1

unicefUnited Nations Children's Fund

UNICEF Executive Board1 January to 31 December 1995

OFFICERS FOR 1995:

PRESIDENT

H.E. Mr. Khali! Makkuwi (Lebanon)

VICE- PRESIDENT?

Mr. Pctru Dumitriu (Romania)Mrs. Irma E. Klein-Loemhan Tobing (Suriname)Mr. Lennarrh Hj el maker (Sweden)Mrs. AWLI Out'dmofio (Burkina Fasti)

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:

TERM OP OFFICE EXPIRING ON

)i DECEMBER 1995

AustraliaBelarusCanada

Cosra RicaFinlandGermanyMiciimbkiLic

PhilippinesRussian FederationSuriname

ii DECEMBER 19%

Burkina Faso

GhanaIndonesia

JamaicaLebanonRumaniaUnited KingdomUnited Scares

of America

JI DECEMBER J^7

AngolaAzerbaijanBurundi

MoroccoNetherlandsNorwayPakistanRepublic of KoreaSwedenUgandaVenezuela

Cover photographs

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD

BY UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL 3

OVERVIEW

BY UNICEF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 5

JAMES P. G R A N T : A REMEMBRANCE 8

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS •..-. 10

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA 11

W E S T AND CENTRAL AFRICA 13

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 14

EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 17

SOUTH ASIA 18

THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN 20

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE,COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT

STATES, AND BALTIC STATES ll

EMERGENCY COUNTRIES 24

C H I L D RIGHTS .,.,„..., 32CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD....33

Children in especially difficultcircumstances 34

PROGRAMMES 38

CHILD HEALTH 39

Primary health care .-. , 39

The Bamako Initiative 39

Control ut diarrhoea! diseases 41

Acute respiratory diseases 42

Immunization 42

AIDS and children 43

Childhood disability 45

NUTRITION 46

Micronutrients 50

Breastfeeding .„ 50

WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 51

SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 52

BASIC EDUCATION 53

Education for Development 54

WOMEN AND GIRLS 55

Gender disparity .55

Safe motherhood and family planning 57

TOOLS FOR ADVOCACY 58

COMMUNICATION PROJECTS 60

International Children's Dayof Broadcasting 60

Productions and co-productions ....60

Global Communication Support Fund 61

PUBLICATIONS 62

The State of the World's Children 1995 62

The Progress of Nations 1994 ...............63Facts for Life 65

ADVOCACY IN THE FIELD , 67

W O R K I N G TOGETHER .....,...,,.....,..68NATIONAL COMMITTEES 69

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 71

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 72

GOODWILL AMBASSADORS AND CELEBRITIES ....74

PARLIAMENTARIANS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS,..75

MAYORS 75

R E S O U R C E S 76

UNICEF FINANCES 77

GREETING CARD AND RELATED OPERATIONS....81

INFORMATION RESOURCES 82

OFFICE OF INTERNAL AUDIT 83

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT 83

HUMAN RESOURCES 8 4

MAPS, TABLES AND CHARTS

Major emergency expenditures — 1994 31

Staff in UNICEF offices ,.,...,., 48

UNICEF income 1992-1994 77

UNICEF income by source 1994 77

UNICEF expenditure on programmes

by sector 1990-1994 78

Programmes funded from general resources 79

Top twenty donors to UNICEF ....80

Governmental and private sectorcontributions to UNICEF, 1994 86

PROFILES

Modest progress for girls :...16

Alone and desperate:

Picking up the pieces .• ;......29

Childhood for sale 37

Communities mobilize against AIDS 44

1.6 Million new customers for

an old technology 47

Building bridges of peace in young minds 64

Record funding for Rwanda emergency 73

ANNEX: Executive Board 93

GLOSSARY 97

Foreword

UNICEFs mission for children is dedicated to making Life better for the young, to ensuring thatthey grow up healthy and to providing them with the education and encouragement tobecome productive members of society. It is nothing less than a mission to make the world amore just and prosperous place for everyone, big and small.

The 1995 UNJCEF Annual Report reviews the diverse activities of this lead UnitedNations agency for children in the past year The report reveals impressive progress diat,though seldom making headlines, is changing the lives of millions of families in some of theworld's poorest communities.

Measles deaths are down by 80 per cent compared to pre-immunization levels. Largeareas of the developing world, including all of the western hemisphere, have been rid of polio.Malnutrition has been reduced. Massive steps are being taken to prevent mental retardationand blindness caused by micronutrient deficiency. Inexpensive and effective oral rehydrationtherapy is increasingly being used, saving more than a million children a year from diarrhoealdehydration and death. Guinea worm disease has been reduced by some 90 per cent and erad-ication is now in sight. Thousands of hospitals in developing as well as industrialized coun-tries are now promoting and facilitating breastfeeding. Progress in primary education is beingresumed. And the Convention on the Rights of the Child has become the most widely andrapidly ratified human rights convention in history, changing the concept of caring for chil-dren from child needs to child rights.

This progress means that 2.5 million fewer children will die in 1996 than in 1990. Tensof millions will be spared the sabotage of malnutrition. At least three quarters of a million fewerwill be blinded, crippled or mentally retarded each year. In addition, more attention now canbe given to those who survive to enable them to live productive and socially enriching lives.

These achievements are a tribute to the thousands of people and organizations work-ing in nearly every country of the world. They are a tribute to local communities, non-governmental organizations and to UNICEF, its staff and National Committees. And they area tribute to the late James P. Grant, UNICEF Executive Director for 15 years, whose death in1995 deprived the world's children of a great advocate and friend.

This UNICEF report shows that social goals set by the international community can bemet, that the developing world has a positive story to tell, and that the United Nations fam-ily of organizations, working under often adverse conditions, is none the less making theworld a better place.

The cause of children — who are our future — is a noble cause. It is a way of saying noto poverty, no to misery, no to all that undermines the dignity and integrity of the human per-son. Working together for that cause is a way of saying yes to a brighter future for all.

' 0<MA\A '\v^Kxr^

Boutros Boutros-OhaliUnited Nations Secretary-General

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

WE are living in a worldof cruel contradict ions.

A world that revels in its tech-nological capacity tu communi-cate, to heal and to prolong life,but one that also leaves millionsat children unprotected againstdeadly childhood diseases. Aworld in which nations findresources to support armies, butnot to educate the young.A world of conspicuous wealthin which one in five personsnevertheless struggles to surviveon less than a dollar a day.

As this Jekyll-nnd-Hydeworld of ours lurched from oneserious emergency to another in1994, UNICEF's capacity — likethat of many other internation-al organizations — was stretchedco the limit.

In April, when several hun-dred thousand Rwandese weremurdered in a brutal ethnicuprising, about 5 million peoplefled to safe havens within orbeyond their country. UNICEFraised US$58.7 million for thechildren of Rwanda, but thiswas just the tip of a humanitar-ian iceberg.

In the course of the year,UNICEF disbursed some US$18,3million in efforts to protect chil-dren in 13 major emergencycountries and to bring a sem-blance of normalcy to the vic-tims' lives.

Disastrous as these situationswere for many children, emer-gency assistance was just oneespecially visible part of whatUNICEF tackled and accom-plished for children in 1994.The bigger picture, framedby poverty, included ongoingefforts to guarantee childreneverywhere the right to sur-vival, protection and develop-ment, and a voice under theConvention on the Rights ofthe Child. It also reflectedremarkable progress towards:he year 2000 goals endorsed

by leaders at the 1990 WorldSummit for Children.

The Summit goals, backed byknowledge and technologiesthat have been considered abirthright in the world's richercountries for decades, have dra-matically improved the healthprospects of children bom intothe world's poorest communities.

Since the Summit, more than100 developing nations, withover 90 per cent of the develop-ing worlds children, have man-aged to reduce the cripplingeffects of malnutrition and topeg back child death rates.

These initiatives have meantthat some 2.5 million fewerchildren will die in 1996 thanin 1990 and that about 750,000children will be spared mentalretardation, blindness and othercrippling consequences of mal-nutrition. Still, some 13 millionchildren died in 1994 for lackof immunization, oral rehydra-tion and other eminentlyaffordable interventions, theirfate often sealed by the bud-getary priorities of govern-

ments, nnr by a lack of knowl-edge or capacity to change thecourse of their short lives.

On average, developingcountries allocated just 13 percent of budget spending anddonors allocated 10 per cent ofaid money to basic social ser-vices such as health care andeducation. However, if eachwere to allocate 20 per cent ofnational budgets and 20 percent of aid to social services, anadditional US$30 billion toUS$40 billion a year would befreed for human needs.

This 70/20' proposal devel-oped by UNICEF and otherUnited Nations partners tofinance universal access to basicservices makes both fiscal andmoral sense, since investment inbasics has been found to paygreat social dividends.

There is no greater invest-ment that a nation can makethan in its children, nor one lesseasily deferred. Children haveonly one chance to develop andshould have the best that acountry has to give, in their vul-

A child's laughterrewards investment bycommunities andgovernments in thehealth and educationof the young.

OVERVIEW

nerable formative years and inbad rimes as well as good.Without adequate nutrition,immunization and other basicservices, a child soon falters, andmay be stunted forever. To denythem their needs while weaponsare bought or economies arerestructured is to deny the child'smost basic human rights and tojeopardize the nation's most pre-cious stake in the future.

For dlis reason, most UN1CEFresources in 1994, includingmuch of its emergency assis-tance, were focused on chil-dren's long-term needs and onthe silent global emergency ofdiseases and malnutrition thatcontinue to claim some 35,000young lives every day.y As fighting intensified inAngola, 400,000 children underfive and 490,000 women ofchild-bearing age were vacci-nated against measles andtetanus, respectively.» Teaching supplies were deliv-ered to some 8,000 classroomsin former Yugoslavia wherepsychologists and schoolteach-ers were trained to help child-ren traumatized by wartimeexperiences.» In Liberia, UNICEF-assistedprogrammes supported orphan-ages, children with disabilities,and women and girl victims ofabuse, and provided counsellingfor former child soldiers.» While supplying educationmaterials for about 82,000Croatian children during theyear, UNICEF also distributedflyers and videos to schools,warning of the dangers posedby land-mines that had beenplanted in their communitiesby rival forces.

During the Rwanda crisis,UNICEF was designated as thelead United Nations agency toprotect some 114,000 unaccom-panied children who hadbecome separated from family

members during their chaoticflight to safety. One innovativeaspect of UNlCEFs family reuni-fication effort was the distribu-tion of thousands of pho-tographs of these 'lost' childrenat camps and community cen-tres in Rwanda and neighbour-ing countries.

UNICEF also helped maintainschooling in refugee camps andsettlements for displaced personsby paying teachers' salaries anddistributing education kits con-taining teaching guides, books,pencils, slates and chalk. Inthose areas where school build-ings and health centres re-mained intact, students andstaff were kept away from thefacilities until UNICEF sent ateam to sweep the premises andsurrounding areas for anti-personnel land-mines anddeclare them safe.

Anti-personnel mines areone of the most insidiousaspects of military conflicts inall regions today. Suppliedmainly by industrialized coun-tries and designed to indiscrim-inately maim and terrorize civil-ians as much as soldiers, minescontinue to inflict horrendousinjuries on children in war zoneslong after peace treaties havebeen signed.

An estimated 100 million ofthese deadly devices, widi lethallife spans as long as 50 years,have been sown in about 60countries where they can beexpected to kill and mutilatechildren far into the next cen-tury. Another 100 million minesare believed to be in stockpilesready for use.

Last year, UNICEF supportedprogrammes to teach land-mineawareness in schools andthrough the media both on newbattlefronts and in former warzones throughout the develop-ing world and Central andEastern Europe. But posters and

video programmes alone willnot put a stop to this very adultatrocity against children.

In March, UNICEF joinedothers in calling for a total banon the production, use, stock-piling, sale and export of anti-personnel land-mines in thehope that the internationalcommunity will outlaw them, asit has with biological and chem-ical weapons.

As UNICEF approaches its50th anniversary (1996), it canlook back on the progress madefor children over half a century.By the end of 1994, more than120 developing countries haddrafted national programmes ofaction to achieve their WorldSummit goals for children, andmore than 160 Heads of State orGovernment had signed theSummit Declaration, pledging tosupport the right of every childto UNICEF's priority list of low-cost technologies and practices.

By the end of the year, theConvention on the Rights ofthe Child had been ratified by168 countries, confirming it asthe most widely ratified humanrights treaty in history. TheConvention recognizes everychild's right to develop physi-cally, mentally and socially tohis or her fullest potential, toexpress opinions freely and toparticipate in decisions affectinghis pr her future. It has becomethe principal point of referencefor all UNICEF-assisted pro-grammes and a powerful rallyingcry for National Committeesand n on-governmental organi-zations. It is likely to becomethe first truly universal law ofhumankind.

The emergence of the Con-vention as the basis for child-protection laws in so manycountries is the single mostpromising indication that ourworld is moving, however ten-tatively, towards a new ethic

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

Poverty can also surface vio-lently as social and politicalinstability bred from desperationin communities that are discon-nected from the mainstream byunequal opportunity. As the lateUNICEF Executive Director,James P. Grant, expressed it:"Poverty, want and disaffectiontoo often find expression at thepoint of a gun."

Children are a sensitivebarometer of change and per-haps the truest measure of anation's success, but they havelittle control over their sur-roundings and the conditionsthat shape their future. Theirhorizons are coloured by adultsociety and by leaders whosepriorities can tip the balancebetween peace and war, lifeand death, knowledge andignorance, progress and pover-ty. Unless there is a sustainedcommitment to invest in chil-dren's basic needs, there is lit-tle hope.

Nations with the vision togive children first call on theirresources, however, can seizethe high ground for future gen-erations by bringing UNlCEF'spriority list of technologiesand resources within reach atlast of the world's least advan-taged children.

United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development(Rio de Janeiro, 1992), theWorld Conference on HumanRights (Vienna, 1993), theInternational Conference onPopulation and Development(Cairo, 1994), and at the WorldSummit for Social Develop-ment (Copenhagen, 1995).The Social Summit was ofmajor significance for children,recognizing that their basicneeds are, in fact, human rightsthat governments are obligatedto honour.

Global support for these con-ferences reflects a post-cold wartealizHtion that the cost ofpoverty has become unbearablyhigh in rich countries as well asin poor. In the industrializedworld, poverty is recognized asa hair-trigger for crime, the pro-liferation of weapons and drugsin school playgrounds, and theprevalence of domestic violencedirected mostly against womenand children. In developingcountries, extreme povertyis reflected in malnutrition,high rates of infant and childmortality, disease, disability andilliteracy, as well as child labourand the most bestial forms ofadult abuse — child trafficking,bondage and sexual exploitation.

that places the rights and needsof children at the centre ofsocial concern and responsi-bility. As a score of nationstook their first faltering stepstowards democracy and freemarket economies in 1994,the Convention reminded usall that the state exists to servethe individual, not the otherway found.

UNICEF is working closelywith the Committee on theRights of the Child and a vastweb of non-governmental andother civic organizations thathave become the eyes, ears andteeth of the Convention throughtheir determination to promoteand monitor its implementation.

Goals for children also gainedsupport from a growing list ofglobal conferences devoted tohuman development issues.There was a time when Headsof State called world summitsonly to discuss matters or warand military security, hutUNICEF challenged traditionwith the World Summit forChildren in 1990 and hasfought for the integration ofissues affecting children andwomen in a succession of globalconferences since then.

The interests of childrenhad special prominence at the

c-4d>Carol BellamyExecutive Director

JAMES P. QRANT: A REMEMBRANCE

JAMES P. GRANT: A REMEMBRANCE

The man who said, "Why notl

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW

once wrote: "You seethings; and you say 'Why?' ButI dream things that never were;and I say 'Why not?"'

James P. Grant was a man ofthe rare 'Why not?' variety. Hesaw death, disease and depriva-tion among children around theworld — considered inevitablefrom time immemorial — butinstead of simply asking "Why?"he asked: "Why not a worldthat truly cares for all its chil-dren and meets the basic needsof all people?" He saw the wide-spread abuse and neglect ofchildren and youth — accepted,still, as normal in much of theworld — hut instead of simplyasking "Why?" he asked: "Whynot a world that nurtures theyoung and respects their humanrights?" And with the single-mindedness of a true believerand the practicality of a masterstrategist, he went about mak-ing his dream of a better worldfor children a reality.

Mr. Grant, UNICEF ExecutiveDirector for three terms of officetotalling 15 years, died on 28January 1995. He had resignedas Executive Director five daysearlier, when it became clear tohim that he was losing his bat-tle with cancer.

It would take a thick volumeto do justice to Mr. Grant'saccomplishments, but some ofthe most important 'miracles'can be summarized as follows:

» Leadership in promoting thechild survival and developmentrevolution. He inspired andworked with governments,other United Nations agenciesand NGOs to save and improvethe lives of hundreds of millionsof children. During his tenure,

an estimated 25 million chil-dren were saved who otherwisewould have died due to some ox~poverty's worst symptoms andcauses: malnutrition, disease,ignorance, gender bias and envi-ronmental degradation. Hepushed for achievement of dieWHO/UNICEF goal of immuniz-ing 80 per cent oi the world'schildren against six preventablediseases by the end of 1990, thussaving more than 3 million livesa year. He promoted massivesocial mobilization as the key tosuccess: the whole fabric of soci-ety — government and religiousleaders, the media, the militaryand millions of citizens —became involved.

» Growth and diversification of

UNICEF. Mr. Grant presidedover the growth of UNICEF, theexpansion of its mandate andthe steady increase in its capac-ity to obtain results. From asupply-oriented organizationwith some 2,000 staff membersand an annual budget ofUS$300 million, UNICEF grewinto a multifaceted develop-ment and humanitarian agency,with 7,000 staff in over 130countries and a yearly budgetjust under US$1 billion.

» Promotion of a new develop-ment paradigm. At the sametime as he focused high-levelpolitical and widespread publicattention on the plight of chil-dren, Mr. Grant gave impetus toconsensus around a new modelof development, one that placeschildren — and all humanbeings — at the heart of thedevelopment process.

» Adjustment (and develop-ment) with a human face. Hiswas among the first voices raisedagainst the harsh negative

effects of structural adjustmentprogrammes on the poor, partic-ularly children and women. Mr.Grant played a critical role inconvincing the internationalfinancial institutions — adjust-ment's principal advocates — ofthe need to build into theseprogrammes measures to safe-guard the poor, especially inregard to health and education.

» Children as a zone of peace.

From El Salvador to the Sudan,Cambodia to Rwanda, Mr.Grant pioneered the establish-ment of 'days of tranquillity'and the opening of'corridors n(peace' to provide vaccines andother assistance desperatelyneeded by children caught inarmed conflict. He personallyled Operation Lifeline Sudanand often donned helmet andflak-jacket on visits to countriesenmeshed in armed conflict.

" Convention on the Rights of

the Child. Mr. Grant was a pas-sionate and effective advocateof the Convention on theRights of the Child, adopted bythe United Nations GeneralAssembly in November 1989,which entered into force asinternational law in 1990.Pushing for universal ratifica-tion, Mr. Grant said in his lastpublic speech, "The quality oflife in the 21sr century, and ourself-respect as a species today,depend on it."

» World Summit for Children.

The crowning achievement ofMr. Grant's career was the con-vening of the first truly globalsummit gathering ever. The1990 World Summit forChildren committed more than1 50 leaders and governmentsto reaching over 20 specific,measurable goals to radically

IWi I'NiCF.F ANNLALREVORT

improve children's lives by theyear 2000. By the end of 1994,over 100 countries had formu-lated national programmes or"action (NPAs) to implementthe strategies and goals for chil-dren. He promoted mid-decadetargets for children, most of

which are expected to bereached by a majority of devel-oping countries by the end of

» World Conference onEducation for All. As head ofone of the agencies that co-sponsored the World Confer-

ence on Education for All inJomtien (Thailand) in March1990, Mr. Grant played a majorrole in the revitaLization of glob-al and national efforts to pro-mote universal primary educa-tion, and especially to widensuch access for girls and women.

Mr. Grant's death pro-voked an outpouring of

grief and tributes from worldleaders to ordinary citizenswhose lives he had touched —and improved — in diverseways. Here are some excerpts:

"Jim Grant's legacy will be feltin different ways in differentplaces. In many parts of theworld, children survive becauseof his work. Others thank JimGrant for pointing to childpoverty and suffering, forreminding them that smallcommitments, small contribu-tions, can make a difference."

— United Nations Secretary'General Bouirna Bm«r<«'Ci/ia!(

"Certainly one of his greatesthopes was that the Conventionon the Rights of the Childwould serve as a statementof principle that would guideus into the next century.Therefore, 1 am pleased toannounce that the UnitedStates will sign the Conventionon the Rights of the Child."

— United States Firs! LadyHillary Radlumi Clinton

"I am one of those many ex-tremely fortunate persons whoselife was touched by the friend-ship of this extraordinaryhuman being."

— Marti Ahtiscuiri,President of Finland

"Mr. Grant always carried in hispocket a small sachet of oralrehydratton salts. It reflected hisconviction of how great deedscould be accomplished throughrelatively simple means... Thepower and the fruits of his con-victions will continue to save andto improve the lives of womenand children around the world,even after his death. In their livesand hearts, consciously or not,they now carry a picture and amemory of James Grant."

— tier Majesty Queen Nowof Jordan

"The welfare of the childrenof this country was close to hisheart... His devotion and senseof commitment had touchedme deeply. With his passing, wehave lost a true friend and a sin-cere supporter."

— Benazir Bhuna,Prime Minister uf Pakistan

"Mr. Grant was especially suc-cessful in convincing warringfactions to open corridors ofpeace to insure the safe passageof women and children caughtin crosstire. He did not hesitateto make known the highly neg-ative impact n{ sanctions whenapplied without considerationfor children..."

-— His Eminence Cardinal AngeloSartitttiriu, on behalf of His

Holiness, Pope John Paul 1!

"Jim Grant was never contentwith words. He wanted actionand always made sure that therewas follow-up in the field. Hemade UNICEF universallyknown, to powerful people andpowerless alike, in the megaci-ties and in the remotest villagesof the world."

— WHO Director-Genera!Dr. Hirushi Nakajima

"Mr. Grant was truly a pioneer inthe development of our thinkingabout and our feelings for chil-dren. When I think of the greatloss to the world's children, I crysilently — for them."

— UNICEF Gtmdwill AmbassadorTetsuka Kuroyanagi

"1 have the feeling that right nowyou are sitting with God holdingup your package of oral rehydra-tion salts — like you have doneso many times before — and nowyou are making God very, verybusy! So I want to tell you fromall of us down here, we'll contin-ue your work."

— UNICEF Goodwill AmbasxukrrUv UUmann

"We deeply regret the loss of agreat man who was an inspira-tion to the world children'scause and an old friend of theChinese people... His death isan irretrievable loss for thedevelopment of childrenaround die world."

— Li Peng,Premier of China

"Mr. Grant was a remarkableman who dedicated his life toimprove the lives of childrenthroughout the world. Hisdeath is a loss to every needychild in the world."

— Nelson R. Mandela,President of South Ajrka

L

199S UNICEF ANNl'AL REPORT

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA UNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

AngolaBotswanaBurundiComoros

Ethiopia

LesothoMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaRwandaSao Tome

and PrincipeSeychellesSomaliaSouth AfricaSwazilandUgandaUnited Republic

of TanzaniaZambiaZimbabwe

THE social and political fortunes of the 23countries of the Eastern and Southern

Africa Regional Office (ESARO) in 1994 rangedfrom the euphoria of South Africa's first demo-cratic elections to despair at the massacres inRwanda (see also 'Emergency countries'). Therewere multiparty elections in Botswana, Malawi,Mozambique, Namibia and Sao Tome andPrincipe, but civil conflict continued in Burundiand Somalia. The turmoil in Angola caused fur-ther suffering and death, although the situationlooked more hopeh.il at the end of the year.

UNICEF collaboration with intergovemmen*nil organizations intensified during the year,particularly in the areas of child rights, advocacy,and monitoring of the situation of children andwomen. Many of these organizations, amongthem the OAU, the Inter-GovernmentalAuthority on Drought and Development and theSouthern African Development Community,became increasingly involved in conflict resolu-tion. Southern African leaders successfully nego-tiated rhe restoration of democratic governmentin Lesotho and supported the electoral processin Mozambique, although they gained littleground in Somalia and southern Sudan.

During the year, UNICEF responded to emerg-ing opportunities in a number o( countries. InMalawi, the new Government announced a cam-paign for free primary education. With assistancefrom UNTCEF and private-sector donors, an addi-tional 1.2 million children were enrolled inschool, 4,000 retired teachers were called backinto service and 15,000 civilians were recruitedtor training as paraprofessional teachers. Similarprogress, using community-based approaches, wasseen in Eritrea.

The precarious situation of children in manycountries currently or recently afflicted hy civilconflict — including Angola, Burundi, Eritrea,Mozambique, Rwanda and Somalia — ledESARO to develop some new programme inter-ventions in 1994- They included family reunifi-cation and support for the psychosocial rehabili-tation of children; stress management andcounselling; the restoration of schooling in emer-gency situations; and the promotion of humani-tarian diplomacy, reconciliation and child pro-tection in conflict situations.

In Mozambique, UNICEF supported a pro-gramme for visiting former child soldiers whohad been reunited with their families. The pro-

gramme aimed at helping these children dealwith the trauma resulting from their wartimeexperiences. There was also support for therehabilitation of schools in Angola, for teach-ing materials in Rwanda, for training teachersin psychosocial care in Somalia and for familytracing in Burundi, Eritrea and Rwanda. ESAROand UN1FEM produced a study on the impact ofconflict on women and advocated for greaterattention to the needs of women in crisis situa-

Only five ESARO countries — Botswana,Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa andSwaziland — are classed in the 'medium humandevelopment1 category as defined by UNDP, butthere is a good deal to be hopeful about in theregion. All hut tour countries — Botswana,Somalia, South Africa and Swaziland -— had rat-ified the Convention on the Rights of the Childby the end of the year; however, Botswana did soin March 1995. Almost all ratifiers are imple-menting or finalizing national programmes of

Wifh no available wafer supply, fhese childrenhave lo walk long distances to a lake to fill theircontainers with water.

REGIONAL Dt'\i-a)i'Mi-N"i \

action. Several, including Namibia and Uganda,are developing plans tor children below thenational level.

Many countries are allocating funds to NFApriorities, and in Ethiopia and Uganda the shiftis associated with demilitarisation. With thedemise of apartheid, a similar trend is consideredpossible for southern Africa. UN1CEF is support-ing aspects of South Africa's Reconstruction andDevelopment Programme that deal with theneeds of children and women.

About half the ESARQ countries have goodprospects for achieving the mid-decade goals,particularly in basic education and nutrition.They include Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya andMozambique. The goals for immunization andsalt iodization are achievable in most of theregion, but those for water and sanitation seemless feasible.

UNICEF was part of a donor coalition, withWHO and the World Bank, that assisted Zambiaduring the year to decentralize its health caremanagement and mobilize local resources.Similar efforts were under way in Ethiopia,Madagascar and Uganda.

A number oi countries took steps to decen-tralize governmental systems and service provi-sion; Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda wereturning over revenue raising and investmentplanning authority to regional administrations.Although this strategy also gives the regionsresponsibility for providing basic services, central

In many African counlnes. women shouiaei adouble burden, engaged in both child core andfarm work.

government policies and support functions havebeen maintained in all three countries.

With the assistance of five UN1CEF NationalCommittees — Germany, the Netherlands,Switzerland, the United Kingdom and theUnited States — Zambia undertook a US$10.8million debr-for-child development conversionf see oko 'National Committees') in 1994 that willhelp finance UN 1CEF-supported programmes inbasic health, education, and water and sanitationover the next three years. A similar programmewas in place in Madagascar, and conversionswere in the planning stages for other ESAROcountries.

However, social progress in the region as awhole was constrained by the economy and thedarkening shadow of AIDS (.see also 'AIDS andchildren'). HIV infection rates continued to riseduring the year. In addition, the illness and deathof parents were leading to increasing child mal-nutrition, school drop-out rates, begging andchild prostitution.

In cooperation with other agencies, theUN1CEF strategy for fighting AIDS is focusing onyouth education and women's empowerment,using communication and .social mobilizationtechniques.

In Mavalane (Mozambique), neighbourhood mothers teach skills andprovide meals to street children in a UNICEF-assisted programme.

1995 LTVICEF ANN! Al_ RrpoJ(7

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA UNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

Burkina FasoCameroonCape VerdeCentral African

Republic

Cote d'lvoireEquatorial GuineaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauLiberia

Mauritania

NigeriaSenegalSierra Leone

THE first devaluation of the CFA franc in 46years doubled the cost of medication and

schooling in many countries throughout theregion in 1994. Population growth exceeded eco-nomic growth in all countries except Ghana andNigeria. Although there were wide variations insocial conditions throughout the region, mostnational indicators reflected high rates of pover-ty, infant and maternal mortality, low schoolattendance and widespread illiteracy. Accordingto UNDP, 13 ot the countries covered by theUNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office(WCARO) are among the 20 nations of the worldwith the lowest levels of human development.

Emergencies in a number of countries in theregion continued to complicate the already pre-carious existence of a great many children. InLiberia, efforts that had led to UNICEF's early suc-cess in rescuing children caught between warringfactions ground to a halt as security deteriorated.It was December before the situation improvedwith the signing of a peace agreement by all par-ties to the conflict.

During the year, UNICEF assisted refugee anddisplaced children and women in Benin,Cameroon, C6te d'lvoire, Sierra Leone and Zaire;responded to a flood emergency in Niger; andworked with other partners to control choleraoutbreaks in Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Liberia, Mauritania and Sierra Leone.

However, there were a number of significantgains during the year. Universal regional ratifica-tion of the Convention on the Rights of theChild was accomplished when Gabon ratified theConvention in February. The Central AfricanCustoms Union adopted standards for the iodiza-tion of table salt. With Senegal's adoption of adecree limiting the free distribution of breastmilksubstitutes, all countries in the region now havethe necessary legislation to accelerate the baby-friendly hospital initiative.

The Bamako Initiative has also been adopteduniversally in the region. More than 2,000 healthcentres have been revitalized, and experiences inBenin and Guinea in 1994 showed that whenpeople are empowered to manage their ownhealth care, immunization rates increase and thesituation of children improves (see also 'TheBarmko Initiative').

Almost all countries in the region now havenational programmes of action (NPAs) for chil-dren, and in Benin, Chad, the Gambia, Mali and

Nigeria, mechanisms have been established atpresidential request to monitor performance.

Cameroon and Guinea have achieved themid-decade goal of 80 per cent usage of ORT tocontrol diarrhoeal diseases, but most other coun-tries still fall well short of that mark. Cape Verde,the Congo, Mauritania and Sierra Leone aredoing relatively well with use rates of about 50per cent.

Guinea worm disease is beginning to yield totechnical assistance and community organization.The Gambia and Guinea had no new cases in1994, and the number of cases fell dramaticallyin the other affected countries. Cameroon wentfrom 72 reported new cases in 1993 to 29 in1994, Chad from 1,231 to 529, Mauritania from4,259 to 243 and Senegal from 815 to 171

UNICEF maintained its assistance in water sup-ply and sanitation programmes, giving countriessuch as Benin, Cape Verde and Guinea a reason-able chance of meeting their mid-decade goals forsafe drinking water. Progress with sanitation ser-vices is less evident in the region, with the excep-tion of Nigeria, where substantial savings havebeen achieved through introduction of" low-costtechnology.

Basic education remains beyond the reach ofmany children in the region, and of girls in par-ticular. In only six countries (Cameroon, Congo,Ghana, Mauritania, Nigeria, Togo) do more than50 per cent of girls reach grade 5 in primaryschool. In another five countries (Burkina Faso,

A healthy Mahan babyweighs in. But in Mali,and in many countriesof West and CentralAfrica, malnutrition iswidespread andcontributes to highinfant mortality rates.

RflJfONAL DB'tLOPMEVTS

A woman relief workerprepares a meal ata feeding centre runby the NGO WorldVision, in a villagenear Ihe lown ofBaidoa (Somalia).

expanded to meet this challenge, and severalcountries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cored'lvoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal) havereviewed their basic education policies. During] 994, Togo eliminated primary school fees, andBenin made education free for girls in ruralschools.

Women's concerns have been integrated intoseveral country programmes. For example,women participate on health management com-mittees in Benin, and a primary environmentalcare project incorporates training for women inBurkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. UN1CEF supportedpreparations by many countries in the region forthe 1995 Fourth World Conference on Womenin Beijing. About one third of UNICEFRepresentatives and Assistant Representatives inthe region are women.

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger), the shareof girls is less than 20 per cent.

UNICEF education-re la ted activities are being

UNICEF-ASS1STEDPROGRAMMES IN:

AlgeriaBahrainDjibouti

Iran. Islamic Rep. of

JordanKuwaitLebanonMorocco

Saudi ArabiaSudan

TunisiaUnited Arab EmiratesWest Bank and Gaza

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

T HE acceleration of Middle East peaceefforts in 1994 signalled hope for many in

the region, and UNICEF moved quickly to ensurethat children and women could reap their shareof the benefits.

Debts were to be forgiven as part of the peaceprocess in a number of countries. UNICEF advo-cated that funds thus made available be allocat-ed to programmes for children and women. Onechallenge was to sustain achievements such ashigh immunization coverage during a period ofrapid change and, as yet, inadequate funding.Plans were made for a meeting to be held inApril 1995 to discuss a plan of action forPalestinian children.

Following the accord between Israel and thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO) inSeptember 1993, Israel and Jordan signed a peacetreaty in 1994- While negotiations continuedbilaterally between Israel on the one hand andLebanon and Syria on the other, Palestinians inthe self-rule areas of Gaza and Jericho took overresponsibility for their own governance, includ-ing education and health services in eight dis-tricts in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.

Promising as these developments were, almostall countries in the Middle East and North Africaregion (MENA) remained vulnerable in someways. To revitalize their economies, several coun-tries, including Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco

and Tunisia, have adopted structural adjustmentpolicies, and in some cases these reforms havebrought severe economic hardship to the poorestamong their populations.

The poorest countries continued to suffer theaftershocks of the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis andother conflicts. An estimated 25-30 per cent ofchildren and women in the region were adverse-ly affected by armed conflicts in Algeria, Iraq, theSudan and Yemen. On the economic front, thetourist industry, which had been a major source offoreign currency tor Egypt, Jordan, Morocco andTunisia, had not recovered. Also, jobs that sup-ported the families of thousands of expatriateEgyptian, Palestinian, Sudanese and Yemeniworkers in the oil-rich Gulf States had not reap-peared.

Most MENA countries, however, managed toaccelerate programmes to achieve their mid-decade goals for children, while also buildingtheir capacity to meet the end-of-decade goals.

By the end of the year, 15 MENA countrieshad ratified the Convention on the Rights ofdie Child, and Qatar did so in April 1995. Theremaining three — Oman, Saudi Arabia andthe United Arab Emirates — hope to do so dur-ing 1995.

A number of countries have been using theConvention as a framework for NPAs, and Egypt,Iran, Libya, Morocco, the Sudan and Tunisia have

iW5 I/NICEF ANNUAL RFCOKT

formed national commissions or other mecha-nisms to monitor conditions aftecting children.

Convention-related activities in the regioninclude development o\ materials tor formal andlion-formal education; child rights messages inthe mass media; and the inclusion of theConvention in school curricula, teacher training,and training for religious leaders, soldiers andpolice. NGOs have been addressing issues relatedto the Convention, and a study hy the law facul-ty in Alexandria University (Egypt) concludedthat the Convention and the Islamic shariahcode were compatible.

The Organization of the Islamic Conferenceand the OAU held seminars during the year laencourage all Islamic and African States to rati-fy and implement the Convention. However, ofthe nine MEN A countries from which reports tothe Committee on the Rights of the Child weredue in 1994, only four had completed theirreports and four were in the process of preparing

By the end of 1994, 16 countries had achievedSO per cent coverage for expanded programmeson immunization. Iran, Kuwait and Omanrecorded more than 95 per cent coverage andonly four countries —Algeria, Djibouti, theSudan and Yemen — remained short of the 80per cent target for 1995. With the exception ofthe same four countries, all countries in theregion had met the mid-decade goals for vacci-nation against polio. In addition, all exceptAlgeria, Djibouti, Lebanon, the Sudan andYemen had met their coverage targets for immu-nization against measles.

A regional protocol to eliminate neonataltetanus was implemented in Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,the Sudan and Yemen. Bahrain, Oman andTunisia made substantial progress on breastfeed-ing using the baby-friendly hospital initiative.The Sudan, with a major guinea worm problem,was mapping high-risk areas, but civil war hin-dered eradication efforts.

The region made rapid progress during the yearin reducing micronutrient deficiencies. Jordan,the Sudan and Syria were on track to iodize allsalt by the end of 1995, and Egypt was expectedto achieve that goal in 1996. Iraq and Lebanonwere also making efforts to increase iodized saltproduction.

Achievement of the mid-decade goal for edu-cation was proving difficult for many countries,especially those with a net enrolment rate signif-icantly below the 80 per cent benchmark. Thesecountries include Djibouti (37 per cent),

Morocco (57 per cent), Saudi Arabia (62 percent) and the Sudan (44 per cent).

Reducing the disparities between boys and girlsin terms of access to, and quality of, educationremained a major hurdle. The region's primary-school net enrolment rate is 82 per cent tor boysand 72 per cent for girls. The Regional Officecontinued its advocacy for young Arab girls withsupport from the League of Arab States.

Regional debate on gender disparities and theempowerment of women had a welcome boostfrom the International Conference on Populationand Development (ICPD), held In Cairo inSeptember, and preparations for the FourthWorld Conference on Women, to take place inBeijing in 1995.

Seven countries — Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Libya,Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen — have ratified dieConvention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women, although theyexpressed reservations to some of its provisions.

During 1994, UNICEF continued to build onsuccessful joint initiatives with the League ofArab States, and specialized ministerial councilsfor Arab Ministers of Health, Social Affairs, andEducation endorsed the mid-decade goals andbecame directly involved in monitoring progresstowards achieving them.

Girls fetch water in the northern Iraqi city of Erbil. UNICEF is helping rebuildbasic services both in Iraq and among displaced persons along the Iranianand Turkish borders.

TREQIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

EDUCATION

Modest progress for girls

here was optimism in parts of the Middle East and North Africa in 1994 that thegender gap in education for girls might be narrowing. The good news was thatexpenditures for education in the region as a whole averaged a solid 6.4 per

cent of GNP and the gross primary school enrolment ratio rose from 40 girls per 100 boysto 89 girls per 100 boys between 1960 and 1992. Jordan led the way with a reported98 girls per 100 boys.

Some problems, however, are weakness of the available data, the disproportion-ate numbers of girls who drop out of school early or repeat grades, and limited opportu-nities for secondary schooling or meaningful jobs for those girls who do graduate.Gender stereotypes in school curricula continued to reinforce the cultural perception thatgirls are 'born to marry1. Many parents also remained reluctant to send daughters tocoeducational schools where teachers and students are predominantly male. Fewschools in the region address this traditional family concern for the security of girls byoffering facilities exclusively for girls. The need for many boys and girls to travel long dis-tances between home and school and a deeply Ingrained cultural preference for boysalso meant that families with limited incomes were more likely to spend money on trans-portation and accommodation for their sons. The gross primary school enrolment rate forgirls in Morocco in 1992 was 54 per cent compared fo 78 per cent for boys, In Yemen, theenrolment of girls was 43 per cent, compared with 111* per cent for boys.

UNICEF country reports for 1994 indicate that more than 65 per cent of MENAJ^ countries have achieved or exceeded the mid-decade goal of 80 per cent net enrolment— for boys and girls, and that six (Bahrain, Iran, Lebanon, Qatar. Syria, United Arab

Emirates) have achieved better than 90 per cent. According to the reports, four MENAcountries (Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates) have achieved primary schoolenrolment parity for boys and girls; three countries (Lebanon, Oman, Qatar) havereduced disparities below 1 percent; and seven (Djibouti. Iran. Libya. Saudi Arabia,Sudan, Syria, Tunisia) have reduced disparities to 2 per cent or less. The lack of reliablegender-disaggregated data for many of these countries, however, means that cautionmust be exercised in interpretation.

The only way to guarantee sustained improvement in educational opportunitiesfor girls in these countries is through a concerted effort to find cost-effective ways ofreaching large numbers of girls who, for a variety of reasons, lack access to schools. Girlsin rural areas and those among displaced populations and nomadic groups remain themost disadvantaged.

High-level interventions in Egypt and Morocco were among the most positivedevelopments in education for Arab girls in 1994. In Morocco, the King and the royal fam-ily have encouraged education as an impetus for democratization. An education strate-gy for girls has reportedly raised their enrolment levels in 10 provinces from 16 per cent toabout 46 per cent. The programme was expanded to 1 7 provinces in 1994 and will cover49 provinces by 1995, A survey of literacy and numeracy among fourth-graders duringthe year indicated a need for better quality teaching. In Egypt, a community schools ini-tiative aims to bring basic education within reach of girls in some of the poorest ruralg over no rates. During the year, the initiative served 1,102 girls in 38 schools and reportedan 80 per cent success rate with enrolment,

In Iraq, UNICEF supported non-formal education for girls aged 10-14 who haddropped out of school. The plan was to mobilize 7.000 girls for classes in 1994, but theresponse was so positive that the actual number for the year almost doubled to 12,000,

" This rate exceeds 100 per cent due to double and repeat enrolment and over-age pupils.

EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC UNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

Cambodia

Cook IslandsFederated States

of Micronesia

IndonesiaKiribatiKorea, Dem. People's

Loo People'sDem. Rep.

MalaysiaMarshall IslandsMongoliaMyanmar

Papua New GuineaPhilippinesSamoaSolomon IslandsThailandTokelau

TuvaluVanuatuViet Nam

L IVING standards in the East Asia ;indPacific region have risen fourfold since rhe

J960s, driven by rapid and sustained economicgrowth. According to the World Bank, between1965 and 1994 national economies in this regiongrew faster than in any other region of the world.

Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of thepeople living in absolute poverty fell from onethird to one tenth of the population. In the s;imeperiod, life expectancy at birth increased by 45pet cent, and mortality among under-tives fell byabout 70 per cent. The average annual popula-tion growth rate (1.7 per cent) is substantiallylower than elsewhere in the developing world.

Although these trends are positive overall, liv-ing standards among marginal, poor and exploit-ed groups have in fact deteriorated. In countriesmaking the transition to market-orientedeconomies (Cambodia, China, Lao People'sDemocratic Republic, Mongolia, Viet Nam), thewithdrawal of government-funded safety nets hasbeen painful for the poorest and most vulnerablegroups. In more prosperous countries, progress h;isalso widened disparities between rich and poor.

Economic growth in many countries has alsobeen accompanied by the erosion of traditionalsocial structures and a visible increase in childabuse and neglect, family violence, crime nnd theweakening of social support mechanisms. Thecommercial exploitation of children for sexremains a major concern in a number of coun-tries {see also 'Children in especially difficult cir-cumstances').

Perhaps the most ominous problem of the1990s is the HIV/AIDS epidemic. According toWHO, AIDS is spreading faster in Asia than any-where else. The region had 6 per cent of the glob-al AIDS cases in 1994, compared to 1 per cent in1993. The great majority of people infected withHIV are in Thailand (about 600,000) andMyanmar (200,000). UNTCEF responses havefocused on data collection and analysis for advo-cacy, social mobilization and communication,and assessment oi the impact on children andwomen, particularly in the Philippines, Thailandand Viet Nam (see also 'AIDS and children).

The end of the cold war and the resultingpolitical realignment can be expected to affectUN1CEF advocacy work for children as countriesseek new political alliances and as more affluentcommunities make new demands on democrati-cally elected governments.

Change could come quickly with the expect-ed expansion of the Association of South-EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) to include the LaoPeople's Democratic Republic, Papua NewGuinea and Viet Nam, as well as guest countriessuch as Cambodia and Myanmar, which partic-ipate to a certain extent but do not have fullmembership privileges, and consultative partners(collaborative countries outside the ASEANregion), such as China and Russia. The decen-tralization of government authority also hasimplications for UNICEF cooperation with gov-ernments and for programme planning, budget-ing and implementation.

Concerns about pressures on traditional val-ues have arisen because of the communicationexplosion, especially satellite television. Thisissue comes into play for UNICEF in the contextof the Convention on the Rights of the Child,since it is based on broad global ethics. Nauruand Samoa ratified the Convention in 1994, andMalaysia and rhe Solomon Islands did so in thefirst quarter of 1995. Brunei Darussalam,Singapore and seven Pacific Island countrieshave yet to ratify.

For most countries of the region, the mainchallenges to child survival are largely being met.Under-five mortality averages 56 deaths per 1,000live births — about half the rate for all develop-ing countries — and infant mortality is 42 per1,000, compared to 69 for all developing coun-tries. More than 90 per cent of die region's chil-dren are fully immunized.

Adult literacy stands at 80 per cent, and morethan tf 5 per cent of primary school entrants reach

A family in Thai Binhprovince aspires to beas happy as the one inthe Facts for Life healthpromotion calendar intheir living room. TheUNICEF programme inViet Nam is one of theorganization's largest. I

RHjfONALDfcVLLOf'MEN-ni

President Fidel Ramos conducted a review ofthe mid-decade goals in the Philippines, and theGovernment of Viet Nam increased its budgetaryallocations for achieving them. In several cases,national commitments have been hacked by thepersonal pledges of leaders. In Thailand, the PrimeMinister plans to hold biannual reviews on themid-decade goals, and Crown Princess MahaChakri is concentrating on IDD as one of her spe-cial interests, bringing attention to ir throughadvocacy activities. President Suharto of Indonesiaappointed a Cabinet Committee on 1DP andissued ;i presidential instruction calling for theiodization of salt supplies.

UNICEF advocacy and information dissemina-tion have contributed to widespread high-levelpolitical support for universal salt iodization inmany countries, including most of the region'slargest (China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines,Thailand, Viet Nam). UNICEF social mobilizationactivities have also supported immunizationcampaigns, especially in partnership with localNGOs, religious groups and volunteers.

Boosting access toeducation, especiallyfor girls, is a priority forthe 1990s. In China,community leadersand parents areencouraged to enrolmore girls in primaryschools.

grade 5. Regional progress in these areas is duelargely to a high level of political commitment.This was evident at a ministerial conference inthe Philippines in October in preparation for theWorld Summit for Social Development. The par-ticipants adopted an agenda tor action on socialdevelopment in Asia, giving priority to the needsand rights of children in development planningfor the 21st century.

SOUTH ASIAUNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

BangladeshBhutan

MaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka

THE South Asia region has maintainedmoderate economic growth in recent years.

Moves towards more open market economieshave resulted in more rapid growth, but its ben-efits have not yet reached many people. Theregion has nearly one fifth oi the world's popula-tion and almost one fourth of the world's chil-dren. However, one third of all child deaths indeveloping countries occur there. It has theworld's highest illiteracy rate, particularly torwomen, although Maldives and Sri Lanka areencouraging exceptions. It is also home to halfthe world's malnourished children.

Surveys indicate that the gap in income dis-tribution has continued to widen. One rifth ofthe region's poor live in towns and cities. Wellover 500 million people (more than two fifths ofthe population) live in poverty. UNICEF assis-tance in the seven South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation (SAARC) member coun-tries* aims to combat this multifaceted povertyof income, education, nutrition, health andhygiene.

Despite poverty, rapid population growth andenvironmental depletion, South Asia remains oncourse towards the achievement of the mid-decade goals for children. UNICEF continued in

1994 to support the countries — individuallythrough country programmes of cooperation andcollectively through non-governmental regionalgroups and SAARC — in their efforts to achievethe mid-decade goals, endorsed by the SAARCSummit in Dhaka in 1993.

Must countries in the region should be able toachieve and sustain 80 per cent immunizationcoverage. While Nepal and Pakistan need tomake considerable efforts in 1995, political com-mitment at the highest levels has been made inboth countries to achieve the goal. The same canbe said for the elimination of neonatal tetanus,the reduction of measles deaths and cases, andthe elimination of polio in selected areas. Indiaand Pakistan have made remarkable progressagainst polio, but it may be some time before theyare completely free from the disease. In 1994both made concerted efforts to improve cover-age, with Pakistan implementing highly success-ful 'national immunization days'.

The elimination of vitamin A deficiency iswithin reach in all countries, although it willrequire unprecedented efforts in India. There willbe near-universal iodization of salt in all coun-tries, although Nepal will require additionalresources to reach the goal. There Has been dra-

1995 VNICEF ANMAL REPORT

matic progress in ORT use hut achieving the SOper cent objective remains a major challenge,particularly in'Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.Targets set for the baby-friendly hospital initia-tive (BFH1) are mostly being met, albeit withsome difficulty in Bangladesh and India.

The region has also made impressive gains inproviding safe drinking water, and the mid-decade goal of increasing coverage by 25 per centfrom the 1990 level is likely to be achieved inmost countries. Nepal, however, with its uniqueproblems of geography, will continue to faceobstacles. Another regional success story is thevirtual elimination of dracunculiasis (guineaworm disease) by rhe end of 1994 in India andPakistan and, therefore, from the entire region.

The three most ambitious goals are a reductionin protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), universalprimary education and expansion of access tosanitation. The prevalence of PEM is unaceept-ably high in all countries, and a considerable neweffort is needed. In 1994 the Regional Office forSouth Asia took the first steps towards launchinga new nutrition initiative.

In primary education, achievement of univer-sal access and completion remains problematicalfor all countries, with the exception of Maldivesand Sri Lanka. Some countries have made signif-icant breakthroughs in policies and programmes.India embarked on a massive district-based pro-gramme for priority areas. Pakistan has begun totocus attention on girls' education,

Progress in sanitation depends heavily onchanges in family attitudes and behaviour. Theregion is likely to achieve the modest goals ser forthe mid-decade, but much greater attention willneed to be given to promoting alternative meth-ods of sanitation and. to public education andcommunication.

The region has made good progress on rheConvention on the Rights of the Child. Allseven countries ratified the Convention by rheend of 1992. Pakistan sent its first report to theCommittee on the Rights of the Child in 1992and resubmitted it in 1994 in the light of theCommittee's comments. The reports of Maldivesand Sri Lanka were submitted during 1994.Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal are prepar-ing their reports. All countries have also devel-oped NPAs based on the World Summit goals,and UN1CEF has supported these national andsubnational efforts through advocacy and tech-nical support. Because of the situation of girls andwomen in South Asia, UN1CEF is advocatingstrengthened links between the Convention on

A woman journalistinterviews mothersnear Kathmandu(Nepal), as part at acourse in reportinghuman developmentstories. The training issponsored by UNICEFand rhe ThomsonFoundation. UK.

the Rights of the Child and the Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms of Discriminationagainst Women.

Girls received increasing attention throughthe Meena initiative, a communication projectthat aims to change perceptions and behaviourthat hamper the survival, protection and devel-opment of girls. The initiative involves the pro-duction and dissemination of a multimedia pack-age including animated films, videos, radioprogrammes, comic books, posters and othermaterials. Ir features a young girl called Meena,whose life experiences expose the discriminationagainst girls and women. The initiative offerspositive insights for families and communities.Begun in Bangladesh, the project has now ex-panded to other countries in the region wheregirls' issues are critical — India, Nepal andPakistan — with positive results.

Meena has already proven to be one of themosr exciting communication initiatives eversupported by UNICEF. Even countries outside theregion have shown keen interest in using thecolourful Meena materials, and several UNICEFNational Committees in Europe have used themfor fund-raising and Education for Developmentactivities. Over the next few years the projectwill he seeking to involve the private sector inthe dissemination of the Mee?ia concept and inexploring its commercial potential both in theregion and beyond.

While dramatic progress has been made insome sectors, and the capacity to move rapidlytowards achieving the goals for children for theyear 2000 is present in all countries, the SouthAsia region clearly remains one of enormouschallenges in the areas of concern to UNICEF,

* Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri

RFqiONAL DEVELOPMENTS

UNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

Antigua and BarbudaArgentinaBarbados

Bolivia

British Virgin Islands

ColombiaCosta Rica

DominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGrenadaGuatemalaGuyana

HondurasJamaicaMexicoMontserratNicaraguaPanamaParaguay

Saint Kltts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and

the GrenadinesSurinameTrinidad and TobagoTurks and Caicos

IslandsUruguayVenezuela

THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN

P RIVATIZATION, deregulation anJ decen-tralization have reshaped the economic

landscape for many countries in the Americasand Caribbean region, and most countries saw amarked improvement in economic performancein the early 1990s. However, this growth needsto become sustainable, and it has not been suffi-cient to reduce unemployment or to modernizeadministration of the social sectors.

Nor has economic growth led to greater effi-ciency or equity in budgetary allocations for thepoor. In many countries, social spending has beendirected towards temporary relief of the mostobvious manifestations of poverty, white neces-sary social policy reforms have been postponed.

There is good news for children, however.Regional ratification ot the Convention on theRights of the Child will be universal when theHaitian Parliament completes the process begunwith its December 1994 agreement to ratify.Although many countries are overdue in report-ing on their activities to implement theConvention, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, CostaRica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador,Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru,Uruguay and Venezuela are adapting their legis-lation and institutions to comply with its provi-

Wirh the exception of Haiti, all the TACROcountries have now formulated NPAs. Guyanaand Jamaica joined the list in 1994. In addition,many countries are developing plans for state ormunicipal levels.

This process of developing subnational planshas been strengthened by an expanding networkof'mayors as defenders of children1 in Argentina,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua,Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. By the year 2000,most countries of the region should haveachieved the goals set by the World Summit forChildren.

In cooperation with ILO, efforts have beenstrengthened to develop policies against exploita-tive child labour. Initiatives to prevent violenceagainst children — both in the family and com-munity and by governments — are also makingheadway in countries like Brazil, Chile andColombia.

The defence of child rights has had growingsupport from many non-governmental agencies,including churches and the mass media. Judges,

lawyers and the police have begun to play a moreactive role in formulating and applying policiesand legislation to reinforce the Convention, par-ticularly as it relates to the treatment of youngpeople accused or violating the law.

The Convention is now regarded in the regionas the basic framework for developing social poli-cies concerning children. TACRO has providedtechnical assistance in matters relating to legalreform, research, training and the production oi'communication materials for use by governmentsand UNICEF offices in each country.

In April, 28 Governments of the Americassigned the Narino Accord, reaffirming the com-mitments of the World Summit for Children andthe mid-decade goals and identifying new areasot concern, including early pregnancy, disabilitiesand civil rights. The Accord was endorsed by theFourth Ibero-American Summit of Heads ofState, the Central American Conference o(Peace and Development and the Summit of theAmericas, convened by US President BillClinton.

In all countries, efforts are needed to sustainmedium-term investments and to bring servicesto outlying areas, such as Brazil's north-east andisolated areas of Haiti and Peru. Priority must alsobe given to the control of ARI, systematic plan-ning to improve nutrition, bettering conditionsfor women — especially in terms of maternal mor-tality — and to the emerging problems of drugaddiction, violence and AIDS.

All countries except Bolivia, Brazil and Haitihave lowered infant and under-five mortalityrates at a pace sufficient to meet the WorldSummit survival goals. Polio has been declarederadicated from the region. Vaccination cam-paigns in all countries, except Haiti, have reducedthe incidence of measles to less than 10 cases per100,000 inhabitants. Cases of neonatal tetanushave declined dramatically—from 1,075 in 1990to 652 in 1993. All countries will achieve themid-decade goal of virtually eliminating vitaminA deficiency. Various strategies were employed tomeet the vitamin A goal, including distributionof megadoses oi vitamin A, fortification of sugar(Central America, Chile) and fortification ofmaize and wheat flour (Venezuela).

In Mexico, with ORT usage at 81 per cent,under-five deaths due to diarrhoea have fallen by56 per cent over the past three years. Chile,Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Uruguay, Venezuela

1995 USICEF ANNUAL RU'OHI

Preschool children in aday-care centre in theDominican Republicbenefit from a nutritionprogramme.

and the Eastern Caribbean have also met themid-decade goal of 80 per cent CRT use. Localproduction of oral reh yd ration salts is on the risethroughout the region.

All countries have adopted baby-friendly poli-cies to prevent the distribution of free and low-cost supplies of breastmtlk substitutes to hospitalsand maternities, but stronger surveillance andenforcement are needed to ensure compliance.

Progress has been made against child deathscaused by ARJ in Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico,Puerto Rico and Uruguay, but almost 60 per centtit paediatric consultations in the region were dueto such infections.

In April, at an interregional ministerial meet-ing convened by the President of Ecuador inQuito, a plan ot action was developed to achieveuniversal salt iodisarion. Reaching this goal bythe end of 1995 is attainable, but only with spe-cial efforts in Brazil, Haiti and Paraguay.

The reduction of maternal mortality remains amajor challenge for most countries. The officialregional estimate of 21,000 maternal deaths eachyear is considered very low due to under-reporting.About 70 per cent of those deaths occur inBolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru andVenezuela, and induced abortions have beenidentified as a major cause. Education, familyplanning and improvement of health and nutri-tion services are the main strategies to reducematernal deaths.

At least nine countries — Bolivia, Brazil, theDominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala,Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Paraguay — arelikely to fall short ot the education goals forthe year 2000 unless special efforts are made.Grade repetition and drop-out rates are very highin almost every country of the region, and the

low quality of primary education is a majorfactor. UN1CEF has supported the developmentof education strategies in Bolivia, Chile, theDominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala,Honduras and Peru. UNESCO has assisted inpreparing prototype materials for the sciences(health, nutrition, environment) and in educa-tion for democracy (resolving conflicts, tolerance,gender equity, child rights). The English-speaking Caribbean has taken a lead in promot-ing child development education for parents.

Studies in the Caribbean subregion and insome Latin American countries show that womencontinue to be underrepresented in positions ofpower and decision-making at most levels. Aregional women's leadership programme is beingdesigned and co-sponsored by UNICEF, UNIFEM,the Inter-American Development Bank (IDE) andthe Inter-American Commission of Women/Organization of American States to promotewomen's participation in public office at decision-making levels. Meetings of women parliamentar-ians and women mayors in Chile, Colombia,Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Paraguay have been afirst step in creating networks of women leaders atcountry level.

A media campaign on the role of women wasconducted in Uruguay to sensitize public opin-ion, and women communicators were being orga-nized in Cuba to ensure that gender issues areincluded in public discussion.

Meanwhile, UNICEF has begun to adjust itsrole to one of defending the rights of childrenand adolescents in the region as a whole. Implicitin this shift is a focus on the beneficiaries ratherthan on the services being offered. UNICEF musthelp to interpret young people's needs, protecttheir rights and develop their voice.

HtQJONAL DfiVELOPMENTS

UNICEF-ASSISTEDPROGRAMMES IN:

AfghanistanAlbaniaArmeniaAzerbaijanBosnia and

HerzegovinaCroatiaThe former Yugoslav

Rep. of MacedoniaGeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMoldovaRomaniaSerbia and

MontenegroTajikistanTurkeyTurkmenistanUzbekistan

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, COMMONWEALTHOF INDEPENDENT STATES, AND BALTIC STATES

THE most striking distinction of the coun-tries of the newest UNICEF region is their

profound social and economic decline at a timewhen other regions continue to make solidprogress. The decline is especially wrenchingbecause it is hitting countries that previouslyenjoyed high levels of child health and nutrition,education and social security. As these countriesstruggle with their economic and social transi-tions towards free markets and democratic formsof governance, the situation for children mayworsen before it improves.

The challenges for UNICEF in Eastern Europeand Central Asia are as unique as its sub-regions: Central and Eastern Europe, includingthe Republics of former Yugoslavia; theCommonwealth of Independent States, includ-ing the Central Asian Republics and Kazakhstan;and the Baltic States.

In August, UNICEF published a report, Crisis inMortality, Health and Nutrition, on conditions innine countries in the region (Albania, Bulgaria,Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania,Russian Federation, Slovakia, Ukraine). Thereport, the second by UNICEF on the region,found that conditions for children were general-ly worsening in most countries, although in a few

countries, including the Czech Republic andPoland, there was some progress. The reportdescribed runaway inflation, especially in theRussian Federation and Ukraine; wideningunemployment that plunged most families belowthe poverty line; and an extensive breakdown ofsocial institutions.

Preventive health and nutrition services havebeen profoundly disrupted, and social safety netshave virtually disappeared in most countries, thereport stated. It also expressed grave concernsabout environmental degradation in the regionand about emergencies resulting from armed con-flict in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, the Caucasus,Tajikistan and former Yugoslavia.

The most immediate signs of social and eco-nomic crisis in the region were reflected in a star-tling increase in mortality among men aged 20 to59 years, due to stress and deprivation; fewer mar-riages and higher divorce rates; declining birthrates, accompanied by an increase in abortions,especially in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and theRussian Federation; more frequent illnessesamong children; a pervasive decline in availabil-ity of income, food and services; and heightenedoverall social stress.

Infant and under-live mortality rates rose inAlbania, Moldova and Slovakia, but elsewhereheld at 1992 levels. Vaccination coverage in theregion remained mostly in the 80 to 90 per centrange, but it was below 80 per cent inAfghanistan, Georgia and Turkey.

The resurgence ot' diphtheria in the RussianFederation and Ukraine sparked Tears of epi-demics in the face of collapsing health services.Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan had two to four timesmore diphtheria cases in 1994 than in 1993, withchildren being especially hard hit. In Azerbaijan,an acute shortage of anti-diphtheria serum wasblamed for the high case fatality of I 7.3 per cent.

Also distressing was the persistence of endem-ic iodine deficiency disorders in the CentralAsian Republics and Kazakhstan and in most ofCentral and Eastern Europe. (The CzechRepublic, Slovakia and parts of Hungary wereexceptions.)

At the urging of the late UNICEF ExecutiveDirector, James P. Grant, the Foreign Ministersof the 10-member* Economic CooperationOrganisation (ECO) decided to hold four work-shops on the impact of deteriorating social con-

Children play at being grown-ups near Deva (Romania), one of severalcountries where the transition to a market economy is eroding socialservices.

1999 (TVICEF ArcNl'.u RLTOB7

Two boys help push acartful of water inSarajevo. UNICEF findsthat 55 per cent ofchildren in Sarajevoand Master have beenshot at and 59 percent have had theirhomes attacked.UNICEF traumatreatment programmeshelp them cope.

ditions on child health. The first three, in 1994,focused on the elimination of iodine deficiencydisorders (Ashkhabad, 15-16 June), accelerationnf breastfeeding and the baby-friendly hospitalinitiative (Ankara, 22-23 August) and ORT andthe control of diarrhoeal diseases (Ankara, 24-25August). The fourth workshop, on immunization,was held in Tashkent, 15-16 January 1995.

All countries except the Czech Republic andSlovakia have signed the World SummitDeclaration, and all have ratified the Conventionon the Rights of the Child, with the addition ofTurkey which did so in April 1995. At the end of1994, the process of formulating NPAs for chil-dren was under way in seven of the countries(Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia), and themid-decade goals are achievable in all but theCentral Asian Republics and Kazakhstan in

The erosion of services for children in theregion has been evident since 1991. With mod-est resources, UNICEF is emphasizing strategicassistance to the countries in the greatest diffi-culty, namely, the Central Asian Republics,Kazakhstan and the Caucasus — Armenia,Azerbaijan and Georgia — as well as Albaniaand Romania. UNICEF is also refining itsapproach to attract more donor support to helpprevent the collapse of social safety nets and tofortify existing national infrastructures.

The differing characteristics of each subregionpose a challenge to using the most appropriatemethods of cooperation. In the case of distressednon-qualifying countries, like the RussianFederation and Ukraine, UNICEF support waslargely limited ro temporary emergency aid, suchas vaccines to combat diseases and support tofight iodine deficiency disorders.

Emergency countries (Afghanistan, Armenia,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan) have beenreceiving assistance for health (vaccines, ORSand medicines), education, and provision of blan-kets and winter clothing. The German NationalCommittee, the European Union, USAID and theGovernments of Canada, Japan and Sweden gavethe largest contributions. This support helped tosustain services, train health workers, ease theplight of emergency victims and pre-positicmwinter heating supplies.

Tajikistan, the most disadvantaged of theNewly Independent States following the dis-placement of 850,000 people by civil war,received food, medicines, vaccines, ORS and edu-cational materials from UNICEF. Also provided

was training for field workers to expand immu-nization coverage and to strengthen health caredelivery, such as treatment for acute respiratoryinfections and diarrhoea! diseases.

Although not directly affected by the conflictin the area, the former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia has been hard hit by a trade embargo,the enforcement of sanctions on the neighbour-ing Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and a painfultransition to a market economy. In 1994, UNICEFsupplied all of the vaccines for EPI, drugs for ARJ,oral rehydration salts and basic education equip-ment for many schools.

The publication, Women and gender in countriesin transition: A UNICEF perspective, was launchedat the Vienna preparatory meeting for the FourthWorld Conference on Women (17-21 October).The document highlighted concerns and re-viewed the policy implications of gender-relatedissues in the region. Among the most serious con-cerns are the deterioration of social services andreduction of payments to families, abortion asa means ot family planning, an increase inunemployment of women as a result of the tran-sition, and the lack of women at senior decision-making levels.

* Afghanistan, Aierhaljun, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzsfan,Pukismn, Tajikistan, Turkey,Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan.

I

1995 UNICEF ANNi \\L RllPORT

E SCALATING armed conflicts, brokenpeace accords, poverty and natural disasters

left many millions of children on the thin edge ofsurvival in 1994-

Ethnic and territorial disputes were accompa-nied by violence against civilians on a horrifyingscale. By the end of the year, an estimated 25 mil-lion people were displaced within their owncountries and 18 million others were refugees inneighbouring countries. Two thirds of therefugees were children, some of whom witnessedunspeakable atrocities, from which they will carryemotional scars for life. Almost all were depen-dent on the compassion of strangers, and millionspassed through, camps and relief centres support-ed by UNICEF. The organization disbursed morethan US$183 million for emergency programmesin 13 major emergency countries (Afghanistan,Angola, Burundi, Ethiopia, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya,Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan,former Yugoslavia).

In the midst of turmoil, UNICEF provided shel-ter, clothing, safe water supplies, sanitation,nutrition, education and health care, includingvaccines and OKI. While bolstering the survivalprospects of millions of children, this type ofassistance also helped to lay foundations for long-term rehabilitation and recovery. At the samerime, UNICEF pressed for the protection of allchildren under the Convention on the Rights ofthe Child, reminding world leaders that theiryoungest citizens were their nations' most valu-able asset.

UNICEF also campaigned for the demobiliza-tion of child soldiers and for a ban on the pro-duction, sale, stockpiling and use of land-mines,drawing attention to the ongoing loss of life andlimbs to mines abandoned but still deadly longafter wars have ended. UNICEF was the leadinternational agency in a programme to reunitechildren with families in Rwanda (see also the pro-file, 'Atone and desperate: Picking up the pieces')

and sought to raise international awareness of thedisproportionate impact of trade sanctions onchildren and women in such countries as Haitiand Iraq. A review of the situation of children incountries where sanctions were in force revealedsome disturbing trends in terms of health andnutritional status, as well as other quality-of-lifeindicators. In Iraq, a study conducted by theGovernment and UNICEF in March 1994 indi-cated a 9.4 per cent increase in severe to moder-ate malnutrition among children up to the age of12 months since 1993. In Haiti, a HarvardUniversity study showed that the under-five mor-

tality rate rose 35 per cent between 1991 and1992. The same study indicated that, during theperiod January-September 1991, the under-fivemortality rate was 38 per cent, compared to 47and 58 per cent for the same months in 1992 and1993, respectively.

The organization's efforts in the major emer-gency countries were frequently hampered by bel-ligerent actions that disregarded the most basichumanitarian principles. Relief workers and chil-dren became targets of violence calculated to ter-rorize civilians, disrupt international peace effortsand hinder humanitarian assistance.

UNICEF participated in emergency relief andrehabilitation in the following countries:

• AFGHANISTAN: Renewed fighting in Kabulin 1994 caused more than half the war-wearypopulation to flee the city. Their flight added tothe burden ot international agencies attemptingto meet the needs of 2 million refugees who hadreturned from Iran and Pakistan. UNICEF assis-tance focused on relief and rehabilitation for1 million of the neediest children and women liv-ing in urban, semi-urban and accessible ruralareas. Most assistance went to internally dis-placed and returnee families. Under the UnitedNations umbrella in Afghanistan, UNICEF tookresponsibility tor coordinating water supplies,

A mother holds herbaby in the nutritionward of the IndiraGandhi Hospital inKabul. UNICEF supportsnutrition screeningand distribution ofsupplementary foodand micronutrients.

EMEHUENLY COtJNTHlES

sanitation and education programmes for morethan 120,000 internally displaced people nearJalalabad.

• ANGOLA: Fighting intensified throughoutAngola in 1994 despite rumours that a revampedpeace agreement was being worked out. In thefirst tour months of the year, 10 new UNICEF fieldoffices were established in government- andUNlTA-held territories, enabling 400,000 chil-dren under five years of age and almost 500,000women of child-bearing age to he vaccinatedagainst measles and tetanus, respectively. Reliefworkers who entered previously inaccessible areasfound evidence of acute malnutrition and thedeath of many children because of the conflict,low vaccine coverage and epidemics, and a lackof basic services. In Malange, Kwanza Norte,Bengo and Menongue, supplementary feedingcentres benefited more than 70,000 children.Malnutrition in Malange was cut from 34 percent to 12 per cent in nine months. Water andsanitation (WATSAN) services were provided for405,000 people in eight provinces, and relief andsurvival supplies reached 95,000 families in 18provinces. Some 81,000 displaced farm familiesreceived seeds and farm tools at 23 locations.

• BURUNDI: The death of Burundi's newlyelected President in a plane crash in April ignit-ed a new wave of ethnic violence, but the nationwas spared the blood bath which occurred inneighbouring Rwanda. However, the influx ofmore than 200,000 Rwandese refugees to thenorthern provinces added to the nation's insecu-rity. A United Nations inter*agency humanitari-an programme, launched in November 1993, was

revised and extended from March to August 1994to meet health and nutrition needs in the capital,Bujumbura, and in four provinces. The pro-gramme supported 71 health centres serving apopulation oi about 2 million, WATSAN services,teacher training and the development of peaceeducation materials. About 7,000 unaccompa-nied children were placed in die care of a familyor an adult, and help was given to some 10,000widows directly affected by the crisis.

• ETHIOPIA: The transitional Governmentpressed ahead in 1994 with wide-ranging mea-sures to transform the country's economic andpolitical situation. A new Constitution was draft-ed, a Constitutional Assembly was elected, andthe decentralization of authority allowed indi-vidual regions to levy taxes and manage theirown budgets. Drought conditions persisted, how-ever, and 6.7 million people remained dependenton some form of emergency food assistance.

UN1CEF worked with the Ethiopia Relief andRehabilitation Commission on rapid assessmentsof the drought in severely affected regions andprovided US$5.4 million for feeding programmesand the rehabilitation of health, water supply andnutrition activities in drought-affected areas.LJN1CEF also worked with the Commission todevelop a decentralized early-warning system andused the supplementary feeding programme topromote CRT and train health workers in diar-rhoea case management. Assistance was also pro-vided for returnees and displaced people andrehabilitation or the education system.

• HAITI: The international embargo was lift-ed in October 1994 and constitutional order wasrestored after three years of an almost continuousstate of emergency. Even before the political cri-sis, 75 per cent of Haitians lived below the pover-ty line, and increasing poverty in the absence ofsocial services further reduced nutrition levelsand resistance to illness among children andwomen. UNICEF .assistance to Haiti in 1994included a supplementary feeding programme inpartnership with WFP, immunization, the distrib-ution of vitamin A and iron tablets, training inORT, and WATSAN projects.

• IRAQ: With sanctions still in force aftertour years, the situation in the north of the coun-try remained tense, and armed clashes continuedto interfere with humanitarian relief programmes.The UNICEF share of the Consolidated Inter-agency Appeal for Iraq was US$49.5 million, ofwhich US$20 million was spent on the distribu-tion during winter o( 153 million litres ofkerosene to 565,000 families, as well as to

Haitian women fetchwater in a Port-au-Prince neighbourhood.Poverty and lack ofsocial services haveaffected children most-

1995 l/NICEl- ANNUM. RnrtjKi

schools, health centres and social institutions inthe three northern governorates. Other supportincluded the installation of 50 power generatorstor hospitals, waterworks in the governornte of"Dohuk, water delivery by tanker to seven districtsin the southern marshes, and the distribution ofUS$1.2 million worth of medical supplies for900,000 children and women in the most disad-vantaged areas of Baghdad.

• KENYA: The need for humanitarian d i s -tance escalated in the drought-affected north-eastern, eastern and Rift Valley provinces in 1994with the continued influx of refugees fromSomalia and other countries. The UN1CEF shareof a Consolidated Inter-agency Appeal launchedin February was US$24 million for nutritionalprogrammes for 256,500 under-hve-year-olds and85,500 pregnant: and lactating women, andhealth activities for 750,000 persons in drought-affected areas- By October, however, only US$8.6million in contributions had been received.

• LIBERIA: Renewed factional fighting inLiberia seriously impeded the delivery of human-itarian assistance during the year. Fighting wasaccompanied by looting and threats to UnitedNations staff and NCOs, and UN1CEF programmelosses, including confiscated and damaged vehi-cles, came to more than US$300,000.

Despite these limitations, UN1CEF continuedits humanitarian efforts with sister agencies andNGOs. It supported the reactivation of healthfacilities and immunization programmes, thedistribution of essential drugs and micronutri-ents, and service programmes for orphanages,disabled children and abused women and girls.Other interventions included trauma coun-selling, vocational training for disadvantageelyouth and former child soldiers, and water andsanitation services.

+ MOZAMBIQUE: Following multi-party elec-tions in October, hopes were high among thecountry's 16.5 million people that peace wouldfinally prevail. Reflecting this optimism are the1.5 million refugees and almost 4 million inter-nally displaced people who have returned to theirhomes .since the peace accord was signed in 1992,although the departure ot the United Nationspeace-keeping force in mid-November led tosome uneasiness about security. In response to thechanging needs of the postwar period, UNICEFbegan to redirect emergency activities to therestoration of basic health, water and educationservices, the expansion of basic services to previ-ously inaccessible areas, and support for the coun-try's NPA for children.

UnaccompaniedRwandese refugeebabies in a camp nearGoma (Zaire) facean uncertain future.UNICEF played a partin the internationalrelief effort in Rwandaand neighbouringcountries.

• RWANDA: The death of Rwanda's Presidentin an air crash on 6 April triggered the massacreof more than 500.000 people, most oi them civil-ians. In the UNICEF office alone, 14 of the 80national staff were murdered, More than 3 mil-lion Rwandese were displaced, and 2 million oth-ers tied across borders into neighbouring coun-tries. Ar the peak of the crisis, Rwandesestreamed into Zaire at the rate \.i( 1 5,000 per hour,with more than 1 million crossing in four days.An unprecedented relief effort by the interna-tional community focused on basic needs withinthe country and in the refugee camps that wereestablished in Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda and

A massive airlift by Western military contin-gents delivered thousands or rons of relief suppliesfor United Nations agencies and NGOs. The UNDepartment of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA)coordinated this effort. UNICEF worked in closecollaboration with other UN agencies, NGOs, mil-itary contingents and local officials.

The UNICEF Office in Kigali, evacuated whenfighting erupted in April, was fully re-establishedby July, and two suboffices in the south-west andthree field offices at refugee camps in Tanzaniaand Zaire were established. Almost 100 interna-tional UNICEF stuff were on hand to help rebuild,capacity within the country and to provide emer-gency relief to displaced persons and refugees.

In Goma (Zaire), besides helping to reunitethousands of children with their families, UNICEFteams helped the local water department expandits supply capacity by 50 per cent, and sevenUNICEF water tankers met 15 per cent of watersupply needs in the surrounding camps. UNICEFborrowed two drilling rigs from the UgandaOffice to drill 27 boreholes that supplied some ofthe 400,000 refugees from Rwanda in campsaround Ngara (Tanzania). Other activities inthese camps included vaccinations, provision ofvitamin supplements and supplementary feedingfor more than 60,000 children.

EMERGENCY COUNTRIES

UNICEF programmes also helped to renovatewater supply systems in Kigali and in 10 smallercities, serving a total of 700,000 people. UNICEFhelped repair the national electricity grid, recon-necting cities hy late December.

The first 2,500 of a planned 9,000 'school-in-a-hox' kits were distributed by end-December,and teachers were given incentives for threemonths to inspire confidence. Each kit includesteaching materials, a teacher's guide, copybooks,pencils, slates and chalk. Land-mine awarenesscampaign kits were distributed to communes andschools, and UNICEF supported a de-mining teamthat checked the safety of schools and healthfacilities. Rwanda's central pharmacy and vaccinecold chain were restored, and UNICEF suppliedessential drugs, vaccines and equipment.

+ SOMALIA: The increasing violence andinsecurity that followed the withdrawal of US andEuropean military contingents and the reductionof UNOSOM forces hindered the delivery ofhumanitarian assistance. Although malnutritionand death rates were reduced through massiveforeign aid, most of the population of central andsouthern Somalia was living below the pre-warpoverty line, and some 5.6 million refugees and1.5 million internally displaced people weredependent on international help.

UNICEF continued to collaborate with WHOand NGOs to reach the most vulnerable groupsthrough 224 health posts, 60 out-patient dispen-saries, 112 MCH centres and 24 hospitals. Trainingwas provided for 800 community health workers,traditional birth attendants, laboratory techni-cians and En workers. About 100,000 childrenreceived measles vaccine and 87,000 receivedDPT/OPV3. Nutrition programmes provided vita-min A supplements for 321,000 children andiron/folic acid for 107,000 pregnant women. Atleast 1,750 metric tons of supplementary foodwere distributed to more than 126,000 malnour-ished children, as well as to pregnant and lactat-ing women. More than 300 water sources wererehabilitated or installed, and 218 latrines werebuilt. An education programme reached some134,000 children and 15,000 women.

A UNICEF Somalia Emergency Response Teamwas established to prepare contingency plans forpossible new emergencies arising from civil con-flict. Emergency .supplies were pre-positioned inBaidoa, K is mayo and Mogadiscio, and UNICEFreadiness was soon tested by a cholera epidemicthat lasted from February to June. Twelve mem-bers of the UNICEF team were also deployed tuGoma (Zaire) to help fight a massive cholera epi-demic among refugees from Rwanda.

A UNICEF-sponsored survey ofchildren in southeast Rwandaafter the conflict found that75 per cent of those inter-viewed had seen members oftheir family massacred. Morethan 25 per cent had buriedtheir own parents.

Almost 56 per cent of thechildren interviewed said theyhad seen children kill people,and 42 per cent saw childrenkill other children.

The survey was conductedby two Norwegian specialistson child trauma who ques-tioned 207 boys and girls agedbetween 9 and 1 5 years andconcluded that their findingswere representative of chil-dren's experiences nationwide,with the exception of Rwanda'ssouth-west and certain regionsof the north.

The authors of the study,Dr. Magne Raundalen andHans Steinkopf, said thechildren had been exposed totraumatic events and that

large-scale trauma recoveryprogrammes were needed with-in Rwanda's school and healthsystems to lessen the lifelongimpact of these atrocities.

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

U N A C C O M P A N I E D C H I L D R E N

Alone and desperate: Picking up the pieces

n the panicked flight of refugees from Rwanda's brutal conflict, an estimated114,000 children became separated from parents and guardians. About 70,000 ofthese children were displaced within Rwanda, while some 44,000 others crossed

into Zaire, alone or with relatives, neighbours or families they encountered along the way.UNICEF was designated the lead agency to coordinate assistance for unaccom-

panied children within and outside Rwanda. The prime objective was to provide basicservices to ensure their survival, register them and begin tracing family members.

At the height of the emergency, UNICEF staff at the refugee base in Goma (Zaire)would set out in a large truck each morning to search for unaccompanied children. Thetruck would return filled with girls and boys of all ages, many of them severely dehydratedand traumatized by the violence they had witnessed (see box). Rwandese social workerswould gather as much basic information from each child as they could before bringingthem to a children's centre where OPT was administered to counteract the effects of diar-rhoea or cholera, Supplementary food was given to those severely malnourished, andeach child was vaccinated against life-threatening diseases and given vitamin A.

The Kodak company contributed to tracing efforts by UNICEF and others in Gomaby offering 600 rolls of camera film and processing. UNICEF, UNHCR, the Red Cross andNGOs photographed 12,000 unaccompanied children at 20 centres within a 56-kilometreradius of Goma, and the prints were coded and distributed at strategic points in refugeecamps to reach as many parents, guardians and acquaintances as possible.

A database on registered children was established within Rwanda by Save theChildren Fund (UK), and a special emergency task force comprising UNICEF and theMinistry of Social Rehabilitation provided child centres with nutritional and health support,recreational and child care training and technical assistance. A three-year programmewas developed with initial funding from USAID for their immediate and longer-term needs.

The tracing process, however, was painfully slow, given the highly mobile refugeeand displaced population and the need for stringent checks. By December, less thanone third (30,000) of the children had been registered, and only a few had been reunitedwith fheir families. Faustine Kwagarame found her 12-year-old daughter Genevieve at achildren's reception centre on the shores of Lake Kivu. almost by accident. "I had heardthere was a children's centre," she said, "When I was coming back from the market I saidto myself. 'Faustine, you ought to go there, maybe you'll be in luck'. Thank God!"

Within Rwanda, UNICEF will implement a national reunification campaign in 1995,with radio announcements and posters on buses, schools ond morket-places in eachtown. Information gathered will be routinely shared with ICRC, and photographs of theunaccompanied children will be reproduced and distributed more widely.

"The reunification process is a social phenomenon," said Everett Ressler, a UNICEFspecialist on children in especially difficult circumstances. "The most important thing is tofind the child's family or native village. Often, you have to go to isolated spots, questionpeople, check facts. Once the family has been identified, long-term follow-up is essential."

Separation from parents can be a child's most traumatic experience, and unac-companied children in emergency situations are the most vulnerable to abuse andneglect, Without an adult guardian to defend their rights they are at the mercy of otherswho are equally desperate to survive and to protect their own children.

Future emergencies are certain to result in the separation of children from parentsor guardians, giving urgency to the need for established humanitarian and legal proce-dures to protect their rights. All articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child applyto unaccompanied children, including a preference for reunification with family membersover institutional solutions or adoption outside the child's community or country of origin.

"The family — even the extended family — is the best structure in which to bringup children and to teach them and give them love," said Mr. Ressler.

E\ll:Ht;t:\tY COVSTRUiS

• THE SUDAN: The civil war entered itseleventh consecutive year in 1994, with 5.2 mil-lion people in need of non-food assistance pro-vided through Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS).About 2.4 million of this number also requiredemergency ftxxJ aid. Negotiations with the war-ring parties in April and May gave UNICEFincreased access by air, road, river and rail. Theprospect of a good harvest and increased aircraftcapacity from June onwards raised hopes forincreasing household food security.

The expansion of OLS activity includedWATSAN services, relief and shelter for childrenaffected by war, rhe distribution of essential dnigs,basic education for 300,000 children, and a com-bined campaign — polio/measles/vitamin A —that reached 806,000 under-five-year'olds.

UNICEF Khartoum provided emergency healthfacilities for 500,000 women and children atmore than 80 locations. Supplies provided byUNtCEF included 3,250 kits of essential drugs, 1.6million sachets of ORS, 1 million doses ofmeningococcal vaccines and syringes, and 700sets of medical equipment.

• COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY NATURAL DIS-

ASTERS: While wars and ethnic conflicts gar-nered most of the media at tention in 1994,UNICEF also responded to floods in China,Djibouti and Egypt; cyclones in Bangladesh,

Madagascar and Mauritius; earthquakes inColombia and India; drought in Nicaragua andin the worst-affected countries of Africa; and tothe continued needs of victims of the MountPinatubo volcanic eruption in the Philippines in1992. UNICEF provided temporary shelter, blan-kets and clothing in Colombia and Egypt;restored the vaccine cold chain and schools inChina; established a cholera treatment centre inDjibouti; and provided medical supplies andessential drugs in India, Madagascar andMauritius.

UNICEF participated in the World Conferenceon Natural Disaster Reduction, held inYokohama (Japan) in May, which adopted anumber of resolutions on disaster preparednessand prevention, local capacity-build ing and theinvolvement of the private sector to strengthenthe United Nations role. In Bangladesh,UNlCEF's response to a cyclone in May was rapiddue to early warnings and the preposition ing ofrelief supplies.

FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

+ B O S N I A A N D H E R Z E G O V I N A : in the

absence of a general cease-lire in the war betweenthe Confederation Government of Bosnia andHerzegovina and the Bosnian Serbs, humanrights abuses aimed at women and children con-tinued, and the general collapse oi the economyseverely restricted access to all social services.

Within the framework ot the UNICEF pro-gramme in former Yugoslavia, the Bosnia andHerzegovina programme emphasized health, EP1,nutrition, WATSAN, education, care for childrenin especially difficult circumstances and area-based programmes for Sarajevo and Mostar.Winter clothing was provided for 20,000 chil-dren. The EP1 programme was broadened toinclude training in cold-chain management andnutrition.

UNICEF moved away from supplementary feed-ing to support training in breastfeeding, growthmonitoring and nutritional surveillance.WATSAN programmes concentrated on rhe pro-vision of basic supplies and training in mainte-nance. Education supplies and teaching materi-als were provided for 8,000 classrooms, togetherwith training for 150 child psychologists and1,500 teachers to help children traumatized byexposure to the war.

+ CROATIA: Hostilities continued in UNProtected Areas until a cease-fire was signed with

Moiher ond daughterin a southern Sudanvillage wail \o see adoctor Health carewas among servicesexpanded inOperation LifelineSudan.

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

the self-declared Republic of Krajina in March.Although it was difficult to separate the impact ofwar from that of economic transition, the declinein industrial and agricultural production coupledwith inflation, and the burden of 520,000refugees and displaced persons, caused a markeddeterioration in the Croatian economy.

UNICEF assistance focused on emergencyneeds, giving priority to women and children inUN Protected Areas and near the front line andto refugees and displaced persons. Health effortsconcentrated on the supply of essential drugs andequipment and training for health professionals.The nutrition programme promoted breastfeed-ing, growth monitoring, nutritional surveillanceand supplementary feeding. Some 70,000 stu-dents in more than 100 primary schools took partin a countrywide psychosocial trauma treatmentproject. Education kits were provided for morethan 82,000 children. Videos and 150,000 leafletson the danger of land-mines were distributed toschools.

• FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA:Isolated from the international community andstruggling to survive under United Nations sanc-tions, the Federal Government and the Serbianand Montenegro Parliaments accepted a peaceplan in 1994 that created a rifr between Serbia-Montenegro and the Bosnian Serbs. Adding tothe country's economic burden were 415,000refugees, of whom 175,000 were children.

A UNICEF-providedcommunity tapsupplies citizens ofMostar (Bosnia andHerzegovina) withwater. UNICEF has alsoresponded to the crisiswith clothing,supplementary foodand medical andschool supplies,

UNICEF responded with puediatric drugs,vaccines, supplementary food, winter clothingand blankets, school supplies and textbooks, andtechnical assistance and training for healthworkers, teachers, school psychologists andsocial workers.

MAJOR EMERGENCY EXPENDITURES — 1994 (in millions of US dollars)

Rwanda

Sudan

Former Yugoslavia

Somalia

Angola

Afghanistan

Mozambique

Liberia

Ethiopia

Burundi

Subtotal

Other emergencies

1995 UN/CEF ANNI .U RUPOK7

CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD

N INETY per cent of the world's childrenlive in countries that have ratified the

Convention on die Rights of the Child. Fourteennations1 ratified it in L994, bringing the total to168 and raising hopes that the remaining coun-tries1 would follow suit in 1995.

However, of those rhar had ratified theConvention, only 50 had reported on theirimplementation efforts to the Committee on theRights of the Child. Seventy-five were late inreporting, 57 of them more than a year overdue.The Committee held three review sessions duringthe year, completing its consideration of 28 coun-try reports. Analysis of the Committee's findingsplus information provided hy UNlCEiF officesrevealed that:

» 14 countries had enacted laws or initiatedefforts to bring legislation into conformity withthe Convention's provisions. In five of thesecountries — Bolivia, Chile, France, Mexico andPeru — the provisions can be invoked in a courto\ law;

» 10 countries had established bodies charged.specifically with responsibility for monitoring theimplementation oi the Convention;

>* 5 countries had allocated resources for thebenefit of children;

» governments were showing a willingness towork with NGOs to promote public awareness ofchildren's rights;

" implementation of the Convention hadheen hampered in some instances hy social dis-ruptions caused by economic restructuring, exter-nal debt, civil wars and natural disasters.

The third informal regional meeting of theCommittee on the Rights of the Child was con-ducted in suh-Saharan Africa (Nairobi, 10-22July 1994). Committee members visited govern-mental and non-governmental organizations inKenya. Half the Committee members then trav-elled to South Africa and Zimbabwe; the otherhalf went to Cote d'lvoire, Ghana and Mali. TheCommittee then met for an assessment andoverview session in Abidjan.

The Committee acquainted itself with keyissues affecting children in sub-Saharan Africa,examined the Convention's integration into bothUNlCEFand national programmes and discussednational compliance. Fruitful discussions wereconducted with relevant government ministers inGhana, Kenya, Mali, South Africa andZimbabwe. By the year's end, four countries in

Africa — Botswana, Somalia, South Africa andSwaziland — had not yet ratified the Convention,although Botswana did so in March 1995.Committee members also met with UnitedNations agency representatives, NGOs and themedia to discuss the importance of coordinatingtheir efforts.

National coalitions have been established toprovide alternative channels for reporting to theCommittee. NGOs have made contributions suchas preparing detailed independent reports on thesituation in each country. These reports weredelivered to pre-sessional Committee reviews.

UNICEF provided financial assistance to theNGO Group for the Convention on the Rights ofthe Child in Geneva to publish A Guide for NowGovernmental Organizations Reporting to theCommittee on the Rights of the Child and helpedidentify relevant United Nations agencies, NGOsand academic institutions to develop aConvention information network. With financialsupport from the Norwegian Government, theNGO Voice of the Children International workedwith UNICEF and its National Committees toenhance children's participation and empower-ment in environmental issues and child rights.

For the first time, the Third Committee(Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) of theUnited Nations General Assembly devoted aseparate agenda item in 1994 to the promotionand protection of children's rights and adoptedresolutions on the implementation of theConvention; the protection of children affectedby armed conflict; street children; and the pre-

For these Cambodiangirls, childhood meanswork, and home is acamp for the internallydisplaced.

OlILDR/trPIfS

Development Centre in Florence, special advisersto the Executive Director, the Child RightsSection and relevant staff from the ExecutiveOffice. With universal ratification of' theConvention close at hand, the Group's focusshifted towards specific protection issues, includ-ing efforts to revise UN I CEP policy and pro-gramme guidelines to address child labour andprostitution and other flagrant child rights viola-tions. The Group noted a need to provide tech-nical assistance to those governments makinglegislative reforms in line with the Convention,and to provide training for all UN1CEF staff, aswell as government and NGO officials, in mattersrelated to the Convention.

Members also emphasized the need for aninformation base within UNICEF to disseminatecountry experiences of the Convention througharea networks and the Internet. Childnet —UNICEF's four-year-old experimental electronicnetwork — has used its access to the Internet forconferencing and reporting on ratification andimplementation. UNICEF staff contributedincreasingly to on-line debates on theConvention through Childnet in 1994.

1 Countries which ratified in 1994 were Afghanistan, Eritrea,Gal-ion. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kaiakhstan, Kyrgyzsran,Luxembourg, Mozambique, Nauru, Samoa, Uzbekistan.- As of 31 Decemher 1994, countries which hud not ratified wereAndorra, Botswana, Brunei DanissaUm, Haiti, Kiribati,Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Netherlands, Oman, Palau, Qatar,Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, SouthAfrica, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, UnitedArab Emirates, United States.

A boy grieves for anolder brother killed atthe fronl. UNICEF andthe Centre for HumanRights are serving asadvisers for a UnitedNations study on theimpact of armedconflict on children

vention and eradication of the sale of children,child prostitution and child pornography. Theresolutions noted UNICEF's role in promoting andprotecting those rights and asked the organiza-tion to be more active by providing reports andinformation on specific issues at the Committee'srequest. In A statement to the Third Committee,the late UNICEF Executive Director James P.Grant emphasized the relevance of theConvention to the work of UNICEF and urgedthat attention be directed to several protectionissues, including child Inhour, trafficking and sex-ual exploitation, civil registration and childrenin armed conflict.

In June, more than 50 Islamic countries,including Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States,attended a UNICEF consultation on the Rights ofthe Child held in cooperation with theOrganization of the Islamic Conference. Themeeting focused on States' specific reservationsregarding the Convention and possibilities forratification. By year's end, four countries in theMENA region (Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates) had not ratified theConvention, although Qatar did so in April1995. Of those countries that had neither signednor ratified, the major concern was the relationbetween the Convention and the Islamic shariah.This concern prevailed despite the tact thatIslamic questions were debated during the secondreading of the Convention in Geneva in 1988,resulting in a consensus text that does not con-tradict the Islamic shariah.

The Consultative Group on Child Rights,appointed by the UNICEF Executive Director in1990, held its annual meeting in New York(November 1994) to review and advise on poli-cy matters related to implementation of theConvention. The Group consisted of RegionalDirectors, executive staff, Directors of divisions,staff of the UNICEF International Child

CHILDREN IN ESPECIALLYDIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES

1 HE Convention on the Rights of the Childhas become a rallying point for many organiza-tions and individuals concerned with children inespecially difficult circumstances (CEDC).

UNICEF attempted throughout the year tointegrate child protection into all CEDC pro-grammes, working closely with the Committeeon the Rights of the Child. Among the priorityconcerns were child labour, the impact of war onchildren, sexual exploitation and childhood dis-ability (see 'Childhood disability').

• CHILD LABOUR: Article 32 of theConvention on the Rights of the Child obligesStates parties "to recognize the right of the childto be protected from economic exploitation andfrom performing any work that is likely to be has-

1995 UN1CEF ANNUAL REPORT

ardous or to interfere with the child's education,or to be harmful to the child's health or physical.mental, spiritual, moral or social development." Itrequires governments to set a minimum age foremployment, to regulate working hours and con-ditions and to penalize those who violate labourlaws and regulations. Article 32, combined withthe Convention's statements on children's rightto relevant, quality and free basic education; tobe protected against sexual exploitation; and tohave their best interests safeguarded at all times,provides the legal-ethical framework withinwhich UNICEF deals with child labour.

The proposed use of trade sanctions and con-sumer boycotts on goods produced by childlabour brought unprecedented global attention tothis issue during the year. The exploitation ofchild labour in export industries stimulated con-troversial public debate on the rights of workingchildren in poor countries. It was the subject of aUNICEF statement to the United States Senate.

UNICEF will soon implement a general pro-curement policy whereby the organization willnot purchase from companies which do not com-ply with national labour laws regarding theemployment of children. In India, UNICEF hasalready implemented such a procurementrequirement, and in the process stimulated otherinternational agencies and major industrial bod-ies to consider similar measures (see profile,'Childhood for sale').

Within the framework of the Convention,UNICEF acts on two fronts. It supports activitiesthat protect working children from abuse and itadvocates for the gradual elimination of exploita-tive child labour.

As an example of the first category, inBangladesh and India, UNICEF established newalliances with Asian-American trade organiza-tions and a coalition of garment and carpet man-ufacturers, resulting in a better understanding ofthe complexity of the child labour issue.Comprehensive policies for the progressive elim-ination of exploitative practices were proposed.

In the second category, UNICEF works withinterested donor countries in support of thesearch for alternatives, particularly education.Only about 9 per cent of official developmentassistance is currently directed to education, andless than 25 per cent of that is spent on basic edu-cation programmes that could keep the most vul-nerable age groups out of the clutches of thosewho would exploit them.

In September, educators and child labourexperts representing ILO, UNICEF and the World

DEFINING CHILDEXPLOITATION

I n 1986, the UNICEF Executive Boardapproved a child labour policy that specifiedbroad criteria to define the exploitation ofchild workers. It was determined thatchildren were being exploited if:* they were working full time at too early

an age?>. they were working too many hours;. their work exerted undue physical, socialor psychological stress;» they were working and living on thestreets under bad conditions;» they were working for inadequate pay;» they were working at jobs with too muchresponsibility;» their work hampered access to educationand was detrimental to their full social andpsychological development;- they were performing work that couldundermine a child's dignity and self-esteem.

Bank elaborated a strategy of universal primaryeducation as the key to removing children fromexploitative situations. For such a strategy to besuccessful, the quality and relevance of primaryeducation need to be improved and some com-pensatory measures for family incomes need to beestablished. As the link between labour and edu-cation became obvious, UNICEF endeavoured tostrengthen collaboration between labour andeducational services at country, regional and

global levels.+ IMPACT OF WAR ON CHILDREN: Organized

violence against children in former Yugoslaviaand Rwanda during the year made it abundantlyclear to the international community that chiUdren and women are the main victims of war inmost countries today.

UNICEF, together with the Centre for HumanRights, is serving as a technical and administra-tive secretariat for a special study requested byrhe United Nations Secretary-General on theimpact of armed conflict on children. The two-year study, which is being carried out by Ms.Graca Machel, the former Education Ministerand First Lady of Mozambique, will recommendaction by the international community in fourmajor areas; the relevance and adequacy of exist-

CHILD RltjHTS

With the abolition of apartheid, South Africahas initiated a process to draft a Juvenile JusticeAct and formulate legislation to redress theimpact oi organized violence on children.

• SEXUAL EXPLOITATION: Child prostitutiongained special attention in the Philippines, SriLanka and Thailand, where NGOs advocated forand implemented programmes for the rehabilita-tion and social reintegration of child victims.UN1CEF provided financial support and facilitat-ed networking and advocacy. In Thailand, anumber of projects were directed towards pre-venting child prostitution by providing education;ind vocational training for girls at risk in bothrural and urban areas [see also the profile,'Communities mobilize agaimi AIDS').

The report of the United Nations SpecialRapporteur on the Sale and Trafficking ofChildren, Child Prostitution and Child Porno-graphy in early 1994 received widespread atten-tion. Among the recommendations by theSpecial Rapporteur were multidisciplmary, inter-connected and integrated strategies; effectiveenforcement of laws protecting children; andenhancing the quality oi the police force and rel-evant authorities through training and incen-tives. The Commission on Human Rights adopt-ed a Programme of Actinn for the Prevention ofthe Sale of Children in 1992. Key elementsincluded high priority by all appropriate govern-mental and international agencies to investigat-ing and eliminating sexual exploitation ofchildren; legal reforms such as increasing penal-ties and passing specific laws concerning the pro-duction, distribution and possession of childpornography, and enforcement of all existinglaws; and support for prevention and treatmentprogrammes for children at risk.

UNICHF was closely involved in the initialpreparations for a World Congress onCommercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, tohe held in Sweden.in 1996. The meeting will hehosted by the Swedish Government in collabo-ration with UNICEF and NGOs, including EndChild Prostitution in Asian Tourism, theInternational Catholic Child Bureau and theInternational Save the Children Alliance.

UNICEF also supported the InternationalSociety for the Prevention of Child Abuse andNeglect and its world conference on child abuse,held in Kuala Lumpur in September. Amongmore than 1,000 participants were governmentrepresentatives from all over the world, NGOsand the Chairperson of the Committee on theRights of die Child.

Ai a UNICEF-assisledcentre for unaccom-panied childrensouth-east of Kigali(Rwanda), boysre-enact killings theyhave witnessed, to helpthem cope with thepsychological trauma.

ing standards; the reinforcement of preventivemeasures; the protection of children in armedconflict, including the indiscriminate use oi allweapons or war, especially anti-personnel land-mines; and the promotion of physical and psy-chological recovery and social reintegration, pay-ing particular attention to measures to ensureproper medical care and adequate nutrition.

Ms. Machel began consultations at theinternational, regional and national levels toestablish parameters for the study, whichwould involve field visits, case-studies and dis-cussions with government agencies and NGOs,church groups and individuals. An eminentpersons' group and a technical advisory1 groupwould be asked to provide expertise and act aspublic advocates.

UNHCR, UNICEF, ICRC and NGOs beganadvocating tor the adoption of an OptionalProtocol to the Convention on the Rights of theChild, to raise the age limit from 15 to 18 yearsfor military recruitment or participation in anation's armed forces. A working group of theCommission on Human Rights is drafting anOptional Protocol.

In Mozambique, the Convention was used tonegotiate the release of child soldiers and reunitethem with their families. UNICEF supported tem-porary shelters and rehabilitation services forthese children. In an effort to improve pro-grammes to meet the psychosocial needs of chil-dren affected hy armed conflict, UNICEF also col-laborated with universities in the US (Duke,Harvard and Columbia) and with NGOs, includ-ing the International Catholic Child Bureau andthe International Save the Children Alliance.

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

ARTICLE 32:

CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD

Childhood for sale

s many as 200 million of the world's children under 15 years of age spend most oftheir waking hours at work, sometimes at risk of survival, very often at the expenseof their physical and mental development, and the numbers are growing.Horror stories of child trafficking and prostitution, forced labour and physical

abuse in sweatshops, mines, factories, brickyards and domestic servitude are legion.However, not alt children who work are exploited, and not all work performed by childrenis harmful to their development. In many developing and industrialized countries, parentsexpect their children to help support the family and regard early work experience as avaluable element of education and socialization.

With growing awareness of the dimensions of child labour, political forces in anumber of industrial and developing countries have called for strong protective legisla-tion for children in the workforce, including import bans on products known to have beenproduced with child labour.

Member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC) discussed the subject in Colombo in 1992 and agreed to the progressive andaccelerated elimination of exploitative child labour. They emphasized the importance ofreplacing labour with formal schooling, although this is a tall order for countries thathave slashed social spending programmes as part of economic restructuring.

In August, Indian Prime Minister RV. Narasimha Rao declared a commitment tofree 2 million children from hazardous work by the year 2000. UNICEF will assist the federal " ^and state Governments in developing and implementing programmes for children to be —released and rehabilitated from exploitative labour. Enrolling and retaining children inschool through promotion of compulsory primary education is the major strategy. Otherinitiatives include discussions with the carpet industry to establish a 'child labour-free' trademark for rugs.

Bangladesh is an example of the potential conflict between good intentions toeliminate child labour and the poverty-driven need for children to work, without viablealternatives. Estimates of the number of 10- to 14-year-olds working in Bangladesh rangefrom 5.7 million (a government figure) to almost three times that number, The Asian-American Free Labour Institute (AAFLI), an NGO, surveyed Bangladeshi garment factoriesin 1994 and found that children, like adult workers, were frequently locked in the facto-ries, working 10 to 14 hour days with a half day off on Friday.

However, the export garment industry, which employs as many as 55,000 childworkers and exported US$750 million worth of clothing to the United States in 1993, isespecially vulnerable to outside pressure. In 1993. fearing US legislation to ban importsmade with child labour, employers dismissed about 75 per cent of their child workers,causing great financial hardship to the children and their families. A UNICEF/ILO study 'later found that many of the children wound up in situations far worse than those theyhad left.

Under an agreement reached during the year between the concerned NGOs,the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers Association (BGMA), ILO and UNICEF, all chil-dren working in the garment industry would be placed in education programmes. Thekey elements of the agreement, to be fully implemented by 1 November 1995. include: aban on the further hiring of children under 15; phased release from employment of allchildren under 12; full-time education programmes for children under 12; food grants tocompensate families for children's lost income; a maximum of 5 hours non-hazardous,non-exploitative work and at least 4 hours school per day for 12-to 14-year-olds (BGMAagreed to pay a full-time wage to children in the education programme); and regularmonitoring of all BGMA factories by AAFLI and BGMA to ensure compliance.

ms VNlCEF ASNI .u Rtpojcr

CHILD HEALTH

PRIMARY HEALTH CARETTie two earliest participants in the Initiative

Uenin and Guinea, continued in 1994 to provideeloquent testimony to its success. In Guineacommunity co-financing and co-managementboasted the number of functional health centresfrom 230 to 295 during the first half of the yearserving about 80 per cent of the population. ThJm turn helped raise immunization coverage from55 to 74 per cent in areas where the Initiativewas operational. When the Bamako Initiativewas launched in 1987, Guinea had only 31 func-tional health centres, and immunization cover-age was less than 5 per cent.

The Bamako Initiative is now the cornerstoneof Benin's national health policy, covering 90 percent of the country through 366 health centre,Revitalised health services lifted immunizationcoverage from 14 per cent in 1985 to 73 per cent

In Benin and Guinea, a number of community-managed health services have been able to -en-^ ^ « ^ c i e n t r e « x m % s m cover essenrWUrugcosts and recurrent local expenditures, as well assavings for future health investments. In BeninCameroon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeriaand Senegal, health centres monitor coverageand analyse problems every six months.

Plans were developed in Benin, Burkina FasoCameroon, Guinea and Kenya to improve localgovernance and to promote better nutrition Inaddition, preparatory work was undertaken toupgrade district hospital obstetric care in sevenAfrican countries (Benin, Burkina FasoCameroon, Cote J'fvoire, Guinea, Mali,Senegal). Activities will include strengtheningservices through training and provision of equip-ment, further decentralizing management and-expanding financial access through such schemesas prepaying tor services.

In the course of the year, the World Bankchannelled a loan of almost US$5 millionthrough UNICEF for implementation of theInitiative in Burkina Faso, and USAID made agrant of almost US$2 million to UNICEF to con-tinue a project in health system development in

n % r " u * ™™"'"m "f "Scnci" PooledUS$60 million for the national health pro-gramme in Mali, and UNICEF took the lead inproviding the necessary technical assistance.

As an entry point for community co-financingofheakh service, in Asb, , "training of trainer,'workshop, held in March-April in Malaysia

UNICEF worked closely witli WHO and otherpartners to expand primary health care (PHC)c e c i t y in the worlds poorest communities.Bu.lt on the foundation of community participa-tion, the main PHC building blocks are improvedmaternity care, preventive and curative childcare, and referral of complicated cases. UNICEFstrove for better linkages between PHC centresand hospitals, especially in paediatric and emer-gency obstetric care.

Community-level disease surveillance methodswere further developed In * v W programmeareas including the Bamako Initiative (BurkinaFaso, Cameroon, Guinea, Mali), the eradicationor guinea worm disease (Burkina FasoCameroon, Mali) and malaria control (Kenya)^ w e r e Partnerships between the PHC system andwomen's and youth groups, schools and religiousinstitutions. Youth health promotion programmeswere strengthened in 30 countries.

Outbreaks of polio and diphtheria in CentralAsia and the Caucasus were painful reminders ,,fthe need to maintain access to affordable essen-tial drugs and vaccines and to ensure the sustain-ability of supply lines.

The International Conference on Populationand Development (ICPD) made 1994 a landmarkyear for women's health, safe motherhood andfamily planning. A wide consensus on theseissues opened the door to closer working rela-tionships with key partners in family planningand safe motherhood and in sexual and repro-ductive health, including the prevention of sex-ually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS

UNICEF continued ro address the main causesor undeMive mortality, emphasizing disease pre-vention — with immunization the entry point —and the treatment of acute respiratory infections,diarrhoeal diseases and malaria.

THE BAMAKO INITIATIVE

XHE consolidation and expansion of theBamako Initiative in 1994 was accompanied bygreater financial support from UNICEF partnerspostnve data from pioneer countries and seriousreflection on some of the Initiative's main deti-cencies. By year', end, 33 countries* were par-ticipating in the Initiative.

PKOtfHAMMES

taught costing and financing of health services.Participants included government officials andUNtCEF health officers from Bangladesh,Cambodia, the Lao People's DemocraticRepublic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan,Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam.

Since 1987, UN1CEF has contributed morethan US$94 million from general resources tohelp individual countries implement theInitiative. The funds have been used to purchaseessential drugs, .set up revolving drug hands, buildlocal institutions and management capacity.

Previously, UNICEF experience through theInitiative was largely confined to facilities in ruralareas. However, in 1994, the organization beganto work with research institutions to examine theaccessibility of health services for the urban poor.Strategies are expected to be developed andimplemented in 1995.

In 1994, UNICEF began developing an opera-tions research programme with 21 leadingAfrican, American and European research insti-tutions to address a number of issues in 14 Africanand two Asian countries (Benin, Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Guinea, Kenya, LaoPeople's Democratic Republic, Mali, Nigeria,Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Viet Nam, Zaire,Zambia). The programme will assess communityparticipation, equity of access, quality of healthcare, performance and motivation of health staff",sustainability of health structures and systems,and drug management and quality assurance. The

programme has received supplementary fundingfrom the Governments of Norway and theUnited Kingdom, and a co-financing relationshiphas been established with the InternationalDevelopment Research Centre of Canada onproposals put forward by African research insti-

The scope of the Initiative was extended toaddress the need for stronger district hospitalsand better health care practices ;it household andcommunity levels. To care for women requiringCaesarean sections, a means must be developedto provide a minimum package of obstetric care.Strategies are also being developed to maximizehousehold and community awareness of health,nutrition and family planning through locallybased information systems.

UNICEF helps to promote the rational use ofdrugs through its publication The Prcscriher,which is currently available in English, French,Spanish and Portuguese, with an Arabic versionplanned for 1995. Circulation grew by 5,000 inJ994 to 55,000 copies in 100 countries.

Although the Bamako Initiative has madesig-nificant progress in revitalizing and strengthen-ing government-run health systems, a number ofmajor challenges remain. The active involve-ment of women is essential to the effectivenessand sustainability oi' the Initiative, but thus far,women have played only a limited role inits implementation, largely because of long-established cultural traditions limiting their influ-ence. Activities to increase their participationwill include the involvement of women's groups.

More attention must also be given to access bythe very poor. While it has been shown that evenpoor households are willing to pay moderate feesfor quality services, strategies for meeting theneeds of the poorest of the poor await develop-ment. In many countries, fees are waived forthose who are too poor to pay, but clearer guide-lines for waivers and exemptions are needed.

Other areas requiring greater attention includerational drug prescription and use, improved casemanagement, better communication betweenpatients and health care providers, and motiva-tion of health workers. The promotion of pre-ventive care at household and community levelmust also be addressed.

* Benin, "Burkina Fasn, Burundi. Cambodin, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Congo, C6tc d'lvoire, Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali,Mauritania, Myanniar, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda, Sai> Tomeiind Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leiiru-, Sudan. Togp, Uganda, Vit-tNam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia.

Through communityparticipation. UNICEFseeks to strengthen thelink between primaryhealth care centresand hospitals.

4

i l

1W5 L'NiCCr /iNNI ,U. REPORT

CONTROL OF DIARRHOEALDISEASES

1WENTY-FIVE years after the discbvery of oralrehydration therapy (ORT), diarrhoeal dehydra-tion continued to be a lending cause of childdeaths in many developing countries in 1994.Globally, it accounted for 25 per cent of deaths ofchildren under live. Most of these 3.2 milliondeaths could have been prevented with ORT,proper reeding practices and the appropriate useot antibiotics in the few cases that required them.

However, thanks to special efforts made bymany countries to inform the public about thelife-saving potential of ORT, the use of oral rehy-dration salts (ORS) rose by 6 per cent to 44 percent around the world in 1994. Much oi rhisincrease was due to UNlCEF-supported ORT/ChildHealth Weeks in 24 countries*, organized to cel-ebrate the 25th anniversary. These events weredesigned to educate families, mobilise media,motivate NGOs and persuade professional associ-ations to promote ORT and the rational use of

Events to mark the 25th anniversary were heldin Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco and the UnitedStates. At a meeting in Washington, D.C.,UNICEF presented USAID with an award for itslong-standing global support of ORT.

UNICEF efforts to enlist support from the pri-vate sector bore fruit in a number of areas.Commercial manufacturers in Bangladesh,Bolivia, Egypt and Morocco decided to markettheir products more assertively, and internation-al agencies agreed to provide them with strongcommunications support. Under an agreement inBolivia, manufacturers agreed to market ORS onan unprecedented scale, pharmacists said theywould cut their profit margins to reduce the price,and the Government promised to increase edu-cation of community health workers and toreduce taxes on ORS raw materials.

Five regional reports on CDD were produced.UNICEF and WHO reviewed the literature onCDD for the past decade to extract lessons thatcould be applied to future strategies. The reviewnoted, among other things, that while the WHOcase-management strategy for CDD was techni-cally sound, data on morbidity and mortality pat-terns associated with diarrhoeal diseases weregenerally inadequate, and the majority of peoplein many countries take their children outside thegovernment health system to village healers,pharmacists and private physicians for treatment.Given the tendency of such doctors to overpre-

scribe antibiotics, CDD monitoring guidelineshave been expanded to include an indicator ontheir use of ORT.

Studies in Bangladesh and the Philippines onfamily-level care and the use of rehydration fluidsprepared at home indicated a need for revisedhealth education activities targeted at a widerfamily circle. Based on data from Brazil showingthat a larger percentage of mothers were prepar-ing home sugar-salt solutions (SSS) correctly thanORS, it was decided not to discourage govern-ments from promoting SSS. (Data previouslyavailable to WHO had indicated that motherswere preparing SSS incorrectly.)

Health ministers from member countries of theEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO)attended a meeting in Ankara to discuss ways ofreaching the mid-decade goal ol 80 per cent ORTusage. The meeting, organized by ECO, UNICEFand WHO, included representatives from thehealth ministries of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Pakistan, Tajikistan,Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

NGOs and religious leaders also strengthenedtheir alliances with UNICEF. Junior ChamberInternational was an ORT advocate in 27 coun-tries in 1994 and arranged special ORT sessionsfor members at four regional meetings as well asat its World Congress in Kobe (Japan). TheWorld Organization of the Scout Movementsigned an agreement with UNICEF in May to helpcountries promote ORT. The group then pro-duced a training and reference guide to be usedby Scout leaders internationalty. Meetings wereheld in Bangladesh, Morocco and Pakistan toreport progress on the Scouts' community work.

The World Conference on Religion andPeace, an NGO with 1 million members, pro-duced and distributed ORT materials globally. InEthiopia, UNICEF assisted the Orthodox Churchand the Islamic Council to obtain commitmentsto ORT promotion. Each group has about 400,000clergy nationwide.

There was encouraging momentum on otherfronts as well. Household surveys supported byUNICEF and WHO during the year found thatEgypt had regained the 70 per cent ORT usagerate it achieved in 1990, and that Mexico's deter-mination to achieve the mid-decade goal on ORTuse had reduced child deaths from diarrhoeal dis-eases by 56 per cent in just three years.

*AlKeria, Bangladesh. Bolivia, Burkina Fasn, Cameroon,Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan,Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Oman, Pakistan, Peru,Philippines, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey.

PKOCfRAMMKN

ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

/vCUTE respiratory infections (ARI) are theleading cause of death among children in devel-oping countries. These infections, particularlypneumonia, claimed the lives of 3.6 million chil-dren in the developing world List year, about thesame number as in 1993. Respiratory infectionswere also the cause of 30 to 40 per cent of visitsto doctors and health care workers in developingand industrialized countries.

By rhe end of the year, 83 developing coun-tries had implemented the recommendedUNICEF/WHO strategy oi controlling ARI by-teaching parents to recognize the symptoms andseek early treatment with an appropriate antibi-otic. However, surveys of health facilities in 14countries indicated that health workers wereinsufficiently trained to recognize and treat res-piratory infections.

The goal set at the World Summit forChildren is to reduce the ARI death toll by onethird by the end of the decade, and UNICEF andWHO continued to .support a number of initia-tives in 1994 with this objective in mind. Theyincluded training and supervision tor healthworkers, education for families and monitoringand evaluating progress. Training materials wereproduced in English, French and Spanish, andsome were also distributed in Arabic, Portugueseand Russian.

Regular communication, with health workerswas maintained through the newsletter ARINeil's, which is produced in six languages withthe support of UNICEF and WHO by theAppropriate Health Resources and TechnologiesAction Group, a global clearing-house. A com-bined ARI/CDP newsletter is produced in locallanguages in Bangladesh, Nepal and Viet Nam.

above the 80 per cent level. In comparison,ESARO reported an average coverage level of61 per cent for DPT and polio, and WCAROachieved coverage of just 36 per cent for these.inrigens. Lack of infrastructure, coupled with civilstrife and financial difficulties, remained seriousconstraints.

Measles rates range from a low of 39 per centin the WCARO countries to a high of 91 per cent(EAPRO and the CEE/CIS and Baltic States'regions). Tetanus toxoid 2 had the lowest rare ofall antigens (48 per cent).

Countries in East Asia, the Middle East andNorth Africa also advanced strongly towardseradicating polio. Nearly all countries in theMiddle East and die polio-endemic countries ofEast Asia and the Pacific have increased effortsto improve disease surveillance activities andinterrupt wild polio transmission by conductingsupplemental immunization activities. UNICEFencouraged countries conducting national polioimmunization days to include measles andtetanus wherever possible.

Surveillance systems developed for polio wereextended to cover measles, tetanus and otherantigens as well. The strategy for elimination ofneonatal tetanus was revised in 1994. Insteadot universal immunization for pregnant women,the goal is now to immunize all women oH child-bearing age in high-risk areas.

+ C H I L D R E N ' ? VACCINE I N I T I A T I V E :

UNICEF and WHO collaborated closely in theproduction, quality control and supply of vaocines, and vaccination teams visited Bangladesh,Nepal, Tanzania and Zimbabwe to assist withvaccine forecasting and long-range plans for sup-ply and financing. Using its 1993 study of theglobal vaccine market, UNICEF continued work-ing widi manufacturers and others to improve theprocurement of new and better vaccines ar lowprices. A UNICEF policy document in 1994addressed the sustainability of the expanded pro- !gramme on immunization (EH). It recommended *encouraging governments to increase theirresponsibility for planning and financing immu-nization campaigns.

+ V A C C I N E INDEPENDENCE INITIATIVE:

This initiative helps governments to finance vac-cines and to procure diem through the UNICEFSupply Division, using a revolving fund to bridgethe time between payments. Countries can reim-burse the fund in local or hard currency.Bangladesh, Burundi, Morocco and thePhilippines took advantage of this option in1994, and several others, including Ghana,

IMMUNIZATION

/ \ major success of 1994 was the certificationof the Americas as free of polio. In addition, glob-al immunization coverage for children under 12months of age was maintained at 80 per cent forthe recommended three doses of DPT and polio.The coverage rate for the third dose of DPT isused as an indicator ot immunization perfor-mance globally. However, wide disparities in cov-erage between regions also persisted.

Asia has already attained the year 1000 cover-age goal of 90 per cent, and both the Middle Eastand Latin America and the Caribbean regions are

1995 I'NICEFANNl

the Pacific Island countries and Tanzania,explored the possibility of participating in 1995.The countries of Eastern Europe, as well asKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan andUzbekistan, with support from Japan, also signedagreements with UNICEF to assume financialresponsibility for their vaccine purchases by theend of rhe decade.

AIDS AND CHILDREN

IMPROVEMENTS in child survival rates arebeing threatened in many developing countriesby rising HIV infection rates among the youngand the erosion of care and resources available tothem as their parents succumb to AIDS. In sever-al African countries, AIDS is overtaking measlesand malaria as a leading killer of children, andhard-won gains in reducing child mortality areat risk.

The Center for International Research at theUS Census Bureau projects that in Zambia, theunder-five mortality rate oi" 133.6 per 1,000 livebirths in 1990 will reach 164 per 1,000 by theyear 2000. In Zimbabwe, AIDS has become theleading cause of death among the nation's under-rive- year-olds.

About I million children globally are infectedwith HIV, and 4-5 million men, women and chil-dren have developed AIDS. Most of the youngchildren who are infected will die before theirfifth birthday. According to WHO, the globalAIDS epidemic is advancing at a rate of 6,000new infections a day, and by the end of the cur-rent decade 40 million people will carry the virus.

It is not only the infected who suffer from theeffects of this epidemic. Families, friends, localcommunities, health care services and nationaleconomies all share the burden. WHO estimatesthat by the year 2000, as many as 10 million chil-dren will have lost one or both parents to AIDS,L-aving them dependent, physically and emo-tionally, on extended families and the goodwillof others.

Many poor communities have been over-whelmed by the need to provide health care forAIDS victims. They are also being drained eco-nomically by the loss of productivity from thesick and dying, most of whom are in the prime oflife, and by the diversion of caregivers and foster-parents from other important activities. In suh-Saharan Africa, about 1 adult in 40 is infectedwith HIV. In some cities, rhc rate is 1 in 3. InThailand, the rate is J in 50. If current trends

A boy receives polio vaccine in a Bogotaneighbourhood during a UNICEF-assisredimmunization campaign.

continue, infection rates among Asians willexceed those in Africa within five years.

The current best hope for containing the AIDSepidemic resides with prevention, primarilythrough public education. Sixty per cent of newHIV infections are occurring in the 15-24 agegroup, driven by a range of socio-economic andcultural factors ranging from poverty to the lowstatus of women and young people. UNICEFresponses focus on five overlapping areas: youthhealth and development; sexual and reproductivehealth; family and community care; school-basedinterventions; and mass communications andmobilization. UNICEF experience in these areasin 32 countries over the past two years has led tothe development of regional networks, not onlyfor H1V/A1DS prevention and control, but also forhealth and development programming torwomen and youth in general.

UNICEF efforts in mass communication andsocial mobilization during 1994 helped develop adialogue between youth and policy makersthrough the media and other channels in Coted'ivoirc, Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Senegal and.South Africa. In Cote d'lvoire, UNICEF workedwith the national radio on a series of programmesthai combined popular music with conversa-tions among young people on sexual healthissues. In Honduras, UNICEF supported thedevelopment of a women's NGO to work withyoung people and the media on youth healthand HIV/AIDS concerns. In Burundi, Cameroon,Mali, Thailand and the Caribbean, support wasgiven to youth health programmes introducedthrough the school system. Zimbabwe has beena leader in this field by fully integrating sexualand reproductive health education into itsschool curriculum.

PROGRAMMES

C H I L D P R O T E C T I O N

Communities mobilize against AIDS

ver the past dozen years, innovative strategies have been tried and refined toreduce the spread of HIV infection, treat and comfort the sick, and help childrenand other surviving family members rebuild their lives. Now these UNICEF-

supported activities are beginning to bear fruit.A programme in Thailand, which has the greatest number of reported AIDS

cases in Asia, aims to prevent vulnerable teenagers being manipulated into prostitution.Agents from Bangkok's brothels routinely take advantage of the poverty of the ruralnorth to lure adolescent girls into sex work for a meagre sum. An estimated 80,000 girlsunder age 18 are employed in Thailand's sex industry and at high risk of being infectedwith HIV.

For the past six years, though, the Daughters' Education Programme has been asource of hope, providing education, vocational training and leadership skills. Accep-tance of a limited future has given way to optimism and ambition: Jixapron wants tobecome a doctor; Sakuloate is interested in journalism. Patang says, "I would set up aschool for those children who have no school to go to."

In Myanmar, second only to Thailand in terms of reported AIDS cases in Asia,UNICEF is helping to strengthen services for diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmit-ted diseases and provide HIV/AIDS education and counselling in 'user-friendly' clinics,staffed by volunteer general practitioners and specially trained peer counsellors. Theclinics are designed to attract at-risk young men. The project, now operational in 15townships, also aims to teach life skills to an estimated 2,000 young people who will thenserve as peer educators on HIV/AIDS prevention.

Honduras has 17 per cent of Central America's population but an alarming57 per cent of the region's AIDS cases, Prevention activities here are aimed at reducingHIV/AIDS transmission among urban teenagers, In San Pedro Sula. the city with thehighest prevalence of HIV, an AIDS information centre has been established. Theatre pro-ductions, children's art competitions, puppet workshops, folk dances, concerts andfestivals are among the strategies used to attract the community.

Sub-Soharan Africa is the hardest-hit region in the world, with 67 per cent of allAIDS cases. In South Africa, a multimedia entertainment and health promotion initiativecalled Soul City has raised awareness about the need to change social norms andindividual behaviours, It incorporates a television series that uses established soap-operathemes to broadcast information on key health issues and to provide role models for safeand responsible sexual behaviour. A recent evaluation revealed that the series was aspopular among young people as the most successful soap opera in the country. Theprogramme also provides a radio version and press materials.

AIDS has become the leading cause of adult death in Uganda. The number oforphans is staggering: projections indicate that the country will have 1.5 million orphansby the year 2010. The epicentre of the epidemic is the district of Rakai. where almost13 per cent of children under 18 are orphans. As pressure on the extended family systemincreases, the local tradition of collective effort is leading to ways of providing for chil-dren's immediate needs and helping them prepare to support themselves in the future.

Rudeser (Rural Development Services), a local NGO, operates a home-care andnursing programme for over 340 people with AIDS and their families. With funding fromUNICEF, Rudeser offers training and apprenticeships in a wide range of skills. Most of theparticipants are teenagers with family members who are assisted through the home-careprogramme. The young people learn brick-making and masonry, carpentry, tailoring,metalwork and pottery. They also learn to make bark cloth — all the more poignant con-sidering that bark cloth is the material used as a shroud for the dead. Sadly, AIDS isproviding an outlet for this traditional skill.

CHILDHOOD DISABILITY

iVlOST disabilities in the developing worldare preventable, ;ind the spread of immunisation,improved nutrition and safe motherhood pro-grammes have saved millions of children frompolio, cretinism, blindness and birth defects. Atthe same time, chough, the absolute number ofdisabled children is increasing due to populationgrowth, an increasing number of injuries fromaccidents and armed conflicts, and medicaladvances that keep alive some disabled childrenwho previously could not have survived.

UN1CEF efforts to improve the quality of lifefor children with disabilities concentrated duringthe year on home and community-based inter-ventions and capacity-building, including supportto the Federation of Disabled Persons in Nepal,the expansion and evaluation of community-based rehabilitation activities and strategies tointegrate disabled children into primary educa-tion systems, such as those being developed byIndia's National Council for EducationalResearch and Training. Less than 2 per cent ofdisabled children in developing countries cur-rently attend school.

China, Dominica, Jamaica, Mongolia and SriLanka have expanded community-based rehabil-itation services and die training of parents andcommunity workers in early detection and stim-ulation. Mozambique and Nepal have supportednational organizations of disabled people as wellas training tor NGOs. The main focus in Angola,Belize, Ethiopia, India, Nicaragua and Panamahas been on integrated primary education forchildren with disabilities, UNICEFhas supportedoutreach efforts in Belize, teacher training anddevelopment of learning materials for studentswith hearing and vision impairments in Ethiopia,and student evaluation efforts in Nicaragua.

In countries with many land-mine victims, 'such as El Salvador and Liberia, the production oflow-cost artificial limbs and other devices hasbeen accompanied by public warnings about thedangers posed by abandoned land-mines. Formany of these countries, however, the lack oftrained community workers, parents and volun-teers remains a major constraint. UNICEF hasassisted the training of 15,000 children and 3,000adults in mine-awareness techniques in ElSalvador, and a centre for production of pros-therics for children in Liberia (see also 'Emergencycountries').

Thirty countries submitted proposals for addi-tional funding in 1994. Children in war-affected

Mother and daughter. AIDS victims in northernMalawi, comfort each other. UNICEF-supporfedefforts include care for those infected as well asawareness-raising and prevention.

In Bangladesh, Mauritania, the Philippinesand Uganda, UN1CEF supported, through NtiOs,innovative programmes that involved youth indesigning and implementing activities to reducethe vulnerability of young people to sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs), HIV and other prob-lems. In the Philippines, UNICEF worked withNGOs and the private sector to incorporate youthhealth, including HIV/AIDS, in the nationalhealth policy.

In Zambia, the strengthening of services toprevent and control syphilis among women hashelped to involve men in antenatal care, facili-tate discussion of reproductive health issues andmobilize the support of policy makers for youth-friendly STD services. In Myanmar, UNICEF hasalso created public awareness of AIDS throughsupport for such services.

UNICEF assistance in 1994 for community careprogrammes that addressed the special needs ofchildren affected by AIDS included the develop-ment and strengthening of NOO networks(Uganda), foster care for children orphaned byAIDS (Uganda, Zambia), education for orphans(Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia), better access to basichealth care and services (Congo, Ghana) and thedevelopment and maintenance of foster homes(Rwanda, Thailand).

This boy in a hospital inPreah Vihear province(Cambodia) is stillstunned by beingmaimed in a land-mine explosion.Children so disabledneed psychologicalcounselling as wellas prosthetics.

countries —- including Afghanistan, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Cnmhodia, Croatia, Guatemala, ElSalvador, Iraq, Liberia, Mozambique and theSudan — need additional support for a range ofservices including psychological counselling andartificial limbs. China has ambitious plans toexpand community-based rehabilitation to servechildren with hearing, vision and mental disabil-ities. Sri Lanka intends to train 10,000 workersand volunteers, and Jamaica wants to develop itsearly detection capacity and provide rehabilita-tion services for 32,000 disabled children.Pakistan plans to assist some 5 million disabledchildren under 14. Integration into the commu-nity and training for disabled children are alsoamong the social priorities in Albania, Botswana,Georgia and Romania.

NUTRITION

R ESEARCH funded by UN1CEF in 19U4showed that malnutrition, through inter-

action with infectious diseases, is an importantfactor in more than half of the deaths of childrenunder live yeans old in the developing world. Thefindings, based on data from six developing coun-tries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malawi,Papua New Guinea, Tanzania), have contributedto a better understanding of nutrition s rule in thesurvival and development prospects of the world'sestimated 200 million underweight preschoolers.

Not only was the mortality figure much high-er than previously thought, but researchers deter-mined also that the greatest influence on mor-tality is from mild and moderate forms of malnu-trition — a rinding that supports UN1CEF effortsto focus on the milder manifestations of malnu-trition as well as its severe forms.

Malnutrition is not simply a reflection of theamount of food available in a household. TheUNICEF nutrition strategy embraces the conceptthat malnutrition derives from interrelated fac-tors, including lack ot access to adequate quanti-ties of goad food and to health services, as well asthe quality af the environment and the way-young children are ted.

UN1CEF experience has shown that effectivestrategies to reduce malnutrition require regularassessment of its causes, with the active partic-ipation of the households and communitiesaffected.

The nutrition strategy provided a frameworkfor UNICEF activities and inter-agency pro-

grammes in many countries during the year.Among the programmes UNICEF assisted werethose in Bangladesh and Viet Nam, whereUNICEF worked in cooperation with the WorldBank; Burkina Faso and Uganda, where the strat-egy was used to formulate new five-year pro-grammes that will be presented to the ExecutiveBoard in 1995; and Tunisia, where district-levelproblem assessment was introduced.

In September, a meeting was held inKathmandu to explore ways of acceleratingimplementation of the UNICEF strategy in SouthAsia, the region with the largest number of mal-nourished children. Participants affirmed thatmobilizing the community, including residents,NGOs and government officials, to develop local-ly appropriate strategies is the most importantfirst step.

Fish broth provides some sustenance to a child ata feeding centre,

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

I O D I N E D E F I C I E N C Y D I S O R D E R S

1*6 billion new customers for an old technology

uided by nutrition experts in the 1920s, the Governments of Switzerland and theUnited States made one of the most cost-effective decisions in medical history byrequiring salt producers to fortify their supplies with iodine. For a sum that today

amounts to approximately 5 cents per person per year, countless mothers were sparedthe agony of miscarriages, stillbirths and neonatal deaths caused by iodine deficiency intheir diet during early pregnancy, It also spared families the tragedy of a child born with,or acquiring, permanent physical and mental handicaps.

Knowing that the lack of minute amounts of iodine in the diet caused healthproblems ranging from goitre to cretinism, other countries also began to fortify salt sup-plies with potassium iodate. But 75 years later, many millions of families, for want of similaraction, continue to suffer the crippling consequences of iodine deficiency.

About 1.6 billion people, many of them in developing countries, remain at risk ofIDD. Most live in hilly or flood-prone regions where iodine tends to be washed out of thesoil and is missing from the food they eat and the pastures on which livestock feed. Ofthose at risk, 655 million suffer from goitre, IDD's most obvious sign, marked by swelling ofthe thyroid gland. Even in mild form, goitre is associated with some mental impairment,

The elimination of iodine deficiency disorders by the year 2000 was one of 27goals adopted by government leaders at the 1990 World Summit for Children — an inten-tion later reinforced by a decision to attempt to iodize at least 95 per cent of all ediblesalt supplies in all countries by the end of 1995.

Most of the 94 countries with IDD problems are implementing national plans for ^salt iodization, and 58 of those, where 60 per cent of the developing world's children live, —are on track for achieving the 95 per cent goal. With greater effort, another 32 countriescould also meet that target. At current rates of progress, only four countries in the groupare considered unlikely to make the grade.

Ten out of 17 countries in the Middle East and North Africa are expected to iodizeall salt supplies by the end of 1995, and 7 out of 20 Asian countries, includingBangladesh and India, are also within a year of attaining their goals. In Central andSouth America, all countries, with the possible exception of Haiti, are likely to meet themid-decade goals. In sub-Saharan Africa, 28 of the 39 affected countries are makingprogress and, in this grouping, 16 nations of the Economic Community of West AfricanStates have prohibited the import and export of uniodized salt.

In 1994, a UNICEF survey revealed that, among 132 countries with populationsgreater than 1 million. 109 recognized IDD as a problem. Only 10 of the 145 countriesthat submitted returns reported that it was not a public health problem, while 13 did notidentify the extent of the problem. The survey found that more than 70 per cent of saltwas iodized in the Americas and Caribbean, nearly 70 per cent in West Africa, and more-than 50 per cent in South Asia, but only 31 per cent was iodized in East Asia and the ,Pacific. Thailand, however, was found to be iodizing 50 per cent of its edible salt andmaking solid headway towards the mid-decade goal, Major efforts were also reported byGovernments, UNICEF and other partners in Indonesia, the Philippines and Viet Nam. Asof October 1994, only 20 of the countries surveyed did not have laws requiring that saltbe iodized or have such legislation in the process of being enacted.

Assistance to national IDD programmes has come mainly from Canada. UNICEFand the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD),together with investments by bilateral agencies in Australia for China and South-East Asia;Belgium for Africa and Ecuador; France for West Africa; and Germany for Ethiopia. TheProgramme Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) has trained multi-professionalteams in 35 countries to combat micronutrient malnutrition.

STAFF IN UNICEF OFFICES (December 1994)

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE,COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENTSTATES. AND BALTIC STATES

Afghanistan 76Albania 3Armenia 1Azerbaijan 5Bosnia and Herzegovina 4Croatia 42Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia 3Kazakhstan 2Kyrgyzstan 2

HEADQUARTERS

AustraliaBelgiumDenmark

Switzerland

AMERICAS AND THE

ArgentinaBarbados

Bolivia

ColombiaCosta Rica

Dominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaGuyana

HondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaParaguay

UruguayVenezuela

CARIBBEANRomaniaSerbia and MontenegroTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistan

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

Burkina FasoCameroonCape VerdeCentral African Republic

CongoCote d'lvoireEquatorial GuineaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauLiberia

Mauritania

NigeriaSenegalSierra Leone

" ' " D I E EAST AND NO»m

AlgeriaBahrainDjibouti

JerusalemJordanLebanon

Morocco

Saudi ArabiaSudan

Tunisia

£ A S T A S I * * ^ ^ A ^

Cambodia

F'V''Indonesia

MongoliaMyanmar

SingaporeThailandv 'et Nam

no

S°UTH ASIA

BangladeshBhutan

Maldives

PakistanSri Lanka

« « T W N AND SOUTHERN

Angola

BotswanaBurundiComoros

Ethiopia

Lesotho

MadagascarMalawiMauritius

MozambiqueNamibia?wonda

°uth Africawaziland

nbabwe

14

ssszz:::-

Login Name Upasana Young

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External ID UNICEF AR 95

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Contained Records

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End of Report | UNICEF Dataset CFRAMP01

EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFICMIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Cambodia

FijiIndonesiaLao People's Dem. Rep.MalaysiaMongoliaMyanmarPapua New GuineaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandViet Nam

AlgeriaBahrainDjibouti

Iran, Islamic Republic of

JerusalemJordanLebanon

Morocco

Saudi ArabiaSudan

TunisiaTurkey SOUTH ASIA

BangladeshBhutan

MaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

AngolaBotswanaBurundiComoros

Ethiopia

LesothoMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaRwandaSao Tome and PrincipeSomaliaSouth AfricaSwazilandUgandaUnited Republic of TanzaniaZambiaZimbabwe

150

1. Combines total of staff for LJNICEF country andregional offices,2. Includes staff for Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS).

PROOHAMM/S

MICRONUTRIENTS

• IODINE: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)were recognized as a public health problem in109 of the 132 countries surveyed by UNICEF in1994, and efforts were under way to determinethe extent of the problem elsewhere (see ahu xhcprofile, '1.6 billion new customers for an old tech-nolngy'). Rapid progress towards the universaliodization of salt continued in all regions.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, it wasestimated that more than 70 per cent of ediblesalt was already iodized, and in South Asia thefigure was more than 50 per cent. An increasingnumber ot suites in India were enforcing bans ontrade in uniodized salt, all salt producers inBangladesh were installing iodization equipment,and an iodized salt support facility was beingestablished in Pakistan. In China, the Govern-ment made a commitment that at least 75 percent of the country's salt would be iodized by theend of 1995 and universal iodization would beachieved by the end of 1996. UNICEF continuedits work with UNDP, WHO and the World Bankto help the Government meet those goals.

Although nearly 70 per cent of edible salt isiodized in West Africa, most of it is imported by,and consumed in, Nigeria, the most populouscountry in the region. Many other African coun-

tries are supplied by a profusion of small produc-ers whose participation in salt iodization pro-grammes can be more expensive to administerand difficult to organize and monitor. But a strat-egy based on successes with iodization pro-grammes for small producers in Latin Americaand Bangladesh was developed in 1994 to beginto address these problems.

-4- VITAMIN A: Progress has been made inmany countries to reduce vitamin A deficiency,a well-known cause of childhood blindness. Andother important links between the deficiency andchildhood health problems continue to be dis-covered. Inadequate vitamin A intake can causesevere diarrhoea, and there is evidence that mor-tality among children under six months can bemarkedly reduced by improving vitamin A intakeby young infants and breastfeeding mothers. Aconsensus is also emerging that more attentionshould he paid to marginal vitamin A deficiencyin pregnant women. This deficiency is believedto be more prevalent than previously thought,and it has important consequences for childdevelopment.

During the year, UNICEF supported surveys todetermine the extent of vitamin A deficiency ina number of countries, including Kenya andSouth Africa. High-dose vitamin A capsules weredistributed at the time of measles immunizationin the Philippines and Viet Nam. Many UNICEFoffices supported other measures, including forti-fication of staple foods, social marketing of low-dose supplements and family gardening activities.The Canadian Government and the Micro'nutrient Initiative of Canada supported theintroduction oi innovative approaches [o vitaminA supplementation in 10 UNICEF country pro-grammes. A UNICEF/WHO strategy to combatvitamin A deficiency was endorsed in 1994 bythe Joint Committee on Health Policy.

members developed a board gameabout their town with the goalof raising US$5,000 for 1DD.The game was so successful thatprofits amounted to more thanUS$10,000.

A Kiwanis affiliate dub at ahigh school in Rochester,Michigan, raised US$800 by sell-ing student labour to local organi-zations for 24 hours. Kiwanisaffiliates in colleges have raisedUS$30,000 with various projects.

In Sendai (Japan), the localclub is sponsoring concerts toraise funds. The Kiwanis clubs ofItaly raised US$25,000 withsponsorship of the ItalianVolleyball Cup Final.

Many Kiwanis members alsomake individual contributions —so far 400 of them have madegifts of US$1,000 or more to theIDD campaign.

IWANIANS:SALT OF THE EARTH

1 he service club, KiwanisInternational, with 327,000 mem-bers worldwide, is conducting aglobal fund-raising campaign inpartnership with UNICEF. Thegoal of the campaign is to elimi-nate iodine deficiency disorders bythe year 2000. Many of the 8,600Kiwanis clubs have initiated inno-vative activities to raise funds.

In Anacortes, Washington,Kiwanians are funding a completesalt iodiiation facility. To raise theUS$50,000 cost, they are donat'ing three years' worth of profitsfrom the Kiwanis Thrift Shop,which collects and resells usedfurniture and clothing. InWyandotte, Michigan, Kiwanis

BREASTFEEDING

/ \ major global milestone was passed at the47th World Health Assembly (WHA) in Maywhen the United States Government ended 13years of opposition to the 1981 InternationalCode of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes.The Code has now been endorsed by alJ 178member States of WHA, the technical decision*making body of WHO. A resolution was alsopassed recommending that governmental actionto end distribution of free and low-cost breast-milk substitutes should apply to all parts of the

11 W.5 VNICEF AIWT vVL REPOHT

health system. Equally significant was the resolu-tion's emphasis on the importance of exclusivebreastfeeding for ahour the tirst six months of life.

Between 1993 and 1994, the number of baby-friendly hospitals more than tripled. By year'send, about 1,000 health facilities worldwide dis-played the distinctive baby-friendly plaque thatsignifies a 'gold standard' of care for mothers andbabies.

Thousands of other maternity facilities haveindicated that they will also work towards theTen Steps to Successful Breastfeeding' recom-

mended by UNICEF and WHO and will stop dis-tributing free or low-cost supplies of breastmilksubstitutes. By the end of 1994, virtually alldeveloping countries had taken steps to prohibitmanufacturers and distributors from marketingtheir products through maternity facilities.

To mark World Breastfeeding Week in August,the UNICEF Executive Director urged medicalprofessionals to rake a 'Physician's Pledge TOProtect, Promote and Support Breastfeeding', andby the end of the year more than 24,000 physi-cians in 72 countries had promised their support.

WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

M OST countries in Asia and LatinAmerica are expected to achieve their

mid-decade water supply goals in 1995, but cov-erage in Africa will remain low unless majorefforts are made to mobilize resources and devel-op local capacity. Despite expansion of sanitationservices in some areas, the availability of facili-ties continued to fall behind community needs inall regions in 1994, undermining efforts toimprove child health.

The persistence of high in fan r and child mor-tality resulting from water-home diseases and lacknf sanitation in unserved areas demands thatfuture water and environmental sanitation(WATSAN) programmes put increased emphasison sanitation, the promotion of healthy hygienepractices and the integration of WATSAN inter-ventions with health, nutrition and educationactivities. Measurable indicators for sanitationand hygiene-related problems must also be devel-oped for use in situation analyses to better illus-trate the social and economic benefits nf safewater and sanitation.

During the year, UNICEF supported nationalefforts to achieve water supply and sanitationgoals in about 100 developing countries.Although the scope of its assistance varied fromcountry to country, UNICEF funded capacity-building, planning and policy formulation, pro-motion ot hygiene education, application oiappropriate technologies, and monitoring andevaluation. UNICEF also supported studies on costreduction and cost-effectiveness, the time andenergy communities devote to water collection,and hygiene practices.

WATSAN global funds supported a number ofinnovative projects. These included case-studiesin Burkina Paso, Honduras, Turkey and Viet Nam

to analyse and improve hygiene practices and aproject in Swaziland to build latrines in 40schools and 10 clinics and promote the personalhygiene practices of 12,000 schoolchildren and5,000 clinic patients.

In Africa, UNICEF has adopted a two-prongedapproach to water supply and sanitation, based

» Introducing low-cost, low-technology sys-tems in conjunction with government, NGOs andthe local community where the unserved popu-lation exceeds 10 million people (Ethiopia,Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, SouthAfrica, Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire);

» Helping countries that have been the mostsuccessful in providing these services to their peo-ple (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Comoros, Coted'lvoire, Gabon, Gambia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)to reach the mid-decade goals and accelerateefforts aimed at universal coverage.

The crisis in Rwanda in mid-year challengedWATSAN staff as never before. A cholera epi-demic, spread by contaminated water and theabsence of sanitation facilities in refugee campsaround the town of Goma (Zaire), threatenedmore than a million people and claimed as manyas 12,000 lives in a matter of weeks. The epi-demic resulted from the absence of infrastructureor services in 13 camps with populations as highas 500,000, which forced residents to gather con-taminated water from Lake Kivu and from openponds during the first 10 days of the emergency.

Because die camps were located on a bed ofvolcanic rock, it was also extremely difficult todig latrines or bury the dead. UNICEF teamedwith UNHCR, WHO, key bilateral and multilater-al agencies and NGOs to fly in water-drilling rigs,pumps, pipes, purification chemicals and other

PROGRAMMES

^

IW5 (.WfCEF ANNUAL REPORT

words and drawings of children who cook part in1990 in a long inarch by indigenous people ask-ing for territory and dignity. Indigenous organi-zations were directly involved in all phases of theproject.

An NCiO, Voice of the Children InternationalCampaign, acted as coordinator of a UN1CEF ini-tiative to encourage NGOs in Africa, Asia andLatin America to promote the participation ofchildren and youth in local action for the envi-ronment, peace and child rights.

On 21 April, the book Rescue Mission: PlanetEarth, A Children 's Edition of Agenda 21, w h i c h

describes the plan of action of die 'Earth Summit'in terms accessible to children, was formallylaunched at United Nations Headquarters. Itwas coordinated by an NGO, Peace ChildInternational, with sponsorship from UNDP,UNEP, UNESCO and UNICEF. More than 10,000children from 75 countries participated in the

preparation of the book by highlighting relevantissues of Agenda 21, interviewing prominent peo-ple and contributing case-studies, poems andpaintings. It was translated from English into 15languages. More than 161,000 copies were inprint at the end of 1994-

Internationally recognized experts from JohnsHopkins University and an NGO, FutureGeneration, produced a valuable study entitled'Community Bused Sustainable HumanDevelopment'. It draws on global experiences toarticulate ways of 'going to scale1 with sustainablehuman development.

UN1CEF participated in the United NationsGlobal Conference on the SustainableDevelopment of Small Island Developing States(Barbados) and contributed to task managers'reports on follow-up to Agenda 21, in conjunc-tion with the Commission on SustainableDevelopment.

BASIC EDUCATION

M OST countries in East Asia and LatinAmerica and a few in the Middle East

and Africa achieved their mid-decade primaryschool enrolment goals by the end ot 1994, butmany other countries are still struggling. Even forthose that have reached the goal, getting chil-dren into the classroom door is just a beginning.

Educational achievement is ultimately mea-sured by the numbers who remain in school andthe quality of the education they receive. Far toomany of the students who ate marked present onschool rosters find themselves in ill-equippedclassrooms with teachers who have had little orno training. Many drop out before learning totead and write because of competing responsibil-ities at home, or because the things they aretaught at school appear to have little applicationto their daily lives.

Data gathered by UN1CEF and its partners inthe quest for universal primary education indi-cate that more than half the world's developingcountries remain well short of the critical objec-tive of providing functional learning environ-ments for their children.

Thus, the revaluation of primary schools isan important element of UN 1CEF-supported pro-grammes. In India, a teacher empowerment pro-ject in Madhya Pradesh has helped transformschools in prepating teaching aids, training newteachers and enlivening classrooms. In Myanmar,

UNICEF placesparticular emphasison assistance to girls'education.

a special programme has strengthened tiesbetween schools and community organizations inorder to identify and enrol children who do notattend school. A programme in Cambodia hashelped develop new curricula and republish text-books. 'A Focus on Education for All in Africa'was launched during the year by UNDP, UNESCO,UNFPA, UNICEF, the World Bank and Africanministers of education to make adequateresources available to national education pro-grammes in a systematic way.

UNICEF .supports an innovative multigradeteaching and learning programme in Chile, theDominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras andPeru. In Ecuador, a 'Reading First' programme hasbeen introduced to overcome high repetitionrates in the first two grades at primary school.'Education for Peace1 has been built into nation-

PROGRAMMES

al curricula in Burundi and Liberia. During theyear, UNICEF supported the training and upgrad-ing of teachers, principals, supervisors, districteducation officers and teacher trainers inBurundi, Cambodia, China, Ghana, the Lao

among teenage girls who became pregnant.UNICEF also supported special school enrolmentprogrammes for girls in China and gender-basedmonitoring of girls' access to, and performanceat, schools in Zambia.

Non-formal education programmes continueto reach children not in school. Among them arethe Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee(BRAC) schools, Eritrea's programme for womendemobilized from military service, a programmefor commercial farm workers in Namibia and therehabilitation of Koranic schools in Mali,Mauritania, Senegal and Somalia.

Early childhood development programmeswere implemented in 70 countries, and UNICEFcollaborated with the Bernard van LeerFoundation and Save the Children (US) todevelop strategies for staff training.

A UNESCO/UN1CEF joint project to monitorlearning achievement completed its first phase in1L)94. Indicators and methodologies for assessingand monitoring learning achievement in prima-ry schools were developed for China, Jordan,Mali, Mauritius and Morocco, and the projectwas extended to include Brazil, Ecuador,Lebanon, Mozambique, Nigeria, Oman, Slovakia,Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Tanzania.

Conflicts in eastern and southern Africa,Central Europe, Haiti and Liberia underscoredthe importance of sustaining education for chil-dren during emergencies and in other particular-ly difficult circumstances. UNICEF worked withUNESCO to provide educational materials andtraining for children and teachers affected by thecrisis in Rwanda (see aku the profile, 'Buildingbridges of peace in young minds'), and consultedwith HO and UNESCO on studies in several coun-tries to determine the linkages between out-of-school children and child labour (see also the pro-file, 'Children for sale').

UNICEF, introduced a sense ofnormalcy to the lives of thousandsof refugee children and was usedto restart the education system inRwanda itself, where schools hadbeen ransacked and looted. Eachschool-in-a-box contained suppliesfor about 80 pupils and a teacher,at a cost of US$2 per pupU.

By the end of December, almost2,500 boxes hiid been distributedin Rwandese prefectures for some200,000 children, and an addi-tional 6,500 were scheduled fordelivery at the beginning of 1995for another 520,000 students.

CHOOL-IN-A-BOX

1 n addition to the emergencymedical and other kinds of sup-plies that UNICEF rushed toRwanda in 1994, there were hun-dreds of boxes containing chalk,pencils, slates, notebooks andOther equipment for Rwandeseteachers and school-age childrenstranded in refugee camps in

The 'school-in-a-box' pro-gramme, initiated by UNESCO and

People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar andZambia. The formation and training of villageeducation committees, school management com-mittees and learning coordinators also hadUNICEF support in Nepal, Nigeria and Pakistan.

Girls' education continued to dominate theprogramme focus in South Asia, sub-SaharanAfrica and the Middle East. Programmes focus-ing on girls were implemented in Bangladesh,India, Nepal and Pakistan, in South Asia;Burkina Fa so, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya,Malawi and Senegal, in sub-Saharan Africa; andDjibouti, Egypt, Morocco, the Sudan, Turkey andYemen, in the Middle East and North Africa.

UNICEF collaborated with the CanadianInternational Development Agency (CIDA) on acomprehensive primary education programme forgirls in 15 African countries; with UNESCO for around table on girls' education in the Middle Eastand North Africa region; and with the WorldBank for an Asian regional seminar on girls' edu-cation in Guilin (China). UNICEF also supportedFAWE, a pan-African NGO, and the AfricanAcademy of Science with research, and con-tributed to an expert group report on girls' edu-cation for the preparatory committee of theFourth World Conference on Women (Beijing,1995). A joint UNICEF/FAWE conference forAfrican ministers of education in Mauritiusaddressed the problem of school drop-out rates

I

EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

1 HE Convention on the Rights of the Childemphasizes the need for young people ro partici-pate in the processes that form their futures.Education for Development (EDEV) is a powerfulresponse to this, helping educators teach youngpeople how to take an active part in global actionfor change.

In 1994, young people in the industrializedcountries remained the principal focus o{ EDEVactivities, which supported National Committeesin outreach to youth through schools, teachers,

IW5 l/NICEF ANNUAL Rtl'uRT

youth campaigns, and networking with partnerorganizations. All activities aimed at increasingyoung people's awareness, interest and involve-ment in global development, peace and justice.

Faced with the escalation of armed conflictworldwide, a number of country offices foundEDEV materials, technical assistance and trainingstrategies particularly relevant to conflict resolu-

tion (see also the profile, 'Building bridges of peace in

young minds'), and information was circulated onpeace education initiatives in eastern Africa, theCaribbean, Central and Eastern Europe, and theMiddle East. UNICEF also published a compre-hensive manual, Education for Development: ATeachers' Resource for Learning, sharing interac-tive methods of teaching about global issues.

WOMEN AND GIRLS

GENDER DISPARITY

L/EEPLY rooted attitudes and values changeslowly, hut 1994 brought some measurable gainsfor women and girts in political and practicalterms. With the approach of the Fourth WorldConference on Women (Beijing, 1995), govern-ments, international development agencies andNGGs were in general agreement on the need toexamine gender relations and disparities acrossthe broad spectrum of human development activ-ities, and action in many countries suggested thatthe empowerment of women and girls is now rec-ognized as being in the national interest as well asa human right.

During the year, UNICEF intensified its empha-sis on gender-related issues. It was decided thatpolicies affecting girls should he a special focus ofUNICEF's preparations and advocacy for theBeijing conference. Accordingly, UNICEF furtherpromoted the ratification of the Convention onAll Forms of Discrimination against Women byunderlining its complementarity with theConvention on the Rights of the Child. Aninternal task force was formed to coordinateUNICEF support for the Beijing conference, and asenior staff member was assigned to the confer-ence secretariat.

In 1994, governments of many countries coop-erated with UNICEF on training and research ongender issues and institution building (Botswana,Colombia, Dominican Republic. Ecuador, ElSalvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guyana, Honduras,Jamaica, Liberia, India, Maldives, Mozambique,Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone,South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda,Uruguay, Venezuela). Much of this cooperationalso involved other international agencies and

UNICEF helped to develop national plans ofaction for women in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Sierra Leone and the Sudan. InCameroon, Sierra Leone, South Africa and theSudan, concerns related to girls and women wereincorporated into many programmes, such, ashealth, education and nutrition.

In Eritrea, the Third Congress of the EritreanPeople's Liberation Front voiced its support forwomen's political and economic freedom, accessto education and equality in the family, includ-ing [he ownership of property. A NationalUnion of Eritrean Women was set up in 1994 toadvance the cause of women throughout thecountry.

UNICEF offices in Bolivia, Ecuador. Malawiand the Sudan supported the establishment oforganizations, forums and procedures to reviselaws that conflict with women's advancement insuch areas as the minimum wage, inheritance,domestic violence, sexual offences and the elim-ination ol discrimination.

A volunteer teachesgirls to read withUNICEF-suppliedmaterials. UNICEF alsohelps women and girlsin income-generatingactivities.

PR<.*;fMMMi:.s

to bring this 'life-cycle1 approach to bear on pre-vention of discrimination against girls. India,Iran, Kenya and Turkey took steps to improveeducation opportunities tor girls.

Programmes for girls in especially difficult cir-cumstances were implemented in Brazil, Peru andThailand, and UNICEF supported a major initia-tive to oppose female genital mutilation inBurkina Faso and the Sudan (see dsu the profile'Modest pmgress fur girls'). India passed legislationto ban female foeticide, and the challenge tor theGovernment and NGOs now is to raise publicsupport for its effective implementation.

A growing need for gender-disaggregated datafor information and monitoring purposes is evi-dent in many countries, and a number of themtook action to build country statistical bases in1994. Gender-disaggregated data was collectedthrough a national survey on HIV infection inBurundi and South Africa, and Mexico under-took a statistical study of poverty and gender.Nicaragua studied gender approaches to healthand education, and Jamaica completed :i gender-related school achievement study. Efforts werealso made to build databases on gender con-cerns in Chile, Costa Rica, Guinea-Bissau,Mozambique, Peru and Somalia.

More than 800 UNICEF staff and 7,700 gov-ernment and NGO partners were trained in genderanalysis and the application of the 'women'sequality and empowerment framework1 duringthe year. A UNICEF gender analysis training pack-age was translated and adapted tor use in Egypt,Indonesia, Mali, Pakistan, Tanzania, Viet Namand Latin American countries, and gender train-ing modules were integrated into country pro-grammes in Argentina, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,Burundi, Cameroon, China, Ecuador, ElSalvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, India,Jamaica, Malawi, Maldives. Mauritius, Mexico,Mozambique, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, PapuaNew Guinea, Sierra Leone, South Africa, theSudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuelaand Zambia.

'Equality advisers' were trained in Argentina;women were invited to participate in sectoraltraining activities in Cameroon; a regional net-work of women leaders was set up in Colombia;school textbooks and curricula were revised inthe Dominican Republic and Mozambique toreflect gender considerations; and empowermentmodules were designed to help women in ElSalvador and Guatemala deal with issues such usself-esteem, leadership, assertiveness and grouprelations.

UNICEF support was directed at improvedaccess to basic services for women and girls, espe-cially in health and education. In Jamaica,UNICEF supported video productions aimed atreducing gender .stereotyping among hoys andgirls at the secondary and higher education levels.

The special vulnerability of women and ado-lescent girls to HIV/AIDS infection by spouses andother partners remains a major concern in manycountries where the epidemic has also resulted inincreasing numbers of orphans infected by theirmothers at birth.

AIDS advocacy and awareness activities tookplace in Burundi, India, Mauritania and SouthAfrica. In Malawi, Uganda and Zambia, infor-mation on HIV/AIDS prevention was being inte-grated into the school curriculum.

In Honduras, women's forums on HIV/AIDSwere convened in the worst-affected areas, andUNICEF launched education initiatives throughcommunity and women's groups, the mass media,the health services network, schools and colleges.UNICEF assisted four religious NGOs with train-ing for almost 3,000 lay preachers to educatecommunities where HIV/AIDS infection rates

were high.The increasing vulnerability oH women and

girls to acts of violence in situations of armedconflict, civil strife and other emergenciesdemanded special attention in all regions.Burundi, Liberia and the Sudan undertook pro-jects that directly addressed the needs of womenwar victims. In Liberia, a UNtCEF-supported pro-ject to counsel traumatized women was consid-ered a model for replication in neighbouringcountries,

Also, UNICEF collaborated with the AfricanWomen in Crisis Programme of the UnitedNations Development Fund for Women(UN1FEM), and both UNICEF and UNIFEM workedwith the Baha'i International Community on aseminar held in New York in May to promotenon-violent family environments.

Attention is increasingly being paid to theneed for greater male responsibility in parenting.Guyana and TACRO were involved in sympo-siums on 'Men and Their Families', held with dieUniversity of the West Indies. The University ofGuyana and TACRO are undertaking a regionalstudy on the involvement of men and fathers inparenting and child care.

The theme that 'Today's Girls are Tomorrow'sWomen' was echoed by governments, interna-tional agencies and NGOs during the year, andseveral countries responded with local initiatives

1995 IW1CEF ANNL At Rr.Vtna

SAFE MOTHERHOOD AND FAMILYPLANNING

CVERY year about 500,000 women die ofcauses related to pregnancy and childbirth. Forevery one of those deaths, another 15-20 womensuffer some form of lifelong, pregnancy-relateddisability, [f women had access to proper obstet-ric care, if couples practised birth spacing andfamily planning, and if women who did not wantto have a baby could avoid pregnancy safely andeffectively, many of those deaths would he pre-vented.

The 1990 World Summit for Children set-important goals for sale motherhood and familyplanning, including n 50 per cent reduction inmaternal mortality by the year 2000 and univer-sal access to family planning services, especiallyfor women. In 1993, the UNICEF Executive Boardalso endorsed a policy on family planning toenhance the role and status of women; promotesafe motherhood and breastfeeding; support basiceducation and literacy; improve access to infor-mation, education and communication; and pro-vide appropriate support for family planning ser-

The International Conference on Populationand Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 wasan important milestone for reproductive healthand provided direction to UNICEF in its work inthis area. The Conference reached a broad glob-al consensus on the need to achieve sustainablepopulation growth rates through the empower-ment of women and the provision of primaryhealth care and basic education. It also empha-sized die need to view family planning in thebroader context of reproductive health and wom-en's limited freedom to make choices in theseareas. UNICEF provided a senior adviser and otherstaff resources to support ICPD preparations andthe work of NGOs (especially NOOs concernedwith women and youth) and to consult with gov-ernment delegations.

The ICPD process and Programme of Actionhave reinforced the view, long held by UNICEF,that sustainable development and economicgrowdi require the promotion of basic educationfor all, health interventions for child survival, theempowerment of women, and family planningand maternal health services. Follow-up to theConference has given UNICEF new opportunitiesto strengthen partnerships with women's andyouth NGOs and to place the issue of girls' andwomen's health at the centre of UNICEF advoca-cy, with a strong emphasis on prevention of early

A mother gets on anti-leionus shot at aUNICEF-assisted health

Lpregnancy and delay of marriage.

Several UNICEF offices launched reproductivehealth promotion initiatives in 1994. UNICEFworked closely with governments, NGOs andUnited Nations partners in Mozambique, Peru,the Philippines and Sri Lanka. In Zambia,UNICEF supported government efforts tostrengthen maternal and congenital syphilis pre-vention and control. In Benin, the BamakoInitiative was used to improve the quality of fam-ily planning services and the prevention andtreatment of sexually transmitted diseases, as wellas antenatal and obstetric services. This projectinvolved women directly in the management ofhealth centre services.

In October, the Executive Director issued'Guidelines for UNICEF Action on EliminatingFemale Genital Mutilation'. The objective wasto help UNICEF field offices develop strategiesand support programmes in partnership withother United Nations agencies, regional, nation-al and local NGOs, professional associations, reli-gious institutions and governments to end femalegenital mutilation. The guidelines called on therelevant UNICEF regional offices to initiate andcoordinate programming to end this practice.Following these guidelines, UNICEF is developingoperational strategies to help regional and coun-try offices strengthen their advocacy and inter-ventions and gain access to appropriate techni-cal resources.

UNICEF participated in the annual consulta-tions of the newly formed Inter-Agency WorkingGroup on Female Genital Mutilation, the Inter-Agency Group on Safe Motherhood, the JointProgramme on Strengthening NationalCapacities to Reduce Maternal Deaths andDisabilities, the Global Commission on Women'sHealth and the ICPD follow-up. Participation inthese consultative groups helped to improvetechnical tools and guidelines and enhance inter-agency coordination.

199> IWJCEF ANNLVU. RETORT

UNICEFs advocacy potential took a quan-tum leap in 1994 with on-line computer

access to the Internet, increasing use of video andsatellites to share educational television produc-tions globally and the continued expansion of airtime on an old friend: radio.

When the late UNICEF Executive DirectorJames P. Grant and Archbishop Desmond Tutuof South Africa launched The Progress of Nations1994 in Brussels on 21 June, the report wasuploaded onto the Internet, a 'network of net-works' linking an estimated 25 million computerusers worldwide. The full text was picked up bymore than 240 Internet users within weeks of itsrelease. Although the initial Internet audiencewas small, some ot those requesting the reportwere information networks that in turn passed iton m their subscribers.

This new technology and other fruits of thecommunications revolution have placed UNICEFat the threshold of global advocacy on a scaleunimaginable until quite recently. Satellite com-munications have not only expanded the reachof television but have also created hundreds ofnew channels and unprecedented demand forprogramming.

Other media initiatives, including theInternational Children's Day of Broadcasting(ICDB), the Meena video series in South Asia andthe Plaza Sesamo television series in LatinAmerica, have also opened doors to major play-ers in the entertainment industry.

Publications are also being used to attractwider audiences. For instance, I Dream of Peace,a widely publicized book of writings and drawingsby children on all sides of the conflict in formerYugoslavia, was launched in April and May in 11languages and sold in commercial bookstores. ByOctober, more than 40,000 of the 55,000English-language copies had been sold. Pro-duction costs were borne by the internationalpublishers, and UNICEF receives about 10 percent of the royalties on sales. By the end (if 1994,royalties accruing to UNICEF totalled more thanUS$200,000. These funds will be used in pro-grammes for children affected by war.

A rapid increase in the magnitude and com-plexity of crises in which UNICEF is involvedcontinued to challenge the organization's infor-mation capacity in 1994. More than half theUNICEF press releases issued during the year wererelated to emergencies.

Rwanda was the year's most difficult informa-tion assignment, largely because of its suddenonset and the spillover of refugees into neigh-

bouring countries. The emergency also demon-strated the tremendous power of the media —television in particular — to influence publicopinion and raise money for emergency causes.This media visibility in 1994 was also invaluablein promoting public awareness of UNICEF actionon behalf of children.

As the main organization working to protectunaccompanied children, UNICEF had an espe-cially high profile in Rwanda and the refugeecamps outside the country. UNICEF organizednews conferences and media briefings, issuedpress releases and advisories, kept NationalCommittees informed of the latest developments,arranged media interviews and provided a stronglocal information presence. Information stafffrom Geneva, New York, National Committeesand field offices responded to media queries dailythroughout the crisis. Almost 300 photos of theemergency were distributed to 54 offices world-

Ongoing emergencies in Angola, Haiti,Liberia, Somalia, southern Sudan and formerYugoslavia also taxed the organization's staff andother resources. Of the 1,700 photographsUNICEF distributed during the year, emergenciesaccounted for more than half, compared to 30 percent of the total in 1993.

Almost every African country, and manycountries on other continents, took part in activ-ities to commemorate the fourth Day of theAfrican Child (16 June). Especially significantwas the participation of children. In Mali,Mauritius, Uganda and Zimbabwe, among othercountries, young people expressed their viewsto government officials in special parliamentarysessions.

A children's memorandum was presented tothe Ugandan President at a ceremony attendedby ministers, parliamentarians, diplomats andNGOs, as well as 78 child delegates from 39 dis-tricts of Uganda and thousands of children fromKampala. This memorandum is now under par-liamentary debate. Young people also had theirsay at round tables and workshops in Chad,Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Mozambique, Nigeriaand Togo.

In New York, the 'Day' was celebrated for aweek. Among the festivities that took placebetween 9 and 16 June were an educationaland cultural event for 600 children called'Celebrating the African Child', a festival of filmsby African directors and a gala in the GeneralAssembly chamber, at which ArchbishopDesmond Tutu gave the keynote address.

TOOLS nm ADVOCACY

COMMUNICATION PROJECTS

INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S DAYOF BROADCASTING

I H E success of ICDB in 1994 demonstratedconclusively the growing reach and influence oltelevision in development activities. A record1,969 television and radio stations in 148 coun-tries participated in the third annualInternational Children's Day of Broadcasting on11 December.

Every region of the world was represented, andin many countries all national broadcasters par-ticipated. UNICEF programmes and public serviceannouncements aired in 113 countries. Figuresfrom participating radio, television and satellite-based stations indicate that ICDR programmesreached a worldwide audience of over I billionviewers.

The sharp increase in participation resultedfrom greater outreach and dissemination ofUNICEF materials at Leading trade fairs andthrough regional broadcasting unions. Amongthis year's major participants were nine TurnerBroadcasting System, news and entertainmentnetworks (including CNN), the MiddleEast Broadcasting Centre, Star TV in Asia,BBC World Service, the Australian BroadcastingCorporation, the Canadian BroadcastingCorporation, China Central Television,Doordarshan of India, Germany's ARD and ZDFnetworks, the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation,Mexico's Canal I 1, and Monitor Radio ofThe Christian Science Monitor. All of theseallocated large blocks of air time to ICDB.

The majority of stations produced original pro-gramming, and children featured prominently inover 70 countries.

Heads of State or Government, first ladies andmembers of royal families from 12 countries par-ticipated in commemorating ICDB, along withgovernments of more than 40 countries.

More than 80 countries had some form ofradio participation. Among the activities were alive two-hour discussion show on Croatian radiowith 12 mayors from cities hard hit by the ongo-ing conflict and a series of live interviews by BBCWorld Service with children in Somalia and theUnited Kingdom. In addition, Namibia's PrimeMinister participated in a special programme inwhich he responded to letters sent to him byNamibian children.

The broadcasting industry paid tribute to ICDBat the 1994 International Emmy Awards Gala inNew York with the announcement of a newaward to honour the best ICDB contribution eachyear by an international television broadcaster.ICDB also received an award from TelevisionBusiness International.

PRODUCTIONS ANDCO-PRODUCTIONS

u'NICEF was involved during the year in tele-vision co-productions with networks in Australia,Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, the UnitedKingdom and the United States. A Danish pro-gramme on child labour won the prestigiousjapan Prize. Other co-productions covered emer-gencies, child rights and oral rehydration therapy.UNICEF spots were aired on CNN. CNNInternational, Star TV and many national ser-vices. Radio productions included an innovativeseries on Facts for. Life in indigenous languages.Radio co-productions continued with BBC WorldService, Radio France International and VaticanRadio.

In preparation for its 50th anniversary, UNICEFproduced Towards 2Q0Q, a retrospective on thework of the organization since its inception in1946. It includes interviews with the lateExecutive- Director James P. Grant and severalUNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors.

Children's News, a series of updates on imple-mentation of the Convention on the Rights ofthe Child, focuses on survival rights in Bolivia,child exploitation in Thailand and the right of

Television fascinatesprimary schoolchildren in rural ChinaUNICEF relies heavilyon mass media toinform and educate.

I

1995 UNICEF ANNl AL Hi

children in Norway to have an ombudsman.Other co-productions on child rights issues

included: Rights of Passage, produced for theInternational Conference on Population andDevelopment; / Dream of Peace, a video render-ing of the hook of the same title, showing the liteof children in war-torn former Yugoslavia; and aprogramme on children's rights with Globalvisionthat aired on the US Public Broadcasting Servicenetwork.

The Rwanda emergency was covered in newsfootage distributed to National Committees andnews services. Reports focused on the unaccom-panied children reunification programme, theprovision of basic services and the dangers posedby land-mines. Other video items were producedon Angola, Haiti and Liberia, this last in con-junction with the US Committee for UN1CEF.UNICEF made many advocacy spots and distrib-uted them to country offices, Star TV, CNN andCNN International, among others. UNICEF alsocooperated with CNN ro produce several storieson breastfeeding, vitamin A and IOD.

In celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversaryof ORT, UNICEF co-produced programmes withFuji TV of Japan on ORT in Bangladesh, with StarTV (the regional Asian satellite service), with dieAustralian Broadcasting Corporation and withBBC World Service Television on an ORT reportfilmed in Bangladesh, Mexico and die United

Participants from over 55 countries attendedthe second UNICEF Animation for DevelopmentWorkshop in Orlando, Florida (14-18November). The workshop was organized wirhthe help of Wall Disney Feature Animation tobring together UNICEF staff, NGOs, world-classanimators and animation industry executives —including Warner Brothers, the National FilmBoard of Canada, Hanna Barbera, the Children'sTelevision Workshop, Nickelodeon, AS1FA, Fil-Cartoons, Turner Communicators, MTV andMaurtciu de Sous a Productions — to considermeans of using creative animation to enhancechild survival and development. At the conclu-sion of the workshop, more than 60 animatorsfrom around the world signed a declaration com-mitting themselves to working for the bettermentof children.

Training in the use of television for socialmobilization and advocacy continued for heldstuff and government counterparts. A workshopfor EAPRO was held in Manila with support fromthe Radio Nederlands training centre and theAustralian Broadcasting Corporation.

GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONSUPPORT FUND

J \ number of new projects in 1994 gavegreater diversity to Global CommunicationSupport Fund activities and the pursuit ofUNICEF mid-decade goals for children. Newactivities approved for the year included:

» a Communication for Learning project(phase II) in the MENA Region to help commu-nicators improve the quality of programmes onchild-related issues. Training was provided fortelevision producers in developing health mes-sages. Partial funding was received from theCanadian National Committee.

» an Audience Research Training Workshopfor UNICEF staff and counterparts from audiovi-sual media in Asia. The workshop was conduct-ed in Singapore in October by Dr. GrahamMyrtonofche BBC World Service (author of theUNICEF/UNESCO Handbook an Radio andTelevision Audience Research) and drew 21 partic-ipants. Given the very positive outcome, similarworkshops might be held in other regions.

» Soul City, a comprehensive education-entertainment soap opera created by a primaryhealth care team and South African Television.UNICEF was one of many supporters of the pro-ject, which weaves child survival and Facts forLife messages into 13 television episodes, Sixtyradio dramas and comic strip versions of the samestories were also planned.

» a television scriptwriters' workshop held inEgypt in April. The workshop had funding fromthe UK Committee to help 19 televisionscriptwriters and producers develop creative mes-sages on child survival and development themes.

Progress was also made In 1994 on other,longer-term projects, including Plaza Sesama forpreschool children and the Meena animation pro-ject on South Asian girls. Production of 1 SO newPlaza Shamo episodes was completed by Televisain Mexico City, and the series was launched on 6January 1995.

The UNICEF office in Mexico developed out*reach materials for use by educators, parents, healthworkers and non-television audiences throughoutLatin America. The office held three workshops toinvolve regional colleagues in the project and pre-pare them for programme launch ings in their owncountries. The .series was financed by theNetherlands and US Committees tor UNICEF.

The Meena project received additional fund-ing in 1994 from the Norwegian Governmentand continued to attract international as well as

TOOLS FOB ADVOLAlY

project was produced by WCARO and distributedto UNICEF offices and broadcasting stationsthroughout francophone West Africa. UNICEFcountry offices are now scheduling rural radiotraining in their programme activities.

TACRO has used film animation successfullyfor the past five years in support of safe mother-hood, early childhood development and the fightagainst child abuse. By year's end, TACRO hadcompleted an animated film, The Teen Years, onlife skills. It will be used as a teaching aid inCaribbean schools.

regional attention. Two new episodes, 'Saving aLife', about ORT, and 'Will Meena LeaveSchool?', about the problems of girls leavingschool early, were completed, and five otherswere in production.

Meena episodes were being produced in otherlanguages in China and Myanmar and by theNational Committees of Finland, France, Italyand the Netherlands. The Committees havefound Meena to be a valuable tool in theirEducation for Development work.

The manual for the West African Rural Radio

PUBLICATIONS

The Features Service, begun in late 1992 toprovide success stories to National Committeesand the media, produced and distributed 55 arti-cles in 1994- These articles appeared in manynewspapers and magazines around the world. Asignificant number covered issues related to theInternational Conference on Population andDevelopment and the World Summit for SocialDevelopment, as well as the mid-decade goals.

WHILE scaling back general-interest pub-lications, in 1994 UNICEF produced

more targeted materials to support such events asthe International Conference on Population andDevelopment and the World Summit for SocialDevelopment. Among the publications producedwere Children, population and development;Too old for toys, too young for motherhood; andOKI — A solution for survival.

Two other 1994 publications provideoverviews of UNICEF and its work. I'MCEF at aglance summarizes what the organization is andwhat it does. Facts & figures 1994-1995 givesbroad statistical information on the .situation ofchildren and women, with an emphasis on themid-decade goals.

Publications covering the impact of war onchildren included Anti-personnel land-mines: Ascourge on children and Children of War: Wanderingalone in southern Sudan.

Articles in the quarterly First Call for Childrenemphasized progress towards the mid-decadegoals and implementation of the Convention onthe Rights o( the Child. Published in English,French and Spanish, it has a circulation of 50,000copies to field offices and National Committees,which distribute it to governments, NGOs andothers. An Arabic version tailored to local con-cerns is published by the MEN A office.

Five new Speakers' Notes published during theyear covered breastfeeding, debt and children,inter-country adoption, children in armed con-flict and oral rehydmtion therapy. Speakers' Notessummarize UNICEF policy and provide sourcematerial for people giving speeches and inter-views or writing articles about UNICEF. A totalof 12 have been distributed.

THE STATE OF THE WORLD'SCHILDREN 1995

W N the eve of the World Social Summit, TheStare of the World's Children 1995 argued that thetime has come to realize that protecting andinvesting in children are integral to successfuleconomic and social development. The reportalso examined how today's development consen-sus and broader challenges could be broken downinto doable propositions, and it discussed how robegin mobilizing the necessary support for theirachievement.

A review of media coverage indicated that vir-tually all broadcast and print media covering thelaunch of the report (New York, 15 December1994) picked up its upbeat message of'good newsfrom the developing world'. Advance mediawork, which targeted major newspapers and mag-azines in the weeks before the launch, and pressconferences in all regions on the day o( thereport's release, generated substantial editorialsupport and commentary by columnists, as wellas news articles. The report and related pressmaterials were sent worldwide in English, French,Spanish and Arabic. Over 35 other language ver-

JWSUNfCEFANM'Ai fiMl

was released at the National Congress, and in theDominican Republic, 12 television channels, 12mdio stations and 8 daily newspapers discussed itscontents. The report was highlighted by rheV.ce-President of the Dominican Republic dur-ing ceremonies to open a salt iodization phmt on20 December.

Media coverage of the launch was extensive inEurope. High-level media campaigns took placein Copenhagen, Geneva and Helsinki. TheGerman Committee held a press conference inBonn and published the report as a paperbackhook. Austria, France, Greece, the Netherlandsand Poland also generated good media coverage«t the launch.

THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS 1994

W I T H the launching of its second ground-breaking annual report, The Progress of Nations1994 (Brussels, 21 June). UNICEF once againchallenged nations to put their statistical housesin order. This report pointed to the failure ofmany nations to gather timely data on such vitalstatistics as infant and child mortality, malnutri-tion, vaccination rates and education perfor-mance. It also reminded donors that the impactof US$60 billion in aid money to the developingworld each year ought to be a quantifiable matterof public record.

^ As a contribution to the World Summit forSocial Development, the report reminded policymakers about the fundamental need for more reli-able and comprehensive statistical reporting.Such information is essential to any major effortt» move social development to centre stage onthe global agenda and highlight efficient strate-gies to translate economic resource* into humanprogress.

The report outlined progress and deficienciesin such areas as nutrition, health, education, fern-'ily planning, progress for women and child rights.It noted that its own efforts to do justice to theseissues and to compare national achievementswere flawed by gaps in the numerical stockpile ofinformation available to UNICEF and the rest ofrhe international community. These shortcom-ings included statistics that were frequently outof date or incomplete, and sometimes based onextrapolations or mathematical models ratherthan on vital registration systems or the system-atic collection of representative data,

the Progress of Nations 1994, which was pro-duced for global distribution in English, French,

UNICEF information and advocacy efforts seek^promote equal basic education opportunity

sions were produced by individual field officesand National Committees. A television news fea-ture on the report was distributed international-ly by satellite to coincide with the launchgenerating some of the best television coveragethe publication has ever had.

Marty countries capitalized on the event byfocusing attention on national issues. Sri Lankahighlighted child labour, Cote d'lvoire notedprogress against guinea worm disease andAustralia examined violence against womenThe Zambia Office linked the InternationalChildren's Day or Broadcasting with the reportby arranging for a street child to interview thePresident. In Malawi, the launch was combinedwith a photo exhibit, high-level speeches and apress conference attended by over 400 people.

The Government of Sierra Leone took theopportunity to discuss preventable health prob-lems, including iodine deficiency disorders, a dropin immunization rates and a recent cholera out-break. The report was released in Morocco byPrincess Lnlla Menem, in Jordan by Queen Noorand m Nepal by Prime Minister ManamohanAdhikari. In Japan, 3,000 Japanese-language ver-Mons of the report and a summary were circulat-ed among government officials, Members ofParliament and the press. In Bolivia, the report

Toots FOR ADVOCACY

C O N F L I C T R E S O L U T I O N

Building bridges of peace in young minds

hile enmeshed in emergency responses to ethnic and other violence in 1994,UNICEF also maintained its vision of a peaceful future and the education ofthose who will build it.Rehabilitation: UNICEF continued to support training for teachers and other pro-

fessionals capable of providing psychosocial counselling to children affected by armedconflict. In Liberia and Mozambique, psychosocial counselling was expanded to includethousands of former child soldiers, many of whom had been abducted from their homesand trained to kill, and were in need of help to become productive members of society.

Reconciliation: Experience in many countries, including Egypt, Lebanon,Mozambique, Sri Lanka, the Sudan and former Yugoslavia, continued to show thatpeace education can help unite communities divided by conflict. In Lebanon, peacecamps for young people had the support of some 240 NGOs as well as the Governmentwhich has introduced the concept of Education for Peace into national school curricula.Six thousand young adults have been trained as 'peace monitors' to work with youngerchildren at the camps, where children learn conflict resolution skills. In Mozambique, adozen trainers toured the country with a "Circus for Peace', promoting the non-violentresolution of conflict through art, dance and theatre. In southern Sudan, a two-weekrefresher course on basic literacy, numeracy, conflict resolution and the treatment of war-traumatized children was provided for hundreds of teachers. More than a decade of war

— in southern Sudan has disrupted or destroyed the school system. The project provided •— teacher training modules, textbooks and materials for more than 1,000 schools. UNICEF f

was preparing a psychosocial training manual for teachers and other professionals andcontinued to work closely with UNESCO, NGOs and Sudanese counterparts.

In Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), a popular radio station shared hopes forpeace with the children of former Yugoslavia through a one-hour programme broadcasttwice daily. A team of 18 children, with some help from adults, prepared the pro-grammes. They included popular music, stories, a 10-minute discussion of the kinds oftrauma commonly experienced by children in war, and brief items on the Convention onthe Rights of the Child. Suggestion boxes were placed all over Sarajevo so that childrencould communicate news, questions and experiences with other young listeners. In SriLanka, a project on education for conflict resolution distributed instructional materials tothousands of schools and promoted non-violent action through television, newspapers,radio, posters and comic strips. In Egypt, an Education for Peace project was in its start-up phase with the production of a resource kit of games, songs, role play and othercooperative learning activities for children aged 6 to 15.

Prevention: In Burundi, where communities were profoundly affected by events inneighbouring Rwanda in 1994, a nationwide project, "Batissons la, paix/Gira Amahoro"(Let's Build Peace), was launched in 1,500 primary and secondary schools and learningcentres, introducing the concept of peacemaking to about 100,000 students. It alsoreached the general public through radio programmes and non-formal educationactivities.

Many National Committees have also responded to what they perceive as grow-ing xenophobia and racism in their countries. They have been active in the developmentof school curricula, teacher training, the production of educational materials and theestablishment of networks of 'peace educators', to help young people look beyondnegative stereotypes and recognize diversity as something that enriches, rather thanthreatens, their communities. National Committees pursued a wide range of peace-building initiatives in Belgium, Canada, Finland. France. Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy,Spain. Switzerland and the Nordic countries.

f

i w f 1 NJCFF ANNUAL RH'OKT

Spanish and Arabic and also appeared in 10other languages, generated many positive devel-opments.

In India, the report was presented ro theSpeaker of the Lok Sabha (House of Represen-tatives), who invited UNICEF to hold a one-daybriefing of Members o\ Parliament on progresstowards the mid-decade and year 2000 goals. TheNew Zealand Government promised moreresources tor youth mental health services in its1994 budget. Fourteen Italian universities plan touse the report in Education for Developmentcourses. In the United Kingdom, the LabourParty's overseas aid team used the report to pressthe 20/20 concept. In Norway, a fund-raising cam-paign was launched in tandem with the report,and the Norwegian World Cup soccer team donat-ed its 'Man of the Match' bonuses to UNICEF.

The lare Executive Director, James P. Grant,gave 20 media interviews following the interna-tional launch in Brussels. UNICEF DeputyExecutive Directors and senior personnel werealso involved in launch ceremonies and gavemedia interviews in Australia, Belgium, Canada,Norway and elsewhere. The report, and thesesupporting efforts, resulted in extensive mediacoverage tor children's issues worldwide.

Cameroon, two religious organizations conductedFFL training for 100 teachers and 10,000 students,and in Honduras, four religious organizationstrained 3,000 lay preachers to convey FFL mes-sages. The national newspaper, La Prensa, print-ed and distributed a million inserts of FFL over aneight-week period. A Malaysian version waslaunched in June by the wife of the PrimeMinister, and Muslim leaders collaborated withUNICEF in the Philippines to adapt FFL to relat-ed teachings in the Koran and Hadith.

Morocco added chapters on tuberculosis, STDs,nicotine addiction and oral hygiene; Egypt, Iraq,Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa, Syria, SriLanka and Turkey all added a chapter on acci-dents; Ethiopia added peace education; Nigeriaand Togo added guinea worm disease; IDD wasincluded by Bangladesh, Bolivia, Madagascar,Myanmar, the Philippines and Zaire; Bhutan,India and Nepal added leprosy; and Uganda putquestions at the end of each chapter to test read-ers. A regional Russian edition of FFL, producedduring the year for Central and Eastern Europe,carried sections on smoking and alcoholism.

Many countries adapted FFL for television.Two animated series were produced in Syria, andIraqi TV dedicated five minutes a day to FFLbroadcasts. Well-known personalities in Ecuadorappeared on 11 FFL spots for the national chan-nel, and in Bolivia, a video series was played inthe waiting-rooms of 10 national hospitals as wellas on public television.

Radio hiis proved to be che most popular medi-um fur FFL, however. The Latin American divi-sion ni the British Broadcasting Corporation

FACTS FOR LIFE

WlTH more than 10 million copies havingbeen produced in 185 languages, the UNICEFadvocacy booklet Facts for Life (FFL) continuedto provide inspiration and guidance for a seem-ingly inexhaustible range of education, healthand public information products. Governmentstranslated and expanded FFL to cover topics ofspecial concern; schools incorporated it into theircurricula; political, religious and other organiza-tions took its main messages as their own; andradio and television adapted it for educationalentertainment.

In Oman, the Government covered print anddistribution costs for 12 children's stories andpuppets to convey FFL messages in schools. InTurkey, the messages were printed on milk car-tons, comic books and corporate magazines.Bolivia included FFL in the training of militaryrecruits, and a tentless circus known as the'Caravan for Life' toured towns in Ecuador withFFL messages that had been blended in an enter-twining way with Andean myths.

In Bhutan, die King provided the foreword fora national version in the Dzongkha language, in

UNICEF tries to putbasic knowledge in thehands of parents.health workers and thecommunily, includingthe need to monitorgrowth

TOULNHW AIJUX-ALY

produced a series of 20 FFL programmes in rheQuechua language, which are heing broadcast inBolivia, Ecuador and Peru. FR messages werebroadcast in Bolivia by 105 stations six times aday, and Yemen produced 252 episodes of a radioprogramme entitled 'Musid and Musida'. Brazilcreated a training programme for broadcastersand distributed 10,000 copies of FR, to radio andtelevision professionals. UNICEF organized thetraining courses bnsed on FR, The State of theWorld's Children and other UNICEF materials.

In Mauritania, FFL messages were translatedand adapted for use on rural radio in tour locallanguages, and in Mongolia, the Mongol Radiosrafr were shown how to prepare FFL spots lor

broadcast. In Mozambique, a daily two-hour FFLprogramme produced in collaboration with RadioNetherlands was broadcast in Portuguese and twolocal languages. The programme covered peaceeducation, child rights and education for all, aswell as FFL .topics.

FFL was integrated into school curricula inBurkina Faso, Cameroon and Yemen, and Egyptexplored the possibility oi including theConvention on the Rights of the Child with FFLin its basic education programme. Djiboutiincluded FFL in teacher training, and in Peru,President Alberto Fujimori launched an FFLwomen's education project in July with the aim ofreaching 2.5 million households. i

NEW INITIATIVES

IThe system will operate in Windows and is

being designed to be as user-friendly as possible,with comprehensive on-line help. It will he avail-able in English, French and Spanish. Followingresting by selected field offices, it is hoped thatthe first modules will be ready to distribute forgeneral use by fall 1995.

COUNTRY PROFILES

G/OUNTRY profiles are being developed atthe request of National Committees to providebasic information about countries in whichLINICEF has country programmes and emergencyoperations.

The profiles include statistics on a variety ofsocio-economic indicators; UNICEF inputs insuch areas as health, nutrition, basic education,and water and sanitation; and a list of UNICEFpartners and their contact addresses and tele-phone numbers. Five profiles (Ghana, Namibia,Nepal, Senegal, Thailand) were released duringthe year, and 16 others were being prepared.

PHOTOS: THE IMAGE DATABASE

V>REATEn to facilitate photo researching onstandard PCs (with additional hardware), theImage Database (IDB) will eventually contain allblack-and-white and colour images in the HQphoto library.

In 1994, an initial 1,000 photographs andaccompanying text were uploaded to the com-puterized cataloguing database, which has beencustom-designed to tit UNICEF s needs. It will bedistributed to field and National Committeeoffices on CD-ROMs with appropriate software;local offices can then research HQ photos them-selves and aUo create their own photo databases.IDB will also facilitate the photo library's responseto requests for photographs, of which there were800 in 1994 — double the previous year,

Following an IDB search, offices can requestHQ photos either in traditional formats or onKodak 'Photo CD', scanned at reproduction qual-ity. UNICEF inter-office digital transmission ofhigh resolution photographic images is beingbuilt into the system but awaits improved globaltransmission lines, lower costs and the elimina-tion of other interference factors.

PEGASUS: CONTACT DATABASE

I N 1994. UNICEF began developing a com-prehensive database system to facilitate theworldwide distribution of publications and videosto targeted audiences. This system, calledPegasus, is intended for use on a local area net-work (LAN) or a stand-alone computer*

Pegasus will be used for a variety of functions:as a database for contacts (sorted according tocategory, area of interest, languages spoken, etc.);to facilitate audience targeting; as an inventorycontrol mechanism for publications, videos, pho-tographs or other maierial; as an annotated bib-liography; and as a tool for planning and analysis.Although each office will develop its own data-base, the data can be exchanged between offices,and the software will support 'cc: mail', fax, etc.

jyys [ .-N/CITF Ami .AJ RFPORT

ADVOCACY IN THE FIELD

T HE role of advocacy in UNJCEF pro-grammes continued to grow in 1994.

Accomplishments ranging from Brazil's 96 percent polio immunisation coverage to Bahrain's100 per cent baby-friendly hospital status areproof of the success of advocacy efforts.

UNlCEF's use of the extraordinary reach ofmass media substantially supported the organiza-tion's activities and goals. Collaboration with thebroadcast media led to extensive coverage ofUNICEF messages everywhere through public ser-vice announcements, documentaries and othertelevision programmes.

In Brazil, a nationwide network of healthworkers, community agents and 30,000 postalworkers participated in a weektong campaign thatled to 96 per cent of children being immunizedagainst polio.

The extensive screening of the animated filmJohnny Sadkoy by the Caribbean BroadcastingCorporation coincided with a police initiative toreduce child abuse and was credited with raisingawareness of abuse. The film was produced as aresult of the first UNICEF-supported Animationfor Development workshop, held in 1990 inPrague.

A video titled Winter, Winter, Winter provideda glimpse of how children and their parentscoped with the cold winter in Sarajevo. Thisvideo was carried on an international satellitechannel and broadcast by television stations inmany industrialized countries.

UNICEF Argentina produced three televisionspots on its activities in support of primary edu-cation find vocational training for street childrenanJ former prostitutes. The National Bureau ofRadio and Television Broadcasting declared thespots of national interest, thus requiring all sta-tions to air them. They will be broadcast during

In Kenya, A Healthy Natum broadcast essentialpreventive health messages on both radio andtelevision. More than 100 radio stations inBolivia aired educational messages based on Fansfor Life six times a day. In Liberia, the nationalradio station aired a daily radio message featuringthe voices of children calling for a fair future.

In Cape Verde, awards were given to the besttelevision, radio and newspaper feature on therights ai children. In Maldives, advertisementsfor infant milk products were banned duringWorld Breastfeeding Week,

A long-term social mobilization campaign inMorocco increased ORT use from 17 per cent in1992 to 60 per cent in 1994. In four provinces inCameroon, 125 kiosks were set up to distributeinformation about use of ORT. A nationwide ORScampaign in India included television and radiobroadcasts as well as performances by folk troupesin districts with high rates of diarrhoeal diseases.In Angola, UNICEF assumed leadership of a mul-timedia mine awareness and avoidance cam-

h's the Right Story for Children, an illustratedversion of the Convention on the Rights of theChild, was distributed in all of Botswana's prima-ry schools. Social mobilization efforts in Omanled to the launching of a governmental birthspacing programme. In Peru, 800,000 householdswere visited as part of a campaign to inform par-ents about the symptoms of acute respiratoryinfections and the importance of referring pneu-monia cases to trained health workers.

The Sex Patch, a comic strip booklet providinginformation for teenagers about responsible sex-ual behaviour and AIDS awareness, had such asuccessful impact among Caribbean teenagersthat it was translated for use in India, Thailandand the Middle East. UMCEF and You, a bilingualsupplement in one of the leading newspapers inArmenia, focused on child-related priority topicssuch as immunization, breastfeeding and controlof diarrhoeal diseases.

UNICEF advocacypromotes a range ofchild-related causes.from health, nutritionand education to theright to play.

rI9V5 I M C E F ANNUAL REPORT

NATIONAL COMMITTEES

N ATIONAL Committees shared the sameglobal concerns in 1994 Kit their individ-

ual priorities and approaches ro advocacy andkind-raising were distinctive. Among the mainareas of focus were the Convention on the Rightsof the Child, child victims of war and the threatposed hy Kind-mines, the Rwanda emergency, theWhy-triendly hospital initiative and debt relief'.

National Committees contributed almost onethird of the funding for rhe UNICEF overall hud-get and more than 25 per cent (US$55 million)of the organizations US$215.5 million for emer-gencies, The German Committee was the largestdonor among National Committees, with a totalot US$56.6 million. This also made it the thirdlargest donor overall, behind the Governmentsof the United States and Sweden.

Activities supported by the NationalCommittees included the following:

• CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THEL'HILH: Several Committees were instrumentalin their countries' ratification or" the Convention,and some have been asked to help their govern-ments prepare status reports for the Committeeon the Rights of the Child. Others have con-tributed to independent reports on compliance;ind have become involved in child rights advo-cacy, education and public information. At their1994 annual meeting, National Committeesagreed to give temporary support to theCommittee on the Rights of the Child inanalysing a backlog of national reports on com-pliance.

The Japan Committee sponsored an interac-tive exhibit on 'The Gift oi' Rights to the World'sChildren" in major cities, and introduced to mid-dle schools, teachers and youth lenders a Japanesetranslation of It's Only Right!, the UNICEF guideto learning about the Convention. The GermanCommittee emphasized the right o( children toinformation. It produced material on the historyol child rights and organized workshops tor vol-unteers and NGOs. The Spanish Committee pre-sented the Convention in an entertaining formatat meetings and training courses for 50,000 stu-dents in five communities. The courses encour-aged self-respect and tolerance among childrenand adolescents.

The Canadian UNICEF Committee participat-ed in establishing the Canadian Coalition forChildren's Rights, which brought together gov-ernment representatives and NGOs on a series of

child rights initiatives. The Committee expectsto play a major role in national training onimplementation of the Convention; it produceda training manual and conducted training ses-sions for media representatives, NGOs, govern-ment officials, teachers and individuals. TheHungarian Committee organized and co-fundedthree regional seminars during the year to explainchildren's rights and the need for legislativeaction to implement them. Emphasis was givento ways in which local communities could copewith the deteriorating conditions affecting fami-lies during their country's economic and politicaltransition. The seminars were attended by pro-fessional and volunteer social workers, local gov-ernment officials, representatives of charity orga-nizations and NGOs.

The Convention was the basis for four confer-ences organized by the Swedish Committee andthe Swedish Save the Children Federation on thesituation of refugee children in Sweden. The con-ferences attracted 1,800 people, most of whomwere teachers, immigration officials and staff ofday-care centres, hospitals and refugee camps.The Finnish Committee distributed a free childrights information kit for teachers and sold copiesof the publication It's Only Right! to the sameaudience.

• CHILD VICTIMS OF WAR: The continuedloss of lives and limbs to land-mines that explodelong after peace treaties have been signed hasdrawn widespread support for UNlCEF's call for a

A UNICEF Somaliahealth worker gives ORSto a Rwandese refugeechild. The UNICEFfamily, includingNational Committees,rallied to help mountan unprecedentedinternational reliefoperation during theRwanda crisis.

WbftAiNg Tcxflnwm

A mother in Paraguaygives her baby thebest start in life.Among the manyefforts supported byUNICEF NationalCommittees is thebaby-triendly hospitalinitiative that promotesbreastfeeding.

study on 'The Impact of Armed Conflict onChildren1, which the Secretary-General will pre-sent to the General Assembly in 1996. NationalCommittees contributed US$425,000 to the finalphase of this landmark enquiry in 1994.

• RWANDA EMERGENCY: During the year,National Committees raised US$25.5 million ofthe US$58.7 million in contributions throughLJNICEF far the Rwanda emergency (see aha theprofile, ''Record funding fa Rwanda emergency1). A

variety oi ways were used to raise funds. The UKCommittee sent out mailings to churches, greet-ing card buyers and NGOs between May andSeptember.

The Swedish Committee campaigned forRwanda through advertisements and direct mailas part of its fund-raising activities for children inwar. The Netherlands Committee, in partnershipwith a consortium of nine humanitarian organi-zations, raised US$5.6 million for immunization,water supply projects and support for unaccompa-nied children in Rwanda. The Slovak Committeealso reported a successful fund-raising campaignfor Rwanda. The Greek Committee sent a well-known journalist to Goma (Zaire) to encouragecoverage oi the UNICEF role in Rwanda, and theUnited States Committee produced a public ser-vice announcement on the crisis.

• BABY-FRIKNDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE:The US Committee supported UNICEF's interna-tional agenda to promote breastfeeding and cam-paigned locally with the Public HealthAssociation for the baby-friendly initiative. TheLuxembourg Committee organized a BF1U semi-nar for hospital medical staff in collaborationwith the Health Ministry, and a working groupwas hirer established to promote baby-friendlypractices in Luxembourg hospitals.

The United Kingdom Committee formallylaunched the UK baby-friendty hospital initiativeon 22 November after two years of preparatorywork with 40 NGOs, medical professional associ-ations and the Department of Health. Thelaunch included the 'Charter tor Mothers', whichoutlines breastfeeding rights. Britain's largest-sell-ing women's magazine, Take a Break, initiated itsown campaign to ensure acceptance of breast-feeding in public places, including cafes, restau-rants, hospital, waiting-rooms and public trans-portation.

• DEBT RELIEF: In Zambia, NationalCommittees from Germany, the Netherlands,Switzerland, the United Kingdom and theUnited States participated in a US$10.8 millionUNICEF debt-for-child development conversion,

total ban on their production, stockpiling, sale,export and use. The German Committee cam-paigned for a national ban on the production ofland-mines and commissioned a study of theGerman land-mine industry. The Committeeused its GCO sales channels to collect 100,000signatures and some US$600,000 for the cam-paign. The United Kingdom Committee devotedits Christmas donor mailing to the land-mineissue, calling for donations as well as letters to thePrime Minister. This political call to action wasa first for the UK Committee, which also used theUNICEF publication, Anti-personnel hind-mines: Ascourge on children, to establish contact with allnewly elected British members of the EuropeanParliament. The UK Committee also correspond-ed with more than 100 interested Members ofParliament and officials at the Foreign Office andMinistry of Defence.

The Belgian Committee had the UNICEF pub-lication on land-mines translated into Dutch anddistributed. The French Committee organized athree-month UNICEF exhibit on children inarmed conflict at the World War Two memorialin Normandy, where 600,000 visitors wereexpected to see it. The Netherlands Committeeand the Anne Frank Foundation organized a spe-cial 'I Dream of Peace1 exhibit of drawings andpoems by children of former Yugoslavia affectedby the violence of war. The exhibit, on view fromMarch until September, attracted many visitors.

The impact of war on children was also amajor focus of the Belgian and SwedishCommittees. The Swedish Committee raisedover 3 million Swedish kronor (US$400,000) forthe children of former Yugoslavia with a telethonand direct mail campaign.

The Committees also took the decision to helpfinance the first comprehensive United Nations

1995 UNICEFANNI-.M. HtiPt

followed by a similar transaction tor US$750,000by the Canadian UN1CEF Committee — t h elargest undertaking of its kind hy UN1CEF to date.The Netherlands Committee pioneered debrconversions for children and, with successfultransactions completed in six countries (Jamaica,Madagascar, Mexico, Philippines, Senegal,Zambia), has contributed almost 60 per cent ofthe funds generated by UN ICE F through thismechanism.

• OTHER ADVOCACY ACTIVITIES: A num-ber or Committees took advantage of celebrationsfor the International Year of the Family to alertthe public to the many obstacles to child survivaland development in the world's poorest countries,

and several reported new government initiativesto raise the public profile of children's needs. TheDay of the African Child was a major event inmany countries. Children's Day in Japan was cel-ebrated on 5 May, and Fuji TV marked it with aspecial programme on Ethiopian children.October was children's month in Canada, and 31October was National UNICEF Day. In Finland,UNTCEF Week was from 17 to 24 October, andDecember was Children's Month in Greece.

New National Committees were formed inAndorra, the Czech Republic, Estonia andSlovenia during the year, bringing the total num-ber ut National Committees officially recognizedby UNICEF to 38.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

THE scope and influence of NGOs broadenedin 1994 to embrace most major areas of

UN1CEF concern for child survival and develop-ment. Following the example of RotaryInternational with its major financial support forpolio eradication, other NGOs also focused onspecific goals established by the World Summitfor Children. Their adoption of programmes forbasic literacy and girls' education, the elimina-tion oflDD, the expansion of ORT use, and advo-cacy tor the Convention on the Rights of theChild are reflected elsewhere in this report.

Rorary International expanded its support forchildren to -include the goal of 'Education forAll', with a special focus on girls' education andbasic literacy. The need to increase girls' accessto education was also the subject of a joint NGOinitiative by World Vision, Save the Children(US), the Christian Children's Fund and FLANInternational. More than 60 NGOs were involvedin the development of education strategies forWest Africa's children through the Eastern andSouthern African Education for All Network.

Kiwanis International officially launched aninternational fund-raising campaign in partner-ship with UNICEF to help eliminate 1110 throughthe iodization of salt. UNICEF Special Repre-sentative Roger Moore was appointed HonoraryChairman of the campaign.

junior Chamber International (jCI) continuedits promotion of ORT and the UNICEF 'waterwells initiative1, which focused on fund-raisingfor water wells built by local Jaycees within theframework of UNICEF country programmes. TheWorld Organization of the Scout Movement

signed an agreement with UNICEF in May toback the ORT effort "also.

Voice of Children International, with financialsupport from the Norwegian Government,launched an international initiative to give chil-dren a voice in environmental and child rightsissues, in cooperation with UNICEF headquarters,field offices and National Committees.

UNICEF was particularly active during the yearin building alliances with NGOs on advocacy forthe International Conference on Population and

Girls learn fhe three Rsin a neighbourhoodclass in Bangladesh.Women's literacy andequal educationopportunities for girlsare high on theagenda of NGOsworking with UNICEF.

WOJtKIW;Tf>0fiTH|-.K

Development (Cairn, September 1994), theWorld Summit for Social Development(Copenhagen, March 1995) and the FourthWorld Conference on Women (Beijing,September 1995). The Caucus on the Rights ofthe Child, and NGO Groups on Girls, in NewYork arid Geneva, concentrated on the incorpo-ration of measures concerning the implementa-tion of the Convention on the Rights of theChild into the conference programmes of action.

During the year, UNICEF also came to relymore heavily on NGOs for their expertise indeveloping policies and strategies. NGOs were for-mal partners in the formulation of NPAs in morethan 90 countries, and UNUJEF Representativeswere directed to involve NGOs more closely inthe organisation's activities as a means of enhanc-ing their dialogue with governments.

In response to complex emergencies, UNICEFand NGOs organized meetings on working in con-flict situations, unaccompanied children, childrenin armed conflict and psychosoctal programmingfor the care of such children.

In May, the Chief Executive Officers of about60 humanitarian and development NGOs met

with representatives from eight United Nationsorganizations in Geneva to help maintainmomentum in the NGO community for imple-mentation of the World Summit Plan of Action.The theme was 'The Contribution of Youth toLasting Peace', and the meeting discussed, amongother subjects, the need to give priority to humandevelopment and economic and social justice inall development policies and programmes.

UNICEF and NGO partners sponsored work-shops on the issues of domestic violence and gen-der equity in the classroom at the Viennapreparatory meeting for the Fourth WorldConference on Women, and in May, UNICEF,UNIFEM and the Baha'i InternationalCommunity hosted a New York symposium on'Creating Violence'free Families'.

NGOs contributed a total of US$29.3 millionfor UNICEF-assisted programmes in 1994, ofwhich Rotary International provided about onethird. Other important financial contributorsincluded NGO groups in Argentina, Brazil andMexico, as well as the Bernard Van LeerFoundation, Kiwanis International and ReddBarna (Norwegian Save the Children).

#

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

E XPANSION of the Economic CooperationOrganization (ECO) to include Afghanistan

and a number of former Soviet Republics openedthe door to a cooperation agreement withUNICEF for such joint activities as workshops on1DD, breastfeeding and ORT/CDD. Afghanistan,Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have been addedto the original ECO membership of Iran, Pakistanand Turkey.

In September, UNICEF and the Organizationof the Islamic Conference sponsored a symposiumin Jeddnh on child rights and protection in Islam,It emphasized the compatibility of shari ah lawwith the Convention on the Rights of the Child,and the resulting Declaration calling for ratifica-tion and implementation o( the Convention wasendorsed in December.

The Ministerial Council of the 108-memberMovement of Non-Aligned Countries approveda report in May endorsing the 20/20 initiative tocombat poverty. In June, OAU supported theUNICEF mid-decade goals for children as well asefforts to promote salt iodization and to drawattention to the AIDS threat to children.

A little girl in rural Haitilooks to a brighterfuture. UNICEF workingwith other UN agenciesand the Organizationof American Stales, isfunding health, water,educaiion and basicservices projects in

1995 UNICEF ANNUAL REPORT

I N T E R N A T I O N A L R E S P O N S E

Record funding for Rwanda emergency

he horrors of Rwanda's civil war in 1994 provoked an outpouring of internationalconcern and an unprecedented financial response to UNICEF appeals for assis-tance. With more than half of Rwanda's pre-war population of 7.5 million people

directly affected by the crisis, UNICEF sought US$55 million for emergency needs andrehabilitation. Within nine months, it had received US$54 million in cash, and an addition-al US$3.7 million worth of contributions in kind. By the end of the year, more than US$58.7million had been received.

Some 43 per cent of the total was generated by UNICEF National Committees,eight of which (Netherlands. Germany. United States, United Kingdom, Spain, France,Japan, Italy) raised more than 1 million dollars each. Committees in the Netherlands andGermany contributed US$5.6 million and US$4.6 million respectively.

Government donors had contributed nearly US$19.3 million by the end of theyear, The European Union topped the list with US$4.2 million, followed by the United States(US$3.7 million), the United Kingdom (US$3.1 million), Italy (US$2,4 million) and Sweden(US$2.1 million).

With money from the appeal, and as a member of the United Nations inter-agency task force in Rwanda, UNICEF provided substantial food and other relief withinthe country, and in refugee areas across the border.

UNICEF received more than US$13.9 million for Rwanda's health sector in 1994.Early assessment and rehabilitation of the system included the supply of drugs, equip-ment, vaccines and logistical support. A plan was prepared for the repair and reactiva-tion of 150 clinics, a recovery centre in the capital, Kigali, and vaccination campaigns.

More than US$10.6 million was provided for thewater sector, and the money was used to rehabilitatewater supply systems in major and secondary urbanareas where the density of displaced populations hascreated a serious risk of disease epidemics. UNICEF assis-tance with water supply and environmental sanitationand vaccinations was a critical factor in the control of acholera epidemic in Goma (Zaire), and the prevention ofother disease outbreaks during the emergency.

Some US$7,4 million was spent on an emergencynutrition and food security programme, implementedthrough WFP and ICRC and several other NGOs. Overa six-month period, UNICEF and its partners reached1 million children and others at risk, including pregnantand lactating women.

UNICEF partners in Rwanda included UNHCR(in all areas for refugee and displaced populations);WHO (for health and nutrition policy and support);WFP (for nutrition, school feeding and child soldierdemobilization); FAO (for food and household foodsecurity); UNDP (for planning and infrastructure rehabilita-tion); UNESCO (for primary education); UNFPA (for familyand women's health); and the Commission on HumanRights (for child rights, and food and medical supplies),Leading NGO partners included Medecins sansfrontieres, OXFAM, Merlin. Save the Children UK and US,Pharmaciens sans frontieres, Concern and Catholic ReliefServices.

COMMITTEESFOR UNICEF

Nether landsGermanyUnited StatesUnited Kingd^gg

Spain • •France _ _ # g ]J°Pan S H HItaly " ^ • «Switzerland; J

Belgium f H H ^ lHong Konf^™-^[Austral ia j j j

Canada 4 H M BAustria "™%||^g

Greece - f l lHRepublic of KoreOjFinland |Portugal J

Andorra rfMHIIsrael ^™^ggSan Marino J H |Poland . « • •

CONTRIBUTION(in thousands of US dollars)

• • • • P 2.437 ,^ ^ • • T " 2,232B j — L — 1.816

g ^ g ^ g ' 752 1

WOBKIN'g TlXj'KTTILK

GOODWILL AMBASSADORS AND CELEBRITIES

cated tor a UNICEF initiative with KiwanisInternational to eliminate IDD. He also addressedKiwanian conferences in Nice (France) and NewOrleans (USA). Sir Edmund Hillary also support-ed the IDD initiative as author of a full-pageadvertisement in Time magazine sponsored by theCanon company.

Sir Peter Ustinov, Liv Ullmann, NanaMouskauri, Julio Iglesias and Youssou N'Dourcontinued their support for National Committeeswith media interviews, special appearances andfund-raising appeals. Renato Aragao, SpecialRepresentative for Brazilian children, participat-ed in a successful telethon that raised almostUS$6 million.

Mario Kreutzberger, who is known as 'DonFrancisco' to the more than SO million LatinAmerican viewers of his weekly television show,was appointed UNICEF Special Representative inMarch. He visited UNICEF-assisted projects inChile and included special reports on breastfeed-ing, IDD and child rights on his show, S a W o

Gigante.Popular Hong Kong singer Leon Lai, whose

promotional activities and concerts have been amajor source of funds for UNICEF in China andHong Kong, was appointed UNICEF YoungAmbassador in July.

The Norwegian speed skater and Olympic goldmedallist Johann Olav Koss agreed to supportUNICEF as a Special Representative for sports andhas invited other athletes to support theConvention on the Rights of the Child,

The American singer Judy Collins also becamea UNICEF spokesperson in 1994. She promotedthe book I Dretim of Peace and travelled to Bosniaand Herzegovina and Croatia in November. Shewrote A Song for Sarajevo: I Dream of Peace and

recorded it on her new album. Proceeds tramsales of the album will benefit UNICEF and thechildren of former Yugoslavia.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu delivered akeynote address to the United Nations GeneralAssembly in celebration of the Day of theAfrican Child (16 June), while South AfricanPresident Nelson Mandela and the late UNICEFExecutive Director James P. Grant sent messagesvia satellite from Soweto (South Africa). The USCommittee for UNICEF presented the 'Africa'sFuture' award to Harry Belat'onte.

The soccer World Cup in Los Angeles gener-ated publicity for UNICEF through a feature arti-

T HREE Goodwill Ambassadors undertookmajor missions to Africa during the year,

and four new celebrity spokespersons — Olympicspeed skater Johann Olav Koss, television hostMario Kreutzberger and singers Judy Collins andLeon Lai — joined UNICEF.

In August, Harry Belafonte and his wife Julie,an active supporter and fund-raiser for the USCommittee for UNICEF, met with PresidentPasteur Bizimungo of Rwanda and visitedUNICEF-assisted centres for unaccompanied chil-dren in Rwanda and Goma (Zaire). Both fol-lowed up with media campaigns in Canada andthe United States.

Tetsuko Kuroyanagi went to Rwanda inSeptember with a Japanese television team andseveral journalists. She prepared Television andnewspaper reports on the situation oi refugeesand unaccompanied children in Goma andBukavu (Zaire).

Lord Attenborough's 19-day mission inSeptember-October to southern Africa includedmeetings with King Mswati of Swaziland,President Nelson Mandela of South Africa andother dignitaries as well as film and media repre-sentatives.

Roger Moore supported National Committeesthroughout the year in public appearances,speeches, media interviews and television spots.He visited Albania in May, where he saw prob-lems resulting from iodine deficiency and advo-

run by the NGO Caritas.

1995 UNICEF ANM/.-U. RETORT

cle in the World Cup issue of FIFA, the magazinepublished by the International Federation ofAssociation Foothall; a US$10,000 donation toUN1CEF by Mastercard on behalf of FIFA's all-starteam; a song, The Greatest Love oj All, dedicatedby the American singer Whitney Houston toUN1CEF and the world's children; and 'One Goalfor UNICEF' ceremonies, led by groups of childrenwho received the jerseys of the four World Cupfinalist teams from the hands of the players, theculmination of a highly successful fund-raisingraffle and seen by a television audience of over2 billion viewers.

UNICEF spokespersonJudy Collins meets witha contributor to thebook / Dream ofPeace, a collection ofof drawings andwritings by childrenaffected by war informer Yugoslavia.

PARLIAMENTARIANS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS

the Sixth Assembly of the World Conference onReligion and Peace (WCRP), held in Italy inNovember and inaugurated by Pope John Paul II.The final outcome and recommended actions willgenerate further collaboration with UNICEF, atheadquarters, in the field and with NationalCommittees.

As usual, religious leaders played a prominentrole in commemoration of the Day of the AfricanChild (DAC). In addition to an inter-faith serviceheld in New York, many events to mark the occa-sion were held internationally.

U NICEF took advantage of a number ofadvocacy opportunities in 1994 to extend

its collaboration with parliamentarians and reli-gious leaders.

Two sessions of the Inter-Parliamentary Union(IPU), held in Paris (March) and Copenhagen(September), endorsed the catt for universal rat-ification and implementation of the Conventionon the Rights of the Child.

Religious leaders were active in championingthe cause of children through actions at local andregional levels and through global efforts, such as

r. MAYORS

with UNICEF as 'defenders of children' by trans-lating NFAs into local government plans of actionthat meet the more specific needs of their com-munities,

In the Philippines, the Leagues of Governorsand Mayors have formulated goals for eachmunicipality, city and province. In 1994, gover-nors from 76 Philippine provinces committedthemselves to meeting the mid-decade goals andmonitoring their status, placing special emphasison children in rural areas. In October, theGovernment projected that the Philippineswould meet its mid-decade goals in 1995.

District and municipal administrations in morethan 100 countries from every region have alsostarted to adapt NPAs to community needs. Anumber of mayors have established service deliv-ery points to coordinate immunization, vitamindistribution, growth monitoring and promotionof basic social services, including health, educa-tion, and water and sanitation services.

FORTY-SIX mayors from 42 countriesattended the Third International Collo-

quium of Mayors, Defenders of Children (Paris,7-9 December). The mayors adopted aDeclaration calling for a World Summit forChildren and Youth for the year 2000 to reviewand evaluate action by municipal leaders inresponse to the 1990 World Summit forChildren. The Declaration also recognized theConvention on the Rights of the Child as theframework for future action by mayors to pro-mote and protect child rights-

The Colloquium demonstrated that a gather-ing of mayors who are committed to children andto the human aspect oi development is an espe-cially powerful forum for exchanging experiencesand solutions to urban problems, no matter howvaried the size, character, condition and locationof the municipalities.

Hundreds of mayors in all regions of the worldhave welcomed the opportunity ro collaborate

r1995 ! /NICEF Ai

UNICEF FINANCES

INCOME

UNICEF derives its income from voluntarycontributions from governmental and non-gov-ernment! sources.

Contributions from governments and inter-governmental organizations accounted for 67per cent of total income (68 per cent in L993),and the rest came from nongovernmentalsources and other income (see pie chart cm thispage). For estimated governmental and privatesector contributions by country, see pages 8.6through 92.

Total income for 1994 was US$1,006 million(compared to US$866 million for 1993). Thisincludes US$213 million (2 I per cent) in con-tributions for emergencies (US$170 million in1993), US$535 million for general resources (54per cent) and US$258 million (25 per cent) forsupplementary funds.

General resources are available for coopera-tion in country programmes approved by theExecutive Board, as well as programme supportand administrative expenditures. The UNICEFprogramme budget in each country is allocatedaccording to three criteria: under-five mortalityrate (U5MR) — the annual number of deaths ofchildren under five per 1,000 births; income

UNICEF INCOME BY SOURCE 1994(in millions of US dollars)

Total Income: $1,006

Governmental Income67%/$679

Non-governmental income33X/S327

Emergencies Supplementary Generalresources

level (GNP per capita); and the size of the childpopulation. The table on page 79 shows countryprogramme funds.

General resources income includes contribu-tions from 101 governments; net income fromthe sale of greeting cards; funds contributed bythe public (mainly through National Commit-tees); and other income.

UNICEF also seeks supplementary funds con-tributions from governments and intergovern-mental organizations to support projects forwhich general resources are insufficient, or forrelief and rehabilitation programmes in emer-gency situations, which, by their nature, are dif-ficult to predict.

UNICEF INCOME 1992-1994(In millions of US dollars)

EXPENDITURES

ll-IE Executive Director authorizes expendi-tures to meet recommendations approved by theBoard for programme assistance. The pace ofexpenditure depends on the speed of implemen-tation in any country.

In 1994, UNICEF expenditures amounted toUS$999 million (1993 US$997 million), sum-marized in millions of US dollars as follows:

' 1992 1993 1994Supply assistance 352 359 M4

Cash and other assistance . . . . 392 445 467Programme support se rv ices . . . . 92 93 99Subtotal 836 897 900Administrative services 86 87 91Write-offs and other charges . . 10 H 8Total experiditures 932 997 999

Emergencies

RLSOCKCLS

LIQUIDITY PROVISION

LJ NICEF works with countries to prepare pro-grammes so rhat recommendations can beapproved by the Executive BoarJ in advance ofmajor expenditures on these programmes.UNICEF does not hold resources to fully cover thecosts of these recommendations in advance, butdepends on future income from general resources.The organisation does, however, maintain a liq-uidity provision to allow for temporary imbal-ances between cash received and disbursed, aswell as to absorb differences between income andexpenditure estimates,

UNICEF maximizes planned j^enenil resourceprogramme expenditures based on the require-ments of the liquidity provision and on the levelof projected general resource contributions.

supplementary funds and the second largest togeneral resources, contributing a total ofUS$113.5 million, 15 per cenr more than in1993. Sweden's contributions included US$48million for general resources (an 8.8 per cenrincrease over 1993), US$49.5 million for regularsupplementary funds (a 22.1 per cent increase),and US$16 million for emergencies (a 20.6 percent increase). Sweden remains the largest donorof supplementary funds for health and WATSANprogrammes and was the most generous donor ona per capita basis.

Canada was the third largest governmentdonor, with a total of US$56.4 million, and thesecond largest contributor to supplementaryfunds. Canada provided US$12.9 million tor gen-eral resources and US$32.7 million in regularsupplementary funding, and ranked seventh inemergency funding with US$10.8 million. Majorinputs included US$10.5 million for girls' educa-tion in Africa, US$10.7 million to fight guineaworm disease and iodine deficiency disorders in29 African countries, and about US$8.2 millionfor a micronutrient initiative in Africa.

The Netherlands increased its contributionssubstantially through all mechanisms and was thefourth largest government donor. Its US$53.6million input to general resources, supplementaryfunds and emergencies was 70 per cent more than

GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTIONS

iVloST major government donors maintainedor increased their financial support in 1994.

The United States remained the largest donorwith a total of US$135.9 million. This was anincrease of US$13 million over 1993 and, mostimportant, it included US$100 million for gen-eral resources.

Sweden continued Co be the largest donor to

UNICEF EXPENDITURE ON PROGRAMMES BY SECTOR 1990-1994

(in millions of US dollars)

S50m SI 00m 5150m

Child health

Water supplyand sanitation

Child nutrition

Community development.women's programmesand CEDC

Education andearly chi ldhooddevelopment

Planning, advocacyand programmesupport

Total UNICEF programmeexpenditure:

1990— $584 million

1994—$801 million

Emergency relief

PROGRAMMES FUNDED FROM GENERAL RESOURCES

The following country programmes, approved for multi-year periodsare funded from general resources. Programme recommendations proposed

to the 1995 Executive Board sessions are indicated in colour

AfghanistanIW6-09: 524,000,000Albania1993-95: $3,000,000Algeria

Djibouti1994-98- 53.500,000

Dominican Republic1992-96: S5.000.000

E. Caribbean Islands2

1993-97: $5,100,000Ecuador1994-98: $5,000,000

1995-2000: 530.000,000El Salvador1992-96: 55,000.000

Equatorial Guinea1994-98: S3.750.000

1996-2000: S 7.500,000Ethiopia1994-99: $75,000,000Gabon1996: S750.000Gambia1992-96: $3,750,000Georgia1994-95: $2,000,000Ghana1996-2000: $15,000,000Guatemala1992-96: $5,000,000Guinea199o $2 000.000Guinea-Bissau1994-97: $3,750,000Guyana1995-99: S3.750,000

1995-97: 55.100,000

Honduras1991-95: S4.783.000

1991-95: $175,000,000

Indonesia1995-2000 S72.OfJO.000

Iran, Islamic Rep. of1993-97- S6.0O0.000

1995-96:

Lebanon3

1992-96: $5,000,000Lesotho1992-96: 55.000.0OO

1994-96. 53,000.000

Madagascar1996-2000. $15,900,000Malawi1992-96: SI 6,500.000Malaysia1994-96: S2.250.000Maldives1994-98: $3,750,000

1993-97: $20,625,000

Mauritania1994-98: $5,000,000

MauritiusI9Q6-2Q00 $3,750,000Mexico1990-95: $10,298,000

Moldova"1

1995-96: 51,500.000Mongolia1991-96. S4.761.0O0Morocco1992-96: 513.200,000Mozambique1994-98: 542,000.000Myanmar1996-2000, 532,500.000Namibia1992-96. $5,000,000

1992-46: S25.000.000

Nicaragua1992-96: $5,000,000

1995-99:

Romania1995-99:

UNICEF cooperates inprogrammes in 144countries: 46 in sub-Saharan Africa. 35 InLatin America; 33 inAsia; 19 in the MiddleEast and North Africa;and 11 in Central andEasfern Europe andCentral Asia.

$5,000,000

Sao Tome and Principe1996: $750,000Senegal1992-96: $11,873,000

Seychelles'1994-95: 5100,000

Sierra Leone1996-97: 53.600,000Somalia1996: $3,000,000South Africa1994-96: $6,000,000Sri Lanka1992-96: $6,875,000

1996: $5,500,000Surlname'1994-95. $100,000

Swaziland1996-2000: $3,750,000

1996-2000: $5,000,000Tajikistan"199599. $6,250,000

Tanzania1992-96; $42,511,000Thailand1994-98: 570.750.000

1994-96: $3,000,000

Trinidad and Tobago'1994-95: 5100,000Tunisia1992-96: $4,705,000Turkey1996. S2 200,000Turkmenistan"1995-99: $5,000,000

Uganda1995-2000: $32,600,000Uruguay1992-96' $3,750,000Uzbekistan*1995-99: $6,250,000Venezuela1991-95; $4,827,000Viet Nam1996-2000- $44,000,000

1994-98: $12,500,000

1996-97: $14,000,000Zambia1991-96: S10.760.000Zimbabwe1995-2000: S8.400.000

52,000.000

$3,200,000

$1,000,000

$5 000.000

Angola

Argentina

Armenia1995-99Azerbaijan1995-99 S5.000.000Bangladesh1996-2000: $88,000,000Barbados1

1994-95: $450,000

1992-96: $3,750,000

1994-98: $5,500,000Bhutan1992-96: 55.874,000Bolivia199347: $6,875,000Botswana1995-99: 55.200.000

1994-2000: S 11.900,000Burkina Faso1996-2000: $14,000,000

Burundi1993-97: $7,150,000

Cambodia1994-95: $4,510,000

Cameroon1996-97 $2,800,000

Cape Verde1995-99. $3,750,000

Central African Rep.

1993-97; $6,000,000

1996-2000; $8,500,000

1991-96: $5,766,000

1996-2000: $100,000,000ColombiaW93-97: 56.050.000Comoros1995-96: SI.500.000

1992-96: 55.000,000Costa Rico1992-96: $3,750,000

Cote dlvoire1992-96: $7,700,000

1992-96: $5,000,000

' Financed from Interregionalfunding only in 1994:Barbados. Seychelles.Surinome. and Trinidad andTobago.

7 Includes Antigua andBarbuda. British Virgin Islands.Dominica. Grenada.Montserrat. Sainf Kltts andNevts. Saint Lucia. SaintVincent ana the Grenadines,and Turks and Caicos Islands.

' UNICEF Is providing assistance(or Palestinian women andchildren In the following;Wesl Bonk ana Gazo -S2.40rj.aOQ for 1996-97:Jordan - S800.000 for 1994-97:Lebonon - S 700.000 lor 1996-97, Syria - S400.DOO tor 1996-

* Programme recommendationsto be presented to the May1995 Executive Board session:figures are tentative untilapproved

'' Includes Cook Islands.Federated States o!Micronesia, RJI. Kiribati,Marshall Islands. Niue, Palau.Samoa, Solomon Islands.Totelau. Tonga. Tuvalu andVanuatu.

SI 2.200.000

SI 6.000.000Nigeria

1996: 31,000.000Pacific Islands6

1992-96: $7,150,000Pakistan1992-96: $71,500,000Panama I1992-96, S3.750.000

Papua New Guinea1993-97: $5,260,000

Paraguay1995-99; $6,000,000

1992-96: $7,450,000

Philippines1994-98; 522.500,000

Rwanda1993-97: $9,900,000

S3,000.000

Si .500.000Jamaica1995-96-

Jordan3

1993-97: $5,000,000Kazakhstan-1

1995-99- $5,000,000

1994-98: $22,000,000

Korea, Dem. People's Rep.

1994-98. $5,000,000

Kyrgyzstan4

1995-99- 55.000,000Lao People's Dem. Rep.1992-96. $6,600,000

RESOl WES

Norway wiis the fifth largest donor with a totalcontribution of US$47.9 million, includingUS$36.2 million for general resources, andUS$11.6 million for supplementary funds andemergencies.

Italy was the sixth largest donor with US$41.9million and ranked fourth in supplementary funds(US$9.2 million). Italy more than doubled itssupport for emergency funded programmes fromUS$6 million in 1993 to US$14.4 million. Itscontribution to general resources decreased overthe same period from US$23.8 million toUS$18.4 million. Italy is the major contributorto the International Child Development Centrein Florence, at about US$2.2 million a year.

The seventh biggest donor, Denmark,increased its overall contribution by 22 per cenrto US$40.6 million. This was the fourth consec-utive annual increase in Denmark's contributionto general resources. Denmark was the govern-ment donor allocating the largest share of GNPto development assistance.

Japan, in eighth place overall, increased itscontribution to general resources by almost 10per cent to US$28.4 million, making it fourth interms of support for general resources. Between

late 19^4 and early 1995 Japan also providedUS$7 million in supplementary funded contri-butions to the Central Asian Republics andKazakhstan for vaccine purchases.

The United Kingdom dramatically increasedits contributions to UNICEF for emergencies, fromUS$1.4 million in 1993 to US$11.4 million in1994, although its support for general resourcesdeclined.

Finland increased its overall contribution toUNICEF in 1994 by 70 per cent. Its total input togeneral resources was US$10.1 million.

Australia increased its total contribution byalmost 25 per cent, from US$9.3 million toUS$11.6 million.

BIENNIAL BUDGET 1996-1997

rvESTRUCTURING and reorganization result-ing from the UNICEF management study (see also'Human resources') are expected to lead tochanges in the 1996-1997 administrative andprogramme support budget. Similarly, the es-tablishment of a regional office for Centraland Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of

I

fTOP TWENTY DONORS TO UNICEF

Governments

United StatesSweden

Canada

Netherlands

Norway

Denmark

Japan

United Kingdom

Switzerland

European Union

Finland

Australia

France

Belgium

Austria

Saudi Arabia

GermanyIreland

Contributions(in USS thousands)

135,855

, . 7 , ,

Per cap i t acontr ibut ion

(in USS)

0 4 8

Committeestor UNICEF

Germany

Japan

Netherlands

United States

United KingdomSwitzerland

Canada

Australia

Belgium

Hong Kong

Finland

Austria

Greece

Contributions(in USS thousands)

Republ ic of Korea 2.579

Sweden

Denmark

Portugal1 6 3 2

Per capitacontribution

(in USS)

O.,7

>

'W5 USICEF Asm ,\L RrpoKT

Independent States, and the Baltic Slates, tu beapproved by the Executive Board, will add to thisbudget.

The 1996-1997 budget is a baseline budgetequal in amount to the 1994-1995 approved bud-get. It does not take into account additional coreand project posts. As authorized by the ExecutiveBoard at its first regular session, revisions to thebudget will be submitted to the Executive Boardin 1995, 1996 and 1997.

The Deputy Executive Director (Operations)and the Budget Planning and Review Committeeare to review budgets and country programmesfrom June to October 1995 in the case of thosesubmitting full or short-duration 'bridging' awn-

try programme proposals to the Executive Boardin 1996. These reviews will cover budget propos-als for the period of the country programme,which in most cases would be 1997-2001.

As a result oi these reviews, essential changesto the 1996-1997 baseline budget will be submit-ted to the Executive Board through the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (ACABQ) in 1996 and 1997. Theobjective of this exercise is to establish an inte-grated budget policy and method that willincrease transparency in the budget and report-ing, improve accountability and maintain fullcorrespondence between budgets and countryprogrammes.

GREETING CARD AND RELATED OPERATIONS

T HE advocacy and fund-raising capacity ofGCO expanded on all fronts in 1994

through the distribution and sale of UNICEF cardsand products, and the organization of specialevents, exhibits and other activities with nation-al and international partners. More than 153 mil-lion greeting cards were sold in the 1993-1994campaign year, compared to 150 million the pre-vious year. Sales volume grew in all regionsexcept North America, with Germany, Franceand Spain topping the list.

For the fiscal year ended 30 April 1994, netoperating income from the sale of cards and otherproducts totalled US$63.4 million. Private sectorfund-raising through direct mail campaigns, cor-porate partnerships and other events brought inUS$46.7 million. Net income from the privatesector was US$99.4 million, compared toUS$107.2 in fiscal year 1992/1993. The mainreason tor the decline was the strengthening ofthe US dollar, which resulted in the lowering ofGCO's proceeds.

Two million copies of the 'Review of the Year'booklet and 11 million copies of the 'PocketDiary' were produced and distributed throughdirect mail fund-raising campaigns. Another 20million brochures and leaflets promoting theUNICEF card collection and other products weresent to individuals and businesses.

The materials carried UNICEF advocacy mes-sages in many languages. GCO also producedfund-raising information kits and reports forNational Committees on Angola, Bangladesh,Colombia, Ethiopia, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda,Senegal, Tanzania and Viet Nam.

The Executive Board decided during the yearthat, in the future, UNICEF field offices couldrerain all hinds raised through card and otherproduct sales and private fund-raising to supportUNICEF programmes in the country. Joint workplans and budgets were initiated with UNICEFRepresentatives for the 1995 fiscal year to betterintegrate fund-raising activities with country pro-grammes.

GCO established Regional Support Centres forLatin America and Asia to provide technicalexpertise and training in marketing and sales, pri-vate sector fund-raising and operations andfinance. A workshop for GCO field staff was heldin New York with the aim of substantiallyincreasing card and other product sales and pri-vate sector fund-raising in the regions.

The Fund Raising Development Programmefor National Committees and Field Offices hasgenerated direct returns totalling US$20.7 mil-lion on an initial investment of US$11.9 millionsince 1991. A total of 555,000 new donors,60,000 of them monthly pledge donors, havesigned on.

The Executive Board approved a marketdevelopment programme in 1994 to supportactivities designed to increase sales. To date, 16National Committees have submitted proposalsfor funding under the programme to supportprojects such as expanding sales to the businesssector, increasing mail order sales and testingsales through major distributors.

The 'One Goal for UNICEF1 fund-raising proj-ect, in conjunction with the World Cup USA1994, produced a net profit of about US$1.5 mil-

RESOURCES

donation ceremony during the final game had atelevision audience of more than 2 billion people.

Brazil's 'Crianca Esperanca1 (Child Hope)fund-raising campaign had a record year, gener-ating US$5.6 million for UNlCEF-supported pro-grammes in Brazil.

Nine airlines are currently running theUNICEF 'Change for Good' programme, and 17are considering participation. The programmecollects currency from air passengers at theirdeparture from foreign countries. More thanUS$4 million has been raised since 1991 throughthe cooperation of National Committees forUNICEF with their national airline carriers.

GCO produced a 3,500-square-foot interactivemultimedia presentation, 'The Gift of Rights tothe World's Children', for the 40th anniversaryof the Japan Committee for UNICEF. It will beseen in Europe and the United States after a tourof eight Japanese cities.

Other exhibits during the year included 'Girlsand Girlhood', which travelled throughout theUnited States; 'No War Anymore', which wasfeatured in France for four months; 'Africa'sChildren: Africa's Future' (United States); and'Reaching Goals and Keeping Promises' (UnitedNations, New York).

IChildren at the Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF help count proceeds fromthe 'Change for Good' programme.

l ion from a pos tca rd raffle of footbal l jerseysdonated by a number of countries, including fourWorld C u p finalists. Millions of dollars worth oftelevision commercials as well as newspaper and

_^ magazine advertising were dona ted to Nat iona l&2 Commit tees and field offices for the event . T h e

INFORMATION RESOURCES

S TANDARD computer applications for pro-gramme statistics, goals monitoring and

training management were prepared for fieldoffices in 1994- Office inventory managementand contacts and publications distribution man-agement systems were in advanced stages ofdevelopment. Work continued on upgradingstandard field office computer systems to supportbudget management, supply management andfinance/accounting.

Headquarters locations and major field officeswere completing installation of 'local area net-works' (LANs) to improve work-group officeautomation, including e-mail and word process-ing. A replacement minicomputer to .supportadministrative systems, such as finance, person-nel and supplies, was selected and installed inNew York and Copenhagen. The personnel sys-tem was also converted. The process of transfer-ring headquarters computer applications to thenew computer platform will take several more

UNICEF has also developed a number of 'exec-

utive information' applications in child survivaland fund-raising to allow monitoring of key infor-mation. New executive information systems weredeveloped in the areas of human resources, trav-el management and financial advances to gov-ernments for programmes.

A range of electronic information, includingthe publications, The State of the World's Childrenand The Progress of Nations, was uploaded on theUNICEF Internet gopher service, and thus madeavailable to users in more than 100 countries.Some UNICEF offices are now using e-mail viathe Internet. In-house electronic textbases havebeen created, containing, for example, the mid-decade goals, Executive Board decisions, countryprogrammes, annual reports and many other doc-uments.

Computer literacy programmes have beendesigned for all headquarters executive staff, andabout half the training activities were completedfor 60 senior management staff in New York.Computer literacy training for staff at large con-tinued.

f

1995 ifNICEU A

OFFICE OF INTERNAL AUDIT

THE Office of Internal Audit assists theUN1CEF Executive Director in the assess-

ment of existing systems, procedures and controlsfor management review and improvement. In1994, it completed 44 audits, most oi them inUNICEF field offices.

It was felt that, in terms of programme coop-eration, held offices needed to emphasize effi-ciency and economy, rather than quantity, It wasthen decided that the quality of cooperationwould benefit if there were: fewer activities andmore focus on programmes and projects directlybenefiting children and women; more realisticprogramme approaches in countries with limitedabsorptive capacity; greater conformity of call-forwards with the plan of operations; improvedphasing of call-forwards with actual programmeprogress; more balance between supplies on handand those in the pipeline; more effective cashassistance management; reduced advances to gov-ernments coupled with increased reimbursements

for actual programme implementation; and moresystematic field observations and follow-up.

Because programme cooperation was at theheart of UNICEF's work, planning and implemen-tation of country programmes required greatersupport from all sections in the field office. Atthe same time, however, office management andinternal administration needed to be given moreattention if wastage was to be avoided.

It was thought that UNICEF needed to estab-lish processes to assess managerial accountabilityat all levels. Systems and procedures had to beput in place and available information analysedto provide senior UNICEF managers with the indi-cators necessary to improve operations. It wasfound that internal audit, as a concept, was notfully understood within the organisation. Thefunction is more than just a means of financialcontrol; it has to do with the accountability ofstaff members and the consistent application ofmanagement standards.

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT

THE Rwanda crisis in 1994 showed just howimportant the UNICEF supply structure and

the Copenhagen, warehouse were in an emer-gency. More than 630 metric tons of supplieswere air-freighted from Australia, Denmark andKenya or trucked from Kenya and South Africa.These included 150 vehicles: ToyotaLandcruisers, Isuzu and Mitsubishi pick-ups fromJapan and several heavy trucks from France andItaly. Some vehicles were shipped directly fromJapan or Europe to Nairobi and then driven toRwanda. Radio equipment from Australia wasair-freighted through Nairobi.

Also included in shipments were water distri-bution and purification equipment, vaccines, oralrehydration salts, essential Pharmaceuticals, blan-kets and tents. Seven staff members were sec-onded from Copenhagen on emergency assign-ments to Goma (Zaire), Kigali, Johannesburg andNairobi.

Technical water supply problems encounteredduring the Rwanda emergency led a UNICEF pro-curement officer to design a new trailer-mountedwater tank that was successfully tested in Haiti.This unit can pump, filter and purify 20 cubicmetres of water an hour, passing it to a 40-cubie-

metre storage tank. It can be towed by any four-wheel-drive vehicle and can provide 10,000 to15,000 people with safe drinking water daily.

During the year, specifications were developedfor a lighter well-drilling rig that will be cheaperto supply and to maintain with spare parts inareas where conditions allow the use of lighterequipment. The rig is expected to be field tested

Sacks of food build upat a northern Kenya air-port before being air-dropped in southernSudan.

i toU! HL'W

for small plants. Comprehensive guidelines onsalt iodization were made available to field officesand other aid agencies.

UNICEF global supply activity increased steadi-ly in 1994 with purchase orders placed worldwideincreasing to more than US$380 million, com-pared to US$373 million in 1993. Purchasing forUNICEF field programmes declined from US$246million in 1993 to US$241 million, while pur-chases to maintain stocks in the Copenhagenwarehouse rose from US$90 million to US$95million. Administrative purchasing also in-creased, from US$11 million to US$13 million,as did purchasing on behalf of governments andother partners (the United Nations system andNGOs), from US$26 million to US$27 million.

Shipments handled by the warehouse, howev-er, fell from a record US$112 million in 1993 toabout US$100 million. This was largely due todelays late in the year caused by industrial actionby non-UNICEF warehouse workers.

Supplies under procurement services for gov-ernments, United Nations agencies and NGOsamounted to some US$70 million in 1994,compared to US$72 million in 1993. Majorcustomers included the Bangladesh Govern-ment (US$8.8 million) and the Japan Interna-tional Cooperation Agency (US$10.8 millionin shipments tram the warehouse and directfrom suppliers).

A Rwandese refugeegirl makes use of cleanwater provided byUNICEF at a campnear Goma (Zaire).Safe wafer supply iscritical in anemergency.

#

in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberiaand Senegal.

The Supply Division was also involved inefforts towards universal iodization of salt, iden-tifying sources for raw materials and appropriatemixing, grinding and packing equipment suitable

HUMAN RESOURCES

AT the end oi 1994, UNICEF had almost7,500 staff assigned to some 244 locations

in 131 countries, serving mothers and children in144 countries. About 2,000 of these are profes-sional staff, both international and national,while the balance are general service and supportstaff. There are 76 fully established countryoffices headed by a Representative — more thantwice the number a decade ago.

The continued high priority that UNICEF givesto its work in Africa is reflected in the fact that41 per cent of all staff are assigned to the coun-tries of sub-Saharan Africa. South Asia and EastAsia and the Pacific have 23 per cent; LatinAmerica and the Caribbean 10 per cent; and theMiddle East and North Africa 9 per cent. Theremaining 17 per cent serve in New York,Geneva, Copenhagen and Florence, or in recent-ly created offices in CEE/CIS and the Baltic States.

As UNICEF operations continue to expand,

recruitment and placement policies promote theemployment ot more women and more nationalsof developing countries. The goal of 40 per centof women throughout the professional grades wasachieved by the end of 1994 both for interna-tional and national officers.

At that date, 3 Regional Directors, 21 Repre-sentatives and 5 Assistant Representatives werewomen. The number of director-level posts tilledby women has more than doubled in the past 10years from 10 to 21 per cent. More than 40 percent of UNICEF consultants are also women(although no target was established for this), andwomen represented 51 per cent of all interna-tional professionals recruited externally in 1994.

UNICEF staff now include people of 153 differ-ent nationalities. Among the professional staff,both national and international, 67 per cent arefrom developing countries and 33 per cent fromindustrialized countries.

1995 UNICEF ANNT-U. Rt-_i>< mr

Achieving a better balance in geographicalrepresentation is a continuing concern forUN1CEF. National professional officers, whosenumbers have increased from 154 in 1980 to over1,000 in 1994, are an important resource forUNICEF. Working within their own countries,they make a unique contribution to UNICEFthrough their knowledge of their country, its lan-guage and culture. Those who subsequentlybecome international staff members strengthenthe organization's work with their particular per-spective and solid experience.

General service personnel make up almost twothirds of overall UNICEF staff. While most serveonly in their countries of origin, there has beensubstantial growth in recent years in the interna-tional general service category. In 1994, these staffwere serving in 26 countries in all seven UNICEFregions, several of them in emergency countries.UNICEF general service staff also played an impor-tant role on temporary assignments to majorUnited Nations peace-keep ing and other activi-ties, such as the United Nations Operation inSomalia (UNOSOM).

_ Since SO per cent of UNICEF staff work in thefield, responsibility for the management of thisgrowing and diverse work-force is increasinglydecentralized. Regional Personnel Officers in tourof the Regional Offices assist and advise heads of

Personnel staff at the field office level through-out UNICEF recruit national officers and generalservice staff and manage staff" assigned to theoffice, on a day-to-day basis.

The Division of" Personnel in New Yorkrecruits and rotates international staff amongUNICEF held offices and headquarters divisions.The Division takes overall responsibility for theconditions of service and welfare of UNICEF staffworldwide, and for the development of policiesand procedures that respond both to the aspira-tions of staff and to the needs of the organize-

The recommendations of the managementstudy carried out in 1994, which placed humanresources issues at the top of the agenda for man-agement reform and change, challenge the orga-nization to commit itself to major restructuringof policy and procedures. Work is already underway in several priority areas, including recruit-ment and rotation policy, career development,;ind short-term and emergency service. To ensuremaximum staff participation in policy develop-ment, this work will be carried out in close con-sultation with the Global Staff Association.

The problems encountered by staff working inemergency situations are a special preoccupation.UNICEF has almost 15 per cent of its staff mem-bers deployed in emergency countries, and it isestimated that about 30 per cent of headquarterspersonnel are devoted to their support.

In 1994, the number of UNICEF staff who diedas victims of violence was 16, of whom 14 werein Rwanda.

The complex and protracted crisis in Rwandaplaced exceptional strains on the organization.Over a period of three months more than 100UNICEF staff, drawn from all regions and all lev-els, were deployed to Rwanda and the refugeecamps in neighbouring countries. Crucial supportwas also provided to the Haiti Office as it pre-pared for the restoration of constitutional rule inthe country.

Emergency preparedness continues to be animportant focus of training activities. Some 550staff from four regions were trained in emergencymanagement during 1994.

Against a background oi increasing threats tothe physical safety of staff, security preparednessmeasures were intensified, and critical incidentand cumulative stress management training ses-sions were held in several regions. RegionalPersonnel Officers underwent a comprehensivesecurity briefing in late 1994, and a draft fieldsecurity handbook has been prepared. TheSecurity Coordinator liaises with the office of theUN Security Coordinator and provides securityguidance and support to offices throughout the

GOVERNMENTAL AND PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNICEF, 19941

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARY

RESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

AFGHANISTAN

35.291 .., 35.291

ALGERIA

25.000 ... 25,000

ANDORRA

ANGOLA

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

3,829,788 7.720,999 11,550.787

AUSTRIA

1,791,662 1.709,402 3.501.064

PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS GRAND

NATIONAL COMMITTEES OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

249,350

* = ,

401.546

6.807

,45.2,8

82.813

^

,366

2,203

, »

2,82,

, 2 , 6 8

, , , 5 ,

2,822,898

26.540

,0.53,

2,,32

57.805

73

1.485.015

2.6,2

31.250

1.8,4

6.864.600

...

13.422

,4.,26

249.350

22,329

1.886,561

6.807

2.612

,45.298

<%,„38.44,

31.80

,.366

23,0,7

,14

2.824

,2,168

, 1 , 5 ,

9,687,498

3 , . ^

10.53,

2,32

57.805

u.m

274350

4,105

a a .

1,886.561

19.695.382

6.179,838

,45.2,8

,4.,63

40,449

10.060.534

,366

26.0,7

, ,4

,.624

,27,68

2O.,47

9.987.493

,,.2,7

3.439,962

,4.243

2.,32

57 805

65,655.148

1,519.614 6,616,174 8.135.7882

1.419.831 1.256.331 2.676.162

BAHRAIN

m .BANGLADESH

!~i BARBADOS

k ..BELGIUM

2.031.251 2.730.594

BENIN

"'"" BERMUDA

BHUTAN

6.800

BOUVIA

BOTSWANA

300.000

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS

^BURKINA FASO

3.400.000

BURUNDI

BULGARIA

CAMBODIA

CAMEROON

CANADA

12.888.889 43.463.751

CAPE VERDE

4.761.845

300.000

3,400.000

56.352.640

4.515.489 751,950 5,267,439

f

3.419.191 5.868.318 9.287.509

in US dollars. z 55.1 million provided by AusAID, formerly AIDAB,

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONSPRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

GRANDN A T I O N A L COMMITTEES

_ OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARY ~ ~ ~~ ~~

DESOUItCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

114.000

CHILE

CWNA*™

1.000,000

COLOMBIA

450.000

COMOROS

CONGO

COSTA RICA

COTED'IVOIOE

SUBTOTAL

1 M.000

«.000

1.000,000

450,000

m

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

T02»

34.H6

84.277

570,044

*.m

,5.73,

310*

77.92,

107.2*

268,760

6 0 2 6 7

,3.063

*„:3W23

, 2 3 5

,. ,44

3.443

4.746

... ,0,296

... 34.H6

1-609 85; 886

34.794 604,838

... 4.7,5

... ,5.73,

32.043

... 77.92,

107,294

18,680 287,440

60,267

... ,3.0,3

123,140

83,346 337.610

95,812

33.223

... 4.2,8

49,922

... 3.235

8-903 8.903

...

... 3.443

TV -4.748

,0.296

,,o,,,6

1.085,886

1.054.838

4.9,4

,5,739

wow

77.* ,

,3,0,7

288.440

, , 2 2 *

37.™

42.435,292

, , 0 6 3

, .23 ,

I * * ,

% , =

,,6.2,8

63.223

«

6.592

15.515.776

44.846.448

3.443

4.748

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

71.942 ... ; , . W 2

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

DENMARK

26.634.720 13.920.723

DJIBOUTI

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

50.000

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

ETHIOPIA

N, ™*

FINLAND

10.136.758 2,623,987

FRANCE

9.844,583 769,705

GABON

40.555,443

2,000

, 2 3 ,

6.667

,5,546

20.406

50.000

* « .

3.357

12,760.745

10,614,288

1.695,772 184.077 1.879.849

1.668,132 1.077.996 2.746.123

29.194,020 5.036.996 34.231,016

GAMBIA

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

NATIONAL COMMITTEES OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GRAND

GENERALRESOURCES

GERMANY

GHANA

GIBRALTAR

GREECE

200.000

GUATEMALA

GUINEA

GUINEA-BISSAU

GUYANA

SUPPLEMEMARY

1,935.385

1.033.701

SUBTOTAL

1.935.385

200,000

7,033.701

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES RINDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

37.466.S95 19.095,869 56.562.764 12,757 12,757 58.510.906

21.440 .., 21.440 21,440

2,500,837 161.529 2,662,366 472 2.862.838

61,967 1.095.668

t15.178 15.178

153,000 188,615

43,564

147,500

955.129

315,000

HOLY SEE

HONDURAS

HONG KONG

HUNGARY

ICELAND

INDONESIA

315,000

2,019.019 1.582,916 3,601.935 3.631.146

220.293

322.681

666.279 1.621,408

290.323 2,258,065 2,548.388

IRELAND

1.100,920 610,525 1.711,445

110.432 ... 110,432

18,354,431 23,580.393 41.934,824

JAMAICA

518 ... 518

JAPAN

28,430.000 6.380,000 34.810,000

JORDAN

28.531 ... 28,531

KUWAIT

200,000 ... 200,000

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

5,000 ... 5,000

-34.146 2,514.242

24 2,480.275

148,168

67,020,551

766,806 768,806

f21,586 16.150

20,480,857 4,604.870 25.085,727

129,407

29,294

24.942.426 7.663.086 32,605.512 67.544,919

214.006

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONSPRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

_NfflONA^CoMMtrrera OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GRAND

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOKL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

14,337

,,824

5.033

,,3.678

,056

506

2.024

* w

9.302

,,,432

,9.820

, , . ,70

6 , 5 "

4,9,0

404,685

37.002

4.3,0

7.065

147,337

... ,824

... 5.033

113,676

... ,056

506

... 2.024

13.542 50.505

132,802 142.104

... 9 , 4 3 ,

18.939 38.759

8,826

... , ,970

. 6 ,5 ,9

483,131 1.108.810

... , , , , o

...

404,685

37,002

275,368

... 4.3*0

... 7.065

,47.337

3,977

,033

1,3.78

3,594

5.056

1.616,147

2.024

40,436

„!*.,7,432

, , , 5

4,426

,3.020

68,166

1.405.584

,7.327

37 002

58,184

6.3«

,4,065

78,629.108

LEBANON

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

LIECHTENSTEIN

37.594 37.594

LITHUANIA

LUXEMBOURG

MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REP. OF

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

MALAYSIA

MALDIVES

MALTA

MAURITANIA

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

200,000

MONACO

MONGOLIA

MOROCCO

MOZAMBIQUE

MYANMAR

305.816

NAMIBIA

NETHERLANDS

23.210.290

NEW ZEALAND

500,000

350,000

30.341,373

305,616

53,551,663

644,052

780.242 152.874 933,116

6.134.003 18.943,442 25,077,445

280.876 116.700 397,5761,041,628

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

NATIONAL COMMITTEES OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GRAND

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES HINDS SUBTOTAL

GENERALRESOURCES

flftgftRAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

NORWAY

36,281.074

OMAN

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

SUPPLEMENTARY

11,588,264

100,000

SUBTOTAL

47,869,338

149,210

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

,5.89,

eta,

,49.748

36.543

16.036

36,077

207,242

2.223

78.727

305,266

1.346.828 38,546 1.385,374 29,520 49,284.232

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PARAGUAY

445.804 3,129.8042.684.000

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL

40,000 21,484

OATAR

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

900.000

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

500.000

RWANDA

SAINT LUCIA

SAN MARINO

SAUDI ARABIA

2,000.000

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

10.000

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA

2.684.000

199,469

900,000

500,000

2.000,000

456.436 4.120 460,556

1.418.835 213,239 1.632,074

2,016,506 562,515 2,579,021

156,103 ... 156.103

3 U 5 6

29.900

3 ! . 7 *

29.900

1.693,722

31.756

3.508,921

160.376

500.000

15.621

294,074 2.294,074

3,471

294,074

114.822

-90

210.907

150.500

67.074 277,981

6.671,744 11.953.379 18.625,1231,940,733 1.940,733 30.000 20.595.856

GOVERNMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONSPRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

NATIONAL COMMITTEES OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

GRAND

GENERALRESOURCES

SRI LANKA

33.386

SUDAN

SWAZILAND

SWEDEN

48,024,134

SWITZERLAND

13.200,000

THAILAND

TOG " " * '

SUPPLEMENTARY

203,728

65.482.166

5.671,367

SUBTOTAL

33,386

203.728

2,333

113,506,300

18,871,367

81.24,

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTALRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

8 3 1 3 7

572.753

,7.620

,74,8,0

32,,63

,30,726

34.46,

7 , 5 *

«,«

27.742

2,43,

4.320

70.7*

3.080

83,37

,7.620

m.m

, 0 8 ,

,30,726

34.48,

278.640

7,.5C

,2.273

30.500

27.742

2,43,

286.865

2.333

115.651716

34,935.474

,7.620

2*37,

7.08,

32*3

,66.475

1,404.784

35,336

653.640

41,716,358

T U B

157,295,460

a,*,

30,764

23,640

47.230

3,76

* 1 , 7 ,

1,500,625 644.791 2.145,416

9.835.576 5,261,249 15,096.825

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

TUNISIA

35749 .• 35.749TURKEY

100,000 50,000 150.000

U G A N D A

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

375,000 ... 375,000

UNITED K I N G D O M

13.178.295 12,795.781 25.964,076

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

2-383 - 2,383

UNITED STATES

100,000.000 35.855,371 135.855,371

URUGUAY

1.247.784 7,000 1.254,784

1.511,042 14.241.240 15.752,282

6.482 J 49 14.957.940 21,440,089

VENEZUELA

VIET N A M

YEMEN

YUGOSLAVIA

ZATRE

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

SUBTOTAL

361.418,422

(FORMER)

470,432

279,050.620 640,469,042" 2 * 1 . 3 0 , 121.07LW1 2*513.19, 11*9,786 10J31.W0 23,431.028 967.413,26,

PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS

NATIONAL COMMITTEES OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

INTERGOVERNMENTAL NON-GOVERNMENTALAND UN SYSTEM CONTRIBUTORS

GRAND

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

EUROPEAN UNION

18,667,415 56,667.415

OPEC FUND

150,000 150.000

B.VAN LEER FOUNDATION, NETHERLANDS

CANADIAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION

U3RC. CANADA

REDD BARNA. NORWAY

ROTARY INTERNATIONAL. USA

SASAKAWA FAMILY. JAPAN

TETSUKO KUROYANAG!. JAPAN

UN STAFF

UN WOMEN'S GUILD

JtO; GENEVA

UN, DHA/CERF

UN. DHA/IRAQ

UN SECRETARIAT

UNCDF. NEW YORK

UNDP. NEW YORK

UNFPA, NEW YORK

UNHCR, GENEVA

WHO, GENEVA

WORLD BANK

SUBTOTAL

18,817,415 18,817,415

LESS COST OF GREETING CARDS

LESS GCO FISCAL PERIOD ADJUSTMENT

GRAND TOTAL

361.418,422 297,868,035 659,286.457

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES RINDS SUBTOTAL

GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARYRESOURCES FUNDS SUBTOTAL

18.667,415

150.000

281,899 281,89V 281.899

421.395 421.395

30,134 30,134

67.567 67,567

11.375,965 11.375:965 11.375,965

2,993.000 2,993.000 2,993.000

2.818,181 2,818.181 2.818.181

24,700 29,448

,4.000

2.226,757

4,576.455

uooo

2,226.757

4.576,455

u.m

2.226,757

4.576.455

479,147 479.147 479.147

100,380 100,380 100.380

150.215 150.215 150,215

2,122.442 2,122,442 2122.442

50.184 50,194 50.184

40,000 40.000 40.000

10,500,000 10.500.000 10.500.000

4,748 3fl.289.DB7 38,293,835 57.111.250

-24.124,620 -4.876,833 ... -4.876.833 -29,001,453-24,124.620

-27.644,060

148,316,688 121.071,891 269,388.579 8.027.703 48,820.327 56,848.030 957.879,006

t

JWSlMCTTr ANNI VU, Ha-mr

A N N E X

Executive Board

AFTER the United Nations GeneralAssembly adopted resolution 48/162

(20 December 1993) on the restructuring andrevitalization of the United Nations in the eco-nomic, social and related fields, the UNICEFExecutive Board devoted a great deal of atten-tion to the reform of its working methods.

The Board decided to hold three regular ses-sions in 1994, each lasting between three and fivedays (23-25 February, 25-29 April, 3-5 October),and one week-long annual session (2-6 May), Itwas also decided that the number of Board mem-bers should be reduced from 41 to 36.

At its first regular session, the Executive Boardconcentrated on procedural and managerial issuesrelated to the implementation of resolution48/162 (see decision 1994/R.I/l). Two commit-tees of the whole (previously responsible for pro-gramme and administrative and financial mat-ters) were abolished, and it was decided that theBoard should establish ad hoc groups on specificissues as required. The size of the Bureau was alsoreduced to consist of a President and four Vice-Presidents, representing five regional groups.

The Board also decided that annual sessionsshould deal with those major policy issues thathave broad interest, coordination questions,issues requiring input to or output from theEconomic and Social Council, and the introduc-tion of new initiatives. Regular sessions wouldJeal with programme, budget, sectoral and orga-nizational issues and the implementation of new-initiatives (decision 1994/R.1/2).

In keeping with resolution 48/162, theExecutive Board requested the secretariat tocompare the cost of establishing conference facil-ities at UNICEF headquarters with the cost atholding regular sessions at United NationsHeadquarters. A feasibility study was presentedto the Board at its third regular session, and theBoard decided to continue to discuss this issue in1995 (decision J994/R.3/8).

After discussion at its first regular session, theExecutive Board revised its rules of procedure atthe May 1994 annual session (decision1994/A/10) to address the need for participationby members of the broad UNICEF constituency,including National Committees and NGOs.

The Board took the following decisions:+ MAL'RIL-E PATE AWARD: At its first regular

session, the Executive Board decided to presentthe 1994 UNICEF Maurice Pate Award to theAll-China Women's Federation (decision1994/R.1/5). The US$25,000 award recognizedthe Federation's visionary combination of tradi-tional nmcrices and modern methods to promotehealth education and children's rights nation-wide. It was noted that the Federation had usedits trained network of women's groups to reachwomen and children in all 30 provinces.

• POLICY DECISIONS: At the annual session,

the Executive Board adopted a number of deci-sions related to follow-up to the World Summitfor Children. The Board invited all countries toreview their NPAs to ensure that mid-decadegoals were incorporated into their national plan-ning processes and that there were mechanismsfor monitoring progress. It noted that the WorldSummit for Social Development would providean opportunity for countries to report progress onpromises made at the World Summit forChildren (decision 1994/A/2).

• GENDER EQUALITY: The Board requestedthat the Executive Director give high priority tothe promotion of gender equality and gender-sensitive development programmes, taking intoaccount the special needs of individual countries,the Convention on the Rights of the Child andthe Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Discrimination against Women. Suggestedaction included the development of gender-sensitive indicators and gender-specific goalsin NPAs; integration of gender concerns in coun-try programmes; and promotion nf hothConventions.

The Executive Director was also requested toreview the proportion of resources to be allocat-ed in the medium-term plan (1994-1997) to sup-port gender equality and the empowerment ofgirls and women, and to participate in prepara-tions for the Fourth World Conference onWomen, emphasizing the synergy between gen-der equality and the goals of the World Summitfor Children (decision 1994/A/4).

In a follow-up to the multi-donor evaluation(decision 1994/A/8), the Board reaffirmed that

recipient Governments had primary responsibil-ity for formulating country programmes and forcoordinating and integrating all external assis-tance into their development programmes.

Taking note or the medium-term plan(E/ICEF/1994/3 and Corr.l) as a framework forfinancial projections for 1994-1997, the Boardapproved the preparation of up to US$820 mil-lion in programme expenditures from generalresources, to be submitted in 1995. TheExecutive Director was requested to rationaliseboth the format and presentation of his reportand the medium-term plan (decision 1994/A/l).

• COUNTRY PROGRAMMES AND RELATED

MATTERS: The Executive Board approved a totalof US$329,400,388 from general resources andUS$604,007,000 in supplementary funds forcountry programmes (decision 1994/R-2/6). TheBoard decided to discuss early in 1995 ways ofimproving its process for consideration andapproval of country programme recommenda-tions (decision 1994/R.2/8).

The Board authorized a three-year extensionfor the International Child Development Centrein Florence, with a total allocation o\ US$9.6million in supplementary funding. About US$6.3million of that amount was pledged by theGovernment of Italy for the Centre's core activ-ities. The remainder was to be sought from otherdonors for specific activities (decision1994/R.2/10).

The Executive Board reaffirmed that Africawas the region of greatest need and its highestpriority. It asked the Executive Director to pn>pose appropriate increases in the human andfinancial resources allocated for country pro-grammes in Africa (decision 1994/A/3).

Endorsing the UNICEF policy for Central andEastern Europe, the Commonwealth ofIndependent States, and the Baltic States, theBoard stipulated that support to those Statesshould not detract from programmes for develop-ing countries (decision 1994/R-2/9). This policy(see E/ICEF/1994/L.12) involves the integrationof emergency responses and longer-term plan-ning, as well as flexibility in facilitating the rolesof other partners in the region. At its third regu-lar session, the Executive Board approved US$2million for administrative and programme sup-port activities for the region in 1995. As previ-ously authorized, existing internationalProfessional and General Service posts associatedwith the programme would continue to be fund-ed through 1995 (decision 1994/R.3/7).

The Executive Board requested that UNICEF

monitor closely the rapidly changing opportuni-ties to support Palestinian children and women,and to prepare a review paper tor 1995 on relat-ed programme needs (decision 1994/R.2/7).

• EMERGENCY OPERATIONS: At its annualsession, the Board thanked the ExecutiveDirector for drawing attention to the devastatingimpact of land-mines and unexploded devices onchildren and women (decision 1994/A/6). It alsoexpressed appreciation for UNICEF relief effortsin Rwanda and called for continued support forthe immediate and long-term needs of displacedand refugee children in particular (decision1994/A/7).

At its first regular session, the Executive Boardapproved an increase in the EmergencyProgramme Fund (EPF) from US$14 million toUS$30 million for the 1994-1995 biennium(decision 1994/R.1/7). At the annual session, theBoard recognized the need for greater consisten-cy, clarity and transparency in the presentationof budgetary information on the use of emergencyfunds (decision 1994/A/5). The ExecutiveDirector was requested to report to the Board in1995 on the proportion of emergency fundingthat also contributes to UNICEF developmentobjectives.

+ HIV/AIDS: At its first regular session, theBoard requested UNICEF to urgently negotiate aco-sponsored programme on HIV/AIDS withUNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, WHO and the Work!Bank (decision 1994/R.1/8). It reaffirmed at thesecond regular session that country coordinationof the programme should be undertaken withinthe context of General Assembly resolution47/199 of 22 December 1992 (decision1994/R.2/13).

• JOINT COMMITTEES: At the first regular ses-sion, the Board decided to consider its represen-tation on the UNICEF/WHO joint Committee onHealth Policy (JCHP) and on the UNESCO/UNICEF Joint Committee on Education (JCE)(decision 1994/R. 1/4). At the second regular ses-sion, the Board agreed on the constituency andrelevant qualifications of its representation oneach Committee (decision 1994/R.2/5).

The Board endorsed recommendations from aJCHP special session held 27-28 January 1994(decision 1994/R.2/2) and from the fourth JCEmeeting held at UNESCO headquarters in Paris,14-15 April 1994 (decision 1994/R.2/.3). It decid-ed to examine the mechanisms for reviewing andimplementing future recommendations by thejoint committees early in 1995 (decision1994/R.2/4).

+ BUDGETARY AND MANAGEMENT DECI-

SIONS: At its first regular session, the ExecutiveBoard approved a revised proposal for an admin-istrative and management review of LJNICEF(decision 1994/R. 1/6). At the second regular .ses-sion, it approved an additional US$107,000 forthe review, bringing the total amount to be allo-cated from the approved 1994-1995 administra-tive and programme support budget toUS$1,107,000 (decision 1994/R.2/14).

At the third regular session, the Board autho-rized the Executive Director to finalize negotia-tions and execute a lease/purchase agreementwith the New York City Economic DevelopmentCorporation/United Nations DevelopmentCorporation for a condominium interest of262,151 square feet at 633 Third Avenue (deci-sion 1994/R.3/1). The Board also requested thesecretariat to continue with its plans to consoli-date all UNIUEF activities, including GOO, inNew York in the two approved locations. Thesecretariat was requested to delay GCO's move aslong as possible in 1995 without incurring signif-icant additional costs. The Board decided toreconsider the issue after completion of the man-agement review, with due regard tor die full rangeul options and considerations (decision1994/R. V-)- At its annual session, the ExecutiveBoard approved the UOO work plan and proposedbudget for 1994 (decision 1994/A/9).

At the third regular session, rhe ExecutiveBoard decided to continue until the end of 1995the policy of charging a 6 per cent recovery fee toall supplementary-funded projects, excludingthose funded by National Committees forUNICEF, NCOs and host governments fundingtheir own programmes (decision 1994/R.3/5).Beginning with the 1996-1997 administrativeand programme support budget, the policy wouldbe discontinued and replaced by an interim pol-icy whereby all supplementary-funded pro-grammes signed after 31 December 1995 wouldinclude a separate budget line for "incrementalfield office administrative and programme supportcosts" equivalent to 3 per cent of the total pro-gramme budget.

In other budget-related decisions, theExecutive Board decided that a new transparentformat for presenting the Supply Division budgetwould be incorporated into the proposed admin-istrative and programme support budget for thehiennium 1996-1997 (decision 1994/R- V4). In adecision on increased budget transparency(1994/R.3/6), the Board requested the ExecutiveDirector, in the context of General Assemblydecision 47/449 of 22 December 1992, to coop-erate with other United Nations programmes andfunds to work towards harmonization of theirbudgets and accounts.

I

GLOSSARY

acquired immunodeficiency syndromeacute respiratory infectionsbuhy-triendty hospira] initiativecontrol of diarrhoea! diseaseschildren in especially difficult circumstancesCentral and Eastern Europe/Cummonwealth of Independent StatesCentral Emergency Revolving Fundchild survival and developmentDepartment of Humanitarian Affairs (United Nations)Easr Asia and Pacific Regional Office (UNICEF)Economic Cooperation Organizationexpanded programme on tmmun NationEastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (UNICEF)Food and Agriculture Organization (if the United NationsGreeting card and related operations (UNICEF)human immunodeficiency virus

International Conference on Population and DevelopmentInternational Commits of the Red CrossInter-American Development Bankiodine deficiency disordersInternational Development Research CentreInternational Lubuur Organisation

Joint Committee on Health Policy (UNICEF/WHO)Middle East and North Africanongovernmental organisationnational programme of actionOrganization of African UnityOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countriesoral rehydnuioiiMlrsoral rehydrution therapyPan American Health Organisationprimary environmental careprimary health izure

Regional Office for South Asia (UNICEF)South Asian Association for Regional Cooperationsexually transmitted disease

The America, and Caribbean Regional Office (UNICEF)under-five mortality rateUnited Nations Capital Development FundUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Environment Programme

U n M Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationUnited Nations Population FundUnited Nations HiBh Commissioner for RefugeesUnited Nations Children's FundUnited Nnttorw Development Fund for Women

Nation,! union for the tcinl dependence of Anfiola (Fo r tune acronym»United Naamw Operation in SomaliaUnited States Agency for International Developmentwater and sanitation

West and Central Africa Regional Office (UNICEF)World Kxid ProgrammeWorld Health Organization

Germany: Deutsches KaraitesfilrUNtCEF

Htinfnger Weg 104D-50969 Cologne

Greece: Hellenic NationalCommittee tor UNICEF

Xenias Street, 1G R - 115 27 Athens

Hong Kong: HciogXongCommittee lor LJNICEF

60, Blue Pool Road 3/FHappv Valky. Ho.n» Kontf

Hungry: UNTCEF MagyarNemzet: Bi=ottsaga

VarsanyilrenU. 26-34. II. LH

H - 1027 Budapest

Ireland: Irish NationalCommittee for UNICEF

4 St. Andrew StreetWL- Dublin 2

Israel: Israel NationalCommittee for UNICEF

P.O. Box SO/09II-93105 Jerusalem

Italy: Comitaro Itatiano per1'UNICEF

Via Vittorio EmanueleOrlando 83I-00185 Rome

Japan: Japan Committee forUNtCEF

Daiichi Daikyo-cho Bldg.31-10, Diiikyo-choShinjuku-ku, Tokyo-160

Latvia: Latvian NationalCommission For UNICEF

Str. Brivihas, 75LV-1047Rig«

Lithuaniit: Lnhuanian NarionalComiTiittee lor UNlCEf

RcRtu Avenue4a2600 Vilnius

Luxembourg: Comite luxem-buuTgeois pour 1'UNICEF

99,Rt-utcd'AiionL-1140 Luxembourg

Netherlands: StichtingNedexiands Comite UNICEF

St. Barbarawi.^4Postbus 30603NL-25OO-GP The Hague

New Zealand: New ZealandCommittee tor UNICEF

P.O. BDX 347NZ-Wellinsron

Norway: UNICEF-Komi teenI Norge

Miller Gt. 24N-0179 Oslo

Poland: PoUki Komi tec UMCEFP.O. Box No. 19PL-OO-551 Warsaw

Portugal: Corairg Portuguespara a UNICEF

Av. Anr Augusra Aguiar,

P-lCOOUsKm

Republic of Korea: KoreanCommittee for INICEF

17-1, ChangMiriH-DongChongrn-ku110-034 Seuul

Rumanin: Comite tut NationalRtiman UNICEF

Strada Srirhei Vodn nr. 37Secrrtml 1R - 70.732 Bucharest

San Marino: Com mission cNaiionale Sammarinese perI'L'NICEF

cAi Se.ijteteria di State* pcrgliAJiari Esreri

Pttlazso Begni1 - 47031 San Marino

Slovakia: Slov^islty Vyborpre

Grasslingova, .6 "^P.O. Box 5281000 Bratislava

Slovenia: Slovcnski Odbor zaUNICEF

Linhartova 1361000 Ljubljana

Spain: Comite.Espaiioldel

Apartado 12021E-28080 Madrid

Sweden: Svenska UN1CEF-Kommttten

Box 222 23(Hantverkargatan5)S-10422.Stockholm

Switzerland: ScWeu:erischesKomiteefiir UNICEF

Baumacker Strasse 24CH-8050 Zurich

Turkey: UNICEFTttrktye MilliKomitesi

Abdullah Cevder Sokak No.

TR-06680 Cankaya-Anbirn

United Kingdom:UK Committee fur UNICEF

55 Lincoln's Inn FieldsGB-London WC2A3NB

United States of America:US Committee for UNICEF

333 East 38th StreetUSA-New York, NY 10016

Further informationis available from:

Committees forUNICEF

Andorra; Comite NationaldTAndorra per la UNICEF

Avda. del Fener. 14Escaldes-Engordany

Australia: AustralianCommittee for UNICEF Ltd.

55 Clarence Street, Suite 003Sydney, NSW 2000

Austria: OsterreichischesKomitee fur UNICEF

Vienna International Centret UNO-City)

22, Wagramer Scrasse 5A -1400 Vienna

Belgium: Comite beige pourI'UNICEF

Avenue des Arts 20B - 1040 Brussels

Bulgaria: Bulgarian NationalCommittee for UNICEF

18/B Pentcho Slaveikov Blvd.BG - 1606 Sofia

Canada: Canadian UNICEFConimittee/Cumite IWICEFCanada

443, Mount Pleasant RoadCDN - Toronto, OntarioM4S 2L8

C:ech Republic: Cesky Vyborpro UNICEF

Vyschradska5112800Praha2

Denmark: Dansk UNICEFKomite

Billedvej 8, FrihavnenDK - 2100 Copenhagen 0

Estonia: UNICEF-I EestiRahvuskomitee

EEOOOi Tallinn

Finland: Suomen UNICEF-yhdistys r. y.

Perttulantie 6SF-00210 Helsinki

France: Comite francais pourI'UNICEF

3, rue Duguay-TrouinF - 75282 Paris Cetiex 06

UNICEF Offices

UNICEF Headquarters •

UNICEF House3 UN PlazaNew York, NY 10017, USA

UNICEF Geneva OfficePalais des NationsCH-1211 Geneva 10,

Switzerland

UNICEF Eastern and SouthernAfrica Regional Ottice

P.O. Box44145Nairobi, Kenya

UNICEF West and Central

Africa Regional Office

Abidjan 04, Cote d'lvnire

UNICEF The Americas andCaribbean Regional Office

Apartadu 7)55Santa Fe de Bogtita", ColombiaUNICEF East Asia and the

Pacific Regional OfficeP.O. Box 2-154Bangkok 10200, Thailand

UNICEF Middle East and NorthAfrica Regional Office

RO. Box 81172111181 Amman. Jordan

UNICEF South Asia Regional

P.O. Box 5815, LekhnathMargKathmandii. Nepal

UNlCEFOffiee for Australia andNew Zealand

P.O. Box 0.14-3Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

UNICEF OfUce tor Japan

UN Headquarters Building,8th floor55-70. Jingurriae 5-chnmeShibuya-kuTokyo 150, Japan