, v ., ,...,. yv ,v vvi:,,(x, ,,,,n.

i 1 yvv,,vvv,...,,,,,...v...v.„,,v,v,.,,,vvvvvv s,...,..,.., ,.<;:-..;,,,,,,:„..5z.:,:„...7 .;.w,,,,,,,/,,,,-.- ,---7---, .,..i

i . • . • ..,,,,,..._.. rf,-, - ..1..L.-....,L.‹.1] ,•.„..•.••,,,..., ,,,,,,„„,.„,„),„„,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,

litikbe. _ ii„. • ; .. ......,,,,..„:„..:,,7i, .,,„..„.„,.., „,,,, v, ,,,, V,V,,VvV,V,V,V,,, v ,,V .,,V, , V,,,V ,,, V vVv V ,

—,.,„„„s„.., „„„ i J

VVVVVVV V VV V .., 7w.;'...s.3...7.7.

V V V V V V V VVVVillek ',<:I,' // e , ,+,- •

'iv v., v vvvvv 4-0,411 ..,

I

1 vv vy'v 'y s',, vvvvvv vvv ner ''.<‘':."2r..7-1.-':‘

■ I • 1

Es .7.'4tit,..' ,< , <(55.;5 '77,.''''':-..7., ,>" K. s" ,,/v ',,-", s''',,4 .."' (,--.,';,f/Viv''' v'v ," -; V :•:si-V) V::1

I . I

nV V V V V VV V V V V V V \IV V ' V V< •:»4•e'M/sr . ,./Va/,(' «/ (e' .,Z/«• • 7V f,/7'-e + 2‘j

!Wi I tri7. 2 7:3 3 i2/21 4 5 L1 6 Fin;. 7. ..E:henological spectra of tàe associations of plants elevated above the water of Lake Krasnoe (based on the . results of the observations in 1951)

.../102

-102-

.2.-144-

I -- A Phrag^nltes cOmnnLL.Ylis association growing in the inletL`^^1er enear Stira nili.tsa r iver at a de pt^'- of 1.9 171 at places

there ^?re S4i1dy--Cl`c?yej %) Oti,olî "^eC^l:_:enti,S: a-- shr'^^ü11^:eâ COii"ï;lU11iS

b-- xotai:o,--;eton lucens, c-- P. i:)erîôliatus; II - a rl?ra;lnitescO:i^."??J211.3 ^:."Ssocl.Ll.tion, g rowing near Jro[::ontOr,}% at a

de,pth of 0 . 1 - 1.5 m. at -places 1Sr 1le re there are r's.ndy botto.nsediments : a - ï'^lra,ai ite s co,.^rlLUZ:is ,1X1. -- Ph.-C•a ^'i;'_itGS CO1'!:ic!L':n1s association growing in the open

part of ït^FbCcilii inletu a depth of 1.1 r1 at places where,,^

there are sana.y-cla^ley bottom sediments: a- 11ra^1:ites cor.irsunis,b-- :Pota,_-IoLe-c,on_ Taer1 olig^tlts ; IV - a Fhra^ "-: ites co.^:i^LU^.isassociation ,;_co^•Tin^ in ^.rtybr^.chii inlet at le. de7.;t-1 of 1 in at

silty-sandy bottom sec^i "?e^^ts : a -places vil'iere t-here are^r`PYu°agmitet^ comiizLUl:cs•, b - Scir,^us lacustr_is•, V - aPhraginitesGQLî:illTl^_s_ ^ F sOCî ? "ia Qn ^ro,^dln^; ne.-.,«r the oOuthZ'7es tern shore,

close to the wharf, at a, de"rJtn of 1.3 in at places where there

are sandy bQtto.ji sedin_ents f VT - aPhra};,:ii.teN communie -^-Sc:i_r-.::us lacustris association „rowin" in the alluvial fan

1.7 ,n at -place-, ^^l^ereof GOvor liv^-i Oree^c at a de ,th ofthere are sandy bottor^ sediments: a - rhra `;In, ites col_1il unis,b - âcir-,,us lacustris; VII -- a Phragmites co._.r.^ zis associationgrowing near Valun?ly pro^. iontory at a depth of i. -I m atplacesNyAere there are stony-sandy bottom sedirr.eni,s ; VI7I-a:E iirù s^; ,> itc:L co^_i:^un^.s association g.^o,,^rin;; nes.r. Shirokâ.^.

-^ ^ Lt y ^;, i ü. de -^ v^. ^' 2 in a-^.': l^ÎS^ (^ e s 1!! ^? e rE? t'.'1 E? re cire.^;.^ Ol^^v.^^t Or ^, ^. of

saizdy--clayey bottoi?1 sedi.zments ; IX - aPrlrq.gmiAçs c.o,,:iznullise ssoci^tion growing in Utinyi inlet near 1>rasnayu. Riverat a de:iJth of 0.7 m a t places where there are silty botto:rxsedii.lents ;X -- a Scirpus lacustris association gra.iing inRybachii inlet at a depth of 1 in at p laces where -t?Zere are.

J.- • -:,. ^^^^^.^uc^at^.onsilty bottom sediments; XI - a T Vrl^ a}^.^us association

growing in RybacLLii inlet at a de ü th of 1 m at places where

-t,her. eare silty bottom sediments.

The reeds bloom thcre in the ^irst ten days of August. In the

inlet near Strannitsa River they did not bloom until the

end of the third ten days of August, which is l'a-Ler than

at the other places (Fie. 7, 1) . Here the flowerl"n,; was

rather ;'reak and of brief duration. At all 1.ocatà-oris, the

reeds :finisi-ted bloorzinc, during the z=i.rst ten de.ys of September.

The bulrushes come into _f'lower :a:i"nly at the end of

'u1y (Fig. 7, IV, VI and X). `_t':.=.P firstthe third ten days of

.../103

-103-

L' _445

to come into flower were the bulrushes at the ,site in the .

bulrush-reed association in the alluvial fan of Govorlivyi Creek;

the last to flower were those in the reed association in

Rybachii inlet.

The lesser reedmace (Fig. 7, XI) blooms in the

middle of the second ten days of July. It ceases to flower

during the first ten days of September.

The development of the floating leaf pondweed

occurs in an almost identical fashion at both sites (Fig. 8,

I and II). It came into flower in the middle of the first

ten days of July and blooming had finished by the end of

the first ten days of Auguste

The development of the white water lily (Fig. 7, 111 ,14)

was almost identical at both sites and blooming was highly

protracted: it began at the end of the first ten days of

july and continued until almost the middle of the first ten

days of September.

In the case of the yellow pond lily, the flowers

of those situated in the immediate vicinity of the bulrushes

(Fig. 8, I and IV) appeared as early as the end of the

third ten days of June, while at the other site (Fig. 8, III),

located in the open part of the inlet, this happened only

at the beginning of the second ten days of july. At the

first site, moreover , blooming finished at the beginning of

the third ten days of August, and at the second site -

at the beginning of the secend ten days of August, notwithstanding

.../104

VIII X 10 211 21 la ?fl 30 12

VI cn 32

VII

If

III l a 6

IV O.

V la VI

VII

Ylil I ti

o

-104-

L.

D.

the fact t:aat the lilies in it had come into flower oven

later. -• •

I J 1 4 '•;' I I l 4 I 4 1

V,V vV V.<,,..,... Arde / / '.•/... 4/;;;•/:...; V ‘;',.‘..,......‘•

'Vv\I'V'V?;:';<”.4,:777. 4, .

//////,./ ,1

.., .. ',/•••1;71•

1

[VvV vS.4 vV vV vV vV.,.7;7.7e.:47:-,zs,z., %.,_4,<,‘,./. • :,:.:;:, :»:. , : . :1 • ; 7 . •-.1

• I IV V V V N.';'17,77,-(7.7".'..7n,‘,1"..',;1:y.e..v-a-1 ,i,....,:i / / //*///,/„.14->• ./ ::::,-:::,,,..:-.--..-:7 L- •, .• ......5

1 i

P,vvv vvvv,,vvv, M7el'e n.S 4- 4:/p42.2/222 :::ni 1 1 ';'..----- -be---> ...),..-- ..,,,,,,-- • , 7 / ' ' n--"=; ,,,,,,---:',';', -;''. --.* ,>:-;--f- ze ,,• /// • .s.-:::::;e::::':'.. -!--. I

I vvy vvvvvvvy s7vv .7 s.»):;''SYX><>:‘ ::::,::.-;- ftg'n":;, - ;',:-'.77e7ri.,.›.„...„4....1..._„„ , <,/,,/,:;:.:.,;....!.; L_ I vvv vv v.v.., vvvv vv,.., vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv,,,, ,, ,,,,,,ivv vs, s,vvvvvvv,v ,,,,,, ,-, , ,,-- ,-. ..,F1

vvvvvy V

•I 1

OMMMK '--.77- /'/ ///) - "" + '- , -.-- 1

vv., v,, v ., vv vv ,, ,-.-....7-:: /;;1. - ,

‘4,4VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV/VVVVVV 4,44.

V V V . .•_'..*:::-.1-..r>,47.-:-..!../,`,/,‘"//1./../././../ "V / /",j , -,'- +)"+:1 vvv v v iv'v•vvvyvvyvvvvvvvvvv ,,, ,

VV V yv vy iv yyvyvi,..77j7, ..,.*. 4502ffdlgrdir , . ..,..

Ivy v vv vv vv vv, v7:57,r.r. , . ,,,!„ / //V//, /./.' / / /2/

• .11

Fig. 8. Phenological spectra of the associations of plants with floating leaves and of those sublà.erged in Lake Krasnoe (based on the-results of the observations in 1951).

- a Fotaniogeton natans association growing in Severnyi inlet at a de -c,t of 1.5 m at places wfiere there are silty botto:11 sedi:nents; II - a potamogeton natans association growing in the inlet near Strannitsa 1:iver at a depth of 1.5 m at places where there are sandy-silty bottoil sed -Lnents; III - a .1 -ymphaea candida association growin, -: in Severnyi inlet at a de -o jZ. of 175- in. at places where there are silty bottoffl sediments: a - Lylmhaea candida. b - Huipar luteuu; IV - a .Urrohar lute tai • 1,7,-Lnnea candida association growing in Sevor-inïê-UTFU a doDU—a 1.25 m at places vrerc there are silty bottou sedi::.ents:" a- -21ymphaea candida, b lutuur:.; V - a var. ao uatic us association growing in Rybachii inlet at a de . ,th of 1.1 m at -places where there are silty bottom sediments: a - rolyonum amohi]ium

•

-105-

12. 1-4 6

var, aquaticus, b Typha angustifolia, VI - a Potamogeton . -lorfoliatus association growing near Feschanyi promontory at a det:JI of 1.75 n at places where there are sandy bottem sediments; VII - a lioto-logeton perfoliatus association growing near the southwestern shore close to the wharf at a depth of 1.75 m at places where thore are sandy bottom sediments; VIII - a Potamci-,:eton perfoliatus association growing in the - inlet near Valunnyi promontory at a depth of 1.7 m at Places where there are sandy bottom sediments: a- rotamogeton perfoliatus, b alterniflorum; -L - a 17(3taLoeton lucens association grcwing in the inlet near Govorlivyi Cree at a depth of 2 m at places where there are sandy bottom sediments: a - Fotamogeton lucens, b - Phragmites com:Junis; X - a Fotamogeton fFaelongus group growing in Utinyi inlet near ..rasnaya River at a depth of about 2 m at places where there are silty bottom sediments. The remainder of the symbols are the same as those in Fig. 7.

The amphibious bistort (aquatic variety) bloomed

in the middle of the second ten days of July and finished

flowering in the first ten days of September (Fig. 8, y).

The height of the flowering of the amplexicaul

pondweed occurs in the middle of the third ten days of July.

It comes into flower in the middle of the second -ben days of

july and more or less simultaneously at all of the sites

(Fig. 7, I and III; Fig. 8, VI, VII, VIII), although the

pondweed flowered somewhat later at the site near the

southwestern shore (Fig. 8, VI). This pondweed finishes

flowering in the middle of the second ten days of August.

It flowered longest of all in the reedy undergrowth in the

inlet near Strannitsa River (Fig. 7, 1). •

The shining pondweed did not flower abundantly.

The reproductive organs had only developed in 'the half of

the plants growing at the site in the inlet near Govorlivyi

êtB/106

-

-106-

Creek. Florrerii,^; there had begun by the end of the second

-ben days of July. It ended d u_rinô the f irst -ben davs of

AuSust 8y IX) . The -j^lants situated among tfle reeds

in the inlet near Strwnni tsa River did not bloom at all

(Fig. 7^ _) •

.Plo;raering of the long poaldweed (Fig. 8, X) begins

in late jLU-ie and continues until the end of July.

The overall phenological spectrum of the vegetation

of Lake Krasnoe for 1951 i s included in a previously

published work of the author (Iiata.nsiMya, 19,60 a), We shall

therefore present here only the curves of the phenological

phases of the plants (Fig. 9) at the permanent sites: the

budding curve - the nuL'oers of plants that are in the budding

phase ; the flowering curve -- the nurnbers of flowering

individuals; the floridity curve - the rercenta^;e of flotsrering

individuals of the total number of these ; and also the

fruiting and dyir_;-o.:.'f curves which indicate the pattern of

developmlent of the plants in Lake Krasnoe during the

growing season of 1951.

The pheizolo^;ica.l spring stage begins so^uiervhere

around middle or late ï, ay and continues until the beginning10. 44.8

of Julyo The early spring stage is characterized by the

appearance of plants beneatî•i the water and by their upivwrd

growth. In the middle of the spring the amx;liibious plants

appear above the water, while those that are submerged and

floating rewcai its surface. By tl^is time the associations

.../107

\ I

1

-107-

of these are already more or less formed. During the

first ten days of July many of the plants already have

buds and the pond lily has be,gun to flower.

%

[1° et

f\t.tmh'-rS to -.yen

10-, 40 _L 8 .--20

V.

e-

& \

II

\ I \t \

I

... ,-- /

fi 10 20 30 ID 20 31 10 20 31 10 20 50 10

VI Vil VIII LY X

I 2 ____ 3 !II I ii _._._ 5

.Pig. 9. Curves of the 12henological phases of the plants of Lake Krasnoe (based on the results of 1951).

1 - budding, 2 - flowering, 3 - floridity, 4 - fruiting, 5 - dying-off. The phenological stages are: a - spring; b - summer; c - autuMn.

The phonological summer stage extends from the

end of the first ten days of July until early September

(it begins at approximately the time when Potamo.geton natans

comes into flower). It is characterized by mass flowering

of almost all of the plants. The height of phenological

summer or the -.peak development of plants occurs in late

July or early August. At the end of the phonological summer

most of the plants cease flowering and in certain of the •

species, riening of the fruits occurs.

w/108

• The onSet of the ,rhenoZ.o^;_i_cal ^^.utU.ûln ,`^.i^it'..gE'• 1s at

the beginning of September. In the early aùtu,r,n stage the reeds

are still flowering, ^^:any of the plants are 1_.atur ing and

De^^Lnn1i1^; to scatter -t:leir fruits, ^'rlîile soi.° of the s;.,ecies

are already dying off . 1'ovrwrd;^ the end of phe^-ioloJical

at.tturnn most of the plants have achieved dorr.ancy.

Conclusions

•

G

l. In Lake Krasnoe the conditions for the

development of higher aqL:a tic vegetv.t:ion are unfavourable.

The shallow littoral striti of vrwter (up to 2 - 2.5 m deep)

is poorly developed and with the total area of the lake

being about 9km 2 it equals roughly 1.2 1m el, ejhich is about

14i of its area. The littoral of the lake is co-vered for

the most part by sandy, stony and in places, silty bottom

sediments. In the inlets, better conditions exist for

the developrsent of vegetation than is the case on the margins

of the open vrater area.

2. The :l.evel of the ;, ater in the lake does not

ae _^^in constant. In 194•9 the dain of the electric power

station raised it by ^.loost 1.5 Ill. in 1C63 it be,^wn to

subside and by 3.966 had fWllen to al.ost the original reading.

.3 The. first detailed description of t^^1e veCSetative

cover of the lake pert_^.ins to 19,49 - a period when the ^'iatt'r

level wrar higil. A i'LU the:.r description of the ve-c:t.ation

wus cor_npiled in 1963 and was repeated dur:in^; the three

^ ollo^^in s years.

. . . %lo g

-109-

4. The plants in the lake are found to a...depth of

2 m, although on occasion, there may be ïsolated,individuals

at depths of up to 2.5 m.

5. In Lake Krasnoe, 37 species of plants

continuously growing in the water had been recorded, as

well as about 70 species found growing on the shores - in

the wet and excessively wet marginal locations. Of these,

18 are amphibious plant species (helophytes) and 19 are

aquatic species proper (hydrophytes). The vast majority

of these plants were found in the lake during years of

high and low water levels. Phragmites communis, Potamoton

perfoliatus and in part Sciri2us lacustris are the most

widely prevalent species.

6. The vegetative cover of Lake Krasnoe consists

chiefly of associations of amphibious plants - the helophytes.

The hydrophyte. associations (those consisting of plants

with floating leaves and of submerged plants) are sparsely

represented. During the years of high water level there was

a greater variety of plant associations in the lake tb_an

in the years when it was low.

7. In 1949 associations of amphibious plants

were located in the water. Of these, pure rhra/Fmites communis

associations predominated. Scirpus lacustris associations

occupied much smaller areas. The associations of the other

species of plants in this :roui were very weakly develored. D. 450

Of the hydrophytes, the associations represented vie ro

.../lio

-110-

P. 450

Potamoeton natans, Kuphar luteum, Nymphaea candida, _

Polyonum amphibium var. aquatieus, Potamogeton perfoliatus,

P. lucens, P. heterophyllus f. graminifolius, .eyriophyllum

alterniflorum and others. The amplexicaul pondweed

associations predominated.

The area covered by the plants in the lake

equalled 0.6 - 0.7 km 2 , or 5 - 7% of its area.

8. Subsequent to the lowering of the water level,

there was a marked contraction of the areas in the lake

occupied by aquatic plant associations. The majority of

the amphibious plant associations that normally inhabit

the littoral were found in the dried out sectors of the

margin. Species of moisture-loving mixed herbage were

included in the herbaceous cover of these associations.

9. After the drop in the water level, Scirpus

lacustris began to spread vigorously along the margin of

all parts of the lake. By 1966 it was already an almost

permanent constituent of the reed associations. In many

of the littoral sectors bulrush associations or combined

bulrush and reed associations had appeared and in places

they had already achieved dominance over the reed associations.

Zhere had also been a decrease in the ares occupied

by hydrophyte associations. Some of these, for example

nriophyllum alterniflorum and Iotamezeton heterophyllus,

had disappeared altogethr.

.../111

-111-

D. 450

10. During the four.year period that followed

the drop in the water level and the resulting major decrease

in the areas occupied by some of the aquatic and littoral

plant associations and the disappearance of other such

associations, no indications were seen of a revival of

these associations in the water or of an expansion of the

areas that they occupied. It may be that after a certain

time interval,'reed and amplexicaul pondweed associations

will again become dominant in the lake, the former near

the shores, the latter in the deeper parts.

11. The following stages are observed in the

seasonal development of the plants: the phonological spring

stage - mid-ay to earlY ; the phonological summer

stage - the end of the first ten days of July to early

September; the peak development of the vegetation falls

during the late July - early August period; phonological

autumn - the opening days of September.

.IJ 1 ^.ül^.•

--112--

-"^-r - (^'

0

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.../113

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