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Vascular plant species and communities of Lake Myra Park (Wake Co., North Carolina)

A. Krings1,2, J.M. Stucky1,3, and B. Wichmann1,4

INDEX

1. Introduction ..........................................................................................p. 1 2. Methods................................................................................................p. 1 3. Plant communities ................................................................................p. 1

Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest ................................................p. 3 Dry Oak-Hickory Forest.................................................................p. 3 Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest .....................................................p. 3 Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment .......................p. 3 Piedmont/ Low Mountain Alluvial Forest ......................................p. 3

4. Noteworthy natural features .................................................................p. 4 Natural communities.......................................................................p. 4 Coastal Plain plant species .............................................................p. 5 Rare and uncommon species ..........................................................p. 5

5. Plant species list ...................................................................................p. 5 6. Literature cited ...................................................................................p. 11

1. Introduction In order to facilitate the planning of Lake Myra Park, the Herbarium (NCSC) of North Carolina State University was contracted by the Wake County Department of Parks, Recreation, and Open Space to better understand the flora of the site. Specifically, the objectives of our study were to: (1) document the flora of Lake Myra Park from April through October 2008, (2) map and classify the plant communities inhabiting the Lake Myra Park property using Schafale and Weakley (1990), and (3) map and estimate population sizes of any state and federally listed vascular plant species occurring on the property. 2. Methods The site was visited nineteen times through the growing season from April through October 2008. Voucher specimens—deposited at NCSC—were collected and identified according to Weakley (2007). Communities and populations of special interest were mapped using ArcGIS. 3. Plant communities Lake Myra Park consists primarily of wetland communities and few fragmented upland communities. Wetland communities lie within the floodplain of Marks Creek. Upland areas are adjacent to the floodplain and are present in small fragments adjoining a

1 Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612 2 Report compilation and species identification 3 Species identification and review 4 Plant collection and identification; plant community mapping and description

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recently constructed sewer-line right-of-way. A large portion of the floodplain areas have been impounded by beavers (Castor canadensis). The entire site is in a state of succession, recovering from past disturbance events. The fragmented nature of the upland areas and the successional state of the site makes defining the plant communities of Lake Myra Park a challenge. Nonetheless, there are a few distinctive assemblages of plant taxa that allow one to describe the potential natural communities present within the boundaries of Lake Myra Park. Community Descriptions Five natural community types are found within the boundaries of Lake Myra Park, following the Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina (Schafale & Weakley 1990; Fig. 1). These communities include: Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest, Dry Oak-Hickory Forest, Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest, Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment, and Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest.

Fig. 1. Natural plant communities found at Lake Myra Park. A, Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest; B, Dry Oak-Hickory Forest; C, Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest; D, Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment. Letter E represents early successional communities of Pine forest and/or old field that are not considered to be natural communities. Areas not mapped primarily support the Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest which is too small to map. These areas may also support small examples of the Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest that were too small to map.

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Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest (Fig. 1A) A small portion of the floodplain areas found in Lake Myra Park can be described as Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest. This community type occurs in floodplain areas large enough to support backswamp deposits and sloughs. A small portion of the floodplain at Lake Myra Park is large enough to supports this uncommon community type. The canopy is dominated by flood-tolerant species including Quercus phellos, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Ulmus america. An understory is present and includes Ilex verticillata, Itea virginica, Ulmus alata, Ilex decidua, and Carpinus caroliniana. Woody vines may be present including Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans, and Smilax rotundifolia. Herbs are sparse but include Saururus cernuus, Peltandra virginica, Carex spp., Woodwardia areolata, Athyrium aspleniodes, and Boehmeria cylindrica. Dry Oak-Hickory Forest (Fig. 1B) Only a few small steep ridges and slopes are found within Lake Myra Park. These areas are much dryer than the lowlands and support Dry Oak-Hickory Forest. The dominant canopy tree is Quercus alba. Other canopy species include Quercus falcata, Q. velutina, Carya alba, C. pallida, and Pinus taeda. Typical understory species include Vaccinium arboreum, Oxydendrum arboreum, and Cornus florida. Vaccinium stamineum is a common shrub in this community. Herbs are generally sparse, but may include Chimaphila maculata and Piptochaetium avenaceum. Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest (Fig. 1C) Few low ridges and slopes are found within Lake Myra Park. These areas typically support Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest. Canopy species include Quercus alba, Q. velutina, Carya alba, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Pinus taeda. Understory species include Oxydendrum arboreum, Cornus florida, Ilex opaca, and Nyssa sylvatica. Common shrubs include Vaccinium stamineum, Euonymus americana, and in one area, Nestronia umbellula. Herbs include Desmodium spp., Chimaphila maculata, and Polygonatum biflorum. Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Fig. 1D) Several areas of Marks Creek within Lake Myra Park upstream from Lake Myra have been impounded by beavers (Castor canadensis). This creates various stages of floodplain flooding. Many of the flooded areas are deep enough to support Nuphar advena. Shallower areas support a variety of graminoids and forbs, including Carex crinita, C. lurida, Scirpus cyperinus, Cyperus esculentus, C. strigosus, Juncus effusus, Sagittaria latifolia var. latifolia, and Saururus cernuus. Shrubs are scattered throughout shallower areas and along impoundment edges. These include Rosa palustris, Alnus serrulata, Itea virginica, and Sambucus canadensis. Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest (unmapped due to small patch size) The most common community at Lake Myra is the Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest which is scattered throughout the narrow floodplain zones of Lake Myra Park. The assemblage of species creating this community varies throughout the site. Canopy species may include Quercus michauxii, Q. nigra, Betula nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera,

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Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Carya spp., Ulmus americana, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Understory species may include Carpinus caroliniana, Acer floridanum, A. rubrum, and Ilex opaca. Woody vines may be common including Smilax rotundifolia, S. laurifolia, Gelsemium sempervirens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Bignonia capreolata, and Vitis rotundifolia. Important herbs include Arundinaria tecta, Dichanthelium spp., Polystichum acrostichoides, Chasmanthium laxum, Arisaema triphyllum, Solidago caesia, and Viola spp. 4. Noteworthy natural features of Lake Myra Park Natural communities The Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest (Fig. 2A) is noteworthy at Lake Myra Park because floodplains large enough to support such a community are uncommon in the region, making this community type rare in the Piedmont. While the community recognized within the park is small and successional in nature, it should still be valued and protected from potential impact from upslope development.

Fig. 2. Noteworththy features of Lake Myra Park. A, Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest; B, Lupinus perennis population; C, Nestronia umbellula population.

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TABLE 1. Number of families, genera, and species in the major ferns and allies, gymnosperm, and angiosperm lineages at Lake Myra Park. Totals based on taxa vouchered over the period April through October 2008.

Coastal Plain plant species Lake Myra Park is situated at the eastern edge of Wake County at the edge of the Piedmont/Coastal Plain interface. It is interesting to note the presence of Coastal Plain taxa found scattered throughout Lake Myra Park. Most abundant is Itea virginica which is primarily found along the lake shore. Additional Coastal Plain species include Smilax walteri, S. laurifolia, Magnolia virginiana, Callicarpa americana, Itea virginica, and Lupinus perennis (Fig. 2B). The Lupinus perennis patch found was very small consisting of only a few plants. Rare and uncommon plant species No state or federally listed plant species were found within the boundaries of Lake Myra Park. One uncommon plant species, Nestronia umbellula¸ was found on a low slope supporting a Dry–Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest. This taxon is currently ranked as vulnerable (S3) and is on the North Carolina Plant Watch List (Franklin & Finnegan 2006; Fig. 2C). One large population was found on the banks of Lake Myra (Figure 2C). The population consists of male plants only. 5. Plant species list A total of 211 species in 79 families were recorded from the site between April and October 2008 (Table 1). These occurrences are documented based on 350+ vouchers collected over the same period and deposited at the North Carolina State University herbarium. Although we feel our study comprehensively represents the taxa found in this growing season, it is important to note that additional taxa are likely to be encountered should a more intensive study over several growing seasons be undertaken. Based on 2008 growing season data, the most species rich families are in decreasing order of richness: Cyperaceae (23 spp.), Poaceae (22 spp.), and Asteraceae (12 spp.). A species list follows. Plant species are arranged alphabetically by family and species within the following major groups: ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots. Some species may have been collected at multiple times, but only one representative voucher is cited for each below. When no date of collection was noted, the abbreviation “s.d.” is employed. Fern and fern allies Family Species Date collected

Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg 9-Jun

Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore 22-Oct

Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller 15-Jun

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Lycopodiaceae Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dillenius ex A. Braun) Holub 15-Jun

Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea L. cinnamomea 23-Apr

Polypodiaceae

Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) E.G. Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) E.G. Andrews & Windham 23-Apr

Polypodiaceae Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott 22-Oct Woodsiaceae Athyrium asplenioides (Michaux) A.A. Eaton 13-Jul Gymnosperms Family Species Date collected Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. 22-Oct Pinaceae Pinus taeda L. 22-Oct Basal angiosperms Family Species Date collected Nymphaeaceae Nuphar advena (Aiton) R. Brown ex Aiton s.d. Monocots Family Species Date collected Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow var. latifolia 15-Jun Alliaceae Allium vineale L. 9-Jun Araceae Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum 23-Apr Commelinaceae Commelina virginica L. 15-Jun Cyperaceae Carex albolutescens Schweinitz 18-May Cyperaceae Carex amphibola Steudel 15-Jun Cyperaceae Carex annectens (Bicknell) Bicknell 18-May Cyperaceae Carex atlantica Bailey 18-May Cyperaceae Carex bromoides Willdenow ssp. bromoides 18-May Cyperaceae Carex caroliniana Schweinitz 18-May Cyperaceae Carex comosa Boott 1-Aug Cyperaceae Carex crinita Lamarck var. crinita 18-May Cyperaceae Carex debilis Michaux 9-Jun Cyperaceae Carex echinata Murray ssp. echinata 13-Jul Cyperaceae Carex intumescens Rudge 15-Jun Cyperaceae Carex laevivaginata (Kukenthal) Mackenzie 18-May

Cyperaceae Carex leptalea Wahlenberg var. harperia (Fernald) Weatherby & Griscome 15-Jun

Cyperaceae Carex lupulina Muhlenberg ex Willdenow 15-Jun Cyperaceae Carex lurida Wahlenberg 18-May Cyperaceae Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz 18-May Cyperaceae Carex prasina Wahlenberg s.d.

Cyperaceae Carex scoparia Sckuhr. ex Willdenow var. scoparia 15-Jun

Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus L. 15-Jun Cyperaceae Cyperus strigosus L. 1-Aug Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa (Willdenow) J.A. Schultes 15-Jun Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth 13-Jul Cyperaceae Scleria oligantha Michaux 13-Jul

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Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmelin 18-May Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Michaux 15-Jun Juncaceae Juncus dichotomus Elliott 15-Jun

Juncaceae Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) Hamet-Ahti 15-Jul

Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Willdenow 13-Jul

Juncaceae Luzula echinata (Small) F.J.Hermann var. echinata 23-Apr

Liliaceae Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott 22-Oct Orchidaceae Cypripedium acaule Aiton s.d. Orchidaceae Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer 23-Jun Orchidaceae Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nuttall 28-Mar Poaceae Arundinaria tecta (Walter) Muhlenberg 22-Oct Poaceae Andropogon virginicus L. 22-Oct Poaceae Bromus japonicus Thunberg ex Murray s.d. Poaceae Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates 13-Jul Poaceae Dactylis glomerata L. 13-Jul

Poaceae Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark 15-Jun

Poaceae Dichanthelium boscii (Poiret) Gould & Clark 15-Aug Poaceae Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould 18-May Poaceae Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould 23-Apr

Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) var. dichotomum 13-Jul

Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) var. ramulosum (Torrey) LeBlond 18-May

Poaceae Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lamarck) Gould 18-May Poaceae Dichanthelium ovale (Elliott) Gould & Clark 18-May Poaceae Dichanthelium scoparium (Lamarck) Gould 15-Jun Poaceae Festuca subverticillata (Persoon) Alexeev 9-Jun Poaceae Glyceria striata (Lamarck) A.S. Hitchcock 9-Jun Poaceae Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz 15-Jun Poaceae Lolium perenne L. var. aristatum Willdenow 18-May Poaceae Melica mutica Walter 11-Apr Poaceae Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi 15-Jun Poaceae Poa autumnalis Muhlenberg ex Elliott 15-Jun Poaceae Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin 9-Jun Smilacaceae Smilax glauca Walter 28-Mar Smilacaceae Smilax laurifolia L. 15-Jun Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia L. 11-Apr Smilacaceae Smilax walteri Pursh 28-Apr Typhaceae Sparganium americanum Nuttall 15-Jun Typhaceae Typha latifolia 15-Jun Eudicots Family Species Date collected Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmelin) Steudel 15-Jun Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis L. 18-May Adoxaceae Viburnum dentatum L. var. dentatum 9-Jun

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Adoxaceae Viburnum nudum L. 22-Oct Adoxaceae Viburnum rufidulum Rafinesque 15-Jun Altingiaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. 22-Oct Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 22-Oct Annonaceae Asimina parviflora (Michaux) Dunal 11-Apr Apiaceae Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fernald 1-Aug Apiaceae Daucus carota L. 15-Jun Apiaceae Sanicula canadensis L. 9-Jun Apocynaceae Asclepias variegata L. 18-May Aquifoliaceae Ilex decidua Walter var. decidua 28-Apr Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca Aiton 28-Apr Aquifoliaceae Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray 15-Jun Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. 28-Mar Aristolochiaceae Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Rafinesque 15-Jun

Asteraceae Antennaria parlinii Fernald ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer and Stebbins 23-Mar

Asteraceae Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E. Robinson 1-Aug Asteraceae Chrysogonum virginianum L. 23-Apr Asteraceae Elephantopus tomentosus L. s.d. Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow s.d.

Asteraceae Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willdenow) Cabrera 9-Jun

Asteraceae Helenium amarum (Rafinesque) H. Rock var. amarum 13-Jul

Asteraceae Hypochoeris radicata L. 15-Jun Asteraceae Lactuca serriola L. 13-Jul Asteraceae Mikania scandens (L.) Willdenow 15-Jun Asteraceae Parthenium integrifolium L. var. integrifolium 13-Jul Asteraceae Solidago caesia L. s.d. Betulaceae Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willdenow 28-Mar Betulaceae Betula nigra L. 23-Apr Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana Walter var. caroliniana 11-Apr Betulaceae Corylus americana Walter 22-Apr Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch 22-Oct Bignoniaceae Bignonia capreolata L. 23-Apr Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau 22-Oct Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta L. 11-Apr Brassicaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuillier 11-Apr Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum 22-Apr Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwland s.d. Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunberg 18-May Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sempervirens L. var. sempervirens 22-Apr Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalis L. 13-Jul Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Villars 23-Apr Caryophyllaceae Stellaria pallida (Dumortier) Pire 11-Apr Celastraceae Euonymus americanus L. 22-Oct Cornaceae Cornus amomum P. Miller 18-May Cornaceae Cornus florida L. 23-Apr

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Cornaceae Cornus stricta Lamarck 18-May Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. 22-Oct Ericaceae Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nuttall 15-Jun

Ericaceae Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) Augustin de Candolle 15-Jun

Ericaceae Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michaux) Shinners 11-Apr

Ericaceae Vaccinium arboreum Marshall 28-Mar Ericaceae Vaccinium formosum H.C. Andrews 23-Apr Ericaceae Vaccinium fuscatum Aiton 28-Mar Ericaceae Vaccinium stamineum L. var. 2 15-Jun Ericaceae Vaccinium stamineum L. var. stamineum 28-Apr Ericaceae Vaccinium tenellum Aiton 23-Apr Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pubentissima Michaux 15-Jun Fabaceae Apios americana Medik. 1-Aug Fabaceae Clitoria mariana L. var. mariana 15-Jun Fabaceae Desmodium fernaldii Schubert 1-Aug Fabaceae Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton var. volubilis 13-Jul Fabaceae Lupinus perennis L. var. perennis 11-Apr Fabaceae Tephrosia spicata (Walter) Torrey & A. Gray 15-Jun Fagaceae Quercus alba L. 22-Oct Fagaceae Quercus falcata Michaux 22-Oct Fagaceae Quercus michauxii Nuttall 23-Apr Fagaceae Quercus nigra L. 28-Apr Fagaceae Quercus phellos L. 22-Oct Fagaceae Quercus velutina Lamarck 15-Jun Gelsemiaceae Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) St.-Hil. 22-Oct Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum 23-Apr Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell. Conc.) Verdc. 28-Mar Hydroleaceae Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walter 1-Aug

Hypericaceae Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg 15-Jun

Hypericaceae Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz 1-Aug Hypericaceae Hypericum punctatum Lamarck 15-Jun Iteaceae Itea virginica L. 18-May Juglandaceae Carya alba K. Koch 22-Oct Juglandaceae Carya pallida (Ashe) Engler & Graebner 15-Jun Lamiaceae Callicarpa americana L. s.d. Lamiaceae Lycopus virginicus L. s.d. Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. var. vulgaris 15-Jun

Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Barton) Fernald 15-Jun

Lamiaceae Scutellaria elliptica Sprengler 22-Oct Lauraceae Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees 22-Oct Linderniaceae Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia 15-Jun Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera L. 22-Oct Magnoliaceae Magnolia virginiana L. 22-Oct Moraceae Morus rubra L. 23-Apr

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Myricaceae Morella cerifera (L.) Small 28-Apr Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marshall 22-Oct Oleaceae Chionanthus virginicus L. 15-Jun Oleaceae Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall 22-Oct Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense Loureiro 18-May Onagraceae Ludwigia alternifolia L. 1-Aug Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott 15-Jun Orobanchaceae Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell 15-Jun Oxalidaceae Oxalis dillenii Jacquin s.d. Oxalidaceae Oxalis sensibilis L. var. sensibilis 15-Jun Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. 15-Jun Plantaginaceae Nuttalanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton s.d. Plantaginaceae Penstemon australis Small 18-May Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michaux) Small 13-Jul Polygonaceae Rumex hastatulus Baldwin 18-May Ranunculaceae Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marshall 11-Apr Rosaceae Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Persoon 15-Jun Rosaceae Potentilla canadensis L. var. canadensis 11-Apr Rosaceae Potentilla simplex Michaux 22-Apr Rosaceae Prunus serotina Ehrhart 28-Mar Rosaceae Rosa palustris Marshall 9-Jun Rosaceae Rubus argutus Link 22-Apr Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L. 15-Jun Rubiaceae Galium divaricatum Purrett ex Lamarck 23-Apr Rubiaceae Galium tinctorum (L.) Scopoli var. tinctorum 9-Jun Rubiaceae Galium triflorum Michaux 23-Apr Rubiaceae Galium uniflorum Michaux 15-Jun Rubiaceae Mitchella repens L. 11-Apr Santalaceae Nestronia umbellula Rafinesque 11-Apr Sapindaceae Acer floridanum (Chapman) Pax 15-Jun Sapindaceae Acer rubrum L. 11-Apr Saururaceae Saururus cernuus L. s.d. Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana L. 18-May Solanaceae Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense s.d. Ulmaceae Ulmus alata Michaux 22-Oct Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. 22-Oct Ulmaceae Ulmus rubra Muhlenberg 22-Oct Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz 1-Aug Violaceae Viola bicolor Pursh 11-Apr Violaceae Viola sororia Willdenow 11-Apr Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon 22-Oct

Vitaceae Vitis cinerea (Engelmann in A. Gray) Engelmann ex Millardet 1-Aug

Vitaceae Vitis rotundifolia Michaux

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6. Literature Cited Franklin, M.A. and J.T. Finnegan. 2006. Natural Heritage Program list of rare plant

species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh. Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of

North Carolina, third approximation. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh. Weakley, A.S. 2007. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia. Working draft,

courtesy of the author. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.