VOLUME IX, ISSUE 1 – 2015_____________________

ARAMAZDA R M E N I A N J O U R N A LOF NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

VOLUME IX, ISSUE 1 – 2015

ASSOCIATION FOR NEAR EASTERN AND CAUCASIAN STUDIESYEREVAN 2015

²ð²Ø²¼¸Ø º ð Ò ² ì à ð ² ð º ì º È Ú ² Ü

àôêàôØܲêÆðàôÂÚàôÜܺðÆ

Ð ² Ú Î ² Î ² Ü Ð ² Ü ¸ º ê

вîàð IX, вزð 1 – 2015

²è²æ²ìàð²êÆ²Î²Ü ºì ÎàìβêÚ²Ü Ðºî²¼àîàôÂÚàôÜܺðÆ ²êàòƲòƲºðºì²Ü 2015

Association for Near Eastern and Caucasian StudiesIn collaboration with the Institute of Oriental Studies and the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (National Academy of Sciences of Armenia)

ARAMAZDARMENIAN JOURNAL OF NEAR EASTERN STUDIES (AJNES)

Editor–in–Chief: Aram Kosyan Vice–Editor: Armen Petrosyan

Associate Editors: Arsen Bobokhyan, Yervand Grekyan

Editorial Board: Levon Abrahamian, Gregory Areshian, Pavel Avetisyan, Raffaele Biscione, Elizabeth Fagan, Andrew George, John Greppin, Hrach Martirosyan,

Mirjo Salvini, Ursula Seidl, Adam Smith, Aram Topchyan, Vardan Voskanyan, Ilya Yakubovich

Communications for the editors, manuscripts, and books for review should be addressed to the Editor–in–Chief or Associate Editors.

Editorial Office:

Marshal Baghramyan Ave. 24/4, 375019, Yerevan, ArmeniaTel. (374 10) 58 33 82Fax: (374 10) 52 50 91E–mail: ancs@freenet.am, armenianjournal@yahoo.comhttp://www.ancs.am

ISSN 1829–1376© 2015 by Association for Near Eastern and Caucasian Studies, Yerevan. All rights reserved.

The PublicATion of This jouRnAl

is sPonsoReD by The ReseARch PRogRAM in

ARMeniAn ARchAeology AnD eThnogRAPhy of

The coTsen insTiTuTe of ARchAeology AT The

univeRsiTy of cAlifoRniA, los Angeles AnD

funDeD by The chiTjiAn fAMily founDATion (usA)

TABLE OF CONTENTS_____________________

ARTICLES

VARDUHI MELIKYAN. Newly Found Middle Bronze Age Tombs of Karashamb Cemetery: Preliminary Report .............................................................. 7–28

ARSEN BOBOKHYAN. Trojan Measuring Devices of Lead ................................................... 29–40

ARAM KALATARYAN †, GAGIK SARGSYAN, NORA YENGIBARYAN,VARDUHI MELIKYAN. Results of Excavations in Gogaran, 2007-2008 ............................... 41–57

ARTHUR PETROSYAN, ROBERTO DAN, RICCARDO LA FARINA,MATTIA RACCIDI, MANUEL CASTELLUCCIA, BORIS GASPARYAN,ASTGHIK BABAJANYAN. The Kotayk Survey Project (KSP): Preliminary Report on 2014 Fieldwork Activity ......................................................... 58–68

JAAN PUHVEL. Another look at Hittite saktai- ....................................................................... 69–72

İLKNUR TAŞ, VEYSEL DINLER. Hittite Criminal Law in the Light of Modern Paradigms. Searching for the Traces of Modern-Day Criminal Law in the Past .................................................................. 73–90

YERVAND GREKYAN. The Regnal Years of the Urartian Kings Argišti Menuaḫi and Sarduri Argištiḫi ................................................................................................. 91–124

MIQAYEL BADALYAN. The Urartian Weather God Teišeba ............................................. 125–142

ALEXANDER SACHSENMAIER. Remarks on the Reconstruction of the susi Buildings of Erebuni and Karmir-Blur................................................... 143–153

YERVAND GREKYAN, POORYA KASHANI. Urartian Inscribed Bronze Artifacts from the Reza Abbasi Museum, Iran ....................................................................... 154–158

NORA YENGIBARYAN. Towards a Seal Type Discovered in Armenia ............................... 159–162

ANNE ELIZABETH REDGATE. Seeking Promotion in the Challenging 640s: the Amatuni Church at Ptghni, Ideas of Political Authority, and Paulician Challenge – a Background to the Teaching of Anania Shirakatsi .................................................................................................... 163–176

GAGIK SARGSYAN, ARSEN HARUTYUNYAN. Excavations of the Single-Nave Church of Mirak, 2012-2013 ................................................................................... 177–193

SUMMARIES ........................................................................................................................ 195–208

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 209-210

TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 211-266

AJNES IX/1, 2015, p. 154–158

URARTIAN INSCRIBED BRONZE ARTIFACTS FROM THE REZA ABBASI MUSEUM, IRAN

Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

Part I The opening of the Museum of Reza Abbasi in Teheran in September 1977 aimed

to collect archaeological artifacts confiscated from the smugglers and prepare them for future investigations and expositions. It is not strange that none of the bronze artifacts under discussion has exact provenance. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the artifacts belong to the Urartian culture.1 By the way, a number of Urartian artifacts kept in different Museums in Iran was not studied completely yet. Therefore, in this article we shall try to fill the existing lack to some extent.

An Urartian Helmet: In the Museum among the exposed artifacts a bronze helmet of unique type is kept under the Inventory No. 148. Thickness of the helmet is 3 mm, its diameter is 21.4 cm and maximum height is 31.7 cm. The upper part of the helmet has broken sections (Tab. XXXVI). Motifs of lotus with ten leaves are engraved between the five separating rows. There are three holes on both sides of the helmet, which were served, perhaps, for attaching earlaps. The helmet in its lower edge carries one line cuneiform inscription in Urartian (see below, Part II).

Shoulder covers: There are four more Urartian bronze objects stored in the Museum. It is highly possible that they had served as shoulder covers (cf. Tab. XXXV), in spite of general opinion considering such objects as Pferdepektorale.2 The objects No. 138 and 139 are parts of one cover broken in two (Fig. 2 a). Maximum length of the two parts is 26.3 cm with maximum width of 24.5 cm. An Urartian god standing on a bull is carved in the middle of the cover. Comparing the features of this image with other known parallels, especially with the images of the gods depicted on the famous shield found from the Urartian fortress at Upper Anzaf,3 we can propose that the depicted god is Te”šeba, the Weather God of the Urartians. Dimensions of other bronze shoulder covers are 23 × 24.4 cm (No. 788), 25 × 29.4 cm (No. 789), and 13 × 29 cm (No. 791, see Figs. 2 b-c). The cover No. 788 bears a figure of a bird.

1 For Urartian bronze art see, e.g., Piotrovskij 1959; Taşyürek 1975; Tanabe et al. 1982; Vanden Berghe, Meyer 1982; Yesayan 1984; Eichler 1984; Merhav 1991; Kellner 1991; Caner 1998; Born, Seidl 1995; Seidl 2004; Muscarella 2006: 147ff.; etc.

2 Cf. Seidl 2004: 111, Abb. 83.3 Belli 1999a: 37ff., Fig. 17.

Urartian Bronze Artifacts from the Reza Abbasi Museum

155

Harnesses: There are also two bronze harnesses (Inv. No. 137 and 792) dated back to the Urartian period. The maximum length of the first one, which was enough damaged being bending, is 33 cm, while dimensions of the second, well-preserved one are 25 × 29 cm (Tab. XXXIV/4).

An unidentified object: The exact usage of the bronze object No. 799 still remains unknown. Probably, it was a part of armor or a harness (Tab. XXXIX/1). This object is very interesting with its iconography. A winged-disc with a divine image is carved on its surface, a motive which is widely known from Assyrian, Urartian, Syrian, Egyptian and later on from the Achaemenid Imperial Art.1

Part II Urartian bronze artifacts with their rich iconography represent an important

source for the study of the sacred and everyday life of the Urartians as well as some aspects concerning the political history of the kingdom. One can point out the possible reign of Inušpua, a son of Menua and grandson of Išpuini, about which we can judge from the texts left by this prince on the Urartian bronze artifacts:2 none other, apart from the Urartian kings, has left such inscriptions.

Three of the bronze objects under discussion are inscribed. The best preserved text is carved on a shoulder cover, broken in two parts (Tab. XXXIII). The shoulder has already been published by Hermann Born and Ursula Seidl in 1995.3 The text is:

ú-ri-iš-ḫé miš-pu-ú-i-ni-e-i “Armory/weapon4 (or property5) of Išpuini”

As to the second inscription, which is seen on the preserved left part of the second shoulder cover (Tab. XXXIV/2), it again represents the name of Išpuini, king of Urartu. The missing word of the inscription is undoubtedly urišḫe/i, in spite of the fact that another reconstruction is also possible.6

[….. miš]-pu-ú-i-ni-e-i “[….. of Iš]puini”

These are standard type Urartian royal inscriptions, carved on the bronze objects and marking their owner. The writing form ú-ri-iš-ḫé is also common: its usual forms are ú-ri-iš-ḫi and ú-ri-iš-ḫu-si(-ni); the latter is formed with adding -usi suffix to the basic noun in forming abstract nouns.7

1 Parayre 1990: 269ff.; Koch 1992.2 Salvini 1978: 1ff.; idem. 2008: 45ff.; Sevin 1979: 1ff.; Tanret 1983: 3; Belli 1991b: 43ff., Appendix

I; idem. 1999: 275; Seidl 2004: 29.3 Born, Seidl 1995: 74ff., Abb. 63 D; Seidl 2004: 22 (B. 34, Abb. 83 D).4 For the meaning of the word urišḫe/i see KUKN, p. 473 (“вещь, предмет, утварь, инвентарь”).

For the meaning of the word urišḫusi(ni) as “treasure” see Salvini 2001: 36 and n. 12.5 E.g. CTU IV, B 8-9; etc.6 We have in mind the Sumerogram BE.LI (TIL.LI) which usually replaces the word urišḫe/i on

some other bronze artifacts. Cf. Seidl 2004: 20ff. (B.16-18, 44-46 etc.).7 Cf. Salvini, 2001: 35f.

Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

156

The third object is a helmet of unique type (Tab. XXXVI). It has previously been published by Ursula Seidl in her monumental work on Urartian bronzes and later re-studied by Reza Sabouri Nojehdehi.1 The helmet carries partly published one-line inscription carved along the whole length of its lower edge. Although we have hundreds of dedicatory inscriptions in the corpus of Urartian cuneiform texts, this one has differences which becomes obvious judging by the length of the inscription. Unfortunately, many signs are not clearly visible or remain under the chafer of the corrosion (Tab. XXXVII–XXXVIII), and for reconstruction we have to take into consideration the known parallels of votive inscriptions-on-bronze. The reconstructed text can be read as follows:

dḫal-di-e EN ┌i┐(?)-┌ni┐(?) [k]u-bu-ú-še-e [x(?)]┌NÍG┐.BA(?) TI.LA(?) e-din mdsar5-du-ri(-)<še(?)> mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni-<še(?)> To Ḫaldi, the Lord, this (?) helmet dedicated (?) [x] for his life (?) Sarduri, son of Argišti.

CommentsUsually, the Urartian votive inscriptions begin with the name of Ḫaldi, the

supreme god of the kingdom, to whom dedications were done. The same is true also for our inscription, although the name of the devotee was not carved in his place (Tab. XXXVII/1). In the usual dedicatory formulas of the Urartian texts after the name of Ḫaldi come the names of devotees, the kings of Urartu, as in this example: dḫal-di-e e-ú-ri-e i-ni [ku-bu-še] mdsar5-du-ri-i-še mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni-še uš-tú-ni ul-gu-ši-”a-ni e-di-ni.2 Besides, the signs in the royal name and of the patronymic have been carved enough closer to each other (Tab. XXXVIII/1), thus, trying to complete the carving in the remaining space. This also leads us to point out the name of the god Ḫaldi as the beginning of the inscription. By the way, the strange form of writing of the royal name – mdsar5-du-ri mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni (Tab. XXXVIII/2) – when one can expect to see here mdsar5-du-ri-še mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni-še (Erg.), also speaks for it: the form mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni never exist3 and the absence of the sign -še can be explained by the lack of space to carve it.

There is another unusual form of writing in the text. When the verb ušt(u)=ni “(he) devoted” is replaced with the Sumerogram NÍG.BA (= Akk. qīštu(m) “to present”, “to devote”), which is not uncommon,4 after it for the first time we come across with still unattested formula TI.LA e-din (Tab. XXXVII/2). There is no doubt that it replaces the sentence ul-gu-ši-”a-ni e-di-ni, which is usually translated as “for his life” in the corpus of Urartian texts (TI.LA = Urart. šeḫi/e(e)ri, ulguše “alive,” “life”). But the matter is that we have no other example where the word e-di-(i)-ni(-e) would be written as e-din;

1 Seidl 2004: 35 (F. 91, Tafel 9a.); Nojehdehi 2010: 47ff., esp. p. 72; idem. 2012: 213ff.2 KUKN, 282.3 See KUKN, 2443 and n. 3, 385a. Cf. CTU I, A 9-43. It is not possible also to reconstruct mdsar5-du-ri-i

mar-giš-ti-ḫi-ni (Seidl 2004: 35).4 KUKN, 2272, 283-284, 289.

Urartian Bronze Artifacts from the Reza Abbasi Museum

157

the later is known from the occurrences in the phrases i-nu-ka-ni e-din na-ḫi-di-ni (var. tar-ni) a-ṭu of the annals of Sarduri Argištiḫi1 and was considered to be another word with the meaning “вслед за, вследствие” (‘after it’, ‘owing to’ according to Igor’ Diakonoff), which has nothing to do with e-di-ni (‘from there,’ ‘there,’ ‘through,’ ‘for the sake of’. Cf. Assyrian translation of this word: pūtu(m) ‘for the sake of’).2 Whether we deal again with the lack of space, which led the scribe to carve a short sign -din in spite of -di-ni (the same we can say, perhaps, for TI.LA) or we must ascribe the same meaning to both writings and leave aside previous translations for e-din, still remains open for discussion.

Yervand GrekyanInstitute of Oriental Studies NAS RA

Marshal Baghramyan Ave. 24/4,375019 Yerevan, Armenia

ervandgr@yahoo.com

Poorya KashaniDepartment of Archaeology,

Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

poorya_kashani@iauvaramin.ac.ir

1 See KUKN, 241 B59, D55. But cf. CTU I, A 9-3 III53´, A 9-3 V58´. There is another occurrence in the new inscription of Rusa Sarduriḫi found at Movana, where the phrase [i-ku-k]a-ni e-din sal-mat-ḫi-ni xa-ra-ri … is read. See CTU I, A 10-3 Ro61.

2 Diakonoff 1963: 74; KUKN, p. 442 (Glossary).

Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

158

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Başgelen N., Çelgin G., Çelgin A.V. 1999 (eds.), Zafer Taşlıklıoğlu Armağanı. Anadolu ve Trajya Çalışmaları, Cilt 1. Istanbul.

Belli O. 1991, Inscribed Metal Objects, in: Merhav 1991, 43-49.Belli O. 1999a, The Anzaf Fortress and the Gods of Urartu, Istanbul.Belli O. 1999b, Urartu Krallığı’nda Çivi Yazılı Metal Eşya ve Silahlar, in: Başgelen et al. 1999, 271-287.Born H., Seidl U. 1995, Schutzwaffen aus Assyrien und Urartu, “Sammlung Axel Guttmann” IV, Mainz

am Rhein.Caner E. 1998, Bronzene Votivbleche von Giyimli, AMIT 2, Berlin.Çilingiroğlu A., Sagona A. 2012 (eds.), Anatolian Iron Ages 7. The Proceedings of the Seventh

Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Edirne, 19-24 April, 2010, ANES Supplement 39, Leuven – Paris – Walpole, MA.

Diakonoff I.M. 1963, Urartskie pis’ma i dokumenty, Moscow – Leningrad (in Russ.).Eichler S. 1984, Götter, Genien und Mischwesen in der urartäischen Kunst, AMI Erg. 12, Berlin.Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan), N. 2001, Korpus urartskix klinoobraznyx nadpisej, Yerevan.Kellner H.-J. 1991, Gürtelbleche aus Urartu, „Prähistorische Bronzefunde“, Abt. XII • Bd. 3, Stuttgart.Koch H. 1992, Es kündet Dareios der König…: Von Leben im persischen Großreich“. „Kulturgeschichte

der antiken Welt“ 55, Mainz am Rhein.Merhav R. 1991 (ed.), Urartu. A Metalworking Center in the Fisrt Millennium B.C.E., Jerusalem.Muscarella O.W. 2006, Urartian Metal Artifacts: an Archaeological Review, ACSS 12/1-2, 147-177.Nojehdehi R.S. 2010, Katībehā-ye pādešāhān-e Ūrārtūyī dar Īrān, “Pazand. The Scientific Journal of

Language”, 6/20-21, 47-72.Nojehdehi R.S. 2012, Urartian Helmets in Reza Abbasi Museum, Iran, in: Çilingiroğlu, Sagona 2012, 211-219.Parayre D. 1990, Les cachets ouest-sémitiques à travers l’image du disque solaire ailé (perspective

iconographique), « Syria » 67, 269-314.Piotrovskij B.B. 1959, Vanskoe cartsvo (Urartu), Moscow.Salvini M. 1978, A dedicatory Inscription of the Urartian King Išpuini, “Assur” 1/8, Malibu, 1-4Salvini M. 2001, Ḫaldi’s Garrison – Ḫaldi’s Protection. The Newly Found Rock Inscription of Argišti II in

Shisheh, Near Ahar (East Azerbaijan, Iran), SMEA 43/1, 25-37.Salvini M. 2008, Corpus dei testi urartei, vol. I. Le iscrizioni su pietra e roccia: I Testi, DocAs VIII/I, RomaSalvini M. 2012, Corpus dei testi urartei, vol. IV. Iscrizioni su bronzi, argilla e altri supporti nuove iscrizioni

su pietra paleografia generale, DocAs VIII/IV, Roma.Seidl U. 2004, Bronzekunst Urartus, Mainz am Rhein.Sevin V. 1979, Menua’nın oğlu Inušpua, AnAr 7, 1-12, İstanbul [1981].Tanabe K., Hori A., Hayashi T., Miyashita S., Ishida K. 1982, Studies in the Urartian Bronze Objects from

Japanese Collections (1), “Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum” 4, Tokyo.Tanret M. 1983, Un nouveau roi urarteen?, “Akkadica” 32, 1-4.Taşyürek O.A. 1975, Adana Bölge Müzesindeki Urartu Kemerleri, Ankara.Vanden Berghe L., De Meyer L. 1982, Urartu: een vergeten cultuur uit het bergland Armenië, „Katalog der

Ausstellung Gent“ 27, Gent.Yesayan S.A. 1984, Gürtelbleche der älteren Eisenzeit in Armenien, BAVA 6, München.

Abbreviations

CTU – see Salvini, 2008.KUKN – see Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001.

205

ՈՒՐԱՐՏԱԿԱՆ ԱՐՁԱՆԱԳԻՐ ԲՐՈՆԶԵ ԻՐԵՐ ՌԵԶԱ ԱԲԲԱՍԻ ԹԱՆԳԱՐԱՆԻՑ, ԻՐԱՆ

ԵՐՎԱՆԴ ԳՐԵԿՅԱՆ, ՓՈՒՐՅԱ ՔԱՇԱՆԻ

1977 թ-ի սեպտեմբերին Իրանի մայրաքաղաք Թեհրանում բացվեց Ռեզա Աբբասի թանգարանը: Այն նպատակ ուներ հավաքել անօրինական պեղումների և գանձագողության ժամանակ հայտնաբերված հնագիտական գտածոները, պահեստավորել դրանք, պատրաստել ուսումնասիրության և հետագա ցուցադրության համար:

Թանգարանում պահվում են նաև ուրարտական արվեստին պատկանող բրոնզե իրեր, որոնց հայտնաբերման վայրը նույնպես անհայտ է: Հոդվածում քննարկված բրոնզե իրերից երկուսը հայտնի էին նախորդ հրատարակություններից, մյուսները հրատարակվում են առաջին անգամ: Հրատարակվող նյութի մեծ մասը լանջապանակներ են, որոնցից երկուսը կրում են Իշպուինի Սարդուրորդու արձանագրությունը` «Իշպուինիի զենքը/զինանոցը (հնարավոր է` սեփականությունը)» նշանակությամբ: Չափազանց հետաքրքիր է դեռևս 1995 թ. հրատարակված ուրարտական` իր ձևով եզակի սաղավարտը: Վերջինս նույնպես արձանագիր է, արձանագրությունը փորագրված է սաղավարտի ստորին եզրաշերտին, սակայն, կոռոզիայի պատճառով, նախկինում ընթերցվում էր միայն Սարդուրիի անունը: Իրանցի մասնագետների կողմից սաղավարտի մաքրումը թույլ տվեց հնարավորինս ամբողջացնել նրա վրա արձանագրված տեքստի ընթերցումը, այն է` «Խալդիին` տիրոջը, այս(՞) սաղավարտը ընծայեց(՞) [x(՞)] իր կյանքի համար Սարդուրի Արգիշթորդին»:

Հետաքրքիր է, որ արձանագրության մեջ նմանատիպ տեքստերում սովորաբար հանդիպող բառերի փոխարեն մի քանի անգամ կիրառվել են դրանց գաղափարագիր համարժեքները, ինչն առաջին անգամ է վկայվում ուրարտական բրոնզե իրերի արձանագրությունների դիվանում: Բացի դա, արձանագրությունն աչքի է ընկնում շարահյուսական անհարթություններով և գրիչի/փորագրիչի թույլ տված մի քանի բացթողումներով, հատկապես` Սարդուրի Արգիշթորդու անվան մեջ:

Table XXXIII Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

250

Table XXXIV Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

251

1.

2. 4.

3.

Table XXXV Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

252

Table XXXVI Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

253

Table XXXVII Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

254

1.

2.

255

Table XXXVIII Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani

1.

2.

Table XXXIX Yervand Grekyan, Poorya Kashani / Gagik Sargsyan, Arsen Harutyunyan

256

1.

2.