م ب��سم ال�له ال�رح�من ال�رح�ي�
An-Najah National University
Faculty of Engineering
Energy conservation tips in transportation
Prepared by:Salma Omari
Fuad abu Mwias
Submitted to:Dr. Aysar Yassin
A report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment ofthe Requirements of “Energy and Environment” Course-64300
April , 2014
Abstract
because there is a lot of loss in energy in transport and the new ways of transportation not only burning out a non-renewable source of energy, but also causing a great deal of pollution and some states spends nearly $100
billion a year on transportation energy. so this report deals with the ways to conserve
energy and discusse some problems that cause the loss in energy such as traffice signals , Policies and laws related to the regulation of vehicles and some tips for the world to deal with
such these problems .
The reason for the selection
Our reason to talk about some tips to conserve energy in the transportation sector is due to two
main reasons: First, the importance of the transport sector all
over the world , absence of transport sector leads to a lack of population movement from one place to another , as well as non- transmission of cultures between the peoples and the difficulty in transporting goods and all this affects the social and economic life and also can
affect the political life . Second, the importance of energy conservation with the evolution of life in these days has increased the demand for all types of fuel , leading to Decrease fuel day after another, so we
must find ways lead to energy conservation.
Table of contentsAbstract 2
The reason of selection
2 Table of Contents 3
List of figures and tables 4
Introduction on transportation 5Definition of
transportation History of transportation
5
The importance of transportation 6
Transportation sector in palestine Sector profile
7 Know About the Palestinian Transport Sector 8
transportation and air pollution 12
Future vision
15
Introduction on energy in transportation Overview 16
Problems that cause loss of energy and tips to solve them19
Tips for better gas mileage / fuel efficiency
22 Conclusion 24
List of tables :
Table 1 : Number of Executed and Partially ExecutedProjects and it's cost .
Table 2 : Road Traffic Accidents in the Palestinian
Territories by Governorate (1997-2005) .
Table 3 :Effects of air pollutants on health and the environment
List of figures:
Figure 1: the number of accidents and injuries recorded
monthly in the west bank and Gaza strip , 2006
Figure 2 : % of air pollutants
Figure 3 : fuels used in transportation sector
Figure 4 : energy use
Figure 5 : Compared to only 1 car for every 2 people in Canada
Introduction of transportation
Definition of transportation: Transportation : Is the movement of people , goods and animals from one location to another by various modes
and for each mode there are several means of transport.
They are: a. island surface transportation (rail, road, and inland
waterway)
b. sea transport (coastal and ocean)
c. air transportation ( planes )
History of transportation : Between 2000 BC and the 21 st century , the people
moved around the world changed drastically. In 2000 BC – 3000 BC the practical way to travel and trade across distances was by camels and horses and the Egyptians begin using wooden ships for trade by sea , 500years later the wheels is invented in iraq . at 1 st century AD A vast network of roads exists across the Roman Empire. Roman merchant ships carry up to 1,000 tonsof cargo then at 12 th century The Compass is invented in Europe. The rudder comes into use in Europe. However
on land roads are just dirt tracks. Goods are transported by pack horse it's also transportedaround the coast of Britain by ship in 1600, in 1758 there was another way to move where Two men fly across
the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon.By 1852 The first passenger railway opens, and at 1885 The car is invented . In 1890 The first electric
underground trains run in London. Thomas Ahearn invents
the electric car heater. Planes begin carrying passengers in 1919 between london and paris, but at 1952 The first passenger jet service starts , then About 32% of families in Britain own a car
in 1959. In the 21st Century
The next step in transport will probably be commercial suborbital space flight. At the moment it is still in thefuture and at first it will inevitably be very expensive but it will eventually become cheap enough for ordinary
people to afford.
The importance of transportation: 1 -In Economic role:
Achieve utility by transporting raw materials and manufactured products from one place to another to
satisfy human needs. Raise the level of welfare and raise the standard of
living. Availability of raw materials and availability of
consumer goods.
2 -In Social role : Transportation to help create jobs and help transport the
stability. 3 -In Political Role:
.Transportation helps interaction and exchange between thecountries and the growth of political relations between the countries and each other. It also helps to transport mail and packages moving and speed the transfer of forcesin case of war
Transportation sector in Palestine
Sector profile Under the Ottoman rule on Palestine, transport networks developed in the 19th century from primitive roads and
lanes to paved roads. The first of these was the Jaffa-Jerusalem road, which was constructed in 1867, and the Nablus-Ramallah-Jerusalem road in early 1900s. Later, roads connecting Palestinian cities, towns and villages were constructed. In 1978, the West Bank was separated from the Gaza Strip. Both areas had already been severed from the transport network in historic Palestine occupiedin 1948. Additionally, Israel has constructed settler bypass roads. Roads throughout the Palestinian territory have not built on economically-feasible grounds, nor did they take account of the shortest distances between residential areas. Therefore, road networks are weak and inefficient . After the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established, the transport sector witnessed major developments: existent road networks were improved and new networks and mechanisms were in place, includingthe Gaza International Airport and Gaza Port. However, Israeli arbitrary measures have obstructed further development of the sector. During the second Intifada, for example, the Israeli forces causes immeasurable
losses to the Palestinian economy .To meet needs of the transport sector, the Government will provide necessary facilities and infrastructure to secure access to public transport services as well as develop transport-related policies and strategies to guide the sector development process. The Government itself may not necessarily provide, manage and operate
transportation installations, infrastructure or equipment. However, the Government should provide the means, throughwhich such facilities and installations are made
available .
To create and operate transportation facilities and infrastructure is not an end, but a means towards more general and comprehensive purposes. These are a mixture of political, economic, security and social goals. Implementation and maintenance of transportation facilities and infrastructure will results in economic “goods”, which contribute to benefiting the Palestinian
society as a whole.
Know About the Palestinian Transport Sector:
1-What is the PNA allocated budget for Transportation Sector?
Donor assistance contribution to the transportsector since 1994 has been estimated at $337 million
GovernorateNumber of Executed
and PartiallyExecuted Projects
Total Cost($1000)
West Bank73687,889Gaza Strip34782,670PalestinianTerritories1,083170,559
Table 1 : Number of Executed and Partially ExecutedProjects and it's cost
2-What is the contribution of the Transport Sector in the Palestinian GNP?
the contribution of Transport sector in GDP is the
following:3.5% in 1994
5.0 %in 2000
6.3% in 2005
3- What is the average monthly family (household)expenditure on Transportation in Palestine?
About $80; approximately 9.3% (2005) – Source: PCBS 2000
4- What is the employment contribution of the Transportation Sector in Palestine?
The share of the employed persons in the transport sector was estimated at 4.7% of the total labor force
in the Palestinian territories in 1999, 4.9% in 2000 .
5 -What is the percent fuel consumption of the Transportation Sector out of the total fuel
consumption in Palestine?
About 60% in Palestine.
6- List the types of vehicles (classes) in Palestine.
The basic three classes are: Cars (automobiles, vans,
taxis), Buses, Trucks (various classes).
7 -What is the annual average number of vehicle
crashes in Palestine?
The total road accidents recorded in the rest of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 3,509 accidents in 2006, including 2,180 accidents in the rest of the West Bank and 1,329 accidents in the Gaza Strip. On the other hand, the number of injuries resulting from road accidents during the year 2006, the infection has reached 6,026, of which 4,350 injured in the rest of the West Bank and 1,676 injured in the Gaza Strip
Governorate199719981999200020012002200320042005
Jenin621698777668450_166226375Tulkarm546428378313200_88116194Nablus878915524607515_205447641
Qalqiliya352355331255118_101157211Ramallah/Al-
Bireh11721167
10841089944_71811791091
Jericho247360269216161_144137191Bethlehem793689484561421_315348446
Hebron1032995868832668_463326540West Bank
Total56415607
471545413477999220029363689
Table 2 : Road Traffic Accidents in the Palestinian
Territories by Governorate (1997-2005)
050100150200250300350400450500
# of accidents # of injuries
Figure 1: the number of accidents and injuries recorded
monthly in the west bank and Gaza strip , 2006
Despite the strategic importance of transportation sector to any country, it is, as it stands, tainted great for the environment and consumers of energy resources, so increasing numbers of private vehicles at the expense of means of other transport, lead to a substantial increase in fuel consumption, and increased air pollution. Is expected to doubles the number of private vehicles to two and a half times over thenext 30 years, so the private vehicles need to 2.5 times the fuel currently used, will produce 2.5 times the polluted gas current and from a global perspective, the world is about to get a fuel crisis in the future as a result of increased consumption,
So if the world finds alternative means of conventional oil, and turn the world to reduce the amount of fuel required, and reduce adverse environmental impact by using high-efficiency engines, as well as using an alternative fuel with environmental impacts less harmful.
transportation and air pollution
Background on transportation and air pollution and itsimpact on the environment and human
World's transportation consumes at least a quarter of theglobal fuel and is responsible most of global air pollution. In Palestine, consume transportation around 60% of the amount of fuel the total consumed. Certainly increase fuel use will lead to an increase in greenhouse gases fuel combustion and therefore to increased environmental pollution.
The most common air pollutants sulphur oxides, nitrogen, suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, all these pollutants mainly produced from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) as well as wood and agricultural waste, pollutants emitted quantities vary according to the type of fuel andburn it.
SO2 Nox NMVOC NH3 N2O CO2 CO CH40.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%
% of air pollutants
% of air pollutants
Figure 2 : % of air pollutants
As for the fuel type, in Palestine used diesel gasoline,gasoline type used type of lead and lead-free. andgaseous pollutants from combustion uncompleted dieselvehicles like buses
The average age of private vehicles in Palestine about 16.5 years, and it should be noted that the proportion ofbuses and trucks and vehicles of public Salon that uses diesel fuel constitutes 26.1% of the total number of vehicles in Palestine, as well as the increasing numbers of private vehicles with modern diesel fuel going as a result allow recently . With private vehicles that use this type of fuel% 0.4 of the total number of vehicles for .
health effectsAir pollution
Shortness of breath, bronchialdisease, reducing the body's
immunity, chronic diseases of thelungs, damage and corrosion
special materials for buildingsand monuments built of limestoneand marble, damage the growth of
some plants
Sulphur oxides andnitrogen oxides
Increase in allergies and asthmaand other respiratory diseases
SPM
Limits the ability of blood tocarry oxygen, and thus may cause
damage to the brain orsuffocation, as well as in
Carbon monoxide
circulatory and nervous system
Various chest diseasesHydrocarbons
Eye infections, asthma, affectingthe lungs and heart function,
damage to certain plants
Smog (ozonesurface)
Diseases of the kidneys and thenervous system, especially inchildren (Increase mental
retardation, Convulsions, Spellsbehavioral changes etc.)
Lead
Table 3 :Effects of air pollutants on health and theenvironment
Estimated quantity of polluting emissions from vehicles in the West BankFor 1996, based on the number of vehicles registered in the West Bank, The number of vehicles with Israeli license, which used roads within the West Bank, has made the study of air pollution resulting from oxides of carbon and sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead.In a study of traffic impact on fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle exhaust in Nablus in 2002, the study estimated that the average fuel consumption per vehicle of about 2.9 km/l, and the total consumption of vehicles during rush hour around 1406 litres of fuel. Therate of Carbon oxides emissions per vehicle of about 14.5g/km, so the amount of gases emitted during rush hour an estimated 51.3 kg (8). The study also reported that, if improved performance traffic signals in downtown Nablus, the level of congestion below so you can reduce consumption fuel by up to 31% on some downtown streets, and the resulting air pollution rate Of vehicles reducedto up to 10 % .
The concept of a dual system of transportation and fuel consumption
1. reduce the amount of vehicle movement and especially single-passenger vehicles (cars), through use of transportation more efficient in terms of fuel use (such as participation in the ride, public transport, use of bicycles and walking), or traveling (such as trips short,a few excursions, as well as use per trip for the purpose).
2. improving the effectiveness of vehicle fuel consumption, reduce the rate of fuel use for vehicle per night (rate increase mileage per liter (km/l))
Future Vision
Also a part of the Arab and international networks, Palestine houses a safe, developed transportation networkthat connects all governorates. It contributes to enhancing the quality of life, provides a solid basis for
sustainable human development, and constitutes part of the infrastructure of the State of Palestine, which is founded on the rule of law, political pluralism, social justice, and respect of human rights.
Accordingly, the mission of the Ministry of Transport (MoT) is to develop a distinctive transport sector, whichprovides necessary services to regulate a high-quality transport industry in order to contribute to developing and sustaining the Palestinian economy. MoT’s mission will be materialised by developing and improving the transport sector
Introduction on energy in transportation
Overview
Energy use for transportation
Transportation uses a huge amount of energy—powering our cars, boats and planes and getting us where we need to go. We even transport energy sources themselves—for example, delivering crops to the plants that make biodiesel and then shipping the biodiesel to the
companies that use them. Biofuels have a long history in transportation—the first diesel engine ran on peanut oil in the late 1800s, and Henry Ford’s Model T was designed to run on ethanol in 1908 . Algae can also be used to create biofuels. California-based company Sapphire Energy aims to produce 1 million gallons of algae-based diesel and jet fuel by
2011 and 100 million gallons a year by 2018. Even coal can be used as a fuel for transportation! Coal liquefaction, the process of converting coal to liquid, can create fuels for cars and jets . The only commercial coal liquefaction industry in the world is located in
South Africa, and it has been producing fuels since 1955. Of course, by far the most common fuel for transportationis petroleum. In the United States, 97% of the energy that moves the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ethanol or
even powered by electricity.
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sleuf doow ygrene raelcun laoc sag larutan taep rewop ordyh
fo tropmi ten yticirtcele
lio
rehto
Figure 3 : fuels used in transportation
While transportation does use 27% of our energy resources, there are other areas where we can reduce energy use
Figure 4 : energy use
Figure 5 : Compared to
only 1 car for every 2 people in Canada.
Since the most commonly used fuel for transportation is petroleum, we need to find and alternative before “The Party’s Over”
Said by Richard Heinberg
Problems that cause loss of energy and tipsto solve them
1 -Traffic signals : Improve the system of traffic signals : when optimizing the optical signal systems, the amount of traffic flow increases, as well as the capacity of the intersection ordriveway, and this would improve traffic flow at the level of the network as a whole. And improving the movement of vehicles and reduced flight time and delay time, it will reduce the amount of fuel consumed and
emissions from vehicles
2 -Services and public transport: Geographically or chronologically ( increase the hours ordays of service )and increase the rate of service(such asincreasing the number of buses )and the rebuilding of cruise lines and times in order to provide better service. Aims of each of these alternatives to increase the number of passengers in public transport through the transition from private vehicles to
3 -Misuse of pavements : The main objective of the sidewalks is to facilitate the movement of pedestrians and separated from the vehicle,
so as to reduce friction with the vehicles, because of
the provision of safety and ease of traffic for vehicles.And The status of the sidewalks in the Palestinian citieswhere narrow pedestrian compared to need, especially in the city center, as well as the misuse of sidewalks by vendors, shops, where he was part of the goods on the sidewalks, which depletes part of the absorptive capacityto the sidewalk. In addition, the lack of footpaths allocated to cross the street, or the lack of clarity) the lack of clear signs landlines
This leads to the use of pedestrian traffic lanes reserved for vehicles in their movement in the city or crossing the street in places other than those designated for that purpose, which leads to increased danger to pedestrians,as well as to impede the progress of vehicles and increase the delay in the flight time . So we must adjust the misuse of pavements
4 -The positions of vehicles : is a parking sinner , as is common now in many cities impediment to traffic flow and increases the risk of exposure to road traffic accidents , it is common to see vehicles stand in places prohibited , and there are so many vehicles that spend a lot of time and increase traffic in search of empty position to stand up to it. All of this leads to an increase in traffic congestion , fuel consumption
The solution to such problems lies in Management positions of vehicles By adjusting the system by the traffic police or the municipality, and management positions of
vehicles are Scarfs for, so the analysis of theamount of supply and demand for these positions, and the work necessary to secure to fill the gap in the positions of vehicles, if necessary, or reduce the demand for those
positions.
5 -Policies and laws related to the
regulation of vehicles: There are some laws that have the effect of regulation onthe traffic, such as the distribution of land-use laws and the allocation of positions of vehicles for some of those uses. The inappropriate use and haphazard for some land uses that would The poor license areas, and on the quality of the living environment in the region, adversely affect the traffic would increase in the crisis, and also leads to a low level environment,
industrial, commercial and residential . The non-application of laws regulation on the
allocation of positions of vehicles, life in that region and increases in the movement of vehicles Browse For, would increase from one crisis to walk, installations and buildings, new positions empty to stand out. All this leads to the length of the flight time and distance, and the rate of delay , and this leads to an increase in fuel consumption and pollution of the environment
6 -when driving on a highway or at high
speeds : Close windows at higher speeds. Open windows increase wind resistance and force the engine to work harder
Use overdrive gears and cruise control when necessary. They improve the fuel economy of
your car when driving on a highway
7 -The issuance of a license for public
vehicles: There is a clear surplus in the number of public transport vehicles (taxis and taxis public office) contributes to traffic congestion, as the taxi office continues to search for his empty of passengers, which increases the traffic, especially in the areas of
congestion .The Ministry of Transport and Communications specify the number of public transport necessary depending on the population, and Instructions World in calculating the number of public transport vehicles for more than just one variable so you must limit the issuance of license
for public vehicles . The results showed that the total number of licensed vehicles in Palestine was 217 thousands (144 thousands in
the West Bank and 73 thousands in Gaza Strip) in 2012 .
Tips for better gas mileage / fuel
efficiency
1 .Try to maintain a constant rate, especially when drivinglong distances. Excessive acceleration and braking waste fuel
2.Consider buying a smaller more fuel efficient vehicle. By consuming less fuel, it will help the environment
3.Open the windows on hot days to cool the vehicle before turning on the air conditioner. A car’s air conditioner is an added burden on your engine. Air conditioners set at lower temperatures consume more energy. A comfortable temperature can be about 24 to 25 degrees celsius
4.Do not force your vehicle to speed on lower gear. Drive at the highest appropriate gear
5.Avoid traffic jam routes. Stop and go traffic takes a toll on your gas. If a traffic jam route is inevitable, make an effort to leave home early before the jam starts
6.Anticipate traffic stops and slow down well ahead
7.Do not tail gate. This increases the need for braking and can be dangerous
8.Avoid unnecessary idling. Turn off engine if you anticipate a wait over two minutes
9.Do not overfill the gas tank. On hot days fuel expansioncan cause an overflow
10.Avoid diagonal parking and reversing. Reversing requires more gas than forward movement
11.Ensure your vehicle is properly maintained and serviced; keep the vehicle engine tuned and wheels properly aligned
12.Clean spark plugs regularly. A fouled plug could reducegasoline mileage by as much as 15%
13.Make sure the vehicle ignition is properly adjusted. Keep all air filters clean
14.Ensure the petrol tank cap is properly fitted. A worn or ill-fitted cap will cause fuel to splash out or evaporate
15.Ensure that oil levels are correct. This includes engine, gearbox and rear axle oil
By making the extra effort to maximise fuelefficiency, you will not only save fuel andmoney, but help to reduce Green House GasEmissions that cause Global Climate Change!
Conclution
We concluded in the end that the transportation sector ofthe most important sectors for all it is a means of communication between human beings and the transportationsector is part of human life since ancient The first way to travel was on foot and the foot part of the humen so that the presence of transport is associated with the presence of human, but evolved means transportation with
time until it reached what it is at this time .
But there are some effects of the transport sector, it consumes several types of fuel and this is what reduces
the proportion of fuel in life and there are some wrong practices followed by some of the people and that lead tothe consumption of energy and non-preserved, but despite this there are some ways in which lead to energy
conservation from loss . In addition to the gases that come out of the fuel used in transportation affect the environment and also affect
humans . All of this was mentioned and traffic in detail and traffic in detail in this project also has reference to the transportation sector in Palestine, has knowledge of the budget allocated to the Palestinian National Authority the transport sector, as well as the contribution of the transport sector in the GDP of the Palestinian and also fuel consumption percent of the transport sector of the total fuel consumption in Palestine, in addition to many of the matters relating to
the transport and communications sector in Palestine.
