Video consumption among young people: a qualitative study in two municipalities in the North and South of Brazil Fernanda CHOCRON MIRANDA Proefschrift aangeboden tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Doctor in de Sociale Wetenschappen Bidiplomering met de Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [UFRGS, BR] Promotor UFRGS: Prof. Dr. Nilda Aparecida Jacks Onderzoekseenheid: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação [PPGCOM] Promotor KU Leuven: Prof. Dr. Bieke Zaman Copromotor KU Leuven: Dr. David Geerts Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS] 2019 FACULTEIT SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN
Transcript
Video consumption among young people: a qualitative study in two municipalities in the North and South of Brazil
Fernanda CHOCRON MIRANDA
Proefschrift aangeboden tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Doctor in de Sociale Wetenschappen
Bidiplomering met de Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [UFRGS, BR]
Promotor UFRGS: Prof. Dr. Nilda Aparecida Jacks Onderzoekseenheid: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação [PPGCOM]
Promotor KU Leuven: Prof. Dr. Bieke Zaman Copromotor KU Leuven: Dr. David Geerts
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS]
2019
FACULTEIT SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN
Video consumption among young people: a qualitative study in two municipalities in the North and South of Brazil
Fernanda CHOCRON MIRANDA
Bidiplomering met de Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [UFRGS, BR]
Promotor UFRGS: Prof. Dr. Nilda Aparecida Jacks Onderzoekseenheid: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação [PPGCOM]
Promotor KU Leuven: Prof. Dr. Bieke Zaman Copromotor KU Leuven: Dr. David Geerts
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS]
Nr. 377
2019
Samenstelling van de examencommissie:
Prof. Dr. Sônia Elisa Caregnato (voorzitter UFRGS, BR) Prof. Dr. Nilda Aparecida Jacks (promotor UFRGS, BR) Prof. Dr. Bieke Zaman (promotor KU Leuven) Dr. David Geerts (copromotor KU Leuven) Prof. Dr. Cédric Courtois [KU Leuven] Prof. Dr. Raquel da Cunha Recuero [UFRGS, BR] Dr. Vinoba Vinayagamoorthy [Research & Development department of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), UK] Prof. Dr. Maria Ataide Malcher [Federal University of Para (UFPA), BR]
FACULTEIT SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN
De verantwoordelijkheid voor de ingenomen standpunten berust alleen bij de auteur.
Gepubliceerd door: Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen - Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3603- 3000 Leuven, België en Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [UFRGS], Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2705, Santana, 90035007 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
♥ 2019 by the author.
Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur / No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the author.
D/2019/8978/5
– Acknowledgement –
"The most important change begins in our own backyard. If each person that enters the university dedicates her or himself to changing his or her backyard, in a little while we will have a meeting of backyards that have been transformed. And only so will we change or house, our neighbourhood and our society. Little by little, therefore, we will have a meeting of backyards that will bother the others that have not yet changed theirs, so that they will done the same”.
We expressed the reflection above at the end of one of the interviews performed for this doctoral dissertation. Upon rereading the transcript of that interview, I found myself reflecting about what I had said to a dear young person from Tavares. At that moment, I felt thrilled at seeing myself, as a child of a Brazilian public university, making a report about how my life had been transformed since I entered as an undergraduate. This process of transformation did not begin at UFRGS nor in the doctoral program. It began at the undergraduate course at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), the university of my heart. I was received there as a beginner in order to experience academic and citizenship education. Thus, my whole journey up to the doctoral level and defence is the direct result of research developed inside and outside of Brazil financed through public funding from our country and headed by that institution. More than investments in science and technology, the projects in which I participated and collaborated with at UFPA had bold goals: doing research and preparing human resources for the Northern region of the country, and through that, if possible, fighting regional asymmetries regarding actions for teaching, research and outreach in Brazil. My trajectory and this dissertation are the result of a project that for the first time placed the North in a real and effective manner on the national science and technology scene. A project that to this day is severely criticised, but that, regardless of what may have happened, indisputably transformed the ‘face’ of four country and gave hope (and not crumbs) to those who had never been able to express themselves, especially in the Northern part of the country. I am certain that it was this political, economic and social movement that allowed young persons like myself to have a place to return to after concluding my doctorate. In light of all that, I wish to record my most sincere thanks and enormous respect to the Brazilian development agencies, from which I received funding all the way from scientific initiation to my sandwich doctorate and then a double degree. To the Coordination for Improvement of Personnel in Higher Education (CAPES) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), my gratitude and wishes for a long life in this country. I am immensely grateful to the UFPA, a young and strong university, which allowed me to take wing in ways I would have never thought possible. That institution was a direct agent in this doctorate, since it was through projects led by it and its researchers that I was able to do my doctorate with funding at different stages, inside and outside of Brazil. It would be impossible to mention all those who make up this university, but I wish to record special thanks: -‐ To the tireless work of professors and great administrators such as Emmanuel Zagury Tourinho, Horácio Schneider, Carlos Edilson Maneschy, Alex Fiúza, Cristovam Diniz, José Miguel Veloso, Selma Leite, Iracilda Sampaio, Janice Muriel, Edson Ortiz, Luciano Nicolau, Maria Lúcia Harada and José Maia. -‐ To Professor Maria Ataide Malcher for all she is and for all we have achieved so far. My great professor and advisor. I will always owe you all my respect and gratitude. This doctorate was one of the highest investments we have made so far. It has been a long and very challenging journey, but has undoubtedly left us stronger and more united. Thank you for your commitment to what you have done, for your efforts as evaluator of this work. -‐ To my unstinting work partner who I also gained at UFPA: Suzana Cunha Lopes. Thank you for your strength and generosity at all times. Our cycle is now finished, we have our doctorates!
-‐ To Suelen Miyuki, for being my most tireless partner, at every moment. This work would not have been concluded if you had not been with me. This dissertation and all of its details is just a sample of the size of your generosity. -‐ To my life-‐research friends, Weverton Raiol and Felipe Jailson, for all that we have built and will yet build. Thank you for believing even in the toughest moments. I thank your generosity and for assuring that this doctorate happened. -‐ To my dear Lorena Santos for your companionship at different moments in writing this dissertation. Your sweetness provided a touch I could not have given to this work. -‐ To Rose Pepe for the friendship we built and for your direct aid in building this work. My eternal gratitude for your generosity and protection. -‐ To the team at the Laboratory of Research and Experimentation in Multimedia of UFPA: Angela Alexandre, Any Corrêa, Arlene Cantão, Cleide Monteiro, Chrystiam Nascimento, Júlia Quemel, Kleberton Lima, Marcelo Rodrigues, Marcus Leal, Roberto Pantoja and William Gonçalves. Thank you for your dedication and help! -‐ To the pibicinhos Ana Luiza Pires, Antônio Bastos and Julianna Leão. This doctorate would not have been the same without your brightness and dedication. -‐ To the professors I always had the opportunity of being with during my young career: Jane Marques, Marly Camargo, Maria Cristina Gobbi, Marianne Eliasquevici, Netília Seixas, Marcos Diniz and Sandro Colferai. I will always be very grateful for everything I learned with you. -‐ To my friend Leandro Raphael for having received me in our group and for your partnership over the years. -‐ To my dear research group colleagues Ronaldo Rodrigues, Marcilene Miranda and Daniella Barion. You are very special and part of this achievement. -‐ To Ana Rosa and John Moon for collaboration with the translation of the text of this dissertation. I thank UFRGS for the welcome and training in the doctorate. That institution brought me to Southern Brazil and enabled an activity I had long dreamed of: a view of Brazil from a Northern perspective. A challenging exercise, but rewarded by the transformation It brought to me. -‐ To PPGCOM and FABICO, through professors Nísia do Rosário, Rudimar Baldissera, Ana Tais Portanova, Elisa Piedras and Karla Muller. -‐ To Professor Nilda Jacks, one of my advisers, for the welcome to UFRGS and the Media Culture and Reception Centre, for the confidence and opportunities for working on different projects over the last four years. -‐ To Professor Raquel Recuero for the dialogue over the years and the always painstaking evaluation. And to Prof. Sônia who graciously conducted the defence process. -‐ To Professor Ruben Oliven, a professor I had the privilege of meeting and dialoguing with at UFRGS. -‐ To my dear Lúcia Loss, Cristiane Heidrich and Diego Tams for the serious work done in the PPGCOM office. -‐ To the special friendships cultivated during the doctorate. Especially to Laura Wottrich, amorinha. You were the first gift I received in Porto Alegre. Thank you for simply everything and for what is yet to come! -‐ To my friends Sarah Moralejo, Paula Coruja, Dulce Mazer, Maria Clara Monteiro, Isaura Mourão and Cássia Lopes. And to my friend Henrique Lucas. Thank you for the partnership and support! -‐ To professors Mariângela Toaldo, Daniela Schmitz and Mônica Pieniz for the interlocution and the Centre and welcome in Porto Alegre. I would like to thank KU Leuven, an impressive and at the same time enchanting Belgian university. I was welcomed there in every way and am very honoured to receive a doctorate degree from that institution. I would like to formally thank the Faculty of Social Sciences, through professors Trui Steen, Tim Smith and Leen d'Haenens for the encouragement in doing the double doctorate. -‐ To David Geerts, my advisor, professor and great work partner. Thank you going back to the welcome in 2014 and for everything we have built since then and so far. I will be eternally grateful
for all the opportunities, for the sincere dialogue and for the always-‐careful guidance at all moments of my exchange and in the work of writing. Let the next challenges come! -‐ To Professor Bieke Zaman, for the confidence, and for being an example as a researcher and woman. A true inspiration. I am very honoured for having been your advisee. -‐ I also thank Professor Cédric Courtois for the opportunity for dialogue and the direct contributions to this dissertation since our first contact. -‐ To the work colleagues and partners at Mintlab: Arne Jansen, Bert Vandenberghe, Evert van Beek, Françoise van Dessel, Jan Derboven, Karin Slegers, Kevin Sanders, Maarten Van Mechelen, Marije Nouwen, Oscar Alvarado, Rob van Roy and Roos Voorend. And to Professor Dirk De Grooff who began everything in the group. The opportunity for dialoguing with you was crucial in this PhD. Mintlab was my second home during this doctorate and I will be eternally grateful for that. -‐ To Michèle Van Buggenum and Kristien Hermans for all the support during the double degree process. -‐ To the friends Belgium gave me: Amanda Estevez and Karen Bens for having taught me a new meaning in friendship; Haleh Chizari and Teresa Castro, for the sweet friendship and for the life plans we will still achieve together; Leandro Aristizábal and Alexandra Gaona for the sincere friendship and special days in Leuven; Martina Balli for the meeting of souls Brazil-‐Italy and for having been decisive in this double doctorate; Ellen Thuben for the sweetness and partnership; and Plínio Costa, for the companionship in the enchanting little Leuven. My sincerest thanks to the people who have been with even since before I entered the university. -‐ I thank my grandparents Ana Maria and Fortunado Chocron. Having you at my doctoral defence was one of my greatest achievements. Thank you for your permanent encouragement, in prayers and loving words. Thank you for being partners in research since my Undergraduate Course Conclusion Paper. It was with you that I learned to dream and because you are great teachers, I learned very well and here we all are achieving this victory. -‐ To my mother, Mary Chocron, my greatest friend and partner. Thank you for everything. I can never think of only one thing to thank you for. I will always dedicate all my achievements to you, because I know you feel them as if you were me or Vitor. We are very privileged to have you so close and thank you for always taking care so that we always have the best place to return to and have some peaceful place to rest. -‐ To my brother Vitor Chocron. I have been learning from you since childhood. From the jokes and the purest proofs of love and friendship. Thank you for being the most vivid example that God exists. Together I am sure we will achieve the most beautiful dreams we have dreamt, and that we will continue to dream. -‐ To my godmother, Ana Amélia Chocron and her beloved Bibi. You are an example of a woman, of love and of dedication to our family. I am very grateful for having grown up around you and for always having you to depend on in the most varied situations. -‐ To my father João Barbosa. Thank you for the vigilante love and for being synonymous with protection. -‐ To my father Fernando Miranda for my first lessons while still a child. -‐ To my uncles and aunts Abraham and Salomão Chocron, Zezinho, Neydson and Nuno Miranda, Gilberto Erichsen, Rosária Barbosa, Ana Matilde, Antonio, Rodrigo and Márcia Barbosa, and also to all my cousins. Thank you for all the love and care! -‐ To my dear friends: Renato Arero, Maritiza Wanzeler, Luê Soares, Camila Duarte, Marina Duarte, Lorena Henriques and Izabela Sauma. Thank you for having believed in me and encouraged me over the years. Thanks to all the participants in this research. Thank you for the contribution each of you has made. I am very honoured for having defended a doctoral degree that is the result of a joint effort with each of you. A special thank you to the Ferreira Family for the welcome, to the community of Rio Furtados in Cametá, especially to Ana Lígia; to the directors of the Izabel Cristina de Tavares Municipal School, through teachers Soraia and Ana; to Chrystiam, and example of a young person committed to his context, and whom I thank for the welcome in Tavares.
–AbstractinEnglish–ABSTRACTThisdoctoraldissertationpresentsastudyaboutvideoconsumptionpracticesofyoungpeople (18 to 24 years old) that live in rural areas of the countryside of Brazil,morespecificallyinthemunicipalitiesofCametá,inthestateofPará(PA)andTavares,inthestate of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), located, respectively, in the northern and southernregionsofthecountry.Duringthisstudy,atheoretical-conceptualproposalbasedontheconcept of interaction flowswas developed, that we understand asmultidimensionalconnections established by the audiences throughout communicative interactions(FRANÇA& SIMÕES, 2016) during situations ofwatching video, inwhich the contentcame from several platforms beyond television, that can be online or offline and areaccessibleviaseveraldevices,indifferentlocationsandtimesoftheday.Wearticulatedthe empirical data collected in the field study, performed in bothmunicipalities,withtheoretical concepts from previous work (WILLIAMS, 2016; JENSEN, 1995, 2010;MORLEY&SILVERSTONE,1990;SILVERSTONE,1994;CARLON,2014;COURTOIS,2012;FECHINE, 2013, 2014; OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2010, 2011, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c; SCOLARI,2014a,2014b;MILLER,2001,2007;GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008a,2008b,2013)tobetterunderstand how the 21 participants of this study combined the eight constitutivedimensionsofinteractionflows(screen,typeofaudience,time,place,content,sourceofcontent, formof content selection, viewing regime) to enable their viewing situations.Thisproposalguidedusinestablishingahybridmethodologicaldesign,whichallowedustocapturedataaboutvideoconsumption,aphenomenonincreasinglyspreadintimeand space.Themethodological strategywasbasedon theassociationof adiary studyand individual semi-structured interviews. The material of the diary study – createdexclusivelyforthisdissertation–,consistsofastackofcardsthatwasfilledoutbytheparticipants during 10 days. After filling out the diary, the young people wereinterviewed,whilereportingandanalysingtheconsumptionsituationsregisteredinthecards. The results lead to the description of seven interaction flows: (i) favouritecontent;(ii)newsatthetable;(iii)relaxingathome;(iv)companyinthemorning;(v)fictionduring free time; (vi) zappingon social networks; (vii) learning throughvideo.These flows demonstrated that video consumption in the currentmedia convergencescenario (JENKINS, 2001; 2009; TERLUTTER & MOICK, 2013; KAZAKOVA &CAUBERGHE, 2013; AQUINO, 2012) demands increasingly more competences fromsubjects(SCOLARI,2018;LIVINGSTONE,2002)whichcontaindiversemediarepertoires(HASEBRINK & HÖLIG, 2013) that go beyond the ones needed for interacting withtelevision (OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2011). Based on these competences, articulated incombinationwith their immediate contexts (individual,microsocial andmacrosocial),the participants establish distinct levels of media usage with diverse content andplatformsandoutlinetheirinteractionflowsforvideoconsumption.Keywords:VideoConsumption;InteractionFlows;DiaryStudy;BrazilianCountryside;YoungPeople.
–AbstractinPortuguese–RESUMOEsta tese de doutorado apresenta um estudo das práticas de consumo de vídeosrealizadasporjovens(18a24anos)queresidememáreasruraisdointeriordoBrasil,especificamente nosmunicípios de Cametá, no estado do Pará (PA), e de Tavares, noestadodoRioGrandedoSul(RS), localizadosrespectivamentenasregiõesNorteeSuldo país. No decorrer dessa experiência da pesquisa, foi desenvolvida uma propostateórico-conceitual baseada no conceito de fluxos interacionais, que entendemoscomoconexõespluridimensionaisestabelecidas pelas audiências a partir de interaçõescomunicativas(FRANÇA&SIMÕES,2016)duranteaassistênciadevídeosoriundosdediversas plataformas de conteúdo para além da televisão, estas online ou offline eacessíveis via dispositivos variados, em diferentes lugares e horários do dia. Nósarticulamososdadosempíricosconstruídosempesquisadecamponosdoismunicípioscitadoscomaportesteóricosdiversos(WILLIAMS,2016;JENSEN,1995,2010;MORLEY& SILVERSTONE, 1990; SILVERSTONE, 1994; CARLON, 2014; COURTOIS, 2012;FECHINE, 2013, 2014; OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2010, 2011, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c; SCOLARI,2014a,2014b;MILLER,2001,2007;GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008a,2008b,2013)nointuitode compreender como os 21 participantes da pesquisa combinam as oito dimensõesconstitutivas dos fluxos interacionais (tela, tipo de audiência, horário, local, conteúdo,fontedeconteúdo,formadeseleçãodeconteúdoeregimedeassistência)paraviabilizarsuas situações de assistência. Essa proposta orientou a montagem de um desenhometodológicohíbrido,quepermitiuomapeamentodedadossobreumfenômenocadavez mais disperso em tempo e espaço, que é o consumo de vídeos. Assim,desenvolvemosestratégiametodológicabaseadanaassociaçãodoestudodediárioscomentrevistas semiestruturadas individuais. O material do estudo de diários – criadoexclusivamentepara a tese –, consiste emumconjuntode cartõesque foi preenchidopelosparticipantesdurante10dias.Apósopreenchimentododiário,os jovens foramentrevistados,relatandoeanalisandoassituaçõesdeconsumoregistradasnoscartões.Os resultados obtidos apontaram para existência de sete fluxos interacionais: (i)conteúdo favorito; (ii) notícias à mesa; (iii) relaxando em casa; (iv) companhia pelamanhã;(v) ficçãonotempolivre;(vi)zappingnasredessociais;(vii)aprendendocomvídeo. Esses fluxos evidenciaram que o consumo de vídeos no atual cenário deconvergênciamidiática(JENKINS,2001;2009;TERLUTTER&MOICK,2013;KAZAKOVA& CAUBERGHE, 2013; AQUINO, 2012) demanda cada vez mais competências dossujeitos(SCOLARI,2018;LIVINGSTONE,2002)comrepertóriosdemídiadiversificados(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013),quevãoalémdosacumuladosapartirdasinteraçõescomo televisivo (OROZCOGÓMEZ, 2011). É a partir dessas competências, articuladas comseuscontextosimediatos(individual,microssocialemacrossocial),queosparticipantesestabelecemdistintosníveisdeenvolvimentocomdiversosconteúdoseplataformasedelineiamseusfluxosinteracionaisparaoconsumodevídeos.Palavras-chave: Consumode vídeos; Fluxos interacionais; Estudode diários; InteriordoBrasil;Jovens.
–FigureList–Figure1 –Exampleof interviewwith youngpersonduring exploratory field study inCametá(PA).........................................................................................................................................................................................74Figure2 –Exampleof interviewwithyoungpersonduringexploratory fieldstudy inTavares(RS).........................................................................................................................................................................................74Figure3–ExampleofinterviewwithresidentofRioFurtados,Cametá(PA)duringexploratoryfieldstudy.............................................................................................................................................................................75Figure4–Formsforaccessingexperiencesandtypesofknowledge......................................................85Figure5–Exampleofacard(standardfrontandback)createdforuseintheNPOproject.........92Figure6–Examplesofcards(standardfrontand2backs)withextraquestionsfromtheNPOproject....................................................................................................................................................................................92Figure7–Exampleofspecialcards(2frontsandstandardback)fromtheNPOproject...............93Figure8–NPOprojectinstructioncardwithexampleoffillingoutonback.......................................93Figure9–Firstco-creationworkshopatNPOheadquartersinHilversum...........................................94Figure10–FormsusedinthefirstNPOprojectworkshop(Screensused).........................................95Figure11–FormsusedinthefirstNPOprojectworkshop(ViewingplaceXTypeofcontent)..95Figure12–FormsusedinthefirstNPOprojectworkshop(Specialcards)..........................................96Figure13–MomentwhenfamiliesweresharingtheirideasatthefirstNPOprojectworkshop96Figure 14 – Example of a clustermadewith cards from theNPO project (Day of research XProvider)..............................................................................................................................................................................98Figure15–ExampleofaclustermadewithcardsfromtheNPOproject (ScreenXProviderXContentformat).................................................................................................................................................................98Figure16–Exampleofcardformpreparedforthemethodologypre-testwithextraquestions(standardfrontand2backs)....................................................................................................................................105Figure 17 – Examples of profile cards prepared for themethodology pre-test (2 fronts andstandardback)................................................................................................................................................................105Figure18–Instructioncardwithexampleoffilled-outcardonthebackusedinthepre-test.106Figure19–NPOprojectcardsusedintheprocessforadaptingthediary.........................................106Figure20–Plasticbox,penandsetofcardspreparedforthemethodologypre-test..................107Figure21–Diarystudymaterial:pre-testinLeuven(Belgium).............................................................109Figure22–Recruitingannouncement forparticipants forthemethodologypre-test inLeuven................................................................................................................................................................................................111Figure23–Participantclusteringcardsduringtheinterviewdoneinthemethodologypre-test................................................................................................................................................................................................116Figure24–Exampleofboardsetupwithcardsfilledoutandcategorisedduringinterviewinpre-testofmethodology.............................................................................................................................................117Figure25–ExampleofcardsrelatedtoInteractionFlow1.....................................................................123Figure26–Sequenceofpre-testcardswithrecordsofimprovements/adaptationstobemade................................................................................................................................................................................................132Figure27–Diarystudymaterial:fieldstudyinCametá(PA)..................................................................133Figure28–Diarystudymaterial:fieldstudyinTavares(RS).................................................................134Figure29–MapwithrouteusedontheBelém(PA)–Mocajuba(PA)trip.......................................138Figure30–BoatusedfortheMocajuba(PA)-RioFurtados,Cametá(PA)trip...............................139Figure31–MeetingwithparticipantsinRioFurtados,Cametá(PA)todeliverthediaries......140Figure32–MapwithrouteusedonthePortoAlegre(RS)-Tavares(RS)trip..............................142Figure33–ParticipantsduringinterviewsinCametá................................................................................146Figure34–ParticipantduringinterviewinRioFurtados,Cametá(PA).............................................146Figure35–Bannerwiththeresearchcalendar..............................................................................................147Figure 36 – Boat used for part of the trip from urban area of Cametá (PA) to Rio Furtados,Cametá(PA).....................................................................................................................................................................148Figure37–OrganisationofinterviewroominTavares(RS)..................................................................149Figure38–ParticipantduringinterviewinTavares(RS)........................................................................150Figure39–Exampleofcardswiththehandwrittencodification...........................................................153
Figure40–MapofinternaldivisionofCametáterritoryandneighbouringmunicipalities......178Figure41–ExamplesofhousesinthecommunityofRioFurtados,Cametá(PA)..........................184Figure 42 – Catholic Church (old building) and barracão of the community of Rio Furtados,Cametá(PA).....................................................................................................................................................................185Figure43–ExampleofanantennaforreceivingmobilesignalsinRioFurtados,Cametá(PA)188Figure44–InternetreceptionantennainstalledinGael’sinRioFurtados,Cametá(PA)...........189Figure45–MapoftheterritoryforTavares(RS)andneighbouringmunicipalities.....................191Figure46–SquareinTavares(RS)......................................................................................................................194Figure47–ExampleofresidenceinPraiadoFarol,Tavares(RS).........................................................196Figure 48 – Entrance to Lagoa do Peixe National Park that gives access to Praia do Farol,Tavares(RS).....................................................................................................................................................................197Figure49–MainstreetinthelocalityofPraiadoFarol,Tavares(RS)................................................197Figure50 – Example of a housewith antenna formobile phone signal on a house rooftop inPraiadoFarol,Tavares(RS).....................................................................................................................................198Figure51–Tavares(RS)streetswithpresenceofbeachsand...............................................................199Figure52–ExampleofrocksusedonroadsintheurbanareaofTavares(RS)..............................200Figure53 –TV in the living roomof ahouse in the communityofRioFurtados,Cametá (PA)duringexploratoryfieldresearch...........................................................................................................................301Figure54–Contextsthatinformtheinteractionflowsforvideoconsumption..............................305
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–GraphList–Graph1–Screensusedbytheparticipantsonthepre-testinLeuven...........................................118Graph2–Screensusedbymunicipality.......................................................................................................259Graph3–TypeofwatchingplacebylocalityXLivingroom...............................................................260Graph4–Distributionofwatchingsituationbyperiodsofthedayandmunicipalities.........261Graph5 –Genres/formatsofmostwatched contents (GeneralPanorama&Municipalities)..........................................................................................................................................................................................264Graph6–Genres/FormatsXMostWatchedContentSources...........................................................266Graph7–CrossingofViewingConditionsxFormsofContentSelection(Edsonexample).276Graph 8 – Viewing Conditions X Forms of Content Selection per participant from Cametá(PA)................................................................................................................................................................................282Graph9–ViewingConditionsXFormsofContentSelection–GeneralOverviewofCametá(PA)................................................................................................................................................................................284Graph10 –ViewingConditionsXFormsofContentSelectionperparticipant fromTavares(RS)................................................................................................................................................................................287Graph11–ViewingConditionsXFormsofContentSelection–GeneraloverviewofTavares(RS)................................................................................................................................................................................289Graph12–Participantwithlevelofmediausage1................................................................................293Graph13–Participantswithlevelofmediausage3..............................................................................294Graph14–Participantswithlevelofmediausage4..............................................................................295Graph15–Participantswithlevelofmediausage2..............................................................................296Graph16–Participantswithlevelofmediausage5..............................................................................298Graph17–BrazilianandBelgiumparticipantswithlevelofmediausage3...............................326Graph18–BrazilianandBelgiumparticipantswithlevelofmediausage5...............................327
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–TableList–Table1–MethodologicalSteps...........................................................................................................................67Table2–Participantsprofileinthemethodologypre-testinLeuven............................................113Table3–Totalofcardsfilledoutperparticipantinthemethodologypre-testinLeuven...115Table4–Percentageofcardsbycontentsources...................................................................................119Table5–TotalcardsfilledoutbyparticipantsfromCametá(PA)..................................................144Table6–TotalcardsfilledoutbyparticipantsfromTavares(RS)..................................................145Table7–AgendaforinterviewsheldinCametá(PA)............................................................................147Table8–AgendaforinterviewsheldinTavares(RS)...........................................................................150Table9–PercentagewithInternetaccessinBrazilianhouseholdsin2014...............................156Table10–MonthlyincomeofresidentsinhouseholdswithInternetfromtheRegionsNorthandSouthin2014....................................................................................................................................................156Table11–PercentageofInternetaccessinhouseholds inParáandRioGrandedoSulandtheirrespectiveRMin2014................................................................................................................................157Table12–PercentageofhouseholdswithInternetaccessbytypeofdevicein2014inBrazil(UrbanandRural),NorthRegion(Urban,Rural,ParáandMetropolitanRegionofBelém)andSouthRegion(Urban,Rural,RioGrandedoSulandMetropolitanRegionofPortoAlegre)..159Table13–Percentageof residentsofhouseholdswith Internetaccessby typeofdevice in2014inBrazil(UrbanandRural),NorthRegion(Urban,Rural,ParáandMetropolitanRegionof Belém) and South Region (Urban, Rural, Rio Grande do Sul andMetropolitan Region ofPortoAlegre).............................................................................................................................................................159Table14–PercentageofhouseholdswithInternetaccesspertypeofconnectionin2014inBrazil (Urban and Rural), North Region (Urban, Rural, Pará and Metropolitan Region ofBelém)andSouthRegion(Urban,Rural,RioGrandedoSulandMetropolitanRegionofPortoAlegre)..........................................................................................................................................................................163Table 15 – Percentage of residents of households with Internet access per type ofconnection in 2014 in Brazil (Urban and Rural), North Region (Urban, Rural, Pará andMetropolitan Region of Belém) and South Region (Urban, Rural, Rio Grande do Sul andMetropolitanRegionofPortoAlegre)............................................................................................................163Table16–PercentageofhouseholdswithTVbytypeofsignalreceptionanddevicein2014in Brazil (Urban and Rural), North Region (Urban, Rural, Pará andMetropolitan Region ofBelém)andSouthRegion(Urban,Rural,RioGrandedoSulandMetropolitanRegionofPortoAlegre)..........................................................................................................................................................................166Table17 – Percentage of residents of householdswithTVby type of signal reception anddevice in 2014 in Brazil (Urban and Rural), North Region (Urban, Rural, Pará andMetropolitan Region of Belém) and South Region (Urban, Rural, Rio Grande do Sul andMetropolitanRegionofPortoAlegre)............................................................................................................166Table18–VirtualenvironmentsmostaccessedbyBrazilianyoungpeople...............................168Table19–OwnershipofTICsbyBrazilianhouseholdsin2006and2014..................................169Table 20 – Ownership of desktop computer and Internet access in Brazilian households(2006and2014)......................................................................................................................................................170Table21–PenetrationoftechnologyinCametá(PA)(Baseyear2010)......................................181Table22–PenetrationoftechnologyinTavares(RS)(Baseyear2010)......................................195Table23–ProfileofparticipantsinthefieldresearchinCametá(PA).........................................208Table24–Availability of technology and internet access among Cametá (PA) participants..........................................................................................................................................................................................212Table25–ScreensusedbytheCametá(PA)participants...................................................................217Table26–InternetconnectionamongtheCametá(PA)participants............................................218Table27–TimeofdayatwhichCametá(PA)youngpeopleviewedvideos...............................220Table28–Sourcesofcontents/providersaccessedbytheCametá(PA)youngpeople........221Table29–Genres/FormatsofcontentsXSources/providersviewedbytheparticipantsfromCametá(PA)...............................................................................................................................................................226Table30 – Approximate viewing time during the research among the Cametá (PA) youngpeople...........................................................................................................................................................................230
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Table 31 – Duration of viewing situations X Type of content viewed by the Cametá (PA)participants................................................................................................................................................................231Table32–ProfileofinthefieldresearchinTavares.............................................................................235Table33 –Availability of technology and internet access amongTavares (RS)participants..........................................................................................................................................................................................238Table34–ScreensusedbytheTavaresparticipants............................................................................241Table35–ScreensusedbytheTavares(RS)participants..................................................................242Table36–PeriodofthedaythatyoungpeopleofTavares(RS)watchedvideos.....................244Table37–Sourceofcontent/providerusedbyparticipantsfromTavares(RS)......................245Table38–Genres/FormatsofcontentsXSources/providersviewedbytheparticipantsfromTavares(RS)...............................................................................................................................................................249Table39 – Approximate viewing time during the research among theTavares (RS) youngpeople...........................................................................................................................................................................253Table 40 – Viewing situation time X Types of content viewed by the Tavares (RS)participants................................................................................................................................................................254Table41–Sourcesofcontent/providersaccessedbyyoungpeopleofthesearch..................261Table 42 – Crossing between Viewing Conditions X Forms of Content Selection (Edsonexample)......................................................................................................................................................................273Table 43 – Weights attributed to intersections between Viewing Conditions X Forms ofContentSelection.....................................................................................................................................................275Table 44 – Crossing between Viewing Conditions X Forms of Content Selection after theapplicationofthemathematicalweights(Edsonexample)..................................................................275Table45–DistributionoftheCametá(PA)youngpeoplebylevelsofmediausage...............285Table46–DistributionoftheyoungpeoplefromTavaresperlevelofmediausage..............290Table47–DistributionoftheyoungpeopleofCametábylevelofmediausage.......................292Table48–Interactionflowsidentified.........................................................................................................321Table49–Distributionoftheyoungpeoplebylevelofmediausage.............................................324
TABLE OF CONTENTS | DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SUMÁRIO | TESE DE DOUTORADO
CONVERGÊNCIA MIDIÁTICA, FLUXOS E PRÁTICAS DE CONSUMOFluxo interacional: uma proposta teórico-conceitual
O(s) �luxo(s) para Williams e Jensen Interação
Audiências conectadas Regimes de assistência
Materialidade da convergência Centralidade da narrativa
Convergência midiática e “novos” modelos de negócio Aspectos teóricos sobre práticas de consumo
Competências de mídia e os modos de comunicação
ETAPAS METODOLÓGICAS E INCURSÕES EXPLORATÓRIASAnálise de dados contextuais
Pesquisa de campo exploratória
EXPERIMENTAÇÕES E INSPIRAÇÃO METODOLÓGICA Revisão de literatura
Usando diário na pesquisa cientí�ica Acessando conhecimento tácito
Mapeando o uso de mídia Recomendações para realização de um estudo de diário
Material do estudo de diário e sua aplicação Inspirações e constatações sobre o método
ESTRATÉGIA METODOLÓGICA E PRÉ-TESTE De�inindo a estratégia metodológica
Adaptação e criação do diário Pré-teste da estratégia metodológica
Recrutamento Per�il dos participantes
Construção dos dados Primeiros achados
Primeiras evidências de �luxos interacionais Principais insights
PESQUISA DE CAMPO E ANÁLISE DE DADOS Ajustes na estratégia metodológica
Pesquisa de campoViagem e Recrutamento
Construção dos dadosContato com participantes durante a pesquisa
Sistematização e análise de dados
CONTEXTO TECNOLÓGICO NO BRASIL Dados sobre o acesso à internet
Dados sobre a posse de TV Dinâmicas de consumo de vídeos a partir de dispositivos móveis conectados
Recon�iguração do consumo de vídeos
PONTOS DE REFERÊNCIA NO INTERIOR DO BRASILPonto de referência no Norte: Cametá
Rio Furtados Ponto de referência no Sul: Tavares
Primeiros achados Evidências sobre consumo de vídeos
PRÁTICAS DE CONSUMO DE VÍDEOS EM CAMETÁ Per�il dos participantes
Disponibilidade de tecnologia e repertório de mídia Dimensões articuladas pelos jovens para o consumo de vídeos
PRÁTICAS DE CONSUMO DE VÍDEOS EM TAVARES Per�il dos participantes
Disponibilidade de tecnologia e repertório de mídia Dimensões articuladas pelos jovens para o consumo de vídeos
APROXIMANDO AS REALIDADES ESTUDADAS Dimensões articuladas pelos jovens
Resultados parciais
NÍVEIS DE USO DE MÍDIA Notas metodológicas
Níveis identi�icadosNíveis de uso de mídia entre os participantes de Cametá Níveis de uso de mídia entre os participantes de Tavares
Fluxo Interacional 2 - Notícias à mesa Fluxo Interacional 3 - Relaxando em casa
Fluxo Interacional 4 - Companhia pela manhã Fluxo Interacional 5 - Ficção no tempo livre
Fluxo Interacional 6 - Zapping nas redes sociais Fluxo Interacional 7 - Aprendendo com vídeo
Fluxos interacionais em perspectiva Jovens brasileiros e belgas em relação
INTRODUÇÃO
PARTE 1 – ABORDAGENS TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICAS
1 1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.4 1.5
2 2.1 2.2
3 3.1
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2
3.2.1
4 4.1 4.2 4.3
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6
5 5.1 5.2
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3
PARTE 2 – ANÁLISES E RESULTADOS
6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
7 7.1
7.1.1 7.2 7.3
7.3.1
8 8.1 8.2 8.3
9 9.1 9.2 9.3
10 10.1 10.2
11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5
12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
REFERÊNCIAS
APÊNDICES
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304306308309311312315317319323
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345
361
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2935354143464751535963
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82848689929498104
107107111117117119122125129135
136136143144152160161
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188188194201211212
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MEDIA CONVERGENCE, FLOWS AND CONSUMPTION PRACTICESInteraction �low: a theoretical-conceptual proposal
The �low(s) for Williams and JensenInteraction
Connected audiencesViewing regimesMateriality of convergenceCentrality of the narrative
Media convergence and ‘new’ business modelsTheoretical aspects about consumption practicesMedia competences and the communication modes
METHODOLOGICAL STEPS AND EXPLORATORY INCURSIONSContextual data analysisExploratory �ield study
EXPERIMENTATION AND METHODOLOGICAL INSPIRATIONLiterature review
Using diary study on scienti�ic researchAccessing tacit knowledgeMapping media useRecommendations for conducting a diary study
Diary study material and its applicationInspirations and discoveries regarding the method
METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGY AND PRE-TESTDe�ining the methodological strategyAdapting and creating the diary material Pre-test of methodological strategy
RecruitmentParticipants' pro�ileData collectionFirst �indingsFirst evidences of interaction �lowsMain insights
FIELD STUDY AND DATA ANALYSISAdjustments to the methodological strategyField study
Travel and RecruitmentData collectionContact with participants during the study
Data systematisation and analysis
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT IN BRAZILData on internet accessData on TV ownershipDynamics of video consumption using connected mobile devicesRecon�iguration of video consumption
POINTS OF REFERENCE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE OF BRAZILNorthern reference point: Cametá
Rio FurtadosSouthern point of reference: TavaresFirst �indings
Evidences about video consumption
VIDEO CONSUMPTION PRACTICES IN CAMETÁParticipants' pro�ileAvailability of technology and media repertoireDimensions articulated by the young people for video consumption
VIDEO CONSUMPTION PRACTICES IN TAVARESParticipants' pro�ileAvailability of technology and media repertoireDimensions articulated by the young people for video consumption
APPROXIMATING THE STUDIED REALITIESDimensions articulated by the young peoplePartial results
LEVELS OF MEDIA USAGEMethodological notesIdenti�ied levelsLevels of media usage among participants from CametáLevels of media usage among participants from TavaresLevels and competences for media usage
INTERACTION FLOWSInteraction Flow 1 - Favourite contentInteraction Flow 2 - News at the tableInteraction Flow 3 - Relaxing at homeInteraction Flow 4 - Company in the morningInteraction Flow 5 - Fiction during free timeInteraction Flow 6 - Zapping on social networkInteraction Flow 7 - Learning trough videoInteraction �lows in perspectiveBrazilian and Belgian young people in relation
INTRODUCTION
PART 1 - THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
This doctoral dissertation aims to map and characterise the interaction flows forvideoconsumptionperformedbyyoungpeople(18to24-yearold)wholiveinruralareasoftwomunicipalitiesinthecountrysideofBrazil,beingCametáinthestateofPará(PA)andTavaresinthestateofRioGrandedoSul(RS),locatedrespectivelyinthenorthernandsouthernregionofthecountry.
Weunderstand interaction flowasapluridimensional1connectionestablishedbyaudiencesbasedoncommunicativeinteractions(FRANÇA&SIMÕES,2016),withspecificmotivation,duringsituationsofwatchingvideoorfragmentsofaudio-visualcontent, coming from multiple platforms, not only on a single media or contentsource.Therefore,itisaboutanongoingvideoconsumptionflowwhichisinprogressamongdifferent audiences. This aroseduring the contactwith youngpeople of thecountrysideofBrazil.
Theproposalofthisstudyistoexperimentandproposeawayofinvestigation,which is appropriated to the media convergence scenario (JENKINS, 2001, 2009;TERLUTTER&MOICK, 2013;KAZAKOVA&CAUBERGHE, 2013; AQUINO, 2012). In
1We adopted this term to translate the word “pluridimensional” originally used by Orozco Gómez (2011) inSpanishas anadjective to refer to themultidimensionalityof the current connections,which is inherent to theconcept we proposed. However, by using the term “multidimensional” to translate “pluridimensional” fromSpanishandPortuguese,wedonotreachtheexactmeaningadoptedbyOrozcoGómez(2011),consideringthatinthese languages theprefix “pluri-” refersnotonly toquantity (multi-) butalso todiversity (pluri-).Thus, in thePortugueseversionofthisdoctoraldissertationweadoptedtheterms“pluridimensional”and“pluridimensões”torefer to the constitutive dimensions of the interaction flows, but in English we used “multidimensional” or“multipledimensions”toexpressboththequantitativeanddiversityaspectsofthosedimensions.
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this scenario the consumption practices are based on the use of new technologies,whichcoexistwithpreviousones, andasa consequence, ithas the tracesof audio-visual language, besides common appropriations between the subjects. Thus, ourfocus is on understanding how the consumption of videos from different originsoccursinthisscenarioofmediaconvergence(JENKINS,2001,2009;HEPP,2014).InteractionFlows
Throughout this doctoral dissertation, we argue that interaction flow is
composedofeightdimensions,being:
(i) Screen(synchronisedwithotherscreensornot);
(ii) Time(morning,afternoon,nightandlatenight);
(iii) Location(publicand/orprivate);
(iv) Typeofaudience(aloneoraccompanied);
(v) Content (variety of genres/formats, available live, recorded, on demand,
downloaded,oruser-generated);
(vi) Sources of content/providers(television broadcasters, online and video on
demand platforms, social networking sites, apps of instant messaging
and/orUGC,user-generatedcontent);
(vii) Forms of content selection (pre-programmed flow, on social networking
These interaction flows to a certain degree are interwoven and driven by
similaraspectstothosethatguidedyoungpeopleinwatchingtelevisionafewyearsago, among which are: the permanent interest in entertainment and fictionalnarratives; the relation between television content with the ordinary daily life ofyoungpeople;theinterestinbeingpartofthismajor‘arenafordiscussion’builtfromappropriationsofTVcontent;inaddition,accordingtoMartín-Barbero(2014),videois the favourite languageamongyoungpeople, throughwhichtheyact in theworldandestablishsocioculturalpracticesandbondswiththeirpeers.
The difference is that those motivations are no longer attended through thetelevisionscreenonly,butaboveall,viaportableandmobilescreens,mostof them
19
connected to the internet, allowing contact with an even broader menu of videocontent.Eventhoughthiscontentisoutsideoftelevision,ithasmuchincommonwiththelogicofTVproductionandconsumption.Forthisreason,youngpeoplecomposeastrategicsocialgroupthatestablishesnewwaysofdealingwithtelevision (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011).
As has been reported by different authors (CARLÓN, 2014; FECHINE, 2013,2014; HASEBRINK & HÖLIG, 2013; MILLER, 2014; OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2011, 2014a,2014b,2014c;SCOLARI,2014a,2014b), it iscurrentlynolongermeaningfultoonlyfocusonwhatpeoplearedoingwhentheyareathome,inthetraditionallivingroomwith the television turned on. The possibilities for producing, distributing andcirculating videos – heretofore restricted to TV and cinema screens – have beenirreversibly boosted in the current scenario ofmediaconvergence (JENKINS, 2001,2009;TERLUTTER&MOICK,2013;KAZAKOVA&CAUBERGHE,2013;AQUINO,2012)andnewcommunicativeconfigurations(HEPP,2014).
We know that these transformations are not exclusively connected to thetechnical process of transitioning from analogue to digital standards and to theintroductionofsmartphonesandtablets,whichhavemultimodallanguageaffordance(SCOLARI, 2018) with functionalities to reproduce and produce videos. Thesechangesarepartofanunprecedentedseriesoftransformationsthathavebeensetinmotion by the digitalisation of various media services. According to Hasebrink &Hölig(2013),thesechangescombineandarepartofvariedmediacontentformsthatarenowdistributedamongstdifferentplatforms.
ThatconfigurationallowsTVtoreinventitselfandgivesriseto‘thebeginningofother types of recognition and behaviour by the television audience in digitalscenarios’ (OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2014a, p. 101), especially among the youngergenerations, in general the first group to adopt new technologies (LIVINGSTONE,2002;MARTÍN-BARBERO,2014).
Thus,webelieve thatyoungpeoplehaveadifferent televisedexperience thanolder generations, especially in a Latin American context. Orozco Gómez (2014a)foundthat,regardlessofthetypeoftechnologyusedforaccessingvideocontent(live,recorded, downloaded or on demand), Latin American audiences, have learned towatch it on theTV set andhaveestablisheda sensorial andemotional relationshipwith content with specific rhythms and familiar narratives. Indeed, young LatinAmerican people – especially those living in countryside municipalities – havelearnedtowatch(andproduce)videosthroughthemediationofaTVscreen,which,
20
in its most "traditional" configuration, is still significantly present (MARTÍN-BARBERO,2009;OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a).
Machado (2007)hasargued thatvideo impliesaproductive liberty frombothanethicalandanaestheticviewpoint.Foralongtime,videowasrecognisedasbeingthecounter-modeltobroadcastingandforbeingtherawmaterialoftheindependentproducers, who gradually entered the Brazilian televised circuit (FECHINE, 2007).That iswhy, fora longtime,videowasunderstoodasessentiallyanalternativeandexperimental language,towhichmanyattachedthe ‘label’ofarttothedetrimentofthe entertainment industry, recognised specially because of television, but notrepresentedonlybyit.Theoreticalandmethodologicalapproachesofthedissertation The notion of interaction flows provided us with a theoretical-conceptualproposalthatguidedourstudy.Itwasdevelopedafterourliteraturereviewandthepreliminary findings of our first exploratory field study, in 2016. Relying on thatnotionallowedus toprovideadetailedoverviewofhowyoungpeopleaddress themultiple dimensions of video consumption.Moreover, it allowedus to identify andcomprehend the articulation that they establish among their immediate contexts:individual,microsocial andmacrosocial. In thisprocessof articulation,we revealedtwodecisiveaspects:levelofmediausageandmotivation.
Tounderstandvideoconsumptionpracticesamongyoungpeople,weconductedafieldstudyintwomunicipalities,Cametá(PA)andTavares(RS).Itwasguidedbyamethodological strategy based on a diary study and follow-up individual semi-structured interviews, aswewill present in Chapter 4. The diarymaterial, createdexclusively for thisdissertation, consistedofa stackof cards tobe filledoutby theparticipants during a period of 10 days. Each card represented a specific videowatchingsituation.
The field study in Brazil was conducted with 21 participants, of which 11womenand10men.ItisconceivedasoneofthenineMethodologicalStepsthatwe
21
performed during this investigation, which has direct contributions from severalprojectsthatwehavebeeninvolvedwith.
Regarding thedataanalysis, itwasdeveloped in threemainphases,being: (i)detailed description of groups of participants by municipality and furtherapproximationoftherealitiesstudied;(ii)crossingandinterpolationoftheviewingconditionsandformsofcontentselectionvariables–identifiedduringthephase(i)–whichenabledthecharacterisationoffivelevelsofmediausage,andtheclassificationof the 21 participants among them; (iii) characterisation of recurrent interactionflowsamongtheBrazilianyoungpeople.
Throughoutourdeepdatacollectioninthefieldandourin-depthanalysisofthecontextualised findings, we considered the underlying communication modes(HASEBRINK & HÖLIG, 2013) of the young participants, that is, the way theyunderstood and reported the usage of a communication service in their specificsituation.Eventually,wecouldidentifyandcharacteriseseveninteractionflows:(i) Favouritecontent;(ii) Newsatthetable;(iii) Relaxingathome;(iv) Companyinthemorning;(v) Fictionduringfreetime;(vi) Zappingonsocialnetworks;(vii) Learningthroughvideo.
triangulated data from academic, market and governmental statistical research2todealswiththe“complexityofinteractionwiththescreens”.
It is important to highlight that this dissertation has been a result of theinterlocution with different groups and research institutions during the doctoralprocess.ThisstudywasintegratedinajointresearchprojectfundedbytheNationalProgramme for Academic Cooperation (PROCAD)3of the Coordination for HigherEducation Staff Development (CAPES),which studies young peoplewho live in thecountryside of Brazil and how they deal with new technologies. Gradually, theinsightsandcontributionstowardsthedevelopmentofthedissertationaroseandled
2Orozco Gómez (2011) highlights four main strands, but for organisational purposes we summarise in threedifferentforms.3TheinitiativeiscoordinatedbyProfessorDr.NildaJacksandbringtogetherthreepostgraduateprogrammeinCommunication:ThePPGCOM-UFRGS,proponent,andthecommunicationPPGsofUFPAandFederalUniversityofSergipe(UFS),bothassociated.ThisisanunfoldingoftheeffortoftheBrazilConnectedNetworkandtheproposalistodeepentheanalysesofdatacollectedindifferentpointsofnationalterritory.
22
us toabettercomprehensionof the investigatedphenomenon. Italsostrengthenedthe comparative nature of this dissertation, aswe analysed the video consumptionpracticesbothwithyoungpeopleofCametá,inthestateofPará,wherewearefrom,andinTavares(RS),atRioGrandedoSul,whereweattendedthedoctoralcourse.
ThecomparisonbetweenthesetwoextremepointsofthecountryisjustifiedbythedifferencesandhistoricalspecificitiesamongtheadministrativeregionsofBrazil,notonly insocioeconomicdemographicaspects,butalsoregarding toaccess to theinternet and technology ownership and availability, especially considering thedifference between urban and rural areas of the country (FONSECA, 2015; IBGE,2015a; IBGE CIDADES, 2018; CGI.br, 2015). In a convergence scenario such as thecurrentone,webelieveitwasstrategictoworkwithdistinctpointsofreference, intwoBrazilianregions,distantfromeachother,andwithseveralconditionsintermsofaccess.Theaimwastoapproachthesecommunicativecontextsatextremepointsof the country, starting from an in-depth qualitative study to characterise theinteractionflows.
Regardingthecomparativeproposal,weunderstand,asNardi(2012),thatitisnot demand a pairing between the two contexts, but the comprehension of theirspecificities. Thus, based on the data emergedwhile the field study took place,weperformedtheanalysisprocess,respectingthespecificityofeachlocalityandvaluingthemarksofthemicrosocialandindividualcontextsofparticipants.
Inthisprocess,weexperienceda‘doubledenaturalisingeffort’(NARDI,2012),consideringwhatwewere used to on the one hand (the context of countryside ofPará) versus the new contextswewere introduced to during the fieldwork inRioGrandedoSulandinBelgiumontheotherhand.Inbothcases,weadoptedapostureof avoiding pre-notions when looking the scenarios studied, even though we haveprinciplesandsubjectivitiesthatclearlypermeatethisstudy.Whattoexpect:dissertationoutline
As a joint doctorate is being pursued, this dissertation follows the formalrequirements of both universities, UFRGS and KU Leuven. That is why thismanuscriptcomesinbothPortugueseandEnglishversion,andwhyitisprecededbyabilingualsummarythatallowsidentifyingeachtopicinthetwovolumes.
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In order to seek coherence between the two versions, we adopted a similarstandard that is the ABNT from the Technical Standards of Brazilian Association4,requiredbythemaininstitutionofjointdoctorateagreement,UFRGS.
Given the extent and the complexity of the study developed, in writing, wefavourthenarrativeoftheresearchprocessanditsresults,givinglittlespaceforthereporting of personal reflections. This decision also considered that, as a bilingualdissertation,itmusttobecomprehensiveindifferentculturalandscientificcontexts.
The dissertation is structured in two main parts. Part 1 is focused on thetheoretical-methodological contributions and consists of five chapters. Part 2 isreservedfortheanalysesandresultsandisdividedintosevenchapters.
InChapter1,weproposethetheoretical-conceptualnotionofinteractionflows.Wealsodiscussthecontributionsoftheconceptsof flowbyWilliams(2016)andofsuper-flowbyJensen(1995).Furthermore,wereflectonpreviousliteratureonmediaconvergenceanditsconsequencesforvideoconsumptionpractices.InChapter1,wealso discuss studies of consumption and cultural studies, specifically in mediaconsumption (TOALDO& JACKS, 2013) outlined to the literature review of criticalaudience(MURDOCK,1990).
InChapter2,wepresentasummaryofthenineMethodologicalStepdevelopedinthisresearch,anddetailtheproceduresadoptedintheexploratorystep,consistingof the survey of contextual data and exploratory field research, both conducted in2016.
In Chapter 3, we report on the results of our doctoral internship at theMeaningful Interactions Lab (Mintlab-KU Leuven) and how, from theexperimentations carried out in international projects, we reached themethodological strategy of the dissertation. Also in this chapter, we present aliterature review on the diary method, highlighting its epistemological matrix andusesinscientificresearch.
InChapter4,wepresentanddiscussthemethodologicalstrategyofthedoctoralresearch and discuss the rationale of our theoretical and methodological choices.More specifically, we present the material of the diary study developed for thedissertation and report on the result of thepre-test of themethodperformedwithBelgianandDutchyoungfemaleparticipantsinLeuven.
In Chapter 5, we present the improvements and adjustments taken in themethodologicalstrategyafterthepre-test.Wealsoreportonhowweperformedthe
4ThisAssociationisresponsibleforestablishingstandardizationstoavarietyoffieldinBrazil,includingtechinicalstandards to scientific written. It integrates international comitees, such as the International Organisation forStandardization,theInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission,amongothers.
24
field research in Cametá (Pará) and in Tavares (Rio Grande do Sul) and how werecruitedandmaintainedcontactwith theparticipantsbefore,duringandafter thestudy.
In Chapter 6, the first chapter of Part 2 of this dissertation, we present thefindingsfromthesurveythathasbeenperformedtounderstandandcharacterisethecontext of technological advancement in Brazil. More specifically, we discuss thefindingsrelatedtothenorthernandsouthernregionsofBrazil,thestatesofParáandRio Grande do Sul, both of the Capitals and metropolitan areas, Belém and PortoAlegre,respectively,andruralregionsofboth.
InChapter7,wepresentcontextualdatafromCametá(PA)andTavares(RS),aswell as from the rural localities, including secondary as well as primary data,collectedduringtheexploratoryresearchin2016andfieldstudy2018.
InChapters8and9,wepresentadetaileddescriptionofthevideoconsumptionpracticesidentifiedamongtheyoungparticipantsfrombothmunicipalities:n=11inCametá(PA)andn=10inTavares(RS).Westartbythedemographicdescriptionoftheparticipantsandabriefreportofthecontextswheretheylive.Thenweprovideadescriptionofdata aboutownershipandavailabilityof technologies andgivemoreinformation about their media repertoire. We end by a description of the datareported in theparticipants’diarieswhen it comes to themultipledimensions thatconstitute interaction flows: screen, place, time, content, content source/provider,typeofaudienceandviewingregime.
InChapter10,wediscusstheempiricalresultsbasedonthefindingsofthetwostudiedcontextsandsummarizetheresultsofthefirstphaseofdataanalysis,aimedat recognizing how young people articulate multiple dimensions and outlininginteractionflows.
InChapter11,wecharacterisewhatwecallthelevelsofmediausage,asaresultof the second phase of data analysis. We understand level of media usage as asubjective aspect of video consumptionpractice, directly related to themicrosocialcontext of the young people, their personal preferences, competencies (SCOLARI,2018), andmedia repertoire (HASEBRINK & HÖLIG, 2013). Altogether, five levelswereidentifiedandaretheresultoftheinterpolationoftwomainvariables(viewingconditionsandformsofcontentselection)andmathematicalweightsforeachtypeofsituationinaddition.
Inthelastchapter,number12,wepresenttheseveninteractionflowsidentifiedamongyoungBrazilians,resultofthethirdphaseofdataanalysis.Fromananalyticalpoint of view, these findings about the interaction flows characterise the ways in
Finally, in final considerations, we reflect about the results and the directcontributions of this dissertation, such as interaction flows as a theoretical-conceptual proposal and the potentialities of the methodological strategy thatconductedthestudy.WealsopresentthechallengesofresearchinginthecountrysideofBrazilandtheconnectionbetweenlife&research.
Wehopethatthestructureoutlinedforthisdissertationsatisfactorilypresentsto its readers the richness of the phenomenon studied, revealed based onapproachingdifferentcommunicationalcontextsandthedifferentyoungparticipantswhohadthisdissertationasameetingpoint.Wewishthereadingtobeasenrichingastheprocessofstudyingandwritingwasforus.
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PART1
1 MEDIACONVERGENCE,FLOWSANDCONSUMPTIONPRACTICES
Historically,accordingtoKazakova&Cauberghe(2013),technologieshaveoperatedinisolationfromeachotherandperformedalimitednumberoftasks,averydifferentscenario than nowadays, where convergence processes enable the development ofdevices that integrate previously scattered functionalities such as those in cellulartelephones,videogameconsolesandtelevisionscreensthemselves.
Beyondthetechnologicalconvergence thatisthehallmarkofthisnewscenarioandgivesrisetonewmediaconsumptionpractices, Jenkins(2001,p.93)highlightsfourotherimportantprocessesthatareunderway:(i)economicconvergence,basedon ‘integration of the entertainment industry’; (ii) social or organic convergencerelated to how people are now thinking and acting in media as an environment,where things are connected and could be accessed and done simultaneously; (iii)cultural convergence related to the ‘new forms of creativity at the intersections ofvarious media technologies, industries and consumers’, which implies newpossibilitiesofparticipationandactingintheworld,using‘toolstoarchive,annotate,adjustandrecirculate content;’ (iv)global convergence related to the ‘internationalcirculation of media content’. For Terlutter & Moick (2013) there is also ‘politicalconvergence’, which implies new modes for regulating telecommunications,broadcastingandonlinemedia.
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In lightof this scope, Jenkins (2001,p. 93)understandsmediaconvergence as‘anerawheremediawillbeeverywhere,andwewilluseallkindsofmediainrelationto one another’. This means we are not talking about a final step, but an ongoingprocessandinwhichpersonsfromseveralplacesaroundtheworldareinvolvedwiththe possibility of developing new competencies for managing information andexploringdifferentpossibilitiesforconsumption.
Already back in the early 2000s, the author proposed the concept of digitalrenaissance, which is ‘a period of transition and transformation that will affect allaspectsofourlives’(JENKINS,2001,p.93),inwhichrealchangesarehappeninganda‘newculturalorderwillarise’.‘Convergenceisnotsomethingthatwillhappenoneday,whenwehaveenoughbroadbandorwhenwelearnhowtosetupourdevicescorrectly.Readyornot,wearealreadylivinginacultureofconvergence’(JENKINS,2009,p.41)5.
That perspective is in line with what Hepp (2014) recognises as newcommunicativeconfigurations6, theresultofaseriesofconsequencesbroughtaboutbythedigitalisationprocessthathaschangedthewaysofproducing,distributingandcirculatinginformation,whichisnowdonethroughdigitaldataandcodes.Theauthormaintains,however,thattheuseofdifferenttechnologiesisnotnewandthatitwasnotbegunthroughdigitaldevices.Heexplainsthatacommunicativeconfigurationisrarely based on a single medium, but on several. ‘[…] a configuration that isincreasingly dispersed translocally, the (mobile) phone is just as important as thesocialnetwork,the(digital)photoalbums,letters,postcardsorwatchingTVtogether’(HEPP,2014,p.56)7.Althoughtheyarisefromdistincttheoreticalperspectives,whatHepp(2014)callscommunicativeconfigurationsseemtobealignedwiththenotionofthe new communicative condition recognised by Orozco Gómez (2011), in whichaudiences gain another status, especially connected to the capacity for creation,production and sharing of their own content,making them simultaneously viewersandusers,asproposedbyIgarza(2013)8.
AccordingtoOrozcoGómez(2011;2014a;2014b),TViscurrentlyeverywhere,andthusthecontent isubiquitous,sothatthecontentproducedfortransmissioniseverywhere,andthecontentproducedfortransmissionviatraditionaltelevisionsets5Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘Aconvergêncianãoéalgoquevaiacontecerumdia,quandotivermosbandalarga suficiente ou quando descobrirmos a configuração correta dos aparelhos. Prontos ou não, já estamosvivendonumaculturadaconvergência’(JENKINS,2009,p.41).6In the texts towhichwe had access, the author does not define the term.When reading in context, the termseemstorefertoarealityguidedbymedialogicanddynamics.7Our translation of the original text: ‘(...) uma configuraçao que e cada vez mais dispersa translocalmente, otelefone(móvel)étãoimportantequantoaredesocial,osálbunsdefotos(digitais),ascartas,oscartõespostaisouassistiràTVjuntos’(HEPP,2014,p.45).8Useristhepersonwhohasothermediaticcompetenciesthatgobeyondmerelywatching.
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is also in transit amongmultiple screens. And that content, for its part, carries the‘television’labelevenifnolongerlimitedtobeingwatchedatagivenplaceandtime,whatwefaceasadecisiveaspectforthisdoctoraldissertation.
Anotherfundamental factorforunderstandingtheflowsistheviewingregimestablishedbythesubjects.Whenthinkingaboutdailycoexistenceandtheritualsthathave been established with TV for a long time guided by the logic of a linearprogramming schedule – and that coexist with current consumption practices –Fechine(2014,p.117)recognisestwomajorwaysofwatchingTV9:(i)‘the“watching”regime (contemplation)’; and (ii) the ‘“glancing” regime (aquick look)’. In the first,theinterpellationoftheviewerbytheTVhappensduetocontent,somethingspecificand of interest that demands attention. As for the second form, it is related to thehabitofturningontheTVandhavingitonduringseveralotheractivities,includingthecurrentpracticeofwatchingvideosdisplayedonotherscreens,which,accordingtoRigbyetal.(2017),arepartofthemultitaskingexamplesthatarenowpervasiveinwatchingtelevision.
Far from disappearing, that experience of ‘being with’ around televisionprogramming is being revalued by the growing use of social networksplatforms(Facebook,Twitter, etc.). Called ‘socialTV’,presentedassomethingnew, it is nothing more than the integration of new communicationtechnologies to the experience of watching television in order to strengthenwhat has always been one of the fundamental properties of the logic behinddirectprogrammingschedules:thesimultaneoussharingofcontent(FECHINE,2014,p.128)10.
In the United Kingdom, Rigby etal. (2017) found that their participants still
valuethesocialaspectofsittingtogethertowatchsomethinginthelivingroom,whileatthesametimeeverybodyisalsodoingotheractivitiesinparallelonotherscreens,relatedornottothecontentofthemainTVscreen(e-mailing,chatting,socialmediaand also viewing random videos). It reveals that TV stillworks as ameetingpoint,eventhoughitnowincludestheuseofotherdevices.
Lull (1980) in the 80’s provided important input about audience’s behaviourandsocialusesoftelevision.Basedoninterviewsandobservationswithfamilies,theauthor documented more than 30 individual uses of television, which werecategorisedintwomaintypes:structuralandrelationaluses.
9Theauthornotesthatforthosearticulations,sheusedtheearlierideasofJohnEllis(1982)asabasisespeciallythosefromthebook‘Visiblefictions.Cinema,television,video’.10Our translation of the original text: ‘Longe de desaparecer, essa experiência de “estar com” em torno daprogramaçãodatelevisãovemsendorevalorizadapelousocrescentedasplataformasderedessociais(Facebook,Twitter, etc.). A chamada “TV social”, apresentada como novidade, nada mais é do que a integração de novastecnologias da comunicação à experiência de assistir à televisão para potencializar o que sempre foi uma daspropriedades fundamentais da lógica da grade direta de programação: o compartilhamento simultâneo deconteúdos’(FECHINE,2014,p.128).
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Regarding the structural uses it can be environmental (background noise,companionship, entertainment)or regulative (punctuationof timeandactivity, talkpatterns).TherelationalusesofTVinclude:
communication facilitation (experience illustration, common ground,conversationalentrance,anxietyreduction,agendafortalk,valueclarification);affiliation/avoidance(physical,verbalcontact/neglect, familysolidarity, familyrelaxant,conflictreduction,relationshipmaintenance);sociallearning(decisionmaking, behaviour modelling, problem solving, value substitution,legitimisation, information/dissemination, action, role reinforcement,substitute role portrayal, intellectual validation, authority exercise,gatekeeping,argumentfacilitation)(LULL,1980,p.323).
Lee&Lee(1995).BasedonfocusgroupsconductedwithtelevisionviewersinUnitedStates(US),theyidentifiedfouraspectsofviewingbehaviour:(i)attentiontotheset,that includes several levels of attention dedicated by the viewers to the TV; (ii)routinisation of viewing; (iii) viewing as a solitary versus social activity; (iv)motivationsandgratificationsofviewing(LEE&LEE,1995,p.10).Eachaspectimpliesdifferent intensity levels of viewing by the subjects and it varies because of thecontent, the parallel/secondary activity and the motivations for watching. Havingtheseaspectsasastartingpoint,weunderstandtheviewingregimeasaconstitutivedimensionoftheinteractionflowconcept.
Instead of determining the ‘death’ of TV, the production and consumptionprocessesfortelevisioncontentduringthesetimesofconvergence,infact,makewayfor new formsofwatchingTV. For Scolari (2014b), the essentially daily practice ofwatchingTVcurrentlyhasmovedbeyondfollowingadailyflowofprogrammingonapreviouslydesignatedscreen.Itnow‘includeswatchingavideoonYouTube,illegallydownloading a film for consumption on the computer, watching a streamed film,buyingacompleteseasononDVDandenjoyingitontelevision’(SCOLARI,2014b,p.8)11, among other possibilities which we understand in this dissertation asinteractionflows.
With the notion of interaction flow we are calling for recognition of aconsumption flow of videos that is already underway between different audiencesandevidencedinthestudycarriedoutinthisdissertationwithyoungpeopleinthecountryside of Brazil. It is a case of a type of multidimensional connection builtthrough communicative interactions of the subjects in contact with and watchingvideosorvideofragmentsavailableoncountlessplatforms.
11Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘incluyemirarunvideoenYouTube,descargarilegalmenteunapelículaparaconsumirla en la computadora, ver una película en streaming, comprar una temporada completa en DVD ydisfrutarlaeneltelevisor’(SCOLARI,2014a,p.8).
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Weunderstandinteractionflowasanoutcomeofthecontentflow thatJenkins(2009, p. 27) defines when he conceptualises convergence. This flow is composed‘throughmultiplemediasupports,cooperationbetweenmultiplemediamarketsandthe migratory behaviour of audiences of the communications media, who will goalmostanywhereinsearchoftheentertainmentexperiencestheydesire’12.
AccordingtoAquino(2012),whatoccurs isanaccelerationofthecontentflowby part of the media groups in order to increase their profits and market andconsolidate thecommitments theyalreadyhavewith theiraudiences. Itmeans thatthe groups are producing more content and also distributing them in differentplatforms,allowingseveralwaysofwatchingfromthesamevideo.
Ontheotherhand,‘consumerslearntodealwithdifferenttechnologiesinordertomorecompletelycontrolthemediaflowandatthesametimeinteractwithotherconsumers’(AQUINO,2012,p.80)13.Thatmeansthattheconceptofflowpresentedisbasedontherecognitionofaprocessofdominationandappropriationalreadybegunby thesubjects in termsof theacceleratedcontentflow, that is characteristicof theconvergence scenario. What is also fed by the subjects' own productions in thislanguage,ofrestrictedcirculationornot,especiallyamongtheyoungergenerations.
Furthermore, we consider that the notion of interaction flowmatches whatOrozcoGómez(2010,2014a)recognisesasthemediacity(mediacidad)ofTV.Fortheauthor, for some time,TVhasno longerbeen recognised as amedium. It hasbeenrecognised for its characteristic of ‘invading the media and social scenario, andespeciallyofconnectingwithandchallengingit’as languageandwaytonarratetheworld(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.101).
OrozcoGómez (2014a) calls this phenomenon televisivo (no exact translation,butmayberenderedastelevision),whichinsteadofbeinganadjectivefortelevisioncontent,designatesawayofbeingTV.Andtelevisionisexactlythe
[…]spaceofnegotiationbetweenthescreenandtheaudienceand,aboveall,ofmutual recognition of pace, forms of telling stories, connecting images andintertwining them. It isasortof linguistic-aestheticamalgamation thatbringstogether auditory, visual andmusical components, but that on the screen infront of the audience [...], produces adifferentwholebasedon the sumof itsparts.Afascinatingwholethatcallsonitsaudiencenotonlyintellectually,butalso, and mainly, in and from sensorial and emotional elements (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.101)14.
12Our translation of the original text: ‘através de múltiplos suportes midiáticos, à cooperação entre múltiplosmercadosmidiáticose ao comportamentomigratóriodospúblicosdosmeiosde comunicação,quevãoaquasequalquerparteembuscadasexperiênciasdeentretenimentoquedesejam’(JENKINS,2009,p.27).13Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘consumidoresaprendemalidarcomdiferentestecnologiasparacontrolardemaneiramais completa o fluxomidiático e aomesmo tempo interagir com outros consumidores’ (AQUINO,2012,p.80).14Our translation of the original text: ‘espaço de negociação entre a tela e o público e, sobretudo, dereconhecimentomútuoderitmo,formasdenarrarhistórias,deconectarimagensetecê-lasumascomasoutras.
occuramongyoungergenerations,sincethesearegenerallythefirstgrouptoadoptthe new technologies (LIVINGSTONE, 2002). As Barkhuus’ (2009) studies withuniversitystudentsinUnitedKingdomrevealed,thevideowatchingpracticesamongyoung people are taking place more frequently on computer screens than on atraditionalTVset.However,insteadofbeinganegativeexperience,itincreasedtheirengagementwithTV content andallowednew formsof socialising around content,bothface-to-faceandthroughonlineplatforms.Eventhoughtheparticipantstendedtopersonalisetheirviewingpractices,TVstillplayedanimportantroleinthesocialexperience ‘notascommunalwatching,but instead throughcommunicationaroundtelevisionprogrammes’(BARKHUUS,2009,p.1).
In that scenario, the televisionexperience probablyhappens in adifferentwayforyoungpeoplethanhadhappenedforpreviousgenerations,forwhomtheTVactedastheepicentreoftheaudio-visual(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a).OrozcoGómezbelievesthat, regardless of the technology used for accessing video content (live, recorded,downloadedorondemand),weLatinAmericans,havelearnttowatchitontheTVsetand have established a sensorial and emotional relationship with content withspecificrhythmsandfamiliarnarrativeswithwhichwearealreadyengaged.
TVhastaughtus,noless,thentobespectators![…]Andasviewersshapedinaudiences,TVhastaughtustoenjoyonetypeofspectacleandbeboredwithothers,tocrywithsomemelodramaticformatsandcharactersorlaughatsomecomedy style, or even to believe more in some types of information than inothers. TV has given us, as audiences, an actual way of feeling, of beingthrilled and of understanding theworld presented on the screen. All ofthat has meant a substantial change in our ‘ways of being’ in daily life and,especially in our ways of seeing and believing in reality through itsrepresentation on the screen (OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2014a, p. 98, emphasisadded)15.
Umaespéciedeamálgama linguístico-estéticoquesomaoauditivoeovisual comomusical, tendo,noentanto,como resultado na tela frente ao público (...), um todo diferente a partir da soma de suas partes. Um todofascinante que convoca seu público não só intelectualmente, mas também e, principalmente, no e a partir dosensorialeemocional’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.101).15Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘ATVnosensinou,nadamenos,doqueaserespectadores!(...)Ecomoespectadoresconformadosemaudiências,aTVnosensinouagostardeumtipodeespetáculoeanosentediarmoscomoutros,achorarcomcertosformatosepersonagensmelodramáticosourircomalgunsestilosdecomédia,ou,ainda, acreditar em algumas informaçõesmais do que em outras.ATV nos deu, enquanto audiências, umamaneira própria de sentir, de emocionar-se e de entender o mundo representado na tela. Tudo issosignificouumamudançasubstancialemnossasmaneirasde“estareser”navidacotidianae,especialmente,emnossosmodosdevereacreditarnarealidadepormeiodasuarepresentaçãonatela’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.98,emphasisadded).
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multi-screen viewing based on the availability of video content in different places.Nevertheless,youngpeople–especially theoneswho live far fromurbancentres–have learnt towatch (and toproduce)video through themediationofTV,which isstillsignificantlypresentincontemporarysociety.1.1Interactionflow:atheoretical-conceptualproposal
Thefoundationofthenotionofinteractionflowcameupduringtheexploratoryfield studyperformedbetweenSeptemberandOctober2016, aswill bedetailed inthe chapter about the methodological approach. This proposal arose when weobservedthattheyoungpeopleinterviewedactivelymanagedtheavailablescreens,connectedornottotheinternet,toaccessandshareinformationaboutvideoandTVcontentfromdifferentplatformsandTVbroadcasters,orproducedbythem.
Wenoticedthattheybuilttheirowncombinationsandorganisedtheirpracticesaccordingtowhattheyhadavailableandwantedtowatch.Itisobviousthatfortheparticipantswhohadnoor lessaccesstothe internetorwhoshareduseofagivenmobile device those practices were less frequent than for those with unlimitedconnection.That,however,didnotdetermine thewayyoungpeoplesought, sharedandconsumedothervideocontentbesideswhatwasavailableontelevisionanddidnotexcludethemfromthecontemporarymediaecosystem.
In lightof this first finding,beyondguiding themethodologicalstrategyof thedissertationthatwewillpresentlateron,wesoughtapossibletheoreticalconceptinthe literature on television studies that would allow use to better describe andconceptualisewhatwe had seen in the field. In that search the concept of flow, soimportant in TV studies soon stood out, especially because of the contributions ofWilliams(2016)andJensen(1995).1.1.1Theflow(s)forWilliamsandJensen
AsaconceptthatsupportsWilliams’thesisontelevision,flowisunderstoodasafundamental characteristic not only of the television content, but, in a generalmanner, itdefineswhatbroadcastingis,simultaneously ‘atechnologyandaculturalform’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.97).
In all communications systems before broadcasting the essential items werediscrete.Abookorpamphletwastakenandreadasaspecificitem.Ameetingoccurredat aparticulardate andplace.Aplaywasperformed in aparticulartheatre at a set hour. The difference in broadcasting is not only that theseevents, or events resembling them, are available inside the home, by theoperation of a switch. It is that the real programme that is offered is asequence or set of alternative sequences of these and other similar
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events, which are then available in a single dimension and in a singleoperation16(WILLIAMS,2016,p.97,emphasisadded).
disseminated’ (WILLIAMS, 2016, p. 102). That means that when we see theprogrammingthatisdisseminatedbythebroadcaster,wecanidentifyonlythemainunits thataretheprogrammmesorderedbytimeofexhibition.This,however,doesnot reveal the proper arrangements of the television flow that are made by thebroadcaster fromstrategiccutsandpauseson thenarrativeofcertainprogrammesfortheadditionofexternalcommercialsorofthebroadcasters’trailersitself,whichare properly linked in order tomake sense together. So, thismode of organisationneedstobestudiedinacarefulwayandindetail,becauseitinvolvestextualitiesandforms of connecting text and image that are very particular to a language that hasbeen established over time. and this has been and continues to be the central andtriggeringelement in theprocessofappropriatingTVand its contentsasa culturalformandasaplaceforinteraction,asrecognisedbyFrança&Simões(2016).
ForWilliams (2016), theplanned televised flowgoes farbeyondamergingofprogrammes, trailers17and advertising and/or simply the programming line-up initself. Ithas itsownrhythmandwascreatedandgained itsown ‘personality’whiletelevision has been assimilated as a medium and, above all, has its audienceincorporatedasanindividualandcollectiveconsumptionpracticeinmodernhomes.Astheauthorexplains,thestructuringofTVcontentintoaflowformatwasafactorwhich, during a period of cultural effervescence and the formation of the firstEuropean urban centres, contributed towards people establishing domesticconsumptionpracticesandcultivatingthehomeasaplacefor leisureandrest.Thiswas a decisive aspect in the new social organisation in modern times, a processstudiedindepthbyMorley&Silverstone(1990)andSilverstone(1994).
Specifically studying the TV flow, Williams (2016) identified three levels orlayersthatmustbeobservedsequentiallyinordertoachieveanunderstandingofthelanguageofTV.Andondoingreadingsinthatsequence,asfarbackas1974,Williamspresented detailed analyses of the connections that characterised what wouldbecomethecontentofTV.16Our translation of the original text: ‘Em todos os sistemas de comunicação anteriores à radiodifusão, oselementos essenciais estavam separados. Um livro ou um panfleto eram lidos como um item específico. Umencontroocorriaemdataselugaresespecíficos.Umapeçaeraencenadaemumteatroespecífico,emdeterminadahora.Adiferençanaradiodifusãonãoésomentequeesseseventosououtrossemelhantesestãodisponíveisnolar, ao simples ligar de um aparelho. Mas, sim, queo programa de fato oferecido é uma sequência ou umconjuntodesequênciasalternativasdessesoudeoutroseventossimilares,que ficamdisponíveisnumaúnicadimensãoenumaúnicaoperação’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.97,emphasisadded).17Term used by Williams (2016) to identify the internal adds made by broadcasters to publicize the launchand/ortheexhibitionsofprogrammes.
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ThefirstphasewouldberecognitionoftheflowasasequenceofprogrammesorunitsofaTVgrid/programming.Thiswouldbeamoreobviousreadingandwouldend up partitioning the study of television content, especiallywhen the focus is onprogrammingunits,understoodexclusivelyastextsandinmanycasesdivorcedfromthelogicofcompletionofitsownmedium.
Thesecondphasewouldbetoidentifytheshorterprogrammingunits,suchasfragmentsofprogrammes–partitioned in anattempt tovalue theirnarrativesandcapture the viewer's attention – trailers and ads. These, which were producedseparately,arechainedandsequencedinordertocomposetheTVflow.
The flow of this second quality is, however, central to our televisionexperiences, because it reveals, through a significant variety, the process ofrelative unification in a flow of elements that, in another form would beseparatedoratthemost,weaklyrelated(WILLIAMS,2016,p.106)18.
The third step of detailing the television flow reveals the real succession of
wordsandimagesandhowthese,whichseemtobeisolated,complementeachotherandcomposesthetelevisionnarrative.Anditisbecauseofthatlevelofinterweavingbetween texts and images that Williams (2016) argues that the flow offered isfundamentallyrelatedtothedefinitionofwhatthetelevisionexperienceis.Amongtheaffirmations of the author that support that aspect are: ‘Most of us say we are“watchingtelevision”,notwatching“televisionnews”,a“play”ora‘footballmatch’ontelevision’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.102)19.Forthatreason,theauthorsaysthat‘theflowisalwaysaccessible,inseveralalternativesequences,whenweturnonthetelevision.Thus, both internally, in its immediate organisation, and in a generally availableexperience, that characteristic of flow seems to be central’ (WILLIAMS, 2016,p.103)20.
Therefore,weunderstand that recognitionof a flowsuchasTV languagewaswhatgaveconcreteformtotheanalysisthatWilliamsmadeoftelevisionasaculturalform,beyondatechnologyand/orsimple ‘consciousnessdominating’device.Unlikemuchofwhathasbeencriticised,TVhasachievedincalculablelevelsofpenetrationin social life, all around theworld, due to thepotential that its fluid contenthas to‘mobilize,extend,reinforceortransformthemetaphorsofeverydaylife,andtheways
18Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘Ofluxodessasegundaqualidadeé,contudo,centralemnossaexperiênciasdetelevisão,poisrevela,pormeiodeumasignificativavariedade,oprocessodeunificaçãorelativaemumfluxodeelementosque,deoutraforma,estariamseparadosou,nomáximo,fragilmenterelacionados’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.106).19Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext: ‘amaioriadenósdizqueestá“assistindoàtelevisão”,nãoassistindoaum“telejornal”,uma“peça”ouuma“partidadefutebol”natelevisão’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.102).20Our translation of the original text: ‘o fluxo é sempre acessível, em várias sequências alternativas, quandoligamos a televisão. Logo tanto internamente, em sua organização imediata, como em uma experiência geraldisponível,essacaracterísticadofluxoparececentral’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.103).
We understand that by defining TV as a cultural form, Williams is notnecessarilyspeakingofanestablishedculturalconsumptionpracticebutratherofapotential engagement of subjects with content flow, in order to establishinterpretativeandappropriationprocessesbasedontheirmediationsandimmediatecontexts.
Also, in that direction, butworking in an expanded anddetailed form, Jensen(1995)recognisesmorethantheexistenceofatelevisionflow,butactuallyofasuper-flow,composedofthepermanentassociationofthechannelflowandtheviewerflow.According to the author, that separation into two flows is a necessary analyticalstrategyinreceptionstudies.
ForJensen(1995),thechannelflowwouldbea:sequence of programme segments, commercials, and pronouncements that isdesignedbytheindividualstationtoengageasmanyviewersaspossibleforaslong as possible. The assumption is that an appropriate form andmixture ofsegmentsmayretaintheviewerswhoarealreadyintheflow,andthat itmayfurther recruit new viewerswho are grazing the spectrum. It is this strategywhich results in the characteristic narrative structure that climaxes, withincreasing intensity, before each commercial break, a bricolage in which theboundariesofthesequenceareblurred(JENSEN,1995,p.109).
As for the viewer flow it would be the result of a process of creating and
customising the flow using the available channels, individually delineated by theviewers. ‘Whereasviewers are likely to staywith a given channel, carryingoverorflowingfromoneprogrammetothenext,theyarefree,inprinciple,tomakeanytypeandnumberofchangesatanypoint’(JENSEN,1995,p.109).
In proposing a separate study of the components of the super-flow, Jensen(1995)makesitevenclearer,inourreading,thattheTVflowtowhichherefersistheelementthatchallengesandstimulatesthecommunicativeinteractionsofthesubjectswithTV,bothastechnologyandaslanguage.Jensen(1995)recognisesthatparalleltothe channel flow, there is a permanent process of construction and customising asecondflow,basedontheinterestsandrepertoiresoftheviewer.
Jensen’ proposal is crucial to the notion of interaction flows that we aredefendingherein.That isbecause Jensen (1995), starting fromthenotionofviewerflow,recognisestheexistenceofanautonomousprocessofassemblyofflowsbythesubjectschallengedbythesuper-flow,eventhoughinresearchdoneintheUSinthe1990s,theauthorfoundthatinsomeway,theformsofappropriatingthesubjectsare
Webelievethat,inthecaseofthesuper-flowandespeciallyoftherecognitionofaflowcomingfromtheviewer,resultingfromdivisionsandbricolages,Jensen(1995)emphasisesthepossibilitiesofinteractionandappropriationbythesubjectswiththecontentflowspresentedbythedifferentchannels.Healsohighlightstheimportanceof understanding in what way and for which reasons the subjects make theirconnections,what are theirmeanings from thepointof viewof text interpretation,andhow,basedon themediatingelements (recognisedby Jensen), theassemblyoftheviewerflowoccurs.
Eveninlightofthisanalyticalpotentiality,Jensen(1995)explainsthatforalongtime the relation among those two flowshasbeen very little explored in receptionresearch,whetherbecause research in theSocial Sciences fieldhasdedicatedmoreattention to the study of audiences in themselves, from the point of view ofethnography, or because the flows have been studied more with an emphasis onquantitative measurements of behaviour in relation to specific and fragmentedsequencesofthechannelflow.
Given the commercial nature ofmuch of the audience research, the focus hasbeen on understanding the levels of media usage of audiences with specificprogrammes that are part of the channel programming, giving little or almost noattentionto theessentialprocessofcombiningthesegments thatmakeupthe flowand/or theviewingpractices in thehomes. In research in theHumanities field, thefewstudiesdealingwithflowshavebeenfocusedontheflowasatext.
Regardlessof thegapspointedout and still visible today,weunderstand thatbased on different historicalmoments, bothWilliams and Jensen have contributedtowards the recognition that television reception is a cultural and essentiallycommunicational practice, challenged by flows, genres, superthemes, and otherelements that fosterandmediate theprocessesof interpretationandappropriationmadebythesubjects.
For that reason, it seems relevant to follow the understanding of Williams(2016)andJensen(1995),inrelationtothestudyofTVflow.Thisisbecauseflowisthe central element, not only for understanding of what its content is, but forestablishingtherelationsofvideoconsumptionnowadays.
21That is an important concept for Jensen (1995), crucial for the analytical process of the super-flow. For theauthor, super-themes are the structures that serve ‘to establish meaningful relations between the discursiverealitiesofprogrammesandtheeverydaysocialrealitiesofviewers’(JENSEN,1995,p.115).22Anotionbasedonlanguagestudiesthat‘canbedefinedasamoreformalfeatureoftelevisiondiscoursesanditsreception’(JENSEN,1995,p.119).
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On another note, for the conceptualisation of interaction flows, it is useful totakeintoaccountthemeaningsfoundinthedictionaryfortheword‘flow’,especiallytwoattributedtotheEnglishword.Flowisanounthatexpresses ‘themovementofsomething in one direction’ or ‘a regular and quite large number of something’(FLOW, 2019)23. Thus, beyond being themovement of something in one direction,flowreferstointensityandtosomethingthatcanbecomposedofdifferentelements,whichwebelievetobethecaseoftheinteractionflowidentifiedamongsttheyoungparticipantsofthisstudy.
Ifflowisasetofsequencesandagivenconcatenationofcontent/segments,weunderstandthatwhathappensinthecurrentcontextisajunction,inagiventimeandspace, of videos, in a sequential way, that are available in scattered content flowsthroughwhichyoungpeopleare involved. Itmayhappennotonlyonthetelevisionscreenwithitsdifferentformats(broadcastandcableTV,SmartTVetc.),butthroughmobile devices connected to the internet, bymeans of which young people accessvideo on demand platforms (such asNetflix andGloboPlay), social network sites24(suchasFacebook, InstagramandYouTube)andappsof instantmessaging(suchasWhatsApp),aswellasproducingandsharingtheirownvideos.
Unlikewhatusedtobedoneinthecontextwheretelevisionwastheonlyscreenprovidingvideocontent inadomesticandprivateenvironment, therearecurrentlymany platforms, accessible through different screens, that present content flowsmostly composed of videos, where on accessing them, young people follow thecontentbeingrecommended,orselectthosethattheywishtoviewatthatmomentorlateron, inorder tocustomise theirownviewingsequences.And it isexactly thosenew forms of appropriation that the subjects interweave by bringing togetherscatteredvideosthatwearecallinginteractionflows.
1.1.2Interaction
The proposal for defining that flow as interactional is justified based on twomain aspects. The first is to conceptually emphasise that the proposed flow is an
23Additionally,we have verified definitions of ‘flow’ in Portuguese, notably: ‘movement of liquid that fills in aspaceorpassesthroughit’;vicissitudeofoccurrences/diversityofthingsthatsucceedeachother;[ofchemistry]easilysusceptiblesubstancethatjoinsanotherthatislesssotoaidinfusion;[adjective]fluid’(FLUXO,2018).24We use the definition of social network sites proposed byRecuero (2017). The author defends the need fordifferentiatingsocialnetworks–abroaderconceptofsocialnetworkandoneindependentofdigitaldevices–ofthesocialnetworkssites thatbasedonappropriationsmadeby thesubjectsarecapableof ‘revealingnetworksthatexistorthatarebasedonsocialstructuresconstructedbythosepeople(manytimesinadifferentwaythanwhatiscalledforbythetoolitself).OncetheyhavebegunusingFacebook,theactorswillcreatesocialnetworksinsideofitthatwillbeshownbyit’.Thisisourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘desvelarredesqueexistemouqueestão baseadas em estruturas sociais construídas por essas pessoas (muitas vezes, demodo diferente daqueleprevistopelaprópriaferramenta).UmavezquepassemausaroFacebook,osatorescriarãoaliredessociaisquepassarãoaserexibidasporele’(RECUERO,2017,p.19).
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assemblymadebythesubjectsincontactwithdifferentenvironmentswherevideosarecirculating,andthatthey,bythemselves,makejunctionsandaddcontenttotheviewing flow. Assembly that is daily established through articulations of themultidimensionsthattodaycharacterisethevideoconsumption.
In thesameway, interactional refers toa flow that isnecessarilya resultofacommunicativeinteraction, in the senseofFrança&Simões (2016,p.101), inotherwords,anactionof‘humanbehaviourimbuedwithasubjectivemeaningthatguidesit’25.
That understanding is complemented by the definition of communicativeinteractions byOrozcoGómez (2011), in referring toa typeof symbolic interactionthat is processed in a new communicative condition, in which ‘mono channel’communication is surpassed by multi-channel or multimedia and multilingualcommunication.Basedonamultidimensional connection thisnewconditionallowsinteractionsofsubjectstobedelineatedthroughmultipleprocesses.
Thus, even though we are talking of culturally established habits such as‘watchingTV’,whichdonothavetheir immediateflowofcontentalteredevenwiththepossibilitiesforinteractivity,thispracticepresupposestheproductionofmeaningby the subjects, as confirmed by numerous Latin American authors (MARTÍN-BARBERO,2004,200926;OROZCOGÓMEZ,2010,2011,2014a,2014b,2014c;LOPESet al., 2002; LOPES, 2014; ESCOSTEGUY & JACKS, 2005; JACKS et al., 2008, 2014,2017),basedon receptionand consumption studies.Thisprocesshappens throughmediations and conditions for support experienced by each viewer, individually orcollectively.Thishappensbecause,asrecognisedbyFrança(2006):
television isacommunicativepractice;asymbolicallymediatedrelation,thatiscarried out through the creating and sharing of discourse, of meaning.Televised production does not occur immune to or over the heads of thepresenceofitsaudience(interventions,interests),butispermanentlymodifiedbyit,bythelivedynamicsofinterventionsbythedifferentsubjectsinvolvedinthe interlocution. It is therefore a language in an ongoing process, which iscontinuously made/remade – which explains the mobility of its forms andgenres. Aswith all language, it both orients and ismade up of the talks thatimplementit(FRANÇA,2006,p.32)27.
25Our translation of the original text: ‘conduta humana imbuída de um significado subjetivo que a orienta’(FRANÇA&SIMÕES,2016,p.101).26It is true that Martín-Barbero is of Spanish origin, but we refer to his choice of living in Latin America,specificallyinColombia,in1973.27Our translation of the original text: ‘a televisão é uma prática comunicativa; uma relação mediadasimbolicamente,queseefetivaatravésdacriaçãoepartilhamentodediscursos,desentido.Aproduçãotelevisivanãoaconteceimuneouàreveliadapresençadesuaaudiência(intervenções,interesses),masépermanentementemodificada por ela, pela dinâmica viva das intervenções dos diferentes sujeitos envolvidos na interlocução.Portanto,éumalinguagememprocesso,quesefaz/serefazcontinuamente–dondeamobilidadedesuasformasegêneros.Comotodalinguagem,orientatantoquantoéconstituídapelasfalasqueaefetivam’(FRANÇA,2006,p.32).
flowconceptproposedbyWilliams,arelinkedtothefrustratedpotentialforbreakingwithandalteringthecontentflowofreactivemedia,evenwheninteractivitybecamepossible. Among the critiques, such as that by Moe (2005), is that even with theprocess of producing, transmitting and distributing video content, the subjectsremain ‘imprisoned’ and unable or unequipped to interfere in the main TV flow.Referring to Murdock, Moe states that ‘‘viewers are still responding to optionsorchestratedbyprogrammemakers.Theymayhaveanincreasinglyflexiblemenutochoosefrombuttheyarestillnotallowedinthekitchen’(MURDOCK,2004,p.9apudMOE,2005,p.779).
However,ourfocuswiththenotionofinteractionflowisnottodefendaflowthat will essentially alter the content flows of channels available today on multi-platforms. Instead, it is to observe that in parallel to the flows identified by theauthors,thereisacoexistingflowbuiltbythesubjectandthatgoesbeyondtheviewerflowofJensen(1995).Thatisbecausethisassemblyprocessincludesvideoscomingnot only from TV but from diverse online platforms, that at first glance seemdisconnectedbutthatmakeupthecurrentexperienceofvideoconsumptionmainlyamongyoungpeople.
This is a characteristic flownowadays, constructed by the subjects in contactwiththemultipleflowsthattheyhaveavailableonthedifferentscreenswithwhichtheyhavedailycontact.Theinteractionflowis,thusaflowconstructedbythesubjectbased on communicative interactions with videos available on different screens,connected or not to the internet, and coming from several platforms, no longerbelonging to a single media or source of content. It includes videos produced byyoungpeopleorintheircircleofrelationships,circulatinginnetworksinarestrictedornon-restrictedway.
Nowadays we can recognise countless channel flows, although they are nolonger concentrated only on television. These are uninterrupted content flowsavailable on different platforms and on different screens capable of producing andreproducingvideos.And,inthatnewscenario–ofanexpandedsupplyofcontentthathas the television label – young people move around through different ambiances(onlineoroffline)andbuildtheirownviewingflowsthatarebasedonfragmentsthatthey bring from each distribution ‘channel’ with which they interact at the mostvariedplacesandtimesduringtheday.
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1.2ConnectedaudiencesAmongthecharacteristicsof themediaconvergencescenario is the integration
of languages and the availability of content on multiple platforms. In the case oftelevision this is no different. As we presented in this section, in addition to thediversityof formsofaccesstovideoonthe internet, includingtelevisioncontent, inthisscenariotheaudiencesareincreasinglyconnectedandmovingbetweencontentplatforms,thatcanbeonlineandoffline.
Researchers of the Ibero-American Television Fiction Observatory(Observatório Ibero-Americano da Ficção Televisiva - OBITEL) acknowledge theexistenceofanambivalenceinthewaytelevisionfictioncontentiswatchedonline.Atcertain moments, what happens is only an extension of the TV. It means that thesubjects interact on social network sites and other online platforms based on acontentofreferencefromthetelevisionflow.
On the other hand, space is opened for the creation of autonomous contentcompaniesthatexplorenewformats,genresandthemes.AccordingtoBurnayetal.(2018),aparallelmarketofproductionandsupplyofaudio-visualcontentiscreatedandnewcompaniessuchasNetflixandAmazonstarttocompeteforspacewithlargebroadcasters.
That business model has also been appropriated by the conglomerates thatwerealreadyhegemonicon the televisionmarket,bymeansofcreationofVideoondemand(SVoD)–thatis,platformsthatallowvideowatchingviastreaming,bypayinga monthly subscription fee – by television networks such as Globo (Brazil) andTelevisa(Mexico),whichrespectivelyhavetheirownSVoDservices,beingGloboPlayandBlim.
Becauseofthat,thepolemicaldiscussionsregardingthe‘endofTV’,havetakentwomainroutesasspeltoutbyCarlón&Fechine(2014,p.8):(i)‘televisionisneitherdeadnordying’,withregardtothetraditionalbroadcastingsystemtelevision,basedona linearprogrammingschedule thatcontinuesstrongand is reinventing itself intheconvergencescenario;and(ii)‘acertaintelevisionisdying’,wheretheonedyingismassTVorientedbyalineargrid,whilenewformsofwatchingTVarebeingcreatedbasedonsystemsthatreconfigurethebroadcastinglogic,suchasvideoondemand.
ToCarlón(2014)thelivetransmissionformatisvitalformaintainingTVasanimportantcontemporarymedium,eveniftodaywatchingitalsoimpliesinteractionsondifferentplatforms,whichmayengendernewformsofviewingcontentthatarenolonger determined by the TV channels, but are constructed in a collective andsometimescollaborativemanner.
Fechine (2014) and Fechine & Bronsztein (2016) believe that the social TVphenomenonwillstrengthenthesocialtiesofaudiences28withTVinsteadofmakingthemmoredistant fromthatmedium. ‘[…] thosenewcommunicativepractices’, thatarenowno longer limited to the livingroomsofa, ‘insteadof threatening, reinforcetheconsumptionof theprogrammingact (FECHINE,2014,p.128-129).And to thatend,Fechine(2014)identifiestwomainreasons:(i)thefactofbeingconnectedtotheinternet during viewing, following, commenting and sharing content on the socialnetworks‘amplifiesthefeelingof“beingconnected”(of“beingwith”)’;(ii)interactioninnetworksenablesaudiencestointerveneoratleasttopressurethemediagroupstoreconfiguretheirpracticesinlightoftheimpactofwebprogramming.
Today themajorbroadcastershave teamsmonitoring thesocialnetworksitesduringtheirprogrammesanduse that,both for incorporating information fromtheconnected audiences in their narratives – especially for live ones such as ‘SuperStar’29–, and for adding value to their advertising spots, made throughout theprogramming30.
In thosearrangements,asD’Andrea(2015,p.4)notes ‘manytimesduringthetransmission something breaks loose from planning and the black box is opened,shining lightonheretofore invisibleprocessesand initiatingnewnetworks throughthe connected audience, which complicates the planned broadcasting process’31. Itmeansthatsometimes,especiallyduringliveprogrammes,thebroadcastershavetodealwithunexpected content sent by the audience, includingdirect criticism to itsprogrammes.
However, the centrality of live content on the linear television grid is whatfostersexperiencesof socialTVand theuseof a second screen (FECHINE,2014,p.129-130).
InBrazil,giantssuchasGloboalreadyconsideritstrategictooffercontentsforthe second screen that operate synergisticallywith themainprogrammeand
28‘[…]beinganaudiencemeansbeinglinkedwithinformation,withtheothersandwiththe“other”inawaythatisalwaysmediated,notin-person’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.108).29SeeMarquesetal.(2014).30Because of the impact of televised content on the digital environment, IBOPE has implementedmonitoring,morespecificallyonTwitter,withIbopeTwitterTVRatings(ITTR).31Our translationof theoriginal text: ‘muitasvezesalgona transmissãoescapadoplanejadoea caixa-preta seabre,escancarandoprocessosinvisibilizadosedesencadeandonovasredesatravésdaaudiênciaconectada,oquecomplexificaoprocessoplanejadodebrodcasting’(D’ANDREA,2015,p.4).
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explore thearticulationofTVwith the socialnetworks, encouraging formsofsociability centred around its programming schedule. [...] once again, we arefacedwithsituations inwhichtheprogramming,gatheringpeoplearoundthesame content and at the same time, is still the major player responsible formeeting modalities between subjects that expand the conversational spherethatissoformativeofourexperiencewithtelevision(FECHINE,2014,p.129-130)32.
theAmericanseries‘TheX-Files’,createdandbroadcastedbyFOX,whichin2015wasscheduled for an extra season, ten years after the end of the series. To launch thecontent,FOXrananexpectationscampaigninwhichitinvitedfanstore-watchseriesepisodesbeforetheopeningof thenewseason.EventhoughFOXdidnotbroadcastthecontent,inordertore-visittheepisodes,membersofoneofthefanclubssetupacommon interaction space on Twitter using the hashtag #XFRewatch, and apredefinedtimesothateveryonecouldre-watchtheepisodesatthesametime.Andinthat‘beingtogether’,theycouldcommentandrediscovertheseries’mysteries.
AccordingtoSigiliano&Borges(2016,p.9),theinitiative‘dialogueswithSocialTV in recovering and strengthens the ritualisation and socialisation related totelevisioncontent’.Itisalsointerestingtoobservethattheinteractionamongfansofthe series is based on assembling, even if temporarily, a schedule for showing theepisodesatthesametime,evenifeveryonewatchesthecontentinanindividualisedmannerandwithdifferentsupport/screens.1.2.1Viewingregimes
Fromthemultiplepossibilitiesforsupplyandconsumption,todayitispossibleto identify new viewing regimes beyond those proposed by Fechine (2014), or thesameonesonotherplatforms.Aswillbedetailedinthechaptersanalysingthedatagatheredinthefield,boththe‘watch’andthe‘glance’regimesmaybeidentifiedintheconsumption practices of social network sites, notably in watching the so-calledstories or random videos dispersed on the feed for those platforms. This is closelyrelatedtotheonlinevideoconsumptionscenariosidentifiedbyMcNally&Harrington(2017)suchas ‘takingabreak’, ‘first thing inthemorning’and ‘justbeforegoingtosleep’.Thoseareshorterviewingoccasionswhere the focus is to spendsome time,seeifthereareupdatestobeinformed,orsimplyrelax.Andthatmayoccuranywhereorduringanyactivity,includingwatchingavideoonanotherscreen.32Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘NoBrasil,gigantescomoaGlobojáconsideramcomoestratégicaaofertadeconteúdosparasegundatelaque,operandosinergicamentecomagrandeeexplorandoaarticulaçãodaTVcomasredes sociais, estimulem formas de sociabilidade em torno da sua grade de programação. (...) mais uma vez,estamosdiantedesituaçõesnasquaisaprogramação,reunindoaspessoasemtornodosmesmosconteúdoseaomesmo tempo,éaindaagrande responsávelpormodalidadesdeencontroentre sujeitosqueampliamaesferaconversacionaltãoconstitutivadanossaexperiênciacomatelevisão’(FECHINE,2014,p.129-130).
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Paralleltothat,asMiller(2014)suggests,thebroadcastersoffree-to-airTVmayhave several problems, but not a loss of television audience. ‘People who watchtelevisionusingdifferentdevicesandservicesarewatchingmore,notlesstelevision’(MILLER,2014,p.92)33.
Becauseofthat,theamountofadvertisingfortheTVbroadcasters,eventhoughthey now fight for space with other content consumption windows, remains high.Miller(2014,p.84)citescoverageofasportseventprovidedbyastreamingchannel,andinthatsituation,thecompanytookin30milliondollarsinadvertising.‘Muchlessthan the 400million dollars that televisionmade’. The author recognises a certainmaturity in the streaming service with regard to the strategic and profitableplacement of advertising, but it is clear that even with its audiences completelydispersed and without the ‘guarantee’ of reaching the audience with a giventransmission, television is shown to be the most consolidated means in terms ofadvertisingandasabusinessmodel.
Doyle(2010,p.15)infactbelievesthatbecausetheyarenolongerconfinedtoalineardistributionflow,thecontentsownedbytelevisionnetworksmaynow,atleasttheoretically, be more completely enjoyed by the public than ever before. On theotherhand,theresearchofVanattenhoven&Geerts(2015,p.81)inBelgiumrevealedthatthecurrentscenarioofavailabilityof“severalfragmentedservices[...]canmakeitquitehardfortheenduserstowatchTVthewaytheywouldlike”.Theyarguethatjusthavingaccesstothesenewpossibilitiesdoesnotautomaticallyleadtoasmoothviewingexperiencefortheend-users.
For Orozco Gómez (2014b), the greatest difficulty in this televisionconsumption scenario is verifying the number of visualisations received, but thatdoes notmean that networkTV is losing its audience. To the author, in fact, TV ismorealivethanever,especiallyinLatinAmerica.
In its classical broadcasting form, network television continues to drawattention,receivinglargeamountsofadvertisinginvestment,thelargestamongthemassmedia.Andinmostcountries,thefree-to-airtelevisionalsocontinuesto reach the largest audiences and establish benchmarks in the collectiveconstructionofthe‘imageofthenation’,whilecontinuingtoserveasthemainaxis for social interchangeamongstbroadsectorsof thepopulation (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014b,p.7)34.
33Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext: ‘Aspessoasqueassistemàtelevisãopormeiodediferentesdispositivoseserviçosestãovendomais,nãomenostelevisão’(MILLER,2014,p.92).34Our translation of the original text: ‘Aun en su forma clásica de broadcasting, la televisión radiodifundidacontinúa llamando la atención, recibiendo altas sumas en inversión publicitaria, lasmayores entre losmediosmasivos. Y en la mayoría de países, la televisión radiodifundida sigue también consiguiendo las mayoresaudienciasymarcandolapautaenlaconstruccióncolectivadela‘imagendenación’,mientrascontinúasirviendodeejeprincipalparaelintercambiosocietalentreampliossectoresdepoblación’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014b,p.7).
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Inadditiontoasking‘whatTVwillbecome’,Fechine(2014)defendsquestionsas to ‘whatTVstill is’.This isan inversion thatweconsider strategic forour studywithyoungpeople.Regardlessofwhatscreen ismostusedandwhatyoungpeoplemost focuson, thevideocontentandpossibly the television label is in thecentreoftheirattention.1.2.2Materialityofconvergence
Based on Jensen’s (2007 apud OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2011, p. 393) contribution,Orozco Gómez explains that ‘interactivity is the dimension that changes with theaudience, since it is exactly the interactive audience that turns into users’35. Thatmeansthatbeyondarelationofproductionofmeaningandrecognitionestablishedbased on the television content, in Orozco Gómez’s (2014a) perspective todayaudiences have the possibility of interacting concretely with the content. This is‘materialised’ and recorded in the digital environments of interaction, besides thepossibility of deconstructing and reconstructing the TV content based on people’sowndesires,andofmakingavailablecontentproducedbytheend-usersthemselves.
ForAquino(2012), thenotionofmateriality thatOrozcoGómeztalksabout isone of the guiding principles for understanding the convergence scenario. That isbecause it comes from the notion of metatechnology, conceptualised by Jensen(2010).Metatechnology is the capacityofdigitalmedia to aggregate functions fromearliermediums. A computer, for example, combines different functions that comefromandbelongtoprevioustechnologies.
Inadditiontotechnologiesitself,Jensen(2010)statesthatdigitalambiencesaremetatechnology, He explains that these have the capacity of combining distinctmodelsforcommunication,experienced,intimespast,onlybyhumansthemselvesinface-to-face interactions or bymeans of mass communications. For Jensen (2010),socialnetworkssitesallowthreedistinctdegreesofcommunication:one-to-one,one-to-manyandmany-to-many.
Regardinginteractivity,OrozcoGómez(2014a)clarifiesthatitis not themental or symbolic interaction that the old audiences have alwayshad with what was offered on the television screen from which aninterpretationwasmade.[...]isnotonlyaquestionofinterpretation,butofactionsandproductionsthatinvolveusasproducersandcreators,andnotonly as receivers, repeaters or interpreters (OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2014a, p. 107,emphasisadded)36.
35Our translationof theoriginal text: ‘Interactividad ladimensiónquemodificaelestarcomoaudiencia,yaquejustamente la audiencia en la interactividad se reconvierte en usuario’ (JENSEN, 2007 apud OROZCO GÓMEZ,2011,p.393).36Our translation of the original text: ‘não é a interaçãomental ou simbólica que as velhas audiências sempretiveram com aquilo ofertado na tela televisiva da qual resultava uma interpretação. (...) não é apenas uma
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In line with Orozco Gómez, Scolari (2014a) recognises two new forms of
consumption in that new configuration:passive andactive. In speaking ofpassivity,Scolari clarifies that he is not referring to automatic functional processes ofcodification and decodification – which in fact would be amajor contradiction forLatin American reception studies. He is referring to a level of interaction andproduction of meaning that has always occurred, but that had been anchoredbasically to interpretations, uses and appropriations of the audiences delineated intheir ownminds and/or shared with social groups in their places of reference, inperson or mediated (e.g. a phone conversation about what is on TV), but with areduced reach, if compared to the current possibilities for interaction. ‘When wespeakofpassivitywearereferringtoatypeofconsumptionthatislimitedtothat,tointerpretive work on a text that the broadcaster placed at our disposal at a givenmoment,inagivencommunicationmedium’(SCOLARI,2014a,p.10)37.
Becauseofthatdifference,Scolaridefinesactiveconsumptionasa‘forensic-typeinterpretation and post-productive practices’ (SCOLARI, 2014a, p. 10) 38 , aconsumptionwheretheuserismotivatedtoconstructpartsofthestoryandtodrawup his or her own narratives, whether based on the television content or startingfromnew stories andher orhis own life experiences. Thatprofile is similar to thenotionofnarrativecomplexityorcomplexTVofMittell(2012,2015apudSIGILIANO&BORGES,2016,p.8),whichencourages‘painstakingdebatesanddetailedanalysesofthenuancesofhistory’39byaudiences,allowing the fans toactas truedetectives infillinginthegapsthatwereintentionallyleftopenbytheauthorsonthenarratives.
In that scenario, we must understand ‘television as a set of practices forproducingandinterpretingaudio-visualtextualities’(SCOLARI,2014b,p.44)40,whichhas certainly taught us to involve ourselveswith audio-visual language,more thanwith any other device. Scolari (2014) defends recognition of the so-called
questãodeinterpretação,masdeaçõeseproduções,nosenvolvendocomoprodutoresecriadores,enãoapenascomoreceptores,repetidoresouintérpretes’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a,p.107,emphasisadded).37Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘Cuandohablamosdepassividadnosreferimosauntipodeconsumoqueselimitaaeso,altrabajointerpretativoapartirdeuntextoqueelemisorpusoanuestradisposiciónadeterminadahora,enundeterminadomediodecomunicación’(SCOLARI,2014a,p.10).38Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘interpretacióndetipoforenseyprácticasposproductivas’(SCOLARI,2014a,p.10).39Our translation of the original text: ‘debatesminuciosos e análises detalhadas sobre as nuances da história’(SIGILIANO&BORGES,2016,p.8),40Our translation of the original text: ‘televisão comoum conjunto de práticas de produção e interpretaçãodetextualidadesaudiovisuais’(SCOLARI,2014b,p.44).
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hypertelevision41, a concept that, inour reading, dealswith enhancing thenarrativerhythmofTV,andthusitscontentflowthatisnowalsoavailableonotherplatforms.
AccordingtoScolari(2014b,p.49),hypertelevisionisspeakingto‘agenerationraised in interactivedigital environmentswhohavedevelopednewperceptionandcognitiveskills’42.ForOrozcoGómez(2014c;2016),audiencesinthecurrentscenarioof video consumption are different from those audiences accustomed to thebroadcasting system (SCOLARI, 2014a, p. 9). While earlier audiences weremedia-centred,thecurrentoneshavebecomenarrative-centred,meaningthattheyaremoreinterested in thenarrativeofaudio-visualcontentregardlessof thescreenused forwatching and interacting with. These are new forms of enjoyment and interactionwithaclear interest in thenarrativesthatwe learnand liketo followbasedonourcontactwith television,nowenhancedby transmedia storytellingmodels (JENKINS,2009).
Itisimportanttoemphasisethat,inmakingthattypeofaffirmation,wearenotdenying–andtheauthorsalsodonotseemtohavethatintention–,thatthereceiversand fans of broadcastmodel content had the full capacity to reconstruct televisednarratives and certainly did so. That is why we have highlighted the interactionaloriginoftheconceptofflowthatwearedefending.However,whatisnowinvogueisthatproductionscreatedbyviewersarecurrentlymorevisiblebecauseofthedigitalenvironmentsthatallowrecordinganduploadingvideofilesforunrestrictedaccess.
The active production for Scolari (2014a) takes form with thegeneration/alteration of a specific content. For example, commenting about atelenovelaonsocialnetworks.Thatisstillcontentproduction,nonetheless,becauseitbrings to the social network comments previously restricted to domesticenvironmentsandaparticularsetting,butnowconvertedintoapublicandcollectivediscussion(notnecessarilycollaborative). Ifcomparedtothefanfictionphenomena,however, that level of production is quite superficial and explores little thepotentialities pointedout by Jenkins (2009) for constructionof contentbasedon acollectiveintelligence. It isclearthat theprocessesofresignificationoftelevisionaremade visible on social networks, leave evidences and may be observed in anunrestricted manner, which greatly facilitates the work of a researcher anddemonstratesitsspecificities(PIENIZ,2013).
41Thecharacteristicsofhypertelevisionare:(i)‘themultiplicationofnarrativeprogrammes;(ii)fragmentationofthescreen;(iii)accelerationofhistory;(iv)realtimenarratives;(v)non-sequentialhistories;(vi)expansionofthenarrative’(SCOLARI,2014b,p.45-46).42Our translationof the original text: ‘geração criada emambientesdigitais interativosquedesenvolveunovashabilidadesperceptivasecognitivas’(SCOLARI,2014b,p.49).
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Considering the many possibilities for action by audiences in this new videoconsumptionscenario,weare interestedin identifyingtheinteractionflowscreatedbytheyoungparticipantsfromCametá(PA)andTavares(RS).TounderstandthatwereturntotheideaofmultidimensionalconnectioninOrozcoGómez(2011)–crucialfortheconceptweareproposingherein–inwhichtheappropriationsestablishedbytheaudiences,evenifinanindividualisedmanner,currentlyassumesvariedcoverageand dimensions far beyond the context of the users’ reference. It is as if wewererelivingtheprocessofdisseminationofmassmediathatThompson(2009)described.Inthisprocess,TV,radioandsomanyothermediasprovidedpeopleculturalcontextsandreferencespreviouslyoutof theirreach,without leavingtheirhouses.Whatwehavenow,isthestrengthenedpossibilityofinteractingwithotherculturalreferences,now materialized and in fact open to establishing potentially horizontalcommunicationprocesses.
That affirmation reminds us of the unease we still feel regarding the term‘audience’, given the functionalist connotation that it still carries.Even though theyhavealreadybeendemystifiedbyseveralauthorswhoworkwithreceptionstudies(ANG,1991;CARLÓN,2014;ESCOSTEGUY&JACKS,2005;JACKS,2008,2014,2017;JENSEN,1995;SCOLARI,2014a,2014b),inOrozcoGómez’(2011)interpretation,thenew perspectives inaugurated for analysing the communicative interactions ofaudiences in the network society, end up reconfiguring the vision of audiences asempoweredgroupsandnaturallyproducersofmeaning.
As audiences, contemporary societiesmay cease to be recognised essentiallyfor their un-empowered status as almost always receivers of authoritarianmass media, and begin to be recognised through an active presence,increasingly creative in communicational production and transmission(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011,p.389)43.
1.2.3Centralityofthenarrative
Also regarding changes in the audience profile, Orozco Gómez (2014c, 2016)calls attention to thephenomenonof ‘migrationtothemiddleofthestory’. Itmeansthat the audience interpretation is based on television representations that areplausible counterparts to reality. For the author, content producers nowadays areinvesting innarratives thatdemandnew formsof reading fromtheaudiences,nowsupported on probabilities derived from fantasy and play, that do not necessarily
43Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext: ‘comoaudiencias, lassociedadesactualespuedendejardeserreconocidasesencialmenteporsuestatusdesempoderadocasisiemprecomoreceptoresdemediosmasivosautoritarios,paraempezar a ser reconocidas por un estar siendo activos, cada vez más creativos, en la producción y emisióncomunicacionales’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011,p.389).
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make sense in the real world and/or are confined to classical and unalterablecanonicalaccounts44.
Although the author recognises that transformation, he indicates that not allaudiences are experiencing that transformation of leaving ‘reception in order toadventure intoproductionandtransmissionofcontent’ (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014c,p.14)45. In many cases, what may be happening, according to Orozco Gómez (2010,2011), is an ‘audience repositioning’ process. Itmeans that the audiences are nowconnected, circulating among different digital environments and screens,complementing and reconfiguring use of video content, but not necessarilyinteractingoractingbycreatingothercontentbasedontheirownexperiences.
Whetherornottheyhaveanactiveconsumption,returningtotheperspectiveinScolari, Orozco Gómez considers that all people (including us) continue beingaudiences,evenexperiencingnewformsorrelatingwithwhatis‘television’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2016).
Furthermore,OrozcoGómez(2014c)recognisesthatwhile‘being’theaudiencewasthemaincharacteristicofaudiencesinthe20thcenturybecauseofthepresenceofmassmedia,inthe21stcenturypersonshavebecomeinterlocutors,evenifthatisnot a transition that will happen in the short term and include everyone, since itrequiresprior repertoires thata considerable shareof thepopulationhasnotbeenencouragedtoenjoyand/ornothadconditionstodoso.
Giventhepluralityoftheusersofthat‘newTV’,wemustconsiderthatitisnotenough to be connected and digitally included to necessarily develop the culturalcapitalandcompetenciespointedoutbyOrozcoGómez(2011,2014c),thusopeningspacetotheidentificationofvariousdegreesof‘digitalilliteracy’andsocialexclusion.
Anewerawheretheoriginofproductionisnolongeronlytelevised,butalsodigital, and where there is an expansion of possibilities for access to it byaudiences,whichseemsnottohave limits,beyondthecosts involved insomeconnectivity options. [...]. This tendency, however, does not yet involvemostaudiences: while a minority are hyperconnected, there continue to be
44Atthatpoint,oneshouldbrieflyrefertotherecentstudybySilva(2016)abouttherepresentationsoftheso-called‘newtechnologies’intheprime-timetelevisionflowonGlobo.Theworkshowshowconstructionofanotionoftechnologyasnewandsomethingpositiveistheresultnotonlyofamediadiscoursebyaspecificgroupanditsadvertisers. It is above all the result and gains adherence and is appropriated by consumers due to the fact ofarticulating political, economic and cultural dimensions. The representations of the technologies identified andactivated in the televised flow by Silva (2016) are related in an intertextual manner, integrating, heretofore,distant genres, such as televisionnewsandadvertising. It is a resourceof the televised flow studiedby Jensen(1995)inidentifyingthesuper-flowandtheformsoflinkageofmeaningthattheviewersmake.Thus,morethancontent, thetelevisedflowthathasbeenstudiedsincethe1970srevealsvalues,meaningsandritualsthatarisefromsociety,asprovidefeedbacktotheaudiencesofthe(new)sociallyacceptablepractices.Thatisbecause,asSilva&Piedrasfound(2017,p.186),‘if,ontheonehand,those“banal”imagescomefromthematerialculturethattelevision invariably represents, on the other hand, they have relevant implications in the objectivation ofrepresentationsthatfocusonthe‘newtechnologies’assomethingnaturallypresentandnecessaryindailylife’.45Our translation of the original text: ‘la recepción para incursionar en la producción y en la emisión decontenidos’(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014c,p.14)
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unconnectedmajorities and the digital gaps are expanding (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014b,p.8-9)46.
And,asMilleradds(2014):
Thelessonofthenewtechnologyisthesameasalways:aswiththepress,radioand television, each medium is quickly dominated by centralised andcentralising corporations, despite of their multi-distributive potential.Obviously,inthecaseoftheInternet,thatcentralismislesspowerfulthanwithtechnologiesmorepronetohermeticism(MILLER,2014,p.85)47.
obligation for governments and these should already be integrated into thepossibilities for transmedia narratives. That way, they may be integrated into thepossibilities for transmedia narrative, in order to be disseminated on differentplatforms,thusaccompanyingthetendenciesofservicesavailableonthemarket,butinapublicmannerandaccessibletoeveryone.Inthatregard,heconsidersitvitaltostrengthenapositioninthepublicsectortoimpedethelargemediagroupsthatownthe main spaces for production and use of content in the mass media, from alsodominating spaces on the internet. A little likewhat is already happening – aswehaveseeninOBITELdata–withstreamingservicesthatareapparentlydominatedbycableandnetworkTVcorporationssuchasGloboinBrazilandTelevisainMexico,orinthecaseofNetflixwhich,todifferentiateitsplatformandnotgetintoabattlewiththemajorcontentproducers,hasinvestedinproducingexclusivecontentsince2013.1.3Mediaconvergenceand‘new’businessmodels
Faced with the possibilities of production, integration and availability ofcontent,thebusinessmodelsofthetelevisionmarkethavebeenreinventing.Forthisreason,wepresent in this section informationonhowonlinevideoplatformshaveestablishedways tomonetize theirproductions, sometimesbyadopting featuresoftraditionalbroadcasters.
EvenifwearetalkingofaTVeverywherescenario,itisinterestingtorecapthediscussion,presentedbyWolton(1996),abouttheroleplayedbyageneralistTVinacountrylikeBrazil.Inthecurrentscenariowemustthinkabouthowthatfunctionof46Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘Unanuevaeraenqueelorigendesuproduccióndejadesersólotelevisiva,para ser también digital, y en la que existe una ampliación de posibilidades para su acceso por parte de lasaudiencias,queparecenotenerlímites,másalládeloscostosinvolucradosenalgunasopcionesdeconectividad.(...). Esta tendencia, sin embargo, aun no involucra a lamayoría de las audiencias:mientras lasminorías estánhiperconectadas, siguen existiendo mayorías desconectadas y las brechas digitales se amplifican’ (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014b,p.8-9).47Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘Aliçãodanovatecnologiaéamesmadesempre:talcomoaimprensa,rádioe televisão, cadameioé rapidamentedominadopor corporações centralizadase centralizadoras, apesarde seupotencialmultidistributivo.Essecentralismoé,obviamente,menospoderosonocasodainternetdoquenocasodastecnologiasmaispropensasaohermetismo’(MILLER,2014,p.85).
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social engagement and participation at the same time individual and collective bysocieties with television, identified by this author, is crucial for contemporarysocietiesandmustbeobservedinin-depthstudies,nowbasedontheestablishmentofsocialbondswithandviaotherplatforms.
One thing thatmust be considered is that the uses of technology are alwaysdeterminedbypeople’ssocialandculturalpractices.Solutionsdonotsproutfromtheminds of business people, but instead are identified in the uses derived from theneedsoftheaudiencesthemselves.Asanexample,wehavetheproposalforservicesof videoondemand that, in addition to being amarket invention, in fact serves anaudiencewhich,becauseofthewearyingdynamicsoflifeinlargecityenvironments,came to have less or no time to followprogrammingpreviously limited to a singledeviceandtoalinearexhibitionline-up.
As Hepp (2014) mentioned, the conjugated use of media is somethingcharacteristic of our society. So even though video on demand are born from aproposalfor‘freeing’personsfromaflowguidedandlimitedbydecisionsmadebyamediagroup,todaywehavecontentthatisonlyprovidedthroughaspecificprovider,suchasonNetflix,asisdonebytraditionalbroadcasterswhichhaveitsprogrammesorganisedbyastrategicallycreatedcontentgrid.
Unlikewhatmostpeoplethink,theuseofresourcesfromthebroadcastinglogicis increasingly recurrent in digital environments, notably the site of the Facebooksocial network. Rein & Venturini (2018) made a detailed study of the live videoexhibitionresource,FacebookLive,launchedinApril2016.Theauthorsconsiderittobe an ‘aggressive’ strategy by the social network to attract advertisers and thusestablishanewformatforplacingvideosontheweb,incompetitionespeciallywithYouTube.InthewordsofRein&Venturini(2018,p.3361),thatwasoneofthemostpromisinginnovationsinthecurrentmedialandscape(atleastfromthecommercialpointofview)’.
Theauthorsexplainthatatleast140mediagroupshavebeendirectlyinvolvedinthatstrategyand,withfundingcomingfromFacebook,theyhaveproducedcontentexclusively for the social network website, including by setting up teams andproduction studios solely directed towards that content window. ‘TheWall StreetJournalclaimsthat“contractvaluesarebasedonpublishers’popularityonFacebookand the number of broadcasts they are willing to stream’’’ (PERLBERG &SEETHARAMAN,2016apudREIN&VENTURINI,2018,p.3366).
thatamongthebarrierstotheoperationofthisresourceliesthefactthatusersendupwatchingthetransmissionsafterithasstarted.Becauseofthat,andinanattemptto obtain the audience’s attention, Facebook has recently introduced the ‘waitingroomsandpre-scheduledbroadcasts’(TEPPER,2016apudREIN&VENTURINI,2018,p. 3374) that should reduce or extinguish this delay, since from this planning,Facebookwillbeabletonotifytheusersbeforethebroadcastgetsstarted.
Based on interviewswith themedia groups involved in the partnershipwithFacebook, the authors have identified this social network site as a publicationplatform and Facebook Live as a resource for some of the groups to repositionthemselvesonthemarketinsearchofagoodshareoftheaudiencetheyhadlost.
InthecaseoftheMashablegroup48,theheadofthecontentofficedeclaredthat:We’re expanding the real-time team and adding video and visual storytellingcapabilitiesacrossallcoreareasofcoverage.[...]Ouryoungandsocialaudienceis increasingly getting information by watching video, whether that’s on oursite or onplatforms such asSnapchat,Facebook,YouTube, OTT, Instagram ortelevision(GITTRICH,2016apudREIN&VENTURINI,2018,p.3371).
videowindow among somany others towhich the group produces content. In thesameway,thebusinessmanhighlightedthatyoungaudienceareincreasinglygettinginformationfromvideos.
Besideslivetransmissionofvideosbydifferentmediagroupsandindependentusers, Facebook has other two important resources for video: (i) the auto-playfunctionality for showing videos without sound and organising them in the user’snews feed; (ii) theWatchlist which combines in a linear flow videos of differentfanpagesthattheuserlikedorfollows.Weconsidertheseexamplesverysignificantelements for assembling an uninterrupted flow of content made available byFacebook, now even more with the marks of television, for the narrative of itsproductionstiedtothelogicofproductionandmonetisation.
Both the incorporation of auto-play in 2015 and Facebook Live were highlycommentedupon in the technologymarket and considered trendswhen theywerelaunched.Sunley(2017), forexample,notedthat2016wasthegreatyear forsocialnetworks and that theFacebook strategy of incorporating live transmissionswas a‘big push’ for the site’s operation. The columnist also cited the insertion of stories‘which addmore context and immediacy towhatwe share, are changing audienceexpectationsonhowwecommunicateourmessages’(SUNLEY,2017,p.12).
48A popular American blog directed towards News related to the internet and socialmedia –with a focus onentertainment.TheyoungEnglishbusinessmanPeteCashmorefoundeditin2005(MASHBLE,2018).
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Regardingauto-play of videos on the feed, theWallStreetJournal announced:‘ManydigitalmediainsidersarewatchingtheexampleofFacebook,whichhasbuiltalarge video business using its auto-play strategy’ (SHIELDS, 2015, p. 2). With thatpossibility of enjoying videos in an automated manner and without breaking thereading flowof theuser on the feed,many advertisers havebeen awakened to thepotential of what Sloane (2015) called half-video. Especially for providing acommercial formatcalledcinemagraphs,atypeofGIFmadeupofaphotoonwhichonlyonepartof the imagemoves, currentlyappropriatedbymanyadvertisersandindependentusersforproducingcontent.
The focus on all the strategies related to incorporatingFacebook videos is tocompete for and hold the attention of users of the information flowoffered by thesite, as the large audio-visualmarketshavedone and continue todo for television,cinemaandnowVoDplatforms.AccordingtoRein&Venturini(2018),because it isan attractive channel, the major content producers have concentrated theirproduction toFacebook and/oralternatingexhibitionsbetween theirownsitesandsocial networks. Therefore, these groups are increasingly dependent on the flowsestablishedbysocialnetworkingsitesandthussusceptibletotheirinfluence.
In terms of the video on demand platform strategies, there have been manynotable examples in recent years and they have certainly allowed new forms ofconsumption.WithNetflix,forexample,thereisthefeaturefordownloadingcontentfor later viewing offline and the surprising forms of control that the platform hasimplementedtoblockthecirculationofexclusivecontentsinotherwindows.
Inthesameway,inmarketswhereNetflixalreadyhasaconsolidatedaudience,such as Mexico and Brazil, besides offering exclusive content, there has beeninvestment indomesticproductionorat least in theconsumers’native language. InBrazil, for example, the first ‘Netflix original’ called ‘3%’was launched in2016andbecamethemostwatchedforeign-language(i.e.non-English)seriesintheUS(LOPESetal.2018,p.132).Besidesmeetinganaudiencedemand,thattypeofproductionisalsomotivatedbythetypeofregulationthattheconsolidatedplatformshavebegunto follow, because of local legislation, which in the case of Brazil requires anobligatorynationalcontentquotaforVoD49.
Regarding YouTube, according to data from OBITEL, because of the marketgrowthandmajorvisibilitythatthisnetworkhasgainedinBrazilinrecentyears,TVbroadcastershavebeguntomakesomecontentavailablethroughofficialchannels.In49ThisprocesswasbegunbytheNationalCinemaAgency(Ancine),earlyin2017.Theregulationdealswithtaxes,informationmonitoring,cataloguesofavailabletitles,exposureandnationalcontentquotas.AccordingtoOBITELdata, there are more than 40 VoD services registered by Ancine, includingNetflix, YouTube,HBOGo, those ofnationalgroupssuchasGloboTV+andR7Play,entreoutros(LOPESetal.,2018,p.128-129).
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the case of SistemaBrasileirodeTelevisão(SBT), the focus has been on circulatingprogramming directed towards the children-youth audience, also broadcast on itsline-up on YouTube. Globo and Record TV provide promotional content, since theproductionsthatgoonairorcirculateonlytheirSVoDarerestrictedtosubscribers.
InthecaseofalloftheBrazilianfree-to-airbroadcasters,however,itispossibleto perceive the major presence of amateur channels that illegally reproduce thecontent broadcast on the TV screen. Among the most common content are theMexicantelenovelas,shownlivebySBT,butalsotheprimetimeGlobo’telenovelas.
The idea is to control their content and/ormonetisewatching themon otherplatforms.Andforthat,thefree-to-airTVbroadcastershavebeenadoptingnewwaysto organise and to offer content, having online platforms as new windows forexhibition.Andthosestrategiesfollowthemarketlogic,withGloboasthegroupthathas been shaping the ‘identity of the nascentVoD in Brazil’ (LOPES etal., 2018, p.128)50.Amongtheexamples,onemaynotethecaseofthe‘Carcereiros’seriesmadefullyavailableontheGloboPlayapp,and latershownonthe+Globosatchannel–ofthesamegroupbutavailableoncable–,andonlythenmovingtofree-to-airTV.
One relevant aspect noted by Lopes et al. (2018) and that may have guidedinvestmentsbybroadcastersinBrazil,isthat–aswewillseeinthecontextualdatatobe presented later on –, broadband today has greater penetration that cable TVservices in the Brazil. The country is thus becoming ‘an importantmarket forVoDplatforms.Themainoneamong them isNow(AméricaMóvil) –withmore than1.3million streamings’ (LOPES etal., 2018, p. 131)51. In that case, it is interesting toobserve that it isoneof the largest internetandcableTVproviders in thecountry,andthatamongitsmostaccessedcontentsaredomesticcomedyproductionssuchas‘Vaiquecola’and‘OshomenssãodeMarteeéparaláqueeuvou’,bothfromcableTVchannelsownedbytheGlobogroup,respectivelyMultishowandGNT.
Generally in Ibero-America, according toOBITEL, the levelofVoDpenetrationvaries from one country to another. In all the cases, onemay affirm that ‘the newmodalities of watching television are taking root, especially with younger people,even at different speeds, contributing to an audience reduction for the free-to-airchannels’(BURNAYetal.,2018,p.69)52.Inthisscenario,itisimportanttonotethat
Stillbasedonthecomparativeresearchdonein2017byOBITEL,therearetwogroupsofcountriesdealingwithdigitaldevelopment.Thefirstgroupiscomposedbycountries such as Brazil, Spain, the United States and Mexico, which have a moreconsolidatedexperience. InColombia,Chile,Peru,Portugal,UruguayandVenezuela,‘the production and consumption of fictional digital content have emerged and/orbecomemoresignificant’53inrecentyears(BURNAYetal.,2018,p.70).
RegardingBrazil,Lopesetal.(2018)recommendastanceofgreater distance to duly observe how that dynamicwillwork on the level ofindustrial formatsandculturalmatrices.Continuouslyexpanding, studiesandresearch on televised fiction are facing questions involving adaptations andadjustmentsofparadigms.Thequestionastowhatweconsidertelevision–ontelevision itself and in other environments – in television and otherenvironments–mustbeoneofthemostinvestigatedissues(LOPESetal.,2018,p.133)54.
As Rein & Venturini recognise (2018), in the media ecology scenario, eventhoughsomeactorsaremorepowerful thanothers,socialnetworksitesarenowinthatgroup.
Thedecentralisednature of digitalmedia shouldnot blindus to the fact thattheir development is in no way natural or artless. Surely, the media systemcomprisesalargenumberofactors,butsomeofthemaremorepowerfulthanothers and their strategies heavily affect the directions in which the systemtransforms. The world of digital media systems resembles less a pristineecosystem evolving freely under the invisible hand of society or themarket,rathermore a cultivated landscape inwhich natural tendencies interactwiththe initiativesofa largebutnotindefinitenumberof influential“gardeners”or“farmers”. Among these powerful actors are, of course, the so-called socialmediaplatforms(REIN&VENTURINI,2018,p.3360).
According to Jensen (2015) that configuration hasmade social network sitesincreasinglyenvironmentsofamany-to-manylevelofcommunication, likethemasscommunications media. Thus, in the author’s analysis, even though nocommunications medium is less social than another, as an integral part of publicsphere, social networks today receive pressure fromall levels of the sectors of thecivilsociety.
Also in that regard, one should remember the point made by Jost (2011)
53Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘aproduçãoeoconsumodeconteúdosficcionaisnodigitalemergirame/outornaram-semaisexpressivos’(BURNAYetal.,2018,p.70).54Our translation of the original text: ‘maior distanciamento para observarmos devidamente como essasdinâmicasatuarãonoplanodos formatos industriaisedasmatrizesculturais.Emcontínuaexpansão,estudosepesquisas sobre ficção televisiva estão diante de questionamentos que envolvem encaixes e ajustamentos deparadigmas.Aquestãosobreoqueconsideramostelevisivo–naprópriatelevisãoeemoutrosambientes–tendeaserumadasmaisproblematizadas’(LOPESetal.,2018,p.133).
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regarding the concept of convergence. The author recognises that, instead of ascenario of peaceful convergence, we are currently experiencing an ‘inter-mediastruggle’, permeated by the disputes and conflicts common in the media market(JOST,2011,p.95).
Thoseareotheraspectshighlighttheneedforacarefulandcriticallookatthemediaconvergencescenario,giventheriskofevaluatingeverythingasagreatmarketcouportheresultofaudience“freedom”.Thatdoesnotmeanwedonotrecognisethepotentialities for transformationof this new scenario,which in factwe are alreadyaccompanyingandexperiencing.However,onemustemployacriticalviewthatwill‘protect’ us froma reading that overvalues technique. In critique,Wolton (2014, p.25) affirms that the ‘dream of the Internet makes us confuse individual freedom,whenbehindusthereiscriminality,lossofindividualfreedom,“trackability”,drugs,manipulation,themafias’55.
Althoughthe internet isnotonly that, theauthor’squestioningcorroboratesathought we presented above, related to this (new) video consumption scenarioamongst young people. We have known for some time that audiences producemeaning, but to what point have the capacities for creating and sharing ofexperiencesonthewebandtheinteractionflowscontributedtowardsreconfiguringthecommunicationrealitiesofoursocieties?Wolton(2014,p.24)raisestheissue,forexample,thattoday‘wehavefivethousandmillionradios,threeandahalfmillioncellphones and computers, but nothing hasmade usmore tolerant. Globalisation doesnotassureusofpeace’56.Thatiswhywehavetoreflectabouthowtheconsumptionexperiencesof audienceshavebeenempoweringornot them in thisnew scenario.This constitutes for Padilla etal. (2011) an important research question in a nearfuture.
1.4Theoreticalaspectsaboutconsumptionpractices
Consideringthatconsumptionisacentralconceptforthisdoctoraldissertation,in this section we discuss some aspects that cut across the studies about thesepractices,especiallyinvolvingtheuseoftechnologies.
Miller (2007) explains that consumption has been considered by manyacademicsasasynonymfor‘modernmassconsumption’anapproachthatwaslinkedto the critical perspective of investigation regarding mass societies and the
55Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘sueñodelaInternetnoshaceconfundirlalibertadindividual,cuandoatrásexiste la cibercriminalidad, la pérdida de la libertad individual, la ‘trazabilidad’, la droga, la manipulación, lasmafias’(WOLTON,2014,p.25).56Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘tenemoscincomilmillonesderadios,tresmillonesymediodecelularesycomputadoras,peronadanoshahechomástolerantes.Laglobalizaciónnoaseguralapaz’(WOLTON,2014,p.24).
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industrialisationprocess.Today,onecommonly findsanalyses inCommunication inwhich consumption is perceived as a practice strictly related to the materialpossession of goods that ‘contaminates’ supposedly pure social relations with thelogic of a market culture. The argument is that consumption guides us to anattachmenttoobjectstothedetrimentofpersonsandthatconsumersareleftwitha
[…] passive role ofmerely fitting into such [social]maps through purchasingthe symbols appropriate to their “lifestyle”. Humanity has been transformedinto mere mannequins that display the categories created by capitalism(MILLER,2007,p.37)57.
ThevisionquestionedbyMiller (2007) is similar to thecriticalperspectiveof
the Frankfurt School towards the mass communications media, announcing itsrelationtoindustriallogicinatoneofdenunciationandwarning.Weknow,however,that the communications media are directly interwoven into the relations weestablishwiththeworldandwithpeople.Mediahaveaformativeandmediatingrole(MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2009),which is not necessarily governedby an economic andcommercialbias.AsGarcía-Canclinialerts(2009,p.23),‘neithertheeliteculture,northe popular culture, for some time incorporated into the market and into theindustrialised communication, are uncontaminated strongholds from which onecould construct another modernity, unrelated to the mercantile nature and to thecurrentstrugglesforhegemony’58.
Among the elements that reinforce the critiquemadeof consumption studies,are their association with the notion of lasciviousness (MILLER, 2007) and to ahedonistic character (ROCHA, 2005, 2013). Furthermore, it is believed that everypractice of consumption is conspicuous, related to the ostentatious habits of thenobilitywho had/have the right to enjoy goodswithout any effort or obligation towork, and that in a reading by Veblen (1980) – the defender of a rigid Protestantmorality–iswhatdignifiesmanandjustifiesaccumulatinggoods.
Becauseof that andothernotions, forMiller (2001,2007)what characterisesthe critique made of consumption studies is a moralistic bias. Alluding to themetaphorbyE.P.Thompson, that the theorymaybecomea straightjacket59,Miller(2001)considersthatthemorality,presentinthecommonviewandinacademics,isradical, reaching the extreme of preferring non-consumption and non-access to57Besidesthisassociation,Miller(2007)highlightsthenegativesenseattributedtotheterm‘consumption’itselfinEnglishthatreferstotuberculosis–adiseaseknownasthe‘maldusiècle’inhistoricalreadings–,andtotheactof‘usingsomething’inanemptiedperspectiveasitwerenotdirectlylinkedtoculturallyacceptedsocialhabits.58Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘nemaculturadeelite,nemapopular,hátemposincorporadasaomercadoeà comunicação industrializada, são redutos incontaminados a partir dos quais se pudesse construir outramodernidade,alheiaaocarátermercantileaosconflitosatuaispelahegemonia’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2009,p.23).59Mentionofthemetaphor‘Thepovertyoftheory’.
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industrialised products to a possible reversion of poverty or improvement of aminimal share of the poor populations60. That occurs, according to Miller (2001),becauseacademicsareeffectivelyatadistancefromthatwhichtheystudyandseemnottorecognisetheirownpracticesascitizensofthecontemporaryworld.
IwouldconsidermyselfahypocriteifIsawtheaspirationofanyotherpersonto at least the same level of consumption that I enjoy with my family asanythingotherthanreasonable.AndIhavenever–andIreallydomeannever– met an academic carrying out research on the topic of consumption whoappeared to practise for their own family this substantially lower level ofconsumption(MILLER,2001,p.228).
Therootofthemoralisticcritiqueofconsumptionistheideathatitcollaborateswithdisseminationofan‘Americanised’wayoflife,which,foritspart,breaksdownanyauthenticityforthelocalculture.However,asMartín-Barbero(2004,2009)hasshown, in Latin America, the consumption of mass media and the process ofmassification of popular classes has brought more ‘gains’ than ‘losses’. That isbecauseitwasintheurbanenvironmentthatgroupsofpeoplecomingfromtheruralenvironment were able to renew and establish new cultural reference networksthroughcontactwithTV,radio,cinema,oral-basedmedia,whichisacrucialelementtounderstandconsumptionpracticesinLatin-America.
Martín-Barbero (2009) argues that media consumption in Latin Americancountries,especiallycinema,didnothappenbecause itwasanartisticor industrialphenomenon, but because the audiencewas able to experiment, adopt new habitsand reiterate codes of customs. In light of new possibilities for video contentconsumption, young people’s habits of appropriation may also be happening toassure contact with the new and establishment of different relations inside theirsocialcircles.
Converging with Martín-Barbero’s perspective, Miller (2007) notes thatinvestigations into consumption are not limited to verifying if the appropriationsmade by people are positive or negative, but in fact recognise that peoplemanagetheirusesandappropriationsin lifebasedona ‘capacityforappropriationthathadbeenlargelyignored’(SLATER&MILLER,2007,p.6).
Douglas & Isherwood (2004, p. 116) recognise consumption as ‘an activeprocess inwhichall social categoriesarebeingcontinuouslyredefined’.ForGarcía-Canclini (2008a), consuming is producing meanings always linked to the culturalrepertoire,aswellasreproducingelementsofsocialdistinction.‘[...]marketvalueis
60Rocha(2005)alsoidentifiesamoralisticstraininthecommonviewcriticismdirectedatconsumption,as if itwere‘toblame’forexistingsocialproblems.
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not something naturalistically contained in objects, but results from socioculturalinteractionsinwhichhumansusethem’61.Thatiswhy,‘thedesiretopossessthenewdoesnotactassomethingirrationalorindependentofthecollectiveculturetowhichitbelongs’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008a,p.66-70)62.
García-Canclini (1993, p. 34)proposes a definitionof culturalconsumption as‘the set of processes for appropriation and use of products in which the symbolicvalue prevails over use and exchange values, or in which the latter becomesubordinated to the symbolic dimension’63. It is based on that notion of García-Canclini,thatToaldo&Jacks(2013)recognisemediaconsumptionasadimensionofculturalconsumption.
Given this distinction,we identifywithWottrich’s proposition in categorisingthe audience studies into four theoretical traditions, with distinct epistemologicalorigins: (i) studies of effects; (ii) literary analysis; (iii) uses and gratification; (iv)culturalstudies64. Intheenvironmentofthelattertraditionareplacedtheaudiencestudies,subdividedbyWottrich(2017)intothreecomponents:culturalconsumption,fromwhichcomemediaconsumptionandreceptionstudies.
Thestudiesofmediaconsumption focusontheusesmadebythesubjectsand,accordingtoToaldo&Jacks(2013)andWottrich(2017),itfavoursthedimensionsofthepracticesitselfandthesocialsystemorthecontextofuse.Therefore,inthisstudythemessage is a less central dimension, even though it is themedia content – likevideosinourcase–,basedonitsrhythms,genresandformats,whichchallengesthesubjecttointeract.
Basedonthat, thisdissertationis linkedtothemediaconsumptionstudiesandaligned to the critical interpretation proposal defended by Murdock (1990) forstudiesthatdealwithaudiences65.
61Our translationof the original text: ‘[...] o valormercantil não é alguma coisa contidanaturalisticamentenosobjetos,maséresultantedasinteraçõessocioculturaisemqueoshomensosusam’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008a,p.66-70).62Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘odesejodepossuironovonãoatuacomoalgoirracionalouindependentedaculturacoletivaaquesepertence’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008a,p.66-70).63Our translation of the original text: ‘o conjunto de processos de apropriaçao e usos de produtos nos quais ovalor simbolico prevalece sobre os valores de uso e de troca, ou onde aomenos estes ultimos se configuramsubordinadosadimensãosimbólica’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,1993,p.34).64Although based on the division proposed by Jensen & Rosengren, the author presented a new arrangementguided by the specificities of Latin American studies, as well as details the constitutive elements of theconsumptionandreceptionstudies,fundamentalfortheunderstandingoftheaudiencesinourcontinent.65For the author that proposal operates on two levels because: ‘it involves not only a full explanation of theinterpretationsthattheauthorsthemselvesprovidefortheirconsumptionactivity,butalsosupportanattempttoshow how situational experiences and systems of meaning are connected to the broader symbolic and socialformationsthatalsoshapethem’.Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext:‘involucranosólounaexplicaciónplenadelaspropiasinterpretacionesquelosactoreshacendesuactividaddeconsumo,sinotambiénunintentosostenidoparamostrarcomo lasexperienciassituacionalesy lossistemasdesignificadoseconectancon lasmásampliasformacionessimbólicasysocialesquetambiénlesdanforma’(MURDOCK,1990,p.188).Theauthorrecommendsthattheinvestigationgobeyondtherecognitionofimmediateactsofandanalyse‘theunderlyingstructuresthatprovidethecontextsandtheresourcesfortheaudience’sactivity,inordertoproceedwiththedemonstrationof
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ForMartín-Barbero(2009),theconsumptionstudiesarestrategic,aboveallinaglobalised scenario in which social ties tend to fragment and become ephemeral,when compared to the relations established in modernity. For the author, it isthroughobservingthosepracticesthatweunderstandthenewcontemporaryformsofrelatingand‘beingtogether’,ashasbeenindicatedbyFechine(2014)andScolari(2014a,2014b).1.5Mediacompetencesandthecommunicationmodes
In this section we present key concepts for performing the thesis analysis,directlyrelatedtotheuseandmanagementcapabilitiesofthedigitaltechnologiesforvideoconsumption,whichvaryamongparticipantsrecruitedfortheresearch.
Even if with the internet people are free of linear content grids, the onlineplatforms are increasingly implementing features to establishwatching lists (auto-play, timeline, stories, others). In this sense, for Wolton (2014), the current videoservicesareinnowayinnovative.Thatisbecausetheaudienceshavealwaysdefinedtheir own television-watching practices regardless of whether or not they wereavailable.‘Theproblemisnotbreakingwiththatprogramming,butknowingthatitisthereasa“pre-form”forapprehendingreality’(WOLTON,1996,p.308)66.
Additionally, thesegmentedcontentconsumptionmay leadtheaudiences toaspecialisation, which can become a problem at a collective level. According to theWolton, those audiences will have less of a sense of collectivity and will be lessprepared for dealing with diversity, and because of that, for cohabiting andcommunicatingwithsocialgroupingsdifferentfromtheirown.Wolton’s(1996,2006,2014)concern iswith the frayingof thesocialbondto thepointwhere itceases toexist, and thus sparking intolerance and bringing in wars and non-communicationscenarios.
We may associate the concern in Wolton (2014) with the break-down thatMorley&Silverstone(1990)postulatedregardingthecreativecapacityofaudiencesforworkingandreworkingTVcontentandtheroleoftheprocessforproducingandcirculatingmeaningsexperiencedbysociety.
Televisionistechnology(albeitinthelastinstance)anditisatechnologywhich(likeother communicationand informing technologies) is articulated through
thewayinwhichtheaudienceorganisestheproductionandconsumptionofmeaningindailylife’.Ourtranslationof the original text: ‘las estructuras subyacentes queproveen los contextos y los recursospara la actividaddelauditorio, para así proseguir a la demostración de la manera en que el auditorio organiza la producción yconsumptiondesignificadoenlavidadiaria’(MURDOCK,1990,p.189).66Ourtranslationoftheoriginaltext: ‘Oproblemanãoéromperessaprogramação,massaberqueestá lácomo‘pré-forma’daapreensãodarealidade’(WOLTON,1996,p.308).
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twosetsofmeaning.Thefirstsetisthemeaningsthatareconstructedbothbyproducers and consumers (and consumers andproducers) around the sellingandbuyingofallobjectsandtheirsubsequentuseinadisplayofstyle,asakeytomembershipofcommunityorsubculture.Thesecondsetisthemediatedmeanings conveyed by those technologies which are open similarly tonegotiation and transformation. The structuring of both, in the design andmarketing of machines as commodities and in the design of software, thecreationofprogrammeschedulesandprogrammenarratives, laysclaimtotheconsuming“modalities”oftherelationshiptotelevisionandtothegeneral and specific rhetoric of television’s engagement in everydayculture(MORLEY&SILVERSTONE,1990,p.36,emphasisadded).
As Murdock (1990, p. 200) adds, television ‘helps to reaccommodate socialrelations not only because it provides newplaces and company for daily activities,butalsobecauseitchangestheboundariesofouraccessto imagesandinformationthroughwhichtheexperiencesofotherpeoplecanbeinterpreted’67.
TVwas–andpossiblycontinuestobe,nowalongsidewithcontemporarydigitalenvironments–,akeyelementandoneofthe‘spinningwheels’68throughwhichthesubjects createmeanings not only for theirmessages, but also use them for a newformoflifeinsociety,nolongerbasedonpre-moderncommunallogic(THOMPSON,2009).
Based on an expanded vision of consumption, Morley & Silverstone (1990)defined it as a rhetorical activity, since it both implies production ofmeaning andprovokes the establishment of creative forms of behaviour for daily life. In thatperspective,theauthorsstatethatTV,asanobjectofconsumption,demandsadoublearticulation in the process of producingmeaning. This affirmation comes from theconcept of double articulation in Silverstone (1994) who called for integration ofstudiesmadewith audienceswith regard both themeaning ofmedia as text (firstarticulation) and as object (second articulation). According to Livingstone (2007),such an articulation, although valid and promising, has proved difficult to beachieved,especiallyduetothedisciplinaryandmethodologicalbarriersthatappearforthosewhoconductthattypeofanalysis.
Evenso,Courtois(2012)andCourtoisetal.(2012)defendedandexpandedthatperspective regarding audio-visual media consumption studies. The authorsrecognised the existenceof threedistinct, butnecessarily intertwined, articulationsfrom a symbolic point of view, these being: media as an object(the technology in67Our translation of the original text: ‘Ayuda a reacomodar las relaciones sociales no sólo porque proporcionanuevos lugaresyacompañamientospara lasactividadescotidianas, sino tambiénporquealtera los términosdenuestroaccesoalasimágeneseinformaciónpormediosdelascualeslaexperienciadeotraspersonaspuedeserinterpretada’(MURDOCK,1990,p.200).68AnotionproposedbyThompson(2009)inappropriatingandcomplementingthequotebyGeertzaboutmanas‘ananimalsuspendedinawebofmeanings’.Fromthat,Thompson(2009)affirmedthatwiththeappearanceofmass communicationsmedia, these became the ‘spinningwheels’ of themeanings producedby humanity. Thisarticulationisverysignificanttous,sinceitwasdecisiveinthefirstreceptionstudieswewereinvolved.
Regardlessofthemethodologicalchallengeimpliedinandbytriplearticulation,weviewtheperspectiveinCourtois(2012)andCourtoisetal.(2012)asfavourabletothe challenge of this dissertation for mapping and analysing the interaction flowsestablished by young people in contemporary video consumption. That is becausethisnotionrequiresvigilanceonourpartsoasnot torun theriskofobserving theprocessesofconsumptionusingasingledimensionorasingleangleofanalysis.Onthe contrary, beyond the triple articulation we observe how each of thosearticulations has beenmaximised in the contextofmediaconvergence. In the sameway, themethodologicalarrangementpurposedbyCourtois (2012)andCourtoisetal. (2012) have inspired us regarding to the identification process of the multipleconstitutive dimensions of the interaction flow. For each articulation, the authorsrecognise the elements that should be observed and it helped us to perceive theaspectsthatcouldnotbeleftoutoftheflows.
Intermsofthemediaascontext,forexample,todaywehaveinfinitesocialandspatial possibilities for viewing. We can focus on the tension that Courtois et al.(2012)informusthatthereisbetweendomesticpracticesofwatchingtelevisionandvideo online (related to themicro context) and socially shared andwider viewingpracticesthatmayhappenindividuallyorcollectively,aswellasinaprivateorpublicmanner.Suchelementsmakevideoconsumptionevenmorefluidandnowdispersedamong multiple screens and temporalities, a substrate favourable for establishingothermodesofviewingthatweidentifyhereinasinteractionflows.
Inlightofthosemultipledimensions,itisinterestingtorevisittheaffirmationofMorley&Silverstone,madealreadybackinthe1990s,thatconsumptionwouldbeakey component for understanding what they called a ‘wave of information andcommunication technologies’ (MORLEY & SILVERSTONE, 1990, p.49) and of anemergingself-servicetypeofeconomy.BasedonargumentsfromMiller,theauthorsrecognisedthataudienceswereincorporated/immersedinacultureofconsumption,inwhichtechnologiesandmessageswerejuxtaposed/interwoven.
It does not seem possible in a scenario of convergence to study mediaconsumption practices as a one-dimensional process. In the case of videoconsumption,we consider that this happens throughmultidimensionalconnectionswoven by the subjects. And those dimensions – that include but are not limited tomediadimensions such as technology, textandcontext – arenecessarily articulated
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simultaneously in a single interaction, sometimes with the use of more than onescreenandsourceofcontent.
Weunderstandthattheinteractionflowbothpromotesandistheresultoftheconnectionof thosemultipledimensions fromamorepracticalpointofview(whatscreen,whatcontent,connectedwhereandwhen?).Anditengages(newand/orold)competences formanagement and handling of technologies now available, beyondtheprocess of interpreting theirmessages and contents, beginningwith the screenthatisnolongerthesameandisalsonotlocatedinaplacewealreadyknow.
Videoconsumptionnowadaysclaimsothercapitalbeyondturningonascreenthat is part of the furniture in our houses. And each person establishes theconnectionsthatinteresthimorher,basedonresourcesavailableandthatsheorheiswillingtoinvestin.
Whenwespeakofcapitalsandcompetences,wewishtotouchonapointthatiscrucial for Williams (2016) in identifying why TV has become one of the mostimportant technologies in modern life. When the author describes television astechnology and a cultural form, he emphasises that a central characteristic ofconsumptionofbroadcastmediaisthenon-requiringofanyspecifictraining.
Ifwe can see and hear persons in our immediate circle,we can also see andhear television.Much of the great appeal of radio and television is due to thefeeling of having an apparently unmediated access. The real mediations willneedtobecarefullyobserved,butevenso,theyalmostalwaysgounnoticed.Allthatisofferedisadevicewithanon-offbuttonandachannelselector;wecanturnitonorofforvarywhatwereceive(WILLIAMS,2016,p.141)69.
Unlike the relation establishedwith the broadcastmedia, which continues toofferarobustsupplyofcontent,videoconsumptionhappensnotonly inrelationtothosemeans,butalsotoplatformsthathaveinteractivityasahallmark.
Scolari(2018),forinstance,proposedataxonomyregardingpracticesofmediaproduction, consumption and postproduction in the context of a transmedia youthculture, also studied by Livingstone (2002). More than 44 skills were identified(SCOLARI, 2018), which were organised into nine dimensions (production, riskprevention, performance, social/individual/content management, media andtechnology,ideologyandethics,narrativeandaesthetics).
Inspired by those references, in this study, what characterises mediaconsumption is the combination of systems for communication and content supply,69Our translation of the original text: ‘Se podemos ver e escutar pessoas em nosso círculo imediato, tambémpodemosvereescutartelevisão.Muitodograndeapelodorádioedatelevisãodeve-seàsensaçãodeumacessoaparentementenãomediado.Asmediaçõesreaisterãoqueserobservadasdeformaatenta,mas,aindaassim,elasquasesemprepassamdespercebidas.Tudooqueéoferecidoéumaparelhocomumbotãoparaligareumseletordecanais;podemosligá-looudesliga-loouvariaroquereceber’(WILLIAMS,2016,p.141).
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associated with the activation and development of competences acquired frominterpretation,compositionofviewingflowsandalsoproductionofowncontent.
Tothatend,wereliedonHasebrink&Hölig(2013)whorecognisethecapacityaudiences have for managing communication. This does not arise with theconvergencebutismoreclearlyseeninthecurrentscenario.BasedonSchroder,theauthors affirm that ‘the use of media has always been inherently cross-cutting’(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013,p.191)anddefendtheexistenceofamediarepertoirethatconsistsoftheinherentsetofmediathatasubjectregularlyuses.
The media repertoire is characterised by three principles: (i) user-centredperspective: the focus must be on what the subject consumes and not on whichaudience a media can reach; (ii) entirety: it must consider the variety of mediaregularly used by a person and not the separate devices; (iii) relationality: itmustunderstandtherelationbetweentheusesofdifferentmedium,meaning,whatmakesuptherepertoire.This,however,isnottheresultofthesumofusesbythesubjects,butofanexperience–inthesenseofaccumulatedcapitalorexpertise–,composedofseveralcompetencesofuseandinterpretationthathasbeensetupduringtheperiodofinteractionwithdifferentdevices.
Fortheauthors,inascenarioofconvergence,oneneedsaholisticvisionoftheuses of media devices by the subjects, who besides interpenetrating each other,activate common competences for media use and appropriation in general,accumulated over time and given the level and frequency of the interactions theyestablish. The focus must be on understanding the media combinations and theirconvergentandmultidimensionaluses,insteadoffocusingontherelationofasocialgroupwithadeviceorplatform.
Audienceresearchandcommunicationmanagementcannolongerrelyontheplainquestionifandhowoftenpeopleuse“theInternet”;insteaditisnecessarytoinvestigatehowpeoplethemselvesdefinewhattheydowiththeInternet,i.e.,“which communication modes they realize” (HASEBRINK & HÖLIG, 2013, p.197).
thewaytheusersthemselvesdefinetheusetheymakeofacommunicationserviceina given communicationsituation. ForHasebrink&Hölig (2013),wemust study thecommunication modes instead of the isolated uses of devices and these must bedefinedby the subjects themselves, in reflectingon theirpractices.To support thatpropositiontheauthorsexplain,forexample,thepluralityofusespossiblebasedonwhatwecallinternet.
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TheInternetdoesnotonlyrepresentasourceofcontent,butatthesametimeitis a communication channel; it isnot just ameans to receive informationbutalso to produce, distribute, or share information. In addition, communicativeactivities on the Internet can refer to one single communication partner, butalsotospecificusergroupsorevenlargepublics.Thismakesithardtodecideifthe user is engaged in interpersonal ormass communication (HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013,p.197).
We consider that this example alludes to what we have observed regarding
This is a flow that became separate from broadcasting and can begin at anyplace, screen or time. Instead of simply identifying those beginning or endingmoments,we aremore interested inunderstandinghow the articulationof severaldimensions is processed. Their understanding presupposes characterisation of allaspectsthatmakeuptheconstitutingmultipledimensionsofthatflow.Anditimpliestherecognitionofthedeviceusedforvideowatchingastechnology(whatscreen,ifitis connected to the internet or not, by what type of connection), of video as text(besidesthegenreandformatofthecontentitself,whetherithasbeenrecorded,live,downloaded,producedbythesubject,anavailableinwhatwindow,embeddedornotin a flow), and of the context of the communicative interactionwoven. The lastdimensionishighlymaximisedsinceitisnolongeracaseofmerelyviewingbutalsoof producing videos, and that may be set up inside and outside one’s house,individually or collectively, online or offline, privately or publicly, and at differentperiodsoftheday.
In this chapterwepresented the theoretical approaches thatwere crucial forunderstanding the practices of video consumption among young people. Itscontribution was to contextualize, from the theoretical point of view, the maindiscussions about the market and video consumption practices found in theliterature, as well as to establish bases fromwhich we guided the MethodologicalStepsofthisstudy,asdetailedonthefollowingchapters.
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2 METHODOLOGICALSTEPSANDEXPLORATORYINCURSIONS
Webeginwiththeunderstandingthatmethodologygoesbeyondthetechniquesthatone uses in carrying out scientific investigation. According toMinayo & Deslandes(2008,p.14),methodologyis“thepathofthinkingandtheproactivepracticeexertedin approaching reality”. This path includes and is derived from the theoreticalmatrices that are used to develop it and inform the methodological proceduresadopted(LOPES,1990)aswellasthewaysweapproachthesubject’sparticipationintheresearch,howweimmerseourselvesintheempiricalrealitystudied,andlateron,howwesystematiseandanalysethedataconstructed.
Methodology is procedural and is established as the researcher advancestheoretically, methodologically and empirically in understanding his/her object ofstudy.
Even though our history as researchers has been short, it has already beenpossibletoperceivethataninvestigation,especiallyaqualitativeone,istheresultofarticulation of all of the formal elements of scientific knowledgewith themarks ofexperience of a researcher, and her/his involvement with what he/she studies orwith the bond createdwith the object studied (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2004). And thefindingsof thisdoctoral researchhavemarksanddirectcontributions fromseveralprojectsinwhichwehavebeeninvolved.
That iswhy, throughout our activities, our posture has been one of opennessandavailabilityfordialoguewiththedifferentgroupsandinstitutionswithwhomwehave made contact. We believe that in doing so, the insights and contributions in
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developing the doctoral dissertation naturally arose and indicated the paths to befollowedinunderstandingtheinvestigatedphenomenon.
Becauseofthat,recordingthemethodologicalrouteforthatresearchwasoneofthe greatest challenges in writing the dissertation. It was difficult to achieve anobjectivenarrativeofthestepsanddecisionsmadethatwouldatthesametimemakeclear thedirect contributionofdistinct researchgroupsand institutions, aswell asourinvolvementindifferentprojectsatmomentsinourjourney.
Inanattempttoclearlydepictthatroute,wehavecreatedatablethatprovidesageneraloverviewof theMethodologicalStepsdevelopedtomeet theobjectivesofthis dissertation. In total, nine principal steps were developed. These are brieflydescribedinTable1andwilllaterbepresentedinmoredetailinthisandthenextchapters.
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Table 1 – Methodological Steps of the research Period/ Location Inputs Actions/Procedures Contributions
Step
1
Contextual data analysis
June and August/2016
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil
> Open PNAD database 2014 (IBGE, 2015). > Historical and sociodemographic data from Cametá (PA) and Tavares (RS) (IBGE and other sources). > Annual reports of CTIC.br. > Results of the national Brazil Connected Network (Online Questionnaire Phase).
> Survey of contextual, historical and sociodemographic data on the universe researched; > Selection of variables on technology ownership from PNAD database that are important for the dissertation and focus on data by Region (North and South), State (Pará and Rio Grande do Sul), Metropolitan Region (Belém and Porto Alegre) and Inland Municipalities in PA and RS. > Data collection and analysis of the Connected Brazil Network; > Data collection and analysis.
> Overview of the macrosocial scenario of technology ownership and internet access in Brazil; > Approximation of contextual data from the North and South regions and states of Pará and Rio Grande do Sul, which was crucial for guiding the �ield visits made (Steps 2 and 8); > Approximation of the contextual data with �indings from the Brazil Connected Network; > Preparation for exploration research (Step 2); > Recognition and characterisation of 4 processes connected to digitalisation of TV in Brazil.
Step
2
Exploratory �ield study
September/2016 Cametá, Pará, Brazil
October/2016
Tavares, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
> Contextual, historical and sociodemographic data surveyed (Step 1); > Participation in the Project “Youth and Media Consumption in Times of Convergence” (PROCAD-CAPES) and accompanying �ield visits by the teams from UFPA and UFRGS; > Recommendations of the Quali�ication Exam.
> Observation and informal talks with young persons about consumption and ownership of technology, dynamics of rural life and the meaning of being young; > Accompanying 3 discussion groups with 62 young persons from Cametá-Rio Furtados about media consumption; > Holding of open interviews with 18 young persons about media consumption, besides speci�ic evidence on video viewing practices on different screens. > Organisation of the research collected, transcription and analysis of interviews.
> First empirical �indings and identi�ication of “TV watching” practices among young people; > Insights for conceptual proposal of interaction �lows; > Recognition of theoretical-methodological demands of the phenomenon studied; > De�inition of the municipalities that will make up the research universe; > Establishing contact with young people for future research moments (Step 8).
Step
3 Experimentation
and methodological
inspiration
December/2016 to October/2017
Leuven, Belgium
> Participation in the project “Comparative matrix of qualitative research with users of digital technologies” (PGCI-CAPES), and doing a study mission at Mintlab in a doctoral programme; > Elective course in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) at KU Leuven; > Voluntary participation in a research contract signed between Mintlab and NPO (Dutch public broadcasting network).
> Mapping and study of the methodologies adopted by Mintlab; > Interlocution with Mintlab team about projects in progress; > Accompanying meetings and co-creation workshops for the NPO project. > Collaboration in conceiving and developing a card-based diary used as an awareness-building strategy with participants for the 1st co-creation workshop in the NPO project; > Experimenting with forms for reading and analysis of diaries �illed out at NPO. > Survey and literature review about the diary study method; > Mapping of studies that have already used the method in empirical research, especially focusing on media consumption;
> Contact with HCI studies domain and with theoretical-methodological perspectives of the Mintlab team; > Understanding the origins of the diary study method and its uses in scienti�ic research; > Practical experience in applying the diary study method; > Insights into diary use as a procedure for collecting data and not simply for sensitising participants, an aspect favourable for mapping video consumption practices amongst young people; > Invitation to do a double doctorate at KU Leuven.
Step
4 Adaptation and
creation of the diary study
material
October/2017 Leuven, Belgium
> First �indings about the universe researched (Steps 1 and 2); > Diary study material created for the NPO project (Step 3); > Recommendations on the diary study method in the literature; > Collaboration with the Mintlab team for translation, revision and adaptation of the card-based diary graphic project.
> Revision of card format and diary packaging; > Translation (Dutch-English), revision and adaptation of contents of the diary used in the NPO project, based on dissertation objectives; > De�inition of new number of cards per participant.
> Diary study material for developing the methodology pre-test with Belgian young persons (Step 6); > Greater understanding of how the diary study functions as a data collection procedure.
Step
5
De�inition of the methodological
strategy
October and November/2017 Leuven, Belgium
> First �indings about the universe researched (Steps 1 and 2); > Recognition of the theoretical-methodological demands of the phenomenon studied (Step 2); > Recommendations on the diary study method in the literature; > Diary study material prepared for pre-test (Step 4); > Interlocution with Mintlab team.
> De�inition of type of use of each card that is part of the diary material (period and way of �illing out, etc.); > De�inition of thematic lines for the interview; > Prepare script for semi-structured interview articulated with use of the cards �iled out in order to con�irm data recording and elicit dialogue about the most general aspects of videos consumed by the participant; > De�inition of the number of young persons per municipality and age group (18-24 years).
> Parameters for guiding the planning and development of the methodology pre-test with Belgian young people (Step 6); > Parameters for guiding the planning and development of �ield study in Brazil (Step 8); > Initial parameters for analysing the material constructed, informed by the theoretical-methodological input from the dissertation (Step 9); > Recognition of the Methodological Steps that make up the design of this research and the early stage of writing the dissertation.
> Methodological strategy de�ined (Step 5); > Collaboration from Mintlab team in holding the study (providing and organising physical space, help with recruitment, funding printing of diaries and participant vouchers).
> Study performed with 10 young university students (8 Belgians and 2 Dutch, 18-23 years), that involved the following phases: (i) recruitment via social networks and guided contacts with KU Leuven students; (ii) delivery of diary study material and orientation for participants at Mintlab; (iii) �illing out of diary by participants during 2 weeks; (iv) individual semi-structured interview lasting 45-60 minutes at Mintlab. > Organisation of research collected, tabulation of data from diaries and transcription of interviews; > Description and data analysis constructed.
> First empirical �indings of the methodological strategy adopted; > Greater understanding of the operation of associating the diary study with the semi-structured interview; > Experimentation and de�inition of the modes of systematisation and data analysis constructed via �illing out of cards and interviews, with aid from QSR Nvivo 10; > Recognition of the analytical potential of the concept of interaction �lows; > Recognition advantages and limitations of the methodological strategy adopted; > Identi�ication of adjustments/improvements in diary study material.
Step
7 Improvements
to the methodological
strategy
January and February/2018 Leuven, Belgium
> First �indings about the studied municipalities (Steps 1 and 2); > Results of methodology pre-test (Step 6); > List of adjustments/ improvements in diary study material (Step 6); > Collaboration from Mintlab team in revising and printing of diary study material.
> Translation (English-Portuguese) and adaptation of the diary contents to the reality of young Brazilians; > Expansion of instructions for diary use in the examples for �illing out the card form; > Rede�inition of the length of time for the semi-structured interview; > De�inition of the forms for approach, sensitising and recruitment of subjects for participating in the research.
> Finalising and printing of diary study material for research in Brazil; > Planning of �ield study in Brazil (Step 8).
Step
8
Field study
March/2018 Cametá, Pará, Brazil
August/2018
Tavares, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
> Contacts established in exploratory research (Step 2); > Diary study material for research in Brazil (Steps 5 and 7); > Collaboration from the team at UFPA’s Multimedia Research and experimentation Laboratory with research in Cametá (providing personnel, �ilm equipment and car for activities, printing of banner/calendar for interviews).
> Performing �ield study and development of the methodological strategy with 21 young people, involving the stages of: (i) recruitment via WhatsApp, Messenger or face-to-face in localities; (ii) delivery of diary study material and instructions for participants; (iii) �illing out of diary by participants during 10 days; (iv) semi-structured individual interview lasting 90 minutes in the localities researched. > Informal talks with residents and updating of data for the municipalities.
> Conclusion of empirical data survey from research; > Greater clarity regarding the conceptual proposal of interaction �lows; > Greater clarity regarding the advantages and limitations of the methodological strategy adopted.
Step
9
Systematisation and data analysis
March to November/2018 Belém, Pará, Brazil
> Experimentation and de�inition of data systematising and analysis modes constructed through �illing out cards and interviews, with aid from Nvivo (Step 6); > Data constructed in �ield study (Step 8); > Parameters for analysing material based on the theoretical-methodological input de�ined for the dissertation (Steps 5 and 6).
> Systematisation and description of data constructed via interviews and diaries; > Data analysis constructed based on theoretical input de�ined and in order to meet dissertation objectives; > Approximation of data with realities studied in Brazil, highlighting similarities and distances between the consumption practices identi�ied.
> Greater clarity regarding theoretical-methodological contribution of the dissertation and the paths towards constructing its results; > Final research results; > Conditions for writing the final version of the doctoral dissertation; > Planning of calendar for depositing and defending the dissertation.
Source: Created by the author.
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Asobserved inTable1, theaforementioned stepswere interwovenwitheachother, so that the advances achieved in each one of them provided inputs for theinvestmentsmadeinthesubsequentstep.
Each one of those steps contributed to the methodological design of theresearchperformed,whichiswhyweconsidereditnecessarytospecifythemduringthis and the next chapters (3 to 5). The synergy achieved in the methodologicalarrangementstructured in thosestepswas theconditionthatenableddevelopmentofthedoctoraldissertation,eventhougheachofthemisnarratedepisodically,asinan audio-visual series that can be viewed in parts or in a sequential and linearmanner.
The steps we performed along our research route were guided byrecommendationsfromOrozcoGómez(2011,p.382-384)forqualitativestudiesthatdealwiththe“complexityofinteractionswiththescreens”,anaspectthataswehaveseen,markscontemporarymediaconsumption.
OrozcoGoméz(2011)advisesustoarticulatedifferentlinesofinvestigationandassuresthat,inordertounderstandthephenomenonbeingstudied,wemustconsultdataobtained fromacademia, themarketandgovernmentalresearchandstatistics.That advice is in linewithwhatGalindoCáceres (1998) recommends forwhenwebegin an investigation: to assemble an open information system, meaning a firstframeworkofinformationnecessaryforunderstandingarealitybeingstudied.
GalindoCáceres(1990)arguesthateveninstrictlyqualitativeresearchsuchasethnographies, the analyses built from observations most always be crossed withmacrosocial data (historical, economic, demographic, social) regarding the scenarioand/or phenomenon studied. Thus, beyond the initial bibliographical surveyperformedontheprocessoftechnologicaltransitioninthetelevisionmarketanditsimplicationsforvideoconsumptionprocesses,wefocusedattention,asseeninStep1,on surveying statistical data from governmental research, specifically the opendatabase of theNationalHousehold Sample Survey (PNAD), base year 2014 (IBGE,2015a)andreportsfromtheCentreforInformationTechnologyandCommunicationStudies (Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação -CETIC.br)(CGI.br,2007,2015),aswewillpresentinChapter6.
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Duringthefirstsemesterof2016weperformedthecollectionandcrossingofquantitativedatafromtheNationalHouseholdSampleSurvey(PNAD)thathadbeenreleasedintheircompleteformbyIBGEduringthefirstsemesterof2016,relatedtobaseyear2014.Itwasdonedirectlyfromthespreadsheets/opendatabasesprovidedby the IBGE in Excel, based on which we generated more concise tables for lateranalysis.
For that,we selected the variables on technology ownership as important forthe doctoralresearch (percentages and absolute numbers per household): internetaccess; type of internet connection; per capita incomeof householdswith internet;devicesusedforinternetaccess;typeofTVsignalreception;typeofdeviceusedforreceivingtheTVsignal.
In a complementary fashion, we used data from the TICs72Household 2014study, performedbyCETIC.br,whichused as a base, data from65,129households,collectedbetween29August2014and22March2015.ThebaseforthePNAD2014was151,291householdunitsdistributed throughoutall theUnitsof theFederation(26statesandtheFederalDistrict)andthereferenceweekwas21to27September2014.
TheoptionforexploringPNADdatawasbecausetheyweremorecompleteandalsobecauseofthedistinctcharacteristicsofthesamplesconsultedinbothstudies.IntheTICsHousehold2014,thelargestshareofthepopulationages10yearsoroldercamefromtheSoutheast(with43%ofthesample)andNortheast(27%).InthecaseoftheSouthandNorth,thepublic includedinthestudywas,respectively,15%and8%oftheweightedsampleofthepopulation(CGI.br,2015,p.123).Additionally,ofthe households consulted,55,857 are located in urban environments and 9.272 in
70EncompassessixmunicipalitiesbesidesBelém:Ananindeua,Benevides,Castanhal,Marituba,SantaBárbaradoParáandSantaIsabeldoPará(REGIÃO,2018a).71Encompasses33municipalitiesbesidesPortoAlegre:Alvorada,Araricá,ArroiodosRatos,Cachoeirinha,CampoBom, Canoas, Capela de Santana, Charqueadas, Dois Irmãos, Eldorado do Sul, Estância Velha, Esteio, Glorinha,Gravataí, Guaíba, Igrejinha, Ivoti, Montenegro, Nova Hartz, Nova Santa Rita, Novo Hamburgo, Parobé, Portão,Rolante,SantoAntôniodaPatrulha,SãoJerônimo,SãoLeopoldo,SãoSebastiãodoCaí,Sapiranga,SapucaiadoSul,Taquara,Triunfo,Viamão(REGIÃO,2018b).72AcronyminPortugueseforInformationandComputerTechnologies(ICTs).
ItisimportanttoemphasisethattheresultsofthedatacollectionpresentedonChapter6,wekeptthereferencetothedatafrom2014-2015,becausetheyallowedus, at the time of the survey, to observe the broader scenario of Internet and TVaccess in the country and in the regions studied empirically, as well to direct ourattention to thequalitative immersionwewoulddonext (Step2).Likewise, at thatmoment those were the most recent data existing regarding the penetration oftechnologyinhouseholdsintheruralareasofallBrazilianregions.
Thus,eventhough it isrelevant todoanupdatebasedonmorerecentresultsfromIBGE(complete2016andpartial2017),wechosetodoitandpresentitintheChapter6,becauseweunderstoodthatthedemandforcontextualquantitativedata,inthatsecondstepofthedissertation,wouldbeguidedbythepracticalrealitybeinginvestigated,wouldaboveallactasacomplementforthequalitativeevidence,sothatcontextualisationwouldnolongerbenecessary.WefindsupportforthisorientationinGalindoCáceres(1990),whorecommendsthat throughouttheanalyticalprocessof field research with an ethnographic focus, the researcher should correlate datafrom the micro-social context studied with evidence from a macrosocial scenario,evenifatalocalandregionallevel.
Aftercollectingthosedata,werelatedthemwithreportsfrommarketresearchontendenciesfortechnologyuseandwithfindingsfromanationalstudydevelopedby theConnectedBrazilNetwork74, in anonlinequestionnaire from2014 involvingmorethantenthousandyoungpeoplefromalltheBrazilianstates.Inbothcases,weobtained important information regarding video consumption practices usingdifferentscreensandonlineplatformssuchasYouTube.
Basedonthatoverviewitwaspossibletorecognise fourmajorprocessesthathave contributeddirectly, inourevaluation, towardsdigitalising television inBraziland, consequently, towards reconfiguring video consumption practices in thecountry. For organisational purposes, we made a choice not to detail theaforementioned process and the contextual data analysed in this section, but inChapter6.Thatisbecauseweexaminedthearticulationswovenbasedoncontextual73One should note that until 2003, PNAD included surveys made only in urban areas in the Northern States,except forTocantins(IBGE,2015a,p.29).Thatmeansthatonly for15yearsdowehaveanationalpicturethattakesintoconsiderationthehouseholdslocatedinruralareasoftheNorthRegion.74A Brazilian research initiative that focused on developing a matrix project entitled “Youth and MediaConsumptioninTimesofConvergence”,fundedbyCNPq,begunin2012.ItinvolvedresearchersfromUniversities(federalandprivate)ofallBrazilianstates,forthepurposeofunderstandingthepracticesofyoungBraziliansontheinternet.Theproposalwastoverifydifferencesconditionedbydifferentiatedaccessesanddistinctcontexts,and see if that could define different practices in the use of media platforms by young people. The generalcoordinatorwasProf.NildaAparecidaJacks(PhD),supervisorofthisthesisfromUFRGS.
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data,aspartofourprocessforanalysinganddescribingthephenomenonstudied.Forthat reason, these and other findings are detailed in the chapters of Part 2 of thedissertation.
StillintermsofStep1,itisworthnotingthatwedidthesurveyofhistoricalandsociodemographic data for themunicipalitieswherewewere next going to do theexploratoryfieldstudy(Step2).Thatwasawaytopreparefortheplannedfieldtripand to structure a presentation of the aspects we considered most significant forunderstandingtheuniverseresearched.2.2Exploratoryfieldstudy
Thecontextualanalysis(Step1)preparedusforthefirstvisittothefield,madebasedonourinvolvementintheteamsfromtheFederalUniversityofRioGrandedoSul (UFRGS) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA) in the “Youth and MediaConsumption in Times of Convergence” research project75, which at the time wasdoing an exploratory step in inland municipalities in the states for two mainpurposes: (i) establish the first contactswith young people in the countryside andmaptheirmediaconsumptionpractices;(ii)obtainstrategicinformationfordefiningthemethodological procedures that the teamswould adopt in the second researchphase, such as in terms of approaching young people, preparing instruments andthinkingofwaystoinvolvesubjectsintheresearch.
The choice of the Cametá (PA) and Tavares (RS) municipalities was guided,althoughnotexclusively,bycommoncriteriaamongtheteams.Forbothteams,onecriterionwastoselectmunicipalitiesrelativelydistantfromthestatecapitals(BelémandPortoAlegre, respectively)anddifficult to reach, so that thegroups couldmapinformationaboutthelogisticsdemandedforthattypeoffieldvisit.Likewise,thetwoteamssoughtmunicipalitieswithpredominantly rural characteristics.Furthermore,TavareswaschosenbecausethemunicipalityhasoneofthelowestpopulationsinRioGrandedoSul.AsforCametá(PA),theUFPAteamtookintoaccountthefactthatthemunicipality had already been the site of a previous investigation76and above all,
75BrazilianprojectfinancedbytheNationalProgrammeforAcademicCoordination(PROCAD)oftheCoordinationfor Higher Education Staff Development (CAPES) through tender n. 071/2013. This project is a partnershipbetween the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), proposing institution, the Federal University ofPará (UFPA), associated institution 1, and Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), associated institution 2. As anoutcome of the Connected Brazil Network, the object of the research is to learn about and compare the ruralrealities inBrazilianregionsregardingtheusesyoungpeoplemakeofmultimediaresources,suchas:TV,radio,mobile telephones, Internet,etc.Nationalcoordinator for theproject isDr.NildaAparecida Jacks(UFRGS),withthe teams at UFPA and UFS respectively coordinated by Prof. Maria Ataide Malcher (PhD) and Prof. MatheusFelizola(PhD).76Project “Youth in a time of convergence: exploratory research on reception of uses and appropriation ofmultimedia resources in Pará-Amazon-Brazil”, funded by the CNPq, via CallMCTI/CNPqn. 14/2012 (Universalmodality – Band B). The project involved several steps of investigation (with quantitative and qualitative
-From15to20September2016inCametá(urbanarea and at Rio Furtados, locality which isapproximately three hours by boat from themunicipal center). We recorded part of the tripfrom Belém to Cametá, specifically the boatcrossing stretch fromCarapajó to the urban areaofCametá.WealsorecordedpartofthereturntripfromRioFurtadostourbanareaofCametá.
https://goo.gl/GMXbLs
https://goo.gl/PrVzyq
-From1to5October2016inTavares(urbanareaandatPraiadoFarol,localitywhichis15minutesby car from the municipal center)77. Part of thetrip from the urban area of Tavares to Praia doFarolwasrecorded.
https://goo.gl/2Jc3Tt
Inbothcases,accessbycarorboatisregulatedbythedynamicsofnature.Thatmeans that access isnot alwayspossible,butonlywhen thewatersare “calm”andopenup–literally–pathsforpassage.InthecaseofPraiadoFarol,becauseofrainorphenomenasuchastheso-called“oceanswells”,suchdirtroadsasexistarecoveredbywaterorareleftinimpassablecondition.AsforRioFurtados,eventhoughitisnotimpossibletotraveltoCametáunderrainfall,thedynamicsoftheriver’sriseandfall,governed by the tides, define the routes to be followed, whether or not boats cannavigate,andhowlongthetriplasts.
Duringtheperiodofactivitiesineachmunicipality,wewereabletodo18openinterviewswith 10 young people in Cametá (both sexes, ages 16 to 24 years) andeightinTavares(18to24years),whichlasted30minutesonaverage.Themajoritywasrecordedinaudioandwhenpossiblealsoinvideo(Figures1and2).
orientation)withafocusonyoungpeopleresidingineightmunicipalities inPará,consideringtheproposalsfordividingthestateterritoryvotedonbutnotapprovedinthePlebiscite2011,towit:BelémandCametá,locatedinwhat would have been “New Pará”; Marabá and Itupiranga, in what would have been the State of “Carajás”;SantarémandMonteAlegre, in the newState of “Tapajós”; Breves andMelgaço, should a new state have beencreatedwith themunicipalities that todaymakeup theMarajóArchipelago.Generalcoordinator for theprojectwasProf.MariaAtaideMalcher(PhD),ofUFPA.77ThepoliticandadministrativedivisionofBrazilianterritoryisbasedonthehierarchybetweentypeoflocations,being the larger to smaller: country; states;municipalities, including the capital city of each state; district; andlocality.DetailedinformationregardingCametá(PA)andTavares(RS)willbepresentedinChapter7.
Aswewere taking advantage of the field incursions planned for the PROCADproject, during the interviews the following issues have been addressed, such as:ownershipanduseoftechnology;themeaningofyouth;accesstolocalinformation;andwaysoflifeinruralareas.Eventhoughmanylivedintheurbanareas,therural-urbanrelation isvery intenseandboundariesarealmostnon-existent,especially inthecaseofTavares(RS).Duringthetalkswithyoungpeople,asinformationrelated
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toonlineconsumptionofTVandvideocameup,wewouldask tospeakandwouldaskquestionsmoredirectedtoscreenuse,whattheydidtoconnecttotheinternet,what type of content they sought online andwhatmotivated them in thepracticesreported78.
Besidestheinterviewswithyoungpeople,inbothmunicipalitieswealsotalkedwith residents, from parents and grandparents of the interviewees to communityleaders,teachers,merchantsandothers.Thefocuswasonobtainingmoredataaboutthe realities studied and on their perception about young people in theirmunicipalities(Figure3).
had the opportunity of observe three discussion groups with young people ofdifferentages(from15to24yearsold),withtwobeinginastatepublicschoolatthemunicipalseatandoneinachurchatMendaruçu,nearbylocalityofRioFurtados.Thefirst two involveda total of 55youngpeople living in theurbanareaor in variousruralareasofthemunicipality,reachablebycarorbyboat.Thethirdgroupwasmadeupofsevenyoungpeoplealsoofdifferentages,whohadpresentedadancenumberataCatholiccelebrationduringafestivityatMendaruçu,andwhoagreedtotalkwiththeUFPAteamonthatoccasion.
Thematerialconstructedinthefieldwassystematisedandtheinterviewswerefullytranscribed,aswellasthetalkswehadwithresidentsinthelocalitieswevisited.Based on the transcripts, we did amore guided analysis of the findings related totechnologyownershipbyyoungpeopleandonlinetelevisionandvideoconsumptionpractices,tobepresentedinChapter7.
Themaincontributionof thischapter forthisdissertationwasto introducetothe reader the nine Methodological Steps performed during this study and,specifically,detailthecontributionsoftheMethodologicalSteps1and2forthefirstcontactandcharacterisationofourempiricalobject,fromquantitativeandqualitativepointsofview.Aspresentedinthischapter,basedontheMethodologicalSteps1and2, we also found valuable clues for developing this dissertation and identified themethodological challenges that we were going to face to study the consumptionpracticesperformedbyyoungpeoplewholiveinthecountrysideofBrazil,processeswhich involve multiple screens. Those steps were fundamental for defining thefollowingMethodologicalStepsofthisdissertation,whichwillbedetailedinthenextchapters.
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3 EXPERIMENTATIONANDMETHODOLOGICALINSPIRATION
AmongtherecommendationsinOrozcoGómez(2011)forresearchinamulti-screenscenario is theneed for going intodialoguewithperspectives thathave adifferenttheoretical-methodological orientation from the one we normally adopt. Therecommendation from the author is that researchers not restrict themselves toresearch models they are used to and/or that are already consolidated in thequalitativeresearcharea, suchasCulturalStudiesand theso-calledLatinAmericanreceptionandconsumptionstudies.Eventhoughthatisthetheoreticalangleusedinourinvestigation,beginninginMethodologicalStep3,wehavehadtheopportunitytolearnaboutandbecomeinvolvedinprojectssupportedunderthedomainofstudiesinHuman-ComputerInteraction(HCI).
ThatopportunitywasreinforcedwheninDecember2016webeganamissionofstudies at theMeaningful InteractionsLab (Mintlab-KU Leuven), located in Leuven(Belgium), with funding from the Coordination for Higher Education StaffDevelopment (CAPES) through a doctoral project scholarship in the ‘ComparativeMatrixofqualitativeresearchwithusersofdigitaltechnologies’79programme.
79ProjectfinancedbytheGeneralProgrammeforInternationalCooperation(PGCI)atCAPES,viapublicnoticen.02/2015.Theproject isadirectoutcomeofaprior research inwhichweparticipated, theGLOBALITVproject,through which we first made contact with the Mintlab team. The ‘Comparative matrix…’ project calls forcooperationbetweenUFPA,thenationalproponentinstitution,KULeuven,theforeignproponentinstitution,andUFRGS,anassociated institution.Thegeneralobjective is to ‘Prepareacomparativematrixof theelementsthatmakeup thequalitative researchdone inBrazil and inBelgium,basedona guided studyof themethodologiesemployedforevaluationuserexperiencedevelopedbythegroupsinvolvedinthisproject(UFPA,UFRGSandKULeuven), and identify, systematise and analyse the points of convergence and distancing of the differenttheoretical-methodologicalperspectivesemployedbythegroupsintheirstudies,inanattempttobringtogetherandaligntheresearchapproachesforfuturecooperation’.TheoverallcoordinationoftheprojectlieswithProf.
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This was an opportunity to dedicate ourselves to studying qualitativemethodologiesandtoobserve,throughprojectsperformedbytheMintlabteam,howto create and utilisemethodological procedures and instruments to investigate theuseandappropriationthatsubjectsmakeinthemostdistinctphasesofdevelopingaproductorservice80.Amongtheactivitiesthatwedevelopedduringthatperiod,oneof thehighlightswasvoluntaryparticipation inaresearchcontracton the futureoftelevision developed byMintlab in partnership with the Dutch public broadcastinggroupNederlandsePubliekeOmroep(NPO).
TheprojectobjectivewastoverifytheperceptionofDutchandBelgianfamiliesregarding the future of television and prospect, based on co-creation workshops,solutionsanddemandsforthedesignofproductsandservicesthattheparticipantsmight be interested in using. The proposal is that this survey would contributetowards theDutch groupdirecting its investment goals over thenext fewyears, inlightofthemanychangesthathavebeenaffectingthebroadcastingmarket.
Tothatend,threetimesegmentsweredefinedtodirectthedevelopmentoftheproject:shortterm,twoyears;mediumrange,fiveyears;andlongrange,10yearsormore (NEDERLANDSE PUBLIEKE OMROEP; MEANINGFUL INTERACTIONS LAB,2017). To investigate the possibilities of each time period, the families receivedbeforehand some type of material that had the purpose of sensitising them andpreparing them to participate in a workshop, lasting on average four hours each,alwaysheldonSaturdays81.Inall,threeco-creationworkshopswereheldduringtheproject and in each one the participants performed activities that enable them tothinkaboutanddiscusspossibilitiesforservicesandproductsforthefutureofTV.
Our participation occurred in the first two steps of the project, in which wecollaborated with the process of conception and development ofpreparatory/sensitisingactivitiesand those tobedevelopedduring theworkshops,
MariaAtaideMalcher(PhD)ofUFPA,andtheforeigncoordinatorisDr.DavidGeerts(PhD),researchermanagerofMintlabandco-supervisorofthisthesisforKULeuven.80Mintlab develops projects informed by the HCI domain and based on adoption of creative methods forqualitativeresearchinthestagesthatprecede,informoroccurafterimplementationofagiventechnology,alwayswithafocusontheuserexperience(Source:https://soc.kuleuven.be/mintlab/blog/).Duringouractivitiesinthelaboratory,wefolloweduponresearchforspecificprojects,suchas:co-creationworkshopwithchildrenfromanelementaryschoolintheLEAPSproject,andinterviewswithwomenwhohadusedprototypesintheINTER-ACTproject.Becauseofourinvolvementwiththegroup,wealsotookanelectivecourseonHCIattheCollegeofSocialSciencesatKULeuven,taughtbyProf.BiekeZaman(PhD),supervisorofthisthesisforKULeuven.81Interesting to observe the recruitment and incentive strategies adopted by theMintlab team. Familieswererecruited through social networks as well as a recruitment agency (for the Belgian participants). For eachworkshopattended,thefamiliesreceivedavoucherfor€75forcouplesor€100forfamilieswithsmallchildren.Inall,fourDutchfamiliesandfiveBelgiumfamilieswereinvolved,totalling20participants.
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and in organising and holding them with Dutch families at NPOheadquarters, inHilversum(Netherlands)82.
BeforeweprovidedetailsaboutthediarycreatedfortheNPOprojectandhowthe material was developed, on the next section we present the literature reviewabouttheso-calleddiarystudymethod.Thisreviewwasfundamentaltodeepenourunderstanding of this method and to clearly identify its contributions for ourdissertation.Becauseitwasvitaltounderstandhowthediarystudymethodbecamean instrument used in this study, a synthesis of the literature reviewperformed ispartofthismethodologicalrouteandispresentedbelow.
3.1Literaturereview
The term ‘diary’ comes from the Latin diarius. In Portuguese ‘diário’ isconsideredbothanadjective referring to something related to everyday life andofdaily frequency/occurrence, aswell as in the category of amasculine noun,whichrefers to records made with daily periodicity, ranging from news periodicals tostructural annotations regarding what was spent in one day (expense/financialcontrol), to reporting on the state of something or someone (clinical diary), aboutwhathappenedduringatrip(on-boarddiary–alogbook),tonamesomeexamples.Inallcases,thecommonelementisatypeofregular,uninterruptedanddailyrecordmaderegardingsomefactand/oractionoccurring,whetherrelevant forreadingbythe person recording it, something that must not be forgotten or that needsmonitoring(DIÁRIO,2018).
InEnglishwefindthat‘diary’issolelyanoun,whiletheword‘daily’isusedasanadjectiveforwhatoccurseveryday.Themeaningof‘diary’isthesameasthatofthePortuguesenounand refers to the act ofmaking ‘a regular recordof events orother information so that you can refer to it later’ (DIARY, 2019). In the list ofmeanings for the term in English one also finds ‘a book inwhich you record yourthoughtsorfeelingsorwhathashappenedeachday’(DIARY,2019).
Alaszewski(2006,p.1),definesadiaryas‘adocumentcreatedbyanindividualwho has maintained a regular, personal and contemporaneous record’. For theauthor,adiaryhasfourmaincharacteristics,thosebeing:(i) Regularity:itmaybeorganisedinalogicalsequence,withrecordsmadebydate
82It should be noted that thewhole process of designing the diary and organising theworkshop happened inEnglish,butitwaslatertranslatedintoDutchforprovidingtotheparticipants,sincethatwastheofficialprojectlanguage.
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(ii) Personal:theentriesaremadebyanidentifiableindividualwhocontrolsaccesstothediarywhilerecordingthem;
(iv) Arecord:entriesarealwaysguidedbywhat the individual considers relevantand important. In the process he/she describes interactions, impressions andfeelings related to what happened. The record usually takes the form of awritten document, but can be in other formats such as audio, video, etc.(ALASZEWSKI,2006,p.2).
cases,theproposalistoinvolvetheparticipantordiarist83registeringaspecificfact,and,forthat,he/shedefinesthemomenttofillitinworkingasatask.Inothercases,besidesregisteringwhatoccurred,theauthorhastheoptionofgivinganopinionormaking personal comments about the described/registered fact. This can revealrelationships,feelingsandotheraspectsregardingthefactthatmotivatedtheregisterorentryinthediary.
Thus,tostudydiariesitisnecessarytoidentifytheirpurpose,sinceusuallythedaily registering logicwas fairly used to take notes ofmore intimate and personalmemories and experiences, but not necessarily to be shared. Therefore, thewayofregistering content defines if the diary is a personal and private diary or if it issomethingmadetobesharedandpublished.
3.1.1Usingdiarystudyonscientificresearch
Diariescancontributetoscientificresearchatdifferentlevels,asbothasourceof information and empirical object for investigation, and as a methodologicalproceduredevelopedbyresearcherstobefilledinbyparticipantsinastudy.
Thereisawidelydisseminateduseofdiaries, thatwasinauguratedbystudieswith a naturalist bent in Psychology, directed towards investigating the subjects.Diariesareused in thatareagenerally forregisteringsituationsexperiencedby thesubject,whichwillhelphim/hertoexplainthefactsthataremostdifficulttoidentifyandreportbutthatarerelevanttotheresearchand/orclinicaltreatmentinprogress.Among the human phenomena studied based on diaries, according to Bolger etal.
In medical research, for example, Elliot (1997) observed that during theinterviewsdonewithparticipants/patients, theymadedirectuseof theirdiaries toexplainsituationstothemedicalteam.Becauseofthat,fortheauthor,morethantheobjectsresearch,‘theywerecollaboratorsintheconstructionoftheaccountandhadastakeintheresearchprocess’(ELLIOT,1997,p.9).
Bolgeretal. (2003)explainthat,becausetheyareverysubjectiveexperiences,even in answering simple questions about situations involving physical pain, forexample,patientstendtorecallandreportonlypeakexperiences,evenifpainlevelshave fluctuated throughout the day. Thus, keeping a systematic daily record of apatient may reveal to the doctors and the patients themselves, variations in painlevels,thepresenceofanillnessanditspossiblecauses,aspectsnotidentifiableinasimplereportmadeinadoctor’soffice.
Alaszewski(2006,p.37)explainsthatadiarycanbedefinedasadocumentofdailylifeparexcellenceandisgeneratedinanaturalenvironmentfortheparticipants,without necessarily the presence of the researcher. That is why, ‘a fundamentalbenefitofdiarymethodsisthattheypermittheexaminationofreportedeventsandexperiences in their natural, spontaneous context, providing informationcomplementarytothatobtainablebymoretraditional[research]designs’(BOLGERetal.,2003,p.580).This,accordingtoCarter&Mankoff(2005,p.900),‘minimisestheeffectsofobserversonparticipants’.
Another advantage, according to the authors (BOLGER et al., 2003;ALASZEWSKI, 2006), lies in reducing the probability of the investigated subjectmaking a retrospective of his/her practices. The proposal is for the record ofoccurrences tobemade in thediaryduringor immediately after occurrenceof thesituationbeinginvestigated.Thiswouldbeexpressedinthevoicesoftheparticipantsthemselves, consequently, with fewer possibilities of being ‘contaminated’ by themeanings that subjects attribute to their own practices, as they usually report inempiristmethodological approaches such asquestionnaires and interviews.That iswhydiaries are instruments forpersonal recordingandmaybeused repeatedly toinvestigate experiences in progress and directly linked to day-to-day situations.‘Diariesaredesignedtocapturethe“littleexperiencesofeverydaylifethatfillmostofour working time and occupy the vast majority of our conscious attention’’(WHEELER&REIS,1991,p.340apudBOLGERetal.,2003,p.580).
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From theperspectiveof research in the Social Sciences,VanRoyetal.(2018)affirm that diaries allow access to ‘in-the-wild’experiences, i.e. natural conditionsindependentofinterferencebytheresearcher.Thus,eventhoughthehabitofkeepingdiariesisnotcommonamongtheresearchsubjects–suchastheyouthparticipatinginthisinvestigation–,theprocedureenablestheparticipanttomakebriefreportsofday-to-daypractices.
As Carter & Mankoff (2005) explain, in that process, it is the subjects whocontrol the time andmeans for capturing and/or registering that information. It isinterestingtoobservethatbeyondthediariesthatarelinear/chronologicalandbasedon printedmaterials, the authors recognise and suggest the use of other feedbackmediumsuchasrecordsmadeinaudio,photos,andphysicalandtangibleobjects.Allthose can functionasmeans for recording, fromwhichnotonly can the researcherrecover memory and reflect upon its practices, but the subject can, later on,recompose the situations experienced by the participants based on the materialsproduced. And those allow that, as filling out occurs, the participants can receivefeedback from the researchers, who can check the material and also comment onwhatwasdoneandelicitotherreflectionsbytheresearchsubject.
Thus,aswithotherresearchprocedures,successinadoptingdiariesisdirectlyrelated to the researchquestiononewishes toanswer.Bolgeretal.(2003) identifygoals that may be answered based on studying the diaries, linked to mapping ofinformationonapersonallevelandinternalchangesthatoccurovertimeamongtheindividuals84.
Therefore,therichnessliesinthefactthattheprocedureallowsthepossibilityfor the participants to narrate the facts based on their experience, recording theirimpressions.ThisconvergeswiththeperspectiveofRodriguez&Ryave(2002),whoworkedwith thenotionof systematicself-observation(SSO).This isunderstoodasaqualitative research strategy based on the fact that self-observation is an ordinarycharacteristicinthedailylifeoftheindividuals.ThedatathusconstructedbasedontheSSOtechniqueareproduced‘first-handaccountsofeventsbecausetheobserverand observed are the same person. Themeanings, perspective, and feelings in thedataareexactlywhattheresearcherwantstoknow’(RODRIGUEZ&RYAVE,2002,p.4). That is because this strategy provides access to personal experiences that arehidden or difficult to perceive, such as cognitive processes, emotions, motivations,
84Thegoalsnoteby theauthorsare: ‘(i) obtaining reliableperson-level information; (ii) obtainingestimatesofwithin-person change over time, aswell as individual differences in such change; and (iii) conducting a causalanalysisofwithin-personchangesandindividualdifferencesinthesechanges’(BOLGERetal.,2003,p.581).
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disguisedoromittedactions, aswell as socially restrictedactivities (RODRIGUEZ&RYAVE,2002,p.3).
‘Sociallifeisacomplex,situated,occasioned,fast-paced,andimprovisedstreamof phenomena that unfolds from moment to moment. A rigorous researchstrategymusttakeintoaccountthehugecomplexity,thepartialvisibility,andthedynamicspaceofnatural life, aswell as the fact that informantsarebothsocial players and observers, experiencing complex demands. For thesereasons,anSSOtopicshouldbeasingle,focusedphenomenonthatisnaturaltotheculture,isreadilynoticeable, isintermittent(asopposedtochronologicallyoccurring), isbounded(hasbeginningandanending),andisofshortduration.The field notes describe the experiences in the informants’ own words andfromtheirownpersonalpointsofview’(RODRIGUEZ&RYAVE,2002,p.4-5).
3.1.2AccessingtacitknowledgeDiaries favour the registration of tacit knowledge, meaning common sense
For Schwandt (2007, p. 286), this type of knowledge, even though at timesneglected by Exact andNatural Sciences, has an important function in all forms ofscientificinvestigation,sinceitcomesfromtheresearchsubjectsandtheresearchersthemselvesas individualswith their subjectivitiesand thecontexts implied in theirprofessionalactivities.
InthecontextofHCI,diarystudyhasbeenusedasamethodforpreparingandsensitising theparticipants to thinkabout the futureof a technologyand/ordevisenew products based on their pre-existing practices, aswe have experienced in theNPOproject.
According toBlandfordetal. (2016), in amore functionalperspective, diariesarestructuredsothattheparticipantcantesttheregularfunctioningofatechnologythat is in development, identify and report possible technical problems, aswell asindicatenecessitiesthatwereorwerenotfulfilledbytheproductinuseandregisteralready existingpractices of use and appropriationof technology.The focus is thattheparticipantgiveselementsabouthowacertaintechnologyisorwouldbeusedintheircontexts.
Therearealsodiariespreparedformappingrequirementsfordesigninganewtechnology. To that end, HCI researchers recruit participants so they can regularlyreport on the use theymake of already existing products, and from that point on,collaborate intheco-designprocessforanewtechnologicalsolution,aprocessalsoemployedintheNPOproject.
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In this kind of appropriation, the diarist – although induced to keep itperiodically with a specific purpose –, is the research subject and is the one toobserveandregistereventsinthenameoftheresearcher.Inthisprocess,thediaristissensitisedtoreflectontheirowndailypractices,sinceitisthetaskoffillinginthediary that allows him/her to register dispersed facts, which are not necessarilyrationalized.
For Lazar et al. (2010, p. 8), ‘a diary allows for the narrowing of themarginbetween theoccurrenceof anevent and its registration’, keepingparticipants fromhighlighting only what they think about a practice that has already occurred, butinsteadreportwhathappenedascloseaspossibletoitsoccurrence.
Sleeswijk Visser et al. (2005, p. 27) argue that ‘conventional researchtechniques, suchas interviews,observationsand focusgroups,discloseexplicitandobservable knowledge in determined contexts’, but do not enable identification oftacitknowledge,oneofthetypesofknowledgethatconstitutestheexperienceofthesubjectsinSandersview(2001,2002).
AsAlaszewskiadds(2006):‘Giventhestatedaimofresearchersusinganaturalisticapproachistostudyindividualsandcommunities intheirnaturalsettingtominimiseintrusion,diaries offer an attractive source of information. Since diarists control therecording of information, diaries appear to offer privileged access to thediarist’s perceptions and world. This characteristic has made themattractiveasawayofexploringtacitknowledgethatisdifficulttoarticulatein, for example, interviewsbecause suchknowledge is grounded in taken-for-grantedassumptionaboutthenatureoftheworld’(ALASZEWSKI,2006,p.42).
Sanders (2001)explains that theexperienceofusingaproduct cannotalways
Watchingwhatpeopledoandseeingwhattheyuseprovidesuswithobservableinformation(orobservedexperience). […]Discoveringwhatpeople thinkandknow provides us with their perceptions of experience. Understanding howpeople feel givesus the ability to empathizewith them.Thiswayof knowingprovides tacit knowledge, i.e., knowledge that can’t readily be expressed inwords (Polanyi, 1983). Seeing andappreciatingwhatpeopledreamshowsushow their future could change for the better. It is another form of tacitknowledge that can reveal latentneeds, i.e., needs not recognizable until thefuture’(SANDERS,2002,p.3).
Aswemay observe in Figure 4, to understandwhat people do, use, feel anddream, one must ask them to construct data together with the researchers, sincethese dimensions are necessarily related to non-explicit and non-observableknowledge.Thesedimensionsmustbespeltoutbythesubjectsthemselvesandonly
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then become known by the researchers. Among the procedures that enable thisconstructiveprocessarediaries.
For those reasons, even though traditionally directed towards investigatingpsychological and medical processes, the naturalistic procedures appear to berelevant for use in investigating complex phenomena such as contemporary videoconsumption, alsodelineatedbydoingand feeling andmadeupof tacit knowledgegiventhemediarepertoiresaccumulatedbythesubjectsovertheyears,accordingtoHasebring&Hölig(2013).
In watching a video, besides a rational action for using a technology,appropriationandproductionofmeaningbythesubjectsbasedontheirmediations–widelyinvestigatedbyLatinAmericanstudiesonreceptionandconsumption–,thereare ephemeral and longitudinal aspects connected to the practice of viewing, thatengagediverseemotionsandsentimentsbefore,duringandafterwards.
Giventheimportanceofpracticesofviewingvideosintheroutinesoftheyoungpeopleinvestigated,webelievethiscanbeconsideredanexperiencelargelybasedontacitknowledge,whichisdifficulttobecapturedandunderstood,asexplainedbytheauthors, solely through interviews or forms of direct observation. As Alaszewski(2006)recommends,diariesmaybeused
not only to identify patterns of behaviour but also to provide greater insightintohow individuals interpretsituationsandascribemeanings toactionsandevents and thereforehowactions thatmay appear irrational to outsiders arerationaltothediarist’(ALASZEWSKI,2006,p.37).
3.1.3MappingmediauseIn the literature on diaries, we also find examples of studieswith a focus on
mappingmediause.Amongthestudiesinvolvingdiariestomaptheuseofmedia,wehighlighttwoexamplesidentifiedinthereferredliterature:(i)thetime-diaryusedbyJacobsen&Forste (2011) to register the time thatparticipants spendusing certaindevices;(ii)themediausediary(GREENBERGetal.,2005),whichhasasimilarfocusto the first one, but in this case it is set as a triangulation of methods, such asquestionnaire, diary and eye-tracking85, and is focused in understanding whatparticipantsuse,whentheyuse,forhowlongandwhy.
Specifically, regarding researchwith youngpeople,Roberts&Foehr (2008, p.33)affirmthattheuseoftime-usediariesisseenasanimportantelementinmediastudies, because they ‘allow for the estimation of the time proportion that young
people use numerous media simultaneously’, a habit that is increasingly frequentamonggroupsofyoungpeopleandwhatimpliesnewresearchquestions.
Therearealsostructured instruments thatrequiresystematicanddaily fillingout, generally adopted by agencies specialised inmeasuring audiences, such as theones the Brazilian Institute for Public Opinion and Statistics (InstitutoBrasileirodeOpinião Pública e Estatística - IBOPE) has been doing in Brazil since 1950. Eventhough most measurements today are done using electronic devices installed intelevision sets, in the cities where the survey does not occur regularly86, such asmunicipalities in the countrysideofBrazil, printed laptopsaregiven to a statisticalsample of households. The laptop has an initial page for the identification of thehouseholdanditsresidents,whichmustprovidepersonalinformationsuchas:name;sex; age; position in the family (head of the household, housekeeper, children,others);schoolinglevel;others.Eachresidentreceivesanumbertobeusedinfillingout the instrument. The laptop is basically made up of tables that cross the dailytimetables with available television channels. Thus, each resident of the householdmust mark the channels that he/she watched and at which times (for sevenconsecutivedays).Afterwards,thematerialiscollectedandanalysedbyIBOPE.
In the literature review, we also find the experience of Tufte (1996, 1997;TUFTE & JACKS, 1998), who undertook a discussion about methodologies for theresearchoftelevisionaudiencesinBrazil.Intheindicationsleft,Tuftemakescleartheneed to integrate different techniques in order to reach elements that cross theconsumptionoftelevisionamongthemostvisibleaspects,suchasmacroaccessdataand content assistance. Tufte joined the survey coordinated by Jacks & Caparelli(2006)ontheuseofcableTVinthecityofPortoAlegreinBrazil,whichhadamongthemtheformssentbycourierto400familiessubscribingtoapay-TVservice,NET.The forms dealt with the profile of the residents of the household (age, schooling,occupation, leisurepractices,ethnicorigins,others); thedailyhabits (meals, leisureand data about time, times, preferences and motivations for television assistance,readingnewspapersandcontactwithothermedia); cultural consumptionpractices(television genres and most-watched channels, preferred music genres as well asother familypreferencemedia). In thiscase, the formsdidnotrequireasystematicand daily filling by the participants, but were spontaneously answered by thesubscribers contacted, in response to the request of the researchers, in order to
Jensen(1995)alsomadeuseofdiariestomonitortelevisionreceptionsituationsduring a study conducted in the United States in 1989. In that case, however, thediarywasusedasanauxiliaryprocedure intheprocessofanalysingtherecordingsmadebyparticipantsofaneveningoftelevisedprogrammingviewing.Accordingtotheauthor, thediarywasusedfortheparticipantstorecordchannelselectionsandchanges theyusuallymakebetweenwhat isofferedonTV.Although theygave fewcluesastowhychannelchangesoccurredandwhethertherewasanydisagreementbetweenthepeoplewatchingtheprogrammes,therecordsmadeinthediarieswerecrucialforidentifyingtheprogrammesrecordedonthenightofthestudyandaidedthe researcher in understanding the combinations that the participants make oftelevision programmes, assembling their ownviewingflows. It is interesting tonotethatitwasbasedonthisstudythattheauthorproposedthenotionofsuper-flow,animportantconceptinthisthesis.3.1.4Recommendationsforconductingadiarystudy
Whatever the direction of the research, it is interesting to note, asrecommendedbytheauthorsconsulted,thatfillingoutofthediariesprovidedbytheresearchersisnotnecessarilydonespontaneouslybytheparticipants,butbecauseofarequest.Thatmustbetakenintoconsideration,especiallybecausetheparticipantsgenerally arenot in thehabit of keepingdiaries (ZIMMERMAN&WIEDER,1977)87and/ormakingperiodicalentriesaboutwhatever is the issueormotivation.That iswhy most of the authors consulted highlight the need for providing some type ofincentive for participants, which generally includes financial remuneration forparticipating.
According to Alaszewski (2006), the materials used are usually producedspecifically for the researchbeingdevelopedandshouldbeusedbasedonmoreorless restrictive instructions. Thus, even though they guide the participants, theresearchers will not have control over the process of entries and creation in thediaries, was well as regarding the veracity of the information produced by theparticipants. That aspect, albeit delicate and needing to be considered, is notexclusive to diary studies. In bothmore and less structured research, participantsmay omit and/or falsify information, as well as not engaging and not adopting anethicalpostureduringthestudy.
ThisisthusamethodthatnecessarilydemandsengagementbyitsparticipantsaccordingtoBlandfordetal.(2016).Ontheotherhand,despitetherisks,adoptingadiary studyappears tobea less invasivemethod in the contextof theparticipants’lives,ifcomparedtootherproceduresbasedonthesometimes,bothersomepresenceoftheresearcher.
data that is important to the researchand record them in ahighly structuredmanner.For that, theresearchproducesmaterialwithastrict fillingstructureand detailed instructions to assure that the participants use correctly theprovideddocuments. In thiscase,which isverycommon inhealthresearches,thediaryisanelementthatsubstitutesdirectobservation.
(ii) Inresearchwithanaturalistbias,thediarieshavealessstructuredformatandthe focus of the researchers is the authenticity of the participants’ entriesGenerallyspeaking,thematerialsarenotebooksorbookletsforfreenotetaking,providedthattheyareregularandaboutthethemeoftheresearch.For those and other reasons, Blandford etal. (2016) recommend that diaries
Inthesameway,fortheauthors,diariesmaycontainnotonlywrittenrecords,but also allow the submission of photos by participants, the use of electronic andonlineenvironments,amongotherpossibilities.Whateverthecase,theformatofthediaryandtheinstructionsthatwillguideitsfillingmustreflecttheobjectivesoftheinvestigation.
McNally&Harrington(2017)andFoxetal.(2018),forinstance,adoptedonlinetoolstobeusedsystematicallybytheirparticipants,asadiary.Thefirstauthorsusedthe digital diary tool dscout88, available as a mobile application. Fox et al. (2018)adopted online forms that were sent to participants immediately after the onlinegamingexperience. Inbothstudies, theauthorsarticulatedhowthediarywouldbefilledinwiththeactivityoftheirparticipants.Inthesecases,themonitoredpracticeswereallonlineandperformedonthesamescreeninwhichthediarywouldbefilled.Theadvantageoftoolslikethatistheentriesmadebyparticipantsintheirdiariesareautomatically recorded inadatabase, resource that facilitates thedataanalysisandallowsresearcherstoverify,inrealtime,therecordsmadebyeachsubject.
88Availableat:https://dscout.com.
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Paper-based diaries, although versatile and adaptable to various researchobjectives, require an effort to read, type and tabulate the data before starting theanalysis.Ontheotherhand,theyprovidethecreationofamateriality/evidencesthatcanbeusedasafacilitatorforsubsequentactivitiesofonestudy,suchasinterviews.
Alaszewski (2006) also highlights that, in the diary study, it is harder toestablish a close relationship with participants, since the moments of contact arelimited and the filling of the document goes according to the preferences of theresearched one. Therefore, Alaszewski (2006) recommends verifyingways tomeetandtalktothepotentialparticipantstoexplaininadvancethegeneralobjectiveofthestudyandthespecificwayinwhichtheresearcherwantsthediariestobeused.Thehandovermustalwaysbeface-to-faceand,ifpossible,duringthefilling-out,meetingor contacting the participants to knowhow they have been handling the proposedactivitiesisadvised.
Another importantaspect is that thestudyofdiaries isgenerallyadopted inacomplementarymannerorassociatedwithothermethodologicalprocedures.Alreadyin 2004, La Pastina (2004) was highlighting the importance of associating variousmethods for studying media consumption practices. The author recognises thatreception studies with an ethnographic slant, because they involve open-endedinvestigation, allow the researcher to associate different procedures, and amongthosecitesthestudyofdiariesmaintainedbyresearchsubjectsandtheresearchers’own field diaries. In the HCI domain, Blandford et al. (2016) highlight the use ofdiaries in studies that have mixed methods and combine different methodologicalproceduresaccordingtothephasesoftheinvestigation.
Obristetal.(2008),forexample,combinedaspectsoftheethnographicmethodwithself-observationtechniques followedbytheparticipants themselves inastudyconductedinAustrianresidences,involvingaround30personsofvariousages.Basedontheconceptofculturalprobes89, theauthorsaskedparticipantstorecordroutineactivities in a printed and semi-structured diary for a week, as well as takingphotographs–usingcamerasprovidedbytheresearchers–intheirhouses,depictingspaces,persons,technologyusesandothersituations.
Asacomplement,Obristetal.(2008)alsoheldinformalconversationsinhousesand collected information about the structure of the houses, available technologiesand leisureactivities,basedonasemi-structuredquestionnaire.After thatroundof
89According to Obrist et al. (2008, p. 179), a cultural probe ‘consists normally of diaries, cameras, postcards,sometimesmapsoftheexploredenvironments,andseveralothermeanstoobtainasmuchdataaspossiblefromthe participants. The purpose of such probe packages is to give the participants the possibility to documentroutines and actions aswell as to support observing and expressing emotions, thoughts, and needs related todifferentsituations’.
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collecting information about practices of the subjects, they also did individualinterviewssearchingformoregeneralcluesonhowparticipantswatchedtelevision,going beyond the period covered by the diary. In those talks, researchers alsoexploredpossibilitiesforfutureusesofinteractivityservicesontelevision,thecentralthemdevelopedinthestudy.
Zimmerman & Wieder (1977) propose the diary-interviewmethod approach,which regards the integration of these two methodologies into a single researchactivity. It iscomposedof threemaincomponents:an initial interview, fillingoutofthe diary – seen by the authors as a data gathering tool –, and the final balanceinterviewaboutthefilling-out.
Fromtheauthors’perspective,theface-to-facecontactwithparticipantsassurethe approximation between the researcher and the researched one, which ischaracteristicofethnographicstudiesandnotalwaysfoundinotherdomains,suchasmentionedbyBlandfordetal.(2016).Besidesthat,thisconjunctionmakesitpossibletonaturally expand the access level to theoccurrenceof sequencesof activities, aswell as emerge more pertinent questions regarding the sense andmeaning of theentries made. Because of that, they affirm that: ‘our experience with the diary-interview method recapitulates the basic structure of most ethnography’(ZIMMERMAN&WIEDER,1977,p.491).
Theseandotheraspectshavebeendecisiveinbetterunderstandingtheprocesswe experienced in designing and applying the diary in theNPO project, aswell asidentifying the contributions that the diary studymethod canmake for developingthis research. In thenext section,wedetail how theNPOdiary studymaterialwasdevelopedandhowthatexperienceinspiredus.3.2Diarystudymaterialanditsapplication
ForthefirstworkshopofNPOprojectwedevelopedadiarybasedoncardstobefilledoutbythefamilies.Theideawasforeachfamilymembertorecordintheirdiary information on moments when they watched videos for a period of sevenconsecutivedays.Theproposalwas to get them to thinkabout theirownpracticesandpreparethemforthefirstco-creationworkshopintheproject.
screen applications; if you have ever had a technical problem; if you often
90In the form, there is informationaboutdayand timeof thewatchingsituation, screenused,name,genreandtypeofcontent(live,ondemand,recorded),wherethesituationhappened.91Theextraquestionsareaboutsecondscreenusageandhowthewatchedcontentwasselected.
Each member of the participating families received a set of cards to fill out
individually for the period of one week (from 22 to 30 June 2017). Each family’s
92Questions about the use of the second screen application and if the participants usually record and makeavailabletheirownvideos.93Instructionsaboutwhatiscontainedintheboxandhowthediaryshouldbefilledout,includinganexampleoffillingouttheformcard.
Theproposalwasthatthecard-baseddiarywouldallowanon-linearfillingoutandthatwoulddynamisefillingoutandmakeiteasierandlesstime-consumingforparticipants. Likewise, in filling out the cards, the participants would already becreating thematerial they themselveswould use in the first co-creationworkshop,held on 1 July 2017, at both NPOheadquarters, with four Dutch families, and atMintlab,inLeuven,withtwoBelgianfamilies(Figure9).
During the first workshop, the families worked separately in organising the
filled-out cardsbasedon formspreviouslyproducedandprinted inA3 (Figures10and11).Thesecontainedpre-establishedcategories,suchplaceforviewing,screensutilised, time of day and other aspects. Based on that organising, the participantswereasked towrite in the lowerpartof the forms,whatviewinghabitsweremost
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common among familymembers, as if theywere analysing their own records andmakingconclusionsabouttheirownpractices.
Next, the families used the special cards related to more general and non-
situationalviewingpracticessuchasthoserecordedontheform-typecards.Basedonthat, theyneeded toproposepossible solutions/services thatwould improve videoviewing, viable for implementing in the short term (2 years) and, especially,whichtheywereinterestedinutilising(Figure12).
diaryandaccompanying itsapplication inaco-creationactivity,weperceivedmoreclearly that the PhD research, directed towards understanding daily and currentpracticesamongyoungpeople, couldbe strengthened throughuseof creative tools
Besides observing the sensitising potential of the diary study method, weverifiedhowthismightserveasaninstrumentforcollectinginformationamongthefutureparticipantsinourthesis.
3.2.1Inspirationsanddiscoveriesregardingthemethod
We perceived that the diary study could become an interesting procedure forengaging young people in preparing them for interviews regarding consumptionpractices.Becauseofitscard-basedformat–likeacardgame–andthepossibilityforfillingitoutinanon-linearformandanywhere,thediaryprovedtobeastructuredprocess that enabled an entertaining and non-invasive approach to working withyoung people, in order to involve them in the process of observing and recordingtheirownviewingpractices.
Welikewiseobservedthatthiscouldbeaproductivewayforcollectingdetaileddata on daily video viewing practices among the participants, since – as seen inChapter1–currentlypersonshaveaccessandwatchaudio-visualcontentatdifferentmomentsofthedayandnolongeronlyindomesticandprivateenvironments.
Besides being a creative and positively attractiveway ofworkingwith youngpeople, theprocessof fillingout adiarywouldenableus to construct amaterialityabout a broad range of video viewing situations experienced by the young peoplethemselves,becausethatwouldbehardtoaccessusingempiricalmethods,especiallywiththewealthofdetailthateachcardprovides.
In light of the above, we decided to read the data recorded by the familiesparticipatingintheNPOandtestaformforanalysingthecardsfilledoutduringthefirstphaseoftheproject.Figures14and15depictsomeoftheclustersmadewiththefilled-outcards.
In the first cluster, we verified the possibility of a non-linear reading of the
cards,soastorecomposetheviewingflowoftheparticipantduringresearch.Inthatcase,we crossed the research daywith the provider. In Figure 15,wemademoresimplegroupingsofcontentformat,providerperscreen.Itisimportanttonotethat
At that point, we found that the process of reading and analysing theinformation recorded on the cards in itself could facilitate identification andunderstanding of the different combinationsmade by the participants, consideringthateachcardrepresentsaspecificvideo-viewingconfiguration.
Wealsofoundthatthecardsservedasatoolforconstructingdatainthefield,throughwhichwecouldgenerateuniqueanddetailedmappingofviewingpracticesamongyouths,andthecombinationstheymakeofthemultipledimensionsthatmakeuptheinteractionflows.Thatisbecauseinfillingoutthecardsdataarerecordedforboth a present and ephemeral/specific situation, and for information aboutconsumptionhabits,possessionand typesof technologyuse, access to internetandotherfactorscrucialforunderstandingvideoconsumption.
Inadditiontopresentingareviewoftheliteratureaboutdiarystudy,themaincontributionofthischapterwastoreporthowwewereinspiredtoadoptthismethodand howwe articulated the recommendations found in the literature to create thediarymaterial and todefine themethodological strategyof thisdissertation. In thefollowingchapters,wewilldetail theproposedmethodologicalstrategy,howitwaspre-tested andwhichwere the contributions of its first application among Belgianyoungparticipants.
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4 METHODOLOGICALSTRATEGYANDPRE-TEST
Inthischapterweintroducethemethodologicalstrategydefinedforthisdissertationandexplainhowwastheprocessofadaptingandcreatingthediarymaterial,whichwas inspiredonthemodelusedontheNPOProject. In the lastsectionwedescribetheproceduresandresultsofthemethodologypre-testperformedinLeuvenwithtenundergraduatestudents(Step6).4.1Definingthemethodologicalstrategy
As mentioned at the beginning of the dissertation, we understand that acomplex phenomenon such as video consumption cannot be investigated usingtraditionalmethodologicalarrangementsorthosefocusedonasinglemethodologicalprocedure. Given the level of penetration and appropriation achieved by digitaltechnologies, video consumption has become complex and must now be analysedcomprehensively,sothatourunderstandinggoesbeyondaspectslinkedtouseofthetechnology, and also considers themotivations, feelings and emotions thatmarkedthe before, during and after of communicative interactions based on which youngpeoplecombinethemultipledimensionsoftheinteractionflows.
We understand that investigating video consumption demands articulation ofdistinct study perspectives, oriented towards understanding what people do andwhattheytalkabout,asSanders(2001,2002)advises.Forthosereasons,duringourjourney it seemed coherent to articulate methodological procedures of a distinct
A contribution of the naturalist methodological paradigm lies in studyingmicrosocialprocessesandunderstanding the relational grammar that characterisescommunicative interaction. And in studying those processes and the possible newrituals that guide video consumption,we recognise the existence of communicativeinteractionsthatareprocessedinbothprivateandpublicspaces.
Becausethevideoviewingscreensareportableandubiquitous,thesubjectsarenowdriventousetheminenvironmentswheretheyco-existwithothers,andinthatprocessmakeuseofalreadyknownrulesofsocialbehaviour,aswellasestablishingnew forms of behaving in front of the other. According to Goffman (1999, p. 200),every co-presence situation offers risks and also implies rituals. These areincreasinglydelineatedbasedontherelationthatpeoplehavewiththescreens.Themodesofcoexistencenowdependdirectlyuponthelevelofimmersionandattentiondedicatedtothescreenspeoplecarry,connectedornot,andtothecontentsviewed.Anditisnotonlyaboutsituationsofsocialisolation,becauseintheusesmade,peopleestablish equally or even more intense initiatives for contact and interlocution invirtualenvironmentsthanintheinteractionsestablishedinthecompanyofsomeoneelse.
AccordingtoBraga&Gastaldo(2010,p.96-97),“itisveryunlikelythatonewillbeableto‘isolate’consumptionofamediuminthewebofinter-relationsinwhichitoccurs, or the use of a medium in its interactional context”94. Thus, the videoconsumption processes we are investigating are based on both objective andsubjectiveexperienceswithlivedreality.
AsFrança&Simõesexplain, themeaningsof thoseactionsarenot found inaprioridata, but instead are constructed in social interaction and dealt with in aninterpretative process. [...] Communication thus assumes a constituting role in theexperience of subjects and of the society they build” (FRANÇA& SIMÕES, 2016, p.101)95.
Forthosereasons,associatingthediarystudywithsemi-structuredinterviewsproved tobea consistentandproductivepath to follow.Webelieved theproposeddiarystudywouldallowustoaccessdatafromthedaily livesofyoungpeoplewith
94Ourtranslationfromtheoriginal:“émuitopoucoprovávelqueseconsiga‘isolar’oconsumodeumamídiadarede de inter-relações na qual ela ocorre, nem o uso de um meio de seu contexto interacional” (BRAGA &GASTALDO,2010,p.96-97).95Our translation from the original: “mas sim são construídos na interação social e tratados em um processointerpretativo.(...)Acomunicaçãoassume,assim,umpapelconstituidordaexperiênciadossujeitosedasociedadequeedificam”(FRANÇA&SIMÕES,2016,p.101).
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minimal interference and the interviews would complement filling out the diarythrough surveying in-depth data about the experiences, appropriations andinterpretationsmadebytheparticipantsbasedontherecordstheymade.
The choice for working with semi-structured interviews96was made for fourmainreasons:(i)tofocustheinterviewonpracticesreportedinthediaryandnotonmoregeneralmediaconsumptionaspects;(ii)toassurewewereusingthesamecardorganisingdynamicswithallparticipants,since thatmomentwasacomplementarymomenttocollecting information fromthediaries,aswellas forusingthematerialfromthefilledoutcardstoinvolvetheyoungpeopleintalkingduringtheinterviewandreflectupontheirpracticesbasedonconcreteexamplesandnotonlyonrandomperceptionsabouttheiractions;(iii)tocontrol,evenifpartially,thedurationtimeoftheinterviews,sincetheyarescheduledbeforehandwhenthediariesaregiventotheparticipants, and without that information we would not have conditions forestablishing the agenda and logistics of field study; (iv) toproduce structureddataabout the phenomenon studied in order to facilitate approximation for the resultsobtained in the realities investigated,whichwere located in opposite geographicallocationsinBrazil.
One should emphasise also that both the interview and the diary study areunderstoodhereintobetechniquesandnotmethods.Specifically, inthecaseofthediarystudy,weseeitasaninstrumentwithtwospecificfunctions:(i)atechniqueforsystematicdataregistrationandcollection–sinceitprovidesdetailedandstructuredinformationaboutsituationsthataredifficulttoobserve;(ii)actingasaproceduretoprepareparticipants for themomentof the interviewbyencouragingself-reflectionabouttheirownpractices.
Webelievethatintheactofroutinelyfillingoutthecards,participantsbegintopay attention to aspects such as the number of videos theywatch,what theymostsearch for and how frequently certain situations occur, whether that is or is notrecurringandsoon.Theproposalwasthatbasedonthosefirstreflections,theyoungpersonwould becomemore sensitive and better prepared to talk about her or hisvideoconsumptionexperiences.
In a complementary manner to filling out the diaries, the semi-structuredinterviews allowed checking information about viewing practices recorded in thediary, and enabled collectionofmore in-depth reports onhistorical and contextualdataaboutthemediarepertoireoftheyoungpeople,aswellastheirmotivationsforvideoconsumptioninthemostvarieddailysituations.96WeunderstandinterviewbasedonFlick(2009).Thesemi-structuredisaninterviewformatinwhichwehaveastructuredscriptthatguidesbutdoesnotlimittheconversationwiththeinterviewee.
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The interview was the moment when the participant returned the filled-outdiaryandonlythendidwehaveaccesstoitscontent.Tothatend,weorganisedtheinterviewalong threemajor thematicaxes (seescript inAppendix1).The firstwasguidedbyadynamicfororganisingandclassifyingthecardsmadebytheparticipantsthemselvesinacalendar/researchschedulepreviouslysetupattheinterviewsite.Atthat time, we invited each young person to report viewing situations during thefilling-outperiod soas to learn the impressions sheorhehad regardinghisorherownpractices.
Tothatend,theyoungpeopledistributedtheircardsonthecalendarcontainingthedaysresearched,thesebeingdividedbytimesduringtheday:morning,afternoonand evening. Next, the participant categorised his or her cards by provider (usingpost-its) and by screen (using previously produced labels). Based on that firstorganisation, theyoungpeopleusedcolouredstickers to identifythecards inwhichtheywatchedsomethingonlineandalone.
Also during the first thematic line, with an expected duration of 20 to 30minutes (the timevariedaccording to thenumberof cards filledout),weexploredquestions about our methodology, especially about the diary study: if it had beentiring;howtheparticipantfilledinthecards;iftherehadbeenanyproblems.
For the second line, the questions were about contextual data, includinginformationaboutthetechnologiestheyown,andforthatweusedtheprofilecardsprovidedinthematerialwesupplied.
Inthethirdline,theproposalwasfortheparticipanttocomparethebehaviourprofile sheorhehasnowand theoneheor shemayhavehadwhenyounger.Thefocus was on verifying if the young people recognised any difference or a giventransitionprocessintheirvideoviewingpracticesandwhenthatbegantooccur.
Becausethisstudyassociatessemi-structuremethodologicalprocedures,whichproduceasignificantamountofdata,wechosetoworkwithtenparticipantsages18to 24 from each municipality where the research was performed, when possiblebalancingthenumberofpeoplebysex,fivefemalesandfivemales.Fortherecruiting,however,wechosetoinviteanddistributethematerialto12youngpeople,ensuringthatthenumberofparticipantsdidnotenduplowerbecauseofdropoutsduringthestudy. The ideawas for the interview to always occur in an individual session andafteratleasttendaysoftheparticipantfillingoutthediary.
After defining the strategy, we next focused our efforts on pre-testing themethodology in a study with young university students in Belgium. More thancollecting data from an empirical scenario quite different from the universe of our
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research, theproposalwas toverify the functioningofourmethodological strategyand recognise the advantages and limitations of associating the diary study withinterviews, even though this had already been adopted in other investigations(ZIMMERMAN&WIEDER,1977;OBRISTetal.,2008).
Itisimportanttoclarifythateventhoughweareworkingwiththisassociation,we do not recognise our investigation as directly linked to the proposition byZimmerman & Wieder (1977). That is because the authors used to call theparticipants for delivering their diaries before the interview section, so it can beanalysedbeforehand,andonlyafterthattheinterviewisconducted.Inthatcase,theinterviewsendedupbeingabalanceofwhatwas found in thediaries, aswell as amoment for checking information that may not have been made clear and alsocomplementing/expandingthenarrativeoftheeventsreported.Eventhoughthatisprovidedinourmethodologicalstrategy,theinterviewwillbeourfirstcontactwiththematerialsconstructedbytheparticipantsusingtheirdiaries.Ontheotherhand,our interview, as stated previously, deals with viewing practices not necessarilyboundtowhatwasrecordedinthediary,which,inourreading,revealpracticesthatarecurrent,butnotnecessarilypresentinthepastoftheinterviewees.
Regardingthecard-baseddiarydevelopedforthisstudy,wedetailonthenextsectionhowwedeveloped thematerial, inspiredon the firstmodel created for theNPOproject.
4.2Adaptingandcreatingthediarymaterial
Basedontherecommendationsfoundintheliterature,weworkedonrevisingand adapting the first model of diary created for NPO project to be used in thisdissertation.
In that process, we restructured the form of the questions regarding a usesituation,reformulatedthefunctioningoftheextraquestionsbypresentingitontheback of all the cards, and adapted the so-called special cards to contain questionsrelatedtotheprofileoftheyoungpeople,functioningasasortofformforcontextualdata, to be filled out a single time by the participant, without needing to date thecardsaswasrequestedintheNPOdiarystudy.
Considering the distinct proposal for applying the diary study that we weredesigning,werewrotetheinstructionsforusingthematerialcontainedinonecard,as well as the filled-out example presented on the back, now using the new form(Figure 18). At that moment, because of the pre-test, we created provisionallyinstructionsandexamplesoffilled-outcardbasedonLeuvencontext.
research,withacolleaguefromMintlabwestudiedasolutionforbetterstoringthem.Theattemptwastoreachanevenmoreportableand,abovealldurablesolutionforpacking the cards, different from the packaging initially done for theNPOprojectdiary.
In that regard we made use of coloured plastic boxes acquired at a Leuventobacconist,usedmostly for storingcigarettepacks (of20units).Touse theboxes,we reduced the size of the cards to fit the new storage solution. From sevencentimetreswidthand10.2cmheight,thecardswenttodimensionsof6.5X8.7cm(Figure19).
considering that the diary would be used by young people who move around
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frequently, including those from Cametáwho live along the river andwhosemainmeans of transportation is small boats. That, in fact, was a determining factor forkeepingup interest by creating aprinteddiary,whichdidnot demandanykindofelectronic device or connection to internet. Despite the convenience thatwould beaddedbyusinganelectronicandonlinetool fordatacollection,weconsideredthatbesidesadding costs to theparticipants, thiswould causea certainembarrassmentwhenrecruitingyoungpeople,whomightnothaveadeviceavailableoraccesstotheinternet.
Besidestheform-typeandcontextualdatacards,weprovidedasmallpeninsidethebox,which theparticipants couldalwayshavehandy formaking records in thediary.InFigure20onemayseethenewmodeforpresentingthediary,conceivedforuseinthisstudy.
• 80 pocket-sized cards with 10 sections to be completed characterising aspecificmomentofvideowatching: the timeandwhere theywerewatching,the title of the content, info about screen, provider, type of content andinternetconnectionandiftheexperiencewasaloneorwithsomeone.Ontheback of each card there was an extra question. There were eight differentquestions regarding the use of a second screen, practices forcommenting/sharing content on social media, opinion/mood about thewatchedcontent,howtheyendedupatthecontentandpossiblemultitaskingwhilewatching;
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• 12 darker coloured cards with questions about the participants’ profile(personaldataandinformationaboutpossessionanduseoftechnology);
• 1instructioncardandanexampleofhowtofillouttheforminthecards;InFigure21,onemay seeall thematerials containedand the contentof each
video-viewingmoments.Thisaidstheyoungperson inmakinganentry ina format
guided by specific information, which demands considerably less effort from the
participant compared to what is generally requested from subjects studied in
Psychologyandhealthareas.
With the firstversionof thediarystudymaterial, itwaspossible toconducta
methodology pre-test to verify how the proposed association between diary and
interview was going to work. The details of this step were detailed on the next
section.
4.3Pre-testofmethodologicalstrategyFrom 7 to 24 November 2017, in Leuven (Belgium) we performed a
methodology pre-test for the research consisting of associating a card-based diary
studywith semi-structured individual interviews.We present below a summary of
thestepsthatmadeupthepre-testanditsmainresults.
4.3.1RecruitmentWe recruited the participants through an announcement on Mintlab social
media account (Facebook andTwitter) and asked colleagues to share it in order toreach a wider group of people. In the announcement (Figure 22), the researchschedulewasmentioned(withdatesandtheplaceforinterviewsanddiarydelivery)aswellasthattherewouldbeasmallrewardfortheparticipants(agiftvoucherforaVoDplatformorthecinema),andallpre-testactivitieswouldbedoneinEnglish.
Table2showsthatexceptforKarlienwhoisamaster’sstudent,theothernineparticipantsarebachelorstudents.Becauseoftheirstudies,eightoutoftenlivealoneinastudentresidence inthecitywheretheystudy.Sevenof themarethereonlyduringweekdays, spending theweekendsat theirparents’house, andone livespermanently(Ragna) in the student town. Two participants (Karlien and Lizzy) live with theirpartners,oneinLeuvenandtheotherinBalen,about50minutesbycarfromthecitywhereshedoesherundergraduatestudies.
Threeparticipantswork regularly in addition to their studies: Liseworks everyday at a bakery; Karlien is the resident responsible for a students’ house andworkspart-timeatthelaboratorycoordinatedbyhersupervisor;MatyaworkseverySaturdayinadepartment store in the citywhereherparents live. Inaddition,Lorementionedthat sometimes she babysits and Nadia would like to start working voluntarily at acinema.
Regarding technology possession andmedia consumption practices, all of themstated that theyhadone smartphoneandone laptopas theirpersonaldevices.Nadiaalso has a tablet,which is used regularly only by her. Karlien, Lizzy and Ragna havetheir own television at home (two living with their partners and one alone) and theothershaveaTVsetattheirparents’house,withtwoTVsetsincaseofLiseandMatya.Matya and Anne also have Smart TV at their parents’ house and Lizzy and MarijeregularlyconnectthelaptopandtheTVinthelivingroom.
All participants have access to Wi-Fi at home (parents/partners and studentresidence)andalsorelyontheavailabilityofaninternetsignalinallthespacesattheuniversity.Threeparticipantsdonothavemobiledataontheirsmartphones(Karlien,Anne and Marije), as they do not want to be connected all the time. For thoseparticipants,threeissuesarecrucialintheirchoiceofnotusingamobiledatapackage:(i) they think it isunnecessary tobeconnectedall the timeanddislikedependingononedevicefortheactivitiestheyneed;(ii)iftheyhaveadataplan,bynotmanagingit,theyruntheriskofusingmorethantheycanpayfor;(iii)asstudents,theyhaveWi-Fiinternetpracticallyeverywheretheygoandcanconnectinanemergency.
Theotherparticipantshavetheservicebutneveruseitforwatchingvideos,onlytoreplytomessagesorchecktheirprofilesonsocialmediawhentheyareoutsideandthere isnoWi-Fi connection.On the cards,onlyRagna reported situationswhere sheusedmobiledata forwatching something.According toher, this is because theWi-Ficonnection is not that good at her student residence. The participants’ parents ingeneralpayforthisservice,exceptinthecaseofRagna.
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ExceptforLizzy,RagnaandMarije,allparticipantshaveaNetflixsubscription.InthecaseofMatyathis isa familyaccountbutshe isnotallowedbyhermothertousethat inheruniversitytown,becauseshehastobefocusedonherstudies.Nadiahasasubscriptionofherown,andtheotherfiveparticipantshaveasharedsubscriptionwithfamilyandfriends.4.3.3Datacollection
All participants taken together completed a total of 307 cards. The number ofcardsperparticipantwasquitevaried(seeTable3).Theaveragenumberofcardsperparticipant was 30.7 (sd101=24.8). Lore, Lise and Ragna delivered an above averagenumber of cards, respectively 80, 62 and 52. Other participantswere below average,rangingfrom11(Karlien)to28(Matya)cards.
Althoughtherewasaslightvariationinthenumberofdaystheparticipantshadthediariesintheirpossession(between14and17days),thiswasnotclearlycorrelatedwiththenumberofcardsthatwerecompleted.Onthecontrary:Lorehadherboxfor14days and filled out all 80 cards available, while the participantswith the least cards(KarlienandLizzy),hadthediaryfor16and17daysrespectively.Checkingtheaveragenumberofcardsperday,wecanseethatsixoutoftenparticipantshadanaverageofmorethanonecardperday(Lore,Lise,Ragna,Matya,ElineandNadia),withLorethemost prolific one reaching themark of almost six cards a day. In the case ofKarlien,Lizzy,AnneandMarije,eventhoughtheaveragenumberofcardsperdayislowerthanone,we still consider them for analysis as the cards in total offer interesting insights101AbbreviationforStandardDeviation.
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about their practices. It is important to note that even though the methodologicalstrategyhaddefinedaperiodoftendaysforfillingoutthediary–asrecommendedinthe literature–, inthepre-testwechosetoproposeacalendarthatencompassedtwoweekends.Theproposalwas toverify if thatwouldhavean impacton thenumberofcardsfilled-outbytheparticipants.Thechoicetohavetwoweekendswasalsobecausewewantedtoseeifontheweekendtherearedifferentpatternsofwatchingpractices.
From21to24November2017,interviewswithparticipantswereheldatMintlabwithanaveragedurationof49minuteseach, totallingeighthoursand15minutesofaudio and video recording. The interview was divided into three thematic linesaccordingtothescriptsetupwhenwedefinedourmethodologicalstrategy(Step5).Inthe first, we worked with participants in assembling a video-viewing calendarpreviouslysetuponatable(Figure23).
on her cards to indicate when she watched something online(versus offline, orangetape)andalone(versusincompany,yellowtape).Withthat,itwaspossibletoconstructtogetherwiththeparticipantsalargeboardwiththeircards,thosecategorisedbydayandtime,sourceofcontentandscreenused(Figure24).
To analyse the material collected in the pre-test, the cards were organised inchronological order and thedatawere transferred toonline tables.Next,we insertedthetablesascontentsourcesintheQSRNvivo10qualitativeresearchanalysissoftwareand codified data from each of the cards in a list of nodes102, previously prepared,according to date, time, type of internet connection, type of content, content viewed,provider, location, among others. Based on that data, we generated codificationmatrices to cross data from the nodes according to the analysis interests. Theinterviews were fully transcribed and later had their content categorised by sub-thematiclinesexpandingonthethreemainaxesthatwerethebasisforthescript.
Aswehaveshowninprevioussections,thispre-testwasextremelyimportantforthedevelopmentofour research.First,because it revealedkeyaspects for improvingthe diary material and the dynamics for the interviews, and for adjusting ourmethodologicalarrangementforconductingthefieldstudyinBrazil.Second,becauseitallowed us to construct very rich empirical data for describing the phenomenoninvestigated in thedissertation, and revealed the first outlinesofwhatweare callinginteractionflows.
laptop as the viewing screen, 19.8% smartphone, 20.1% TV (being 13.3% thetraditionalset,4.2%SmartTVand2.6%connectionbetweenTVandlaptop),and6.6%others(projectedscreeninclassroom,atthecinema,etc.)
The laptop appears as the most used device for five out of ten participants,reaching 83.7% of the cards of Lore. For Matya, 92% of her watching was on thesmartphonewhereshemostlywatchedshorteronlinevideos.Nadia,ontheotherhand,watched47.3%ofthecontentregisteredinherdiaryusingatabletand31.5%ontheTVscreen in her father’s house.Karlien and Lizzymainly registeredwatching on theTVscreen:91.6%inthecaseofLizzy(being33%connectedtoalaptop)and84.8%inthecaseofKarlien,onaSmartTV.
TheparticipantwhoproportionallywatchedmorecontentonTVitselfwithoutaconnectionwith the internetoranotherdevicewasLizzy (26.3%), followedbyRagna(23.1%)andNadia(22.5%).Theothershadbetween85%and90%of theirwatchingonportablescreensconnectedtotheinternetorSmartTV,withemphasisontheuseofWi-Fi.
Themostcitedcontentwasonlineseries,especiallyavailableatNetflix,involvingalmost30%of307cards,fromnineparticipants.Amongthem,8.1%ofthecardswererelated to ‘Breaking Bad’ (Lore and Lise); and 5.8% ‘Stranger Things’ (Lore, Nadia,Karlien, Lizzy and Ragna), watched throughNetflix but also PopcornTime. After thiscomes9.7%ofthecardsfromsevenparticipants(Lore,Lise,Eline,Matya,Anne,Ragnaand Marije) regarding short clips or videos on the timelines of social media sites(especially Facebook, YouTube and Instagram) and 8.1% of cards thatmention vlogs(Lore,Lise,Nadia,RagnaandMarije).
Aswecansee,amongthemostwatchedcontentthatwasidentifiedinthediaries,therearenoprogrammesproducedbyBelgianorDutchnationalbroadcasters,nor inthemothertongueoftheparticipants(Dutch).EventhoughDutch-speakingYouTuberswere reported, most YouTubers watched are American, as clarified during theinterviews. When asked about this watching profile, many participants expressedsurprisebecausebefore,duetothepresenceofaTVintheirparents’house,theyusedtowatchmorelocallyproducedcontents.ForLiseandEline,thisisinterestingbecauseitisawaytopracticeEnglish,butLorelamentedthefactofhavinglessnationalcontentinhercards.
Mostofthecontentwatchedbytheparticipants,withtheexceptionofmoviesandseriesepisodes, isshortandwatchingusuallyhappens insequencewithothervideos.Thenumberofshortvideoswatchedisregulatedbythetimeavailable,eitherbetweenstudybreaks,duringmeals,asprocrastinationand/orasrelaxingmomentsoreveninplannedmoments intheweekends.Becauseof the fact that theyareshorter, theyaremorefrequentandspreadoverdifferenttimesoftheday,eventhoughtheconsumptionpracticesaresimilar.
Regarding the content sources accessed by the young people, 32 different oneswereidentified(Table4).
Source:Miranda&Geerts(2018).Themost cited providers on the cards wereNetflix (28.6%), YouTube (23.7%),
Facebook(11.7%)andthechanneléén106oftheBelgianPublicBroadcasterVRT(6.5%).There are also 12 cards (3.9%) with content from PopcornTime (a programme fordownloading and watching movies and series for free and illegal) and another 12(3.9%) from Instagram. Eight out of 10 participants reportedwatching content fromNetflix.Next comesFacebook (7participants),YouTube andéén (6 each) andPopcornTime(3).
Crossingthedataofproviderswiththetypeofcontent,classifiedbylive,recorded(ontheset-top-box,withoutusinganinternetconnection)andondemand(whichneedsthedevice tobe connected to the internet),wesaw that just6.1%of the totalof307cards reported live content (5.2% on TV and 0.9% on the laptop) and 7.4% wererecorded and watched on the TV set. Even content produced by traditional mediacompanies,whichareprimarilybroadcastlive,werewatchedpredominantlyonlineandondemand.
Thelocationwheremostofthevideowatchingtookplacewasthestudents’house(58.9%ofthecards),notablytheirprivateroom(47.8%).Thiswasaplaceinwhichnineoutoftenparticipantsstatedtheywatchedvideos.TheonlyparticipantthatregisteredwatchingonlyathomewasLizzyasshesharesahousewithherpartner,wheremostofhervideowatchingoccurred.Insecondplacecomestheparents’house(15.6%),whereseven participants regularly go on weekends/holidays, especially in the living room(10.4%). Next in order we identified several places around the university campus
(8.4%) and a friends’ or neighbours’ house (8.1%) as places for watching TV/onlinevideos. Inbothplaces, themajorityof thewatchingpracticeswerecollectivebutwithmixedmotivations:fromplannedleisuretimewithfriends(Lore,Lise,Nadia,ElineandRagna),totheneedforentertainingsomeonewhilebabysitting(Lore).
In the few cases in which video watching occurred in a universityclassroom/auditorium, five cards (1.6%) were reporting video content shown byprofessors (Lore and Lise) and five other cardswere related tomoments of drawingattention away from the classes to check and watch “random” stories or contentavailable on their timelines of Instagram and Facebook, in all the cases using thesmartphone(Lore,Lise,ElineandLizzy).
An interesting aspect is that some cardswere filled out ‘on the toilet’. Althoughthere are not many given the total corpus (only eight cards from four participants,2.6%),thisrevealsthelevelofpenetrationreachedbythediaryformat,incomparisonwithotherstudiesthat limittheirdatacollectiontospecificplaces intheparticipants’houses(seee.g.Shokrpour&Darnell,2017).
Whenwecross the inputsregardingTimeofDaywithLocation,wecansee thattheeveningwas themostactiveperiod for theparticipantswatchingvideos,but thattherewasmorediversityoflocationsintheafternoons107.Theinterviewsshowedthatevenforstudentswhoarelivingawayfromtheirparentsduringtheweek,theeveningroutineissimilartowhattheyhadinthepast.
Evenamongtheparticipantsthatwatchedmoreontheirlaptop,thecardsrevealcertainvideowatchinghabitsthatcouldbeseenas ‘traditional’ inthisperiod,directlylinkedtositting/lyinginthelivingroomorbed,orpreparingandeatingmealsfollowedby relaxing while watching favourite content on a regular basis (Lore, Lise, Nadia,Karlien,Eline,LizzyandAnne).
In theafternoons theviewingpracticesvaryconsiderably.Most frequentamongtheparticipantsaretheonesthattakeplace inthebreaksbetweenstudyingactivities(Lore, Lise, Nadia, Matya and Ragna), household chores in general such as ironing,cooking, dishwashing and others (Lore, Lise, Eline and Matya), physical exercises(KarlienandAnne),weekendrelaxing(Lore,Nadia,Karlien,ElineandRagna)orwhilewaiting (Lise and Ragna). During household chores, inmost of the situations the TVcontentwasinthebackground.
107To analyse the cards, we grouped them into the following categories: ‘morning’ (05:00 to 11:59), ‘afternoon’(12:00to17:59)‘evening’(18:00to23:59)and‘latenight’(00:00to04:59).Forthat,weusedthetimerecordedbytheparticipantsthemselvesonthecards.
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We identified a concentration of watching moments in friends’ or neighbours’houses in the afternoons andevenings, notablyonThursdays, Fridays andSaturdays.Withtheexceptionofthreecards(0.9%)filled-outbyLorewhenshewasbabysittinginthe mornings, every other situation reported by five participants (Lore, Lise, Nadia,Eline and Ragna) is linked to planned moments of collectively watching content ofcommon interest, often being medium-length and long videos, from series episodes,realityshowfinales,tomovies.
Wealsoidentifiedcollectivewatchingpracticeslinkedtotheparticipants’family,suchasKarlienandLizzy,whoregularlywatchwiththepartnerstheylivewith,aswellasNadia,Eline,MatyaandMarijewho,whenathomewith theirparentsandsiblings,follow the ritual of sitting on the couch andwatching something after dinner. Thesepracticesaredirectlylinkedtomorespecificdaysoftheweekandperiodsofthedayinwhicheveryoneismoreavailabletobetogether.
Although we identified several collective practices in the diaries of the 10participants,itisimportanttomentionthatthemomentstheyarewatchingcontentontheirownoccurredslightlymore(55.7%)thantheonesinwhichtheparticipantswereincompany(44.3%).Forsomeparticipants,thisdifferenceismorenoticeable.Fiveoutof 10 participants have more than 60% of their cards showing they were watchingalone,upto92%inthecaseofMatyaand84%ofMarije,eventhoughtheybothstatedtheimportanceofwatchingTVwithfamily.OnlyLise,LizzyandRagnahadmostoftheircardslinkedtocollectivewatching(51%,75%and68%respectively)4.3.5Firstevidencesofinteractionflows
By grouping data by location, content, screen, provider and viewing time, wearrivedatfourcommoninteractionflowsamongthepre-testparticipants,eachwithaspecificelementasacentralpartoftheexperience.
InteractionFlow1Myfavouritecontent,nomatterwhere
In the diaries of Lore and Lise we identified a recurring programme: the soapopera‘Thuis’108.Amongthe20cards(6.5%)thatreferredtothechanneléén,morethan60%mentionedthiscontent.Thesetofcardsreferringtothatprogrammeallowsustoobserveaclearexampleofthemultiplewatchingpossibilitiesavailabletoday.
InFigure25,wecanrealisehowonespecificprogramme,dailyfollowedbyLore,guides her practices and based on this interest she combines different elements to
108AliteraltranslationfromDutchwouldbe‘Home’.
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watch the soap frequently every evening independently ofwhere she is (living room,studentbedroom,herroom)andusingthescreenthatwasavailable.
Figure25–ExampleofcardsrelatedtoInteractionFlow1
Source:Researchcollection.
The first card illustrates a more traditional way of watching, which is the
programmebeing broadcast live on the TV,with no need for an internet connection,watchedinthelivingroomatherparents’house.Inthesecondcard,althoughitisstilldoneinthelivingroomandontheTVscreen,theproviderchanges,sinceitisavideoavailable via the cable provider (Telenet), which offers on demand content fromchanneléénthroughitsownplatform.Inthethirdcase,thelocationisLore’sbedroominherstudents’house,andbecausethereisnoTVthere,thewatchinghappensonéén’sVoDplatform,onalaptopscreenthatwasconnectedtoWi-Fi.Lastly,wehavethefourthcardshapedsimilarlytothethird,usinga laptopandwatchingonline inthestudent’shouse, but the content accessed on the provider’s platform is live, which allowssimultaneous interactionswith other viewers that follow the content via TV or otheronlinedevices,asLoredoes.
The element time of the day never varies and all the cards reported watchingmomentsintheeveningsandlastedaround30minutes(eachepisodelasts25minutes).InthemostpartofthecardswhereLorewatched‘Thuis’,shewaswithcompany.
The recurrence of watching practices via devices connected to the internetidentifiedinthecardsofLoreandLiseisadirectoutcomeofthefactthatbothofthemdonothaveatraditionalTVsetintheirstudents’house.ThegirlsemphasisehowtheymisshavingaTVset,especiallyLore,whosaysthatifshehadoneinherbedroomatthestudent’sresidence,shewouldcertainlywatchmorelivecontentinsteadofondemand.Theparticipantreferredtoliveshowsthatsheusedtowatchwhenshelivedwithher
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parentsandthatshestoppedfollowingbecause it is ‘not thesameexperience’ (LORE,2017)towatchthemrecordedorondemand.InteractionFlow2Relaxinginthelivingroomatnight
This flow was identified in several diaries (Nadia, Karlien, Eline, Lizzy, Anne,Marije and one card ofMatya) and is characterised by the time that our participantswanttorelaxinthelivingroombywatchingsomethingontheTVscreen,whichcouldbeanormalTVset,aSmartTVoraconnectionbetweenTVandlaptop.Ingeneral,theTVisthescreentodedicateattentionto,butdependingonthecontentitcanalsoserveas a meeting point (Nadia, Karlien, Eline, Matya, Lizzy, Ragna and Marije) or asbackgroundcontentwhiledoingsomeotheractivity(Nadia,Karlien,LizzyandMarije).As inFlow1, thewatching situationshappenedmostly in company (parents,partner,friends). Most of them were during evenings or late-night periods, especially onweekends(includingFridayevenings).
Even though the screenand theplaceare the same (as in thepast), the contentvaries a lot, going from informative videos such as documentaries, to entertainmentsuchasepisodesofseries,movies,liveshowsandrealityortalentshows.
The content varied not only in genre but also in type. The largest share of thecards refers to on demand (Karlien, Eline, Matya and Lizzy) and recorded content(Karlien, Anne and Ragna). Live contentwasmentioned byNadia, Eline, Lizzy, Anne,RagnaandMarije.It isinterestingtopointoutthattheonlytwocardsreportingnewscontent(RagnawatchedCNNandNadia‘Hetjournaal’109onchanneléén)relatestothisflow,thefirstbeingliveandthesecondrecorded.In75%ofLizzy’scards,thesituationswereinthelivingroom,usingthelaptopconnectedbycabletotheTVscreenandbyairtoWi-Fi. The contentwas ondemandprovidedbyPopcornTime. Thiswas similar toKarlien,whohad54%ofhercardsreporting that shewatchedondemandcontent inthelivingroom,inhercasefromNetflixusingaSmartTVconnectedtoWi-Fi.
OurparticipantssometimesplanandbooktimetowatchsomethingthatisliveonTV,othertimestheypickamovieorseriesondemand,theyjustwatchwhatispassingonTV,ortheyselectsomethingtheyrecordedearlier.Thecriteriatoselectthecontentdepends on if they are alone or not, alwayswith the focus on being entertained andrelaxing.ThisevidencereferstowhatBarkhuus&Brown(2009,p.12)call“TVasthedefaulteveningentertainment”.Ontheotherhand,asindicatedbyAbreuetal.(2017),oneofthebiggestchallengesfortheon-demandplatformswaswhetherpeoplewould
engage themselves and invest time seeking for something to watch, instead of justturningontheTVandseeingwhatwasavailable,ashappenswithlinearTV.
On thecards thatmatch this flow,wenoticed thatouryoungparticipantseasilydealwithbothpossibilities.Theydonotmindmanagingtheresourcesthattheselectedcontentdemands (providerandconnection),but arealso still zapping (Nadia)or justwatching something that was on TV (Nadia, Karlien, Eline, Lizzy, Anne, Ragna andMarije).Inanycase,whatismostimportantistohavecompanytowatchsomethingoronlytakeadvantageoftheambiencecreatedbytheTV,whatBarkhuus&Brown(2009,p.14)called“viewingenvironment”.InteractionFlow3AnythingfromNetflixwhenI’mfree
For this flow timeof thedayalwaysvaries considering that themost importantthingfortheparticipantsistotakeadvantageofsomefreetimeandwatchsomethingfrom Netflix. This is similar to what Mcnally & Harrington (2017) identified as“downtime”and“takingabreak”scenarios.Themotivationsseemtobe:filltime,letthemind rest, relieve stress, avoid boredom or just relax. In contrast with the previousflows, here the practices are mostly alone, but we also identified cards where theparticipantswerewithfriendsorcolleagues.
Inthosesituations,thereisnotimetolookandselectsomethingnew.Thefocusistoquicklyoccupysomefreetime,whichismosteasilydonebyfollowingsomeknowncontent until the end of an episode, a season or a series. In this flow, the content ismostlyseriesfromdifferentgenresandthemesbutalwaysfromNetflixandforthemostpartrelatedtofictionalnarratives.
This flow usually happens on weekdays and during breaks fromclassrooms/studyingmomentsorafterfinishingactivitiesattheendoftheday.Wealsoidentifiedacaseof‘bingewatching’byLoreontheweekendsrelatedwiththisflow.
The screen usually is the one that the participants also use for work or studysituationsandwhichtheyhaveeasilyavailableatthattime,suchasthelaptoportablet.Ontheotherhand,thelocationmustbewheretheparticipantcanconcentrateandpayfull attention to the content, such as their student room but also their room at their
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parent’s home. Only in the case of Lise didwe find cards reporting the kitchen as alocationforthis flow.She isoneoftheparticipantswiththemostcardsfilledandherwatchingsituations–notonlyrelatedwithNetflix–occurredinmanylocations.
Themostcommoncombinationofelementswas:theparticipantswatchingserieson demand onNetflix, via a laptop connected to Wi-Fi, at the student room, mainlyalone. It represents 58.8%of Eline’s cards, 42.1%ofNadia, 38.1%ofAnne, 30.6%ofLise,25%ofLoreand16%ofLizzy. InteractionFlow4PassingthetimewatchingvideosonSocialMedia
In this flow the situations are always online because all of them are based oncontent watched through social media sites, especially YouTube, Facebook andInstagram.Despitethefactthateachplatformallowsdifferenttypesofinteractionsandwaystoviewandsharecontent,includinglivestreamingandself-producedcontent,weidentified inourstudysimilarwatchingsituationsbasedonvlogs,stories andrandomshort clips (educational material, music clips, animal clips, recipe clips, cartoons,memes,gifs, content produced by friends, others), launched on the timeline of socialmediasites.
Those caseswere apparent in the cards of seven participants (Lore, Lise, Eline,Matya,Anne,RagnaandMarije).Theyhappenmostlyduringafternoonsandeveningsandarealso relatedwith the scenariosof ‘takingabreak’, ‘first thing in themorning’and ‘just before going to sleep’ (McNALLY&HARRINGTON,2017). Those are shorteroccasions than what characterises Flow 3 and they are related to non-interruptedviewing and procrastination. The focus is on passing time, checking for updates andbeinginformed,orjustrelaxing.
This flow can be everywhere and during any activity.We identified cards fromparticipants watching random videos during class, while chatting or studying in theuniversity’s restaurant, in the kitchenwhile cooking and/or eating something, in thedoctor’swaitingroom,inthebus,inthetrainstation,whilewatchingsomethingelseonTV, during studying breaks, in the bedroom just lying on the bed/couch or in thebathroom.Thescreenalsovariessomewhatbetweensmartphoneandlaptop,especiallyregardingcontentfromYouTube.InthecaseofFacebookandInstagramallparticipantswereusingthesmartphone.
This flow represents a significant part of the cards collected, being 92.8% ofMatya’s cards,61.5%ofMarije,51.6%ofLise,48%ofRagnaand41.2%ofLore. It isimportant to remember that in this flowweare talking about free content,making it
AsTVusedtoprovideabackground forotheractivitiesandplayedtheroleofacompanionbeforesleepingandwhenwakingup,wenoticedthatthispracticehasbeenreshapedrecentlybytheuseofportablescreens,especiallythesmartphone,asitisnowoftenthefirstscreenviewedwhenwakingupandthelastonebeforesleeping.Similarto zapping from channel to channel on TV, we open social media sites, scroll forinteresting content andkeep looking for something towatchquickly, for a short or alongertime,itdoesnotmatterwhat.Weunderstandthatthisflowcouldbeconsideredanewwayofzapping throughondemandcontent, incontrast to the television lineargrid.4.3.6Maininsights
As observed in characterising the four interaction flows,these provideinsightsintotheviewingpracticesoftheparticipants,howtheycombinedifferentresourcesandwhattheirmotivationsareforthesepractices.Aspresented,flow1highlightssituationsinwhich content is themost important factor, whereasin flow 3 the provider is thecentral element. The flow 2 underlines the importance of social viewing and flow 4addressestheideaofspendingtime,all thewhiletakingintoaccountwhichprovidersgive access tothe content and what the social context of these practices is. Bypresentingtheresultsofourstudyusingfourinteractionflows,weofferedastructuredwayoflookingatandunderstandingthecombinationofbothnewandmoretraditionalvideowatchingpractices.
Although we worked with a very specific group of participants (young femaleuniversity students living in amid-sizedBelgian city), it is difficult to speculate as tohowresultsmightbedifferentifmaleparticipantshadbeeninvolved.Participationbythatgrouprevealedhowvideo-viewingpracticesaremotivatedbyarangeof reasonsthattranscendcontentpreferences,withthoseaspectsoftenrelatedtosexandage.
The possibilities of watching videos nowadays are so diverse that contentpreferences are one of the defining elements, but not necessarily the principal one.Althoughtheresultsofthepre-testarelinkedtothepreferencesofaparticulargender,wedonotconsiderthatitwasadeterminingfactoroftheinteractionflowsidentified.Moreover, aswedonotmake any claims regarding generalisability, our results showhowcurrentviewingpracticescanbeanalysedanddescribedusing interaction flows,whetherbymenorwomen,orevenbypeopleinotheragegroups.
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Inthischapterwereportedhowthemethodologicalstrategywasstructuredandwhat were the results of the pre-test developed in Belgian, involving 10 femaleparticipants. Aswehave seen, basedon thepre-test (Step6)wewere able: to verifyhow the methodological strategy is going to work from the point of view of dataconstruction with the participants – through diary and interview; to pre-test thesystematisationanddataanalysisprocesses;tomakethefirstanalysisofconsumptionpracticesof youngpeoplewhowere involved in the study; andalso tooperationalisetheconceptofinteractionflow,basedonthedescriptionoffourcasesidentifiedamongtheBelgiansparticipants.
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5 FIELDSTUDYANDDATAANALYSIS
InthischapterweexplainhowwerecruitedtheparticipantsinCametáandTavaresandhowthedatacollectionandanalysisprocesseswereconducted.Before that,however,we summarizehow, basedon thepre-test in Leuven,we reviewed and improved themethodologystrategyofthisdissertation.
5.1Adjustmentstothemethodologicalstrategy
Pre-testingourmethodologicalstrategywithyoungpeopleinLeuvenprovideduswith numerous insights. Besides verifying the functioning and the potential of theapproachestablishedtoinvestigatevideoconsumption,thatopportunityenabledustohavecontactwiththewaysinwhichparticipantscombinethetechnologicalresourcestheyhaveavailableandhowtheyestablishinteractionflows.
One of the methodological findings during Step 6 was that the printed andportablediaryformatattractedtheyoungpeople’sattention,sinceitdidnotdiverttheirattentionfromtheelectronicdevicestheynormallyuseforwatchingvideos.Itallowedrecordstobemadeusinganinstrumentthatwasnotpartofthemediauseroutinetowhichtheywereaccustomed.
Eventhoughthatwasnotthe focus,contactwithempiricaldata fromadifferentcontextthanwehaveinBrazilprovideduswithseveralinsightsregardingtheprocessof involvingBrazilian youngpeople and above all,what todo to recruit them for thestudy.
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Wealsoperceivedthatalthoughthefactthatwehadannouncedbeforehandthatthere would be a reward for participants, had been an important aspect duringrecruitment inBelgium, itwasnotdecisive factor for involvingyoungpeople in fillingout the diary and doing the interview during the pre-test. Some young people wereinterestedinparticipatingbecausetheywatchmanythings,andotherswantedtolearnmore about the methodological approach because they were taking undergraduatecourses in this area. Some participants also affirmed that they agreed to collaboratebecause thiswasastudycarriedoutbya foreignerand/orbecause itwas linkedtoadifferentrealitythantheirs,suchasregionsinthecountrysideofBrazil.
Itisclearthatthelevelsofmediausageamongthe10pre-testparticipantsweredifferent and that they are not necessarily related to the number of cards filled out.Instead,thedifferenceswerelinkedtothedegreeofdiversityinviewingpracticesthattheyoungpeoplerecordedviadiaryorinterview,aswellastheirreportsregardinghowfilling out the diary made them reflect on their activities. Below are some of thecommentsmadeduringtheinterviewsthatrevealthoseaspects:
It’sfunto,like,gettoknowmyselfalittlebitmore.Ihavetosay,I’msurprisedthattherearesomedaysthatIdon’thavecards(MATYA,2017).Ithinkwasfun.ItwasreallyinterestingtoseethatsomedaysIwaswatchingalotofdifferentthings,onotherdaysitwasnotthatmuch(RAGNA,2017).IthoughtitwasreallycooltoseehowmuchIactuallywatchedvideos.Andalso,Ijustthought itwasniceofmethatIhelpedsomeone[…].Because, Icanimaginethat must be difficult when you come from a different country and you wantpeople to participate in your study. I can imagine it would be difficult to findpeoplewhowanttodoit(LISE,2017).
For recruiting in Brazil, we decided not to announce the reward, although we
maintaineddeliveryof a voucher for a virtual store at the endof the research110.Webelievedarewardcouldbiasparticipationbytheyoungpeoplesince itwasanaspectthathadnotbeendecisivefortheBelgian/Dutchparticipants.Likewise,wewouldnothave felt at ease in inviting participation based on existence of a reward, because inBrazil we believe there are distinct perceptions regarding that type of incentive,especially in realities with fewer development conditions such as interiormunicipalities.Thatmightcauseembarrassmentbothforusasresearchersandfortheparticipant in relation topersons in the locationswhere they live and, thus skew therelationshipoftrustandrespectthatweareseekingtoestablishwithourinterviewees.
110Google Play gift card worth R$ 30 reais, that gives access to films, games, applications for use online ordownloading.
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Regardingthe interviews,however, thepre-testrevealedthat the timewouldbeinsufficient for thoroughly exploring all of the thematic lines of the interview withyoung people who had an above-average number of cards filled out (30 cards andupwards) or who dedicated much time to video consumption because that was apreference.Thus,althoughtheaveragedurationof interviewsduring thepre-testhadbeen49minutes,wedefinedthatinterviewsofatleast90minutesshouldbescheduledwithparticipantsduringthefieldstudy.
Thepre-testalsodealtwith theneed for: (i)expandingthe textof thecardwithfill-out instructions to avoid doubts about some of the fields contained in the formcards, e.g. should young people be in doubt regardingwhen tomarkmore than onescreenorwhatwouldbethecontentondemand,amongotherquestions;(ii)reinforceintheinstructiontexttheneedforfillingouttheprofilecardsearly,sincesomeofthepre-testparticipantshadnotnoticedthattheyhadnotfilledthemoutwhentheycamefor the interview; (iii) expand the number of fill-out example cards. To that end, wechosetogeneratethreecardsbasedonvideo-watchingsituationreportedbytheyoungpeople during exploratory research in 2016.We also searched beforehand regardingcontentbeingshowninBraziltomentioninthecards,suchastheGlobotelenovela, ‘Ooutroladodoparaíso’,shownduringprimetime.
Tomake those improvements,we first translated thediary intoPortuguese andthen made both the adjustments indicated by the pre-test and adapted some of theinformationcontainedinthecardstothecontextofthemunicipalitieswhereweweregoingtoperformthestudy.
(iv) Removedthe ‘recorded’contentoptionand its replacementby the ‘downloaded’content option, as well insertion of an explanation about each type of contentfoundontheinstructioncard;
(vii) Expandedthenumberoroptionsinsomeextraquestionsand/orreorderingandreformulating the texts to facilitate understanding from the perspective ofBrazilianyoungpeople;
(viii) Modifiedtheprofilecardcontentofinternetaccess.Besidesmodifyingthetext,wedecided to create a new card on frequency of internet access that included theoption of not having access, since that would be a possibility among Brazilianparticipants.Itimpliedanincreaseintheoverallnumberofcardscontainedinthediary.From
InFigure26weseethefirstmodificationsmadeincardcontentafterthepre-test.Besides themodifications in the form card, one can see howwe created some of theexamplesoffillingincards.
5.2Fieldstudy111The first field study we performed with the methodological strategy already
definedandpre-testedoccurred inMarch2018 inCametá, asprovided in theprojecttrainingcalendar.EventhoughduringthatperiodwewerelivinginLeuven112,wemadethechoicetocometoBrazilandtobeginfieldworkduringthefirstsemesterof2018.Thatinterestwasfurthermotivatedbyourinterestinsharingthefirstfindingsfromthefield in Brazil with our colleagues atMintlab, given the significant contribution theymadetowardsdevelopmentofourinvestigation,aswelltothefactthatthisthesisisadirectresultofthe‘Comparativematrix...’project,throughwhichwewereintouchwiththeBelgianresearchgroup.
Becauseof the limited timewewouldhaveon this trip toBrazil,wedecided tobegin work in the Pará municipality, because we saw that it would be the mostchallenging context for the exploratory research in2016, inboth logistical termsandfromthepointofviewofempiricalreality.
AswewillseeinthecontextualdatathatwillbepresentedinChapter7,Cametáand especially the Rio Furtados locality have more difficult internet access, incomparisonwith themunicipality of Tavares, in Rio Grande do Sul. And in our view,goingto thesitewherethere is less technologyaccessandavailabilityseemedagoodopportunity for observing how Brazilian participants would involve themselves withtheproposedmethodologyandhow itwouldworkwitha realitydifferent fromwhatwaspre-tested.
ThefieldstudyinCametáhappenedattwodistinctmoments:from11to13March2018wedidrecruitinganddeliveryofthediarystudymaterials;andfromthe21st tothe 25th of the same month, we returned to the municipality to interview theparticipants.
InthecaseofTavares,wechosetogotothemunicipalityasingletimeandremainthereduringtheperiodwhenparticipantswerefillingouttheirdiaries.Weconsideredthis a necessary step given the distancewe still hadwith that reality if compared toCametá,which,besidesbeinginourstateoforiginhasadynamicclosertowhatweareused to and had researched previously. Thus, our research activities in Tavares
ConsideringthelimitedtimewewouldhaveinBrazilforthisfirstfieldwork,earlyin February we began preparing and printing the material in Leuven, and renewingcontact via Facebook with some of the young people we had interviewed in theexploratory research. Among them, we note the contribution of a young womanidentifiedasAny113(seetableavailableatAppendix2).SheparticipatedveryintenselyduringourfirstvisittotheRioFurtadoscommunityandalreadyintheexploratoryfieldstudyshewasdecisiveintheprocessofinvolvingtheotheryoungpeopleinterviewed.TheyoungwomanclearlyhasaleadershippositionamonggirlsherageandcultivatesanextensivecircleoffriendsinboththecommunityandinCametá,aswellasbelongingtotheyouthgroupactiveintheparishoftheCatholicChurchinRioFurtados.
The first conversationwas via aFacebookMessenger audio call, duringwhichweexplainedthatweplannedtoreturntoCametáforasecondstepofresearchwithyoungpeople.Withoutgoingintothemeritsofthemethodology,wenotedonlythatthistimethestudywouldbelongerandwoulddemandacertaincommitmentfromfollowersinfollowingupthestudyuntiltheend.Tohelp,shesuggestedcreatingaWhatsAppgroup,includingustwoandtwootheryoungpeoplewemetintheexploratoryfieldstudy,onebeingGael114(see table onAppendix 2) and one of the participants of the discussiongroupheldattheMendaruçúchurch.
113Weattributedafictitiousnametoeachoneofourinterviewees.Forthat,weselectednamesalwaysstartingbythetwofirstlettersoftheoriginalnames.114Thisyoungpersonstoodoutbecauseofhisentrepreneurialprofile.Atthetimeoftheexploratoryfieldstudy,hereported hewas investing in setting up the infrastructure for receiving and distributing an internet signal in RioFurtados.WehighlightthatbecauseinternetwasinfactimplementedinthecommunitybyGaelanditwasbasedonservicesprovidedbyhimthatparticipantsinthefieldstudyin2018(Step8),haveaWi-FiconnectionandcableTVchannels,through“pirate”receptionsoldbythisparticipant.
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Withthegroupcreated–called‘Fernanda’sResearch’byAny–,weformalisedtheinvitationtothethreeyoungpeople,becauseallwereinthe18to24agegroup.Inthegroup conversation, names of possible participantswere brought up and to facilitaterecruitment, we defined a date so we could meet them together and explain thedynamicofthestudy.Wepreparedabrieftextexplaininghowthestudywouldworkforthe students to send to potential subjects, or, based on that information, makeinvitations personally. For that we adapted the text of the announcement used forrecruitingduringthemethodologypre-testinLeuven115.
Our focus with the contacts, as with the exploratory research, was on invitingthosewhowishedtoparticipateandhighlighttheopportunityforsharingexperiencesaboutlifeinthecommunity,whichseemedtoustoholdaspecialmeaningforthem.
Before heading to Cametá,wewere informed by theWhatsApp group that ninepeoplewere confirmed for the11Marchmeeting, sixwomenand threemen.On thatday we then left116by car from Belém around 8:00. heading for the municipality ofMocajuba, on the borderwith Cametá (Figure 29). Thatwas a recommendation fromAny, because Mocajuba is closer to Rio Furtados than the urban area of Cametá,municipalitytowhichthelocalitybelongs.
115The invitation textwas: ‘INVITATION!DoyouliketowatchTVprogrammes,films,footballgamesorvideosontheinternet?Doyouwatchthem,forexampleonthetelevisionathome,butalsoonYouTube,WhatsApporcableTV?Areyouage18to24and living inCametá?Thenwe inviteyoutoparticipate inadoctoralresearchprogrammethatwillhappeninCametáinMarch2018.Participationinthisresearchwillimply2mainactivities:-Useprintedmaterialthatwillbegiventoyou.Youshoulduseitfor10consecutivedays.Thismateriallookslikeacardgamewhereeachcardwillrepresentavideoviewingmoment.-Participate inan individual interviewwherewewill talkaboutwhatyouregisteredusing theprintedmaterial.Theinterviewwillbescheduledaccordingtotheavailabilityoftheparticipant.Todeliverthematerialandexplainallthedetailsofyourparticipation,weproposeameetingfor11/03at3PM.Thankyouforyourinterestinparticipating!’.116TheresearchinCametáhadthesupportoftheLaboratoryofExperimentationandResearchonMultimedia,attheNITAE2at UFPA, which provided a car, equipment and team to accompany us on the trip. Besides the twoworkcolleaguesfromtheLaboratory,MarcusLealandArleneCantão,wehadthepresenceandhelpofProf.NetíliaSilvadosAnjosSeixas,whousedthetriptocontinueherpost-doctoralstudiesforthe‘YoungPeopleandConsumption…’project(PROCAD).
Sou r c e: A dapted from original (I B G E , 20 16).
Figu re 2 9 - M ap w ith rou te u sed on th e B elé m - M oc aju ba tr ip
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Arriving inMocajuba (around 12:30), Any and her cousinWesley (see table on
Arriving in Cametá around 07:00, we took a taxi to Any’s house and later
accompanied her to work, where we found two more participants for the research.
ThroughcontactsusingWhatsApp,Anyandherolderbrother(Roger,seeAppendix2)118It isimportanttoregisterthatweactuallydeliveredthediarymaterialtoa17-yearoldwomanbeforeweknewher age. Since shewent to themeeting organised byAny,wewere embarrassed to ask for thematerial back andcancelherparticipation.Theyoungwomanthusfilledoutthediaryduringtheperiodprovidedandwasinterviewed,butthedatawerenotanalysed.
Oneofthestrategiesthatcontributedtotheinvolvementof the young people in Tavares, was the invitation fromCristovamforustoparticipateinhisradioprogrammerightonour first day of activities in the city, 20 August 2018. Hisprogramme is broadcasted live on Radio Tarumã FM andrecordedandtransmittedliveviaFacebookLive119.
Marcos, Stela and the female participant who gave up sent messages with
doubts (including audio recordings) or indicating they were enjoying doing the
research.
[18:39,20/8/2018]Stela:Ilovebeingpartofyourwork.124[14:33,21/8/2018]Marcos:Ok,it’seasyfillinginthecards,andlikeIsaiditwillbeapleasure tobepartof this research, thanksandseeyou later,hugsandhaveagreatday.125[14:01,21/8/2018]Alice:I’mevenanxioustoseeresultsintheend[14:02,21/8/2018]Alice:seewhatI’vebeenwatching.126
124Ourtranslationfromtheoriginal:‘Estouamandofazerpartedoseutrabalho’(STELA,2018).125Our translation from the original: ‘Ok, esta sendo tranquiloparapreencheras cartinhas,e como falei seráumprazerfazerpartedessapesquisa,obrigadoeatémais,abraçotenhaumótimodia’(MARCOS,2018).
152
Sincewehadnotdefined theplacewhere the interviewwould takeplace,we
committed to send them a message viaWhatsApp confirming the location for the
126Our translation from the original: ‘Atéeutôansiosaparaverofinaldoresultado.Everoqeuandoassistindo’(ALICE,2018).127Ourtranslationfromtheoriginal:‘Podedeixar,tásemprecomigoJ’(CAROL,2018).
153
After typing, we added a handwritten code to each card (Figure 39). For
129AccordingtotheIBGEclassification(2015a),housingfortheaforementionedhouseholdsmaybe:ownalreadypaidfor,ownbeingpaidfor,rented,ceded,orother(thatdoesnot fit intotheconditionscited,suchascasesofinvasion).130The total populations of the Southern andNorthernRegions – considering the numbers of the PNAD – are,respectively,29,036.620and17,232.190,sothatthepercentageofdigitallyexcludedindividualscorrespondstoapproximately36.2%intheSouthand52.6%intheNorth.Inthepopulationestimatefor2018(IBGECIDADES,2018)thenumbersare:29,422.507(South),and17,659.399(North).
131In the case of North, the only Metropolitan Region considered in detailing results from PNAD 2014 (IBGE,2015a)wasBelém,whereasintheSouth,theRMsofPortoAlegreandCuritibafactoredintothedetailing.
WefoundthatthemeansmostusedforInternetaccessweremobiletelephonesand desktop-type microcomputers, respectively present in 80.4% and 76.6% ofBrazilianhouseholds.Nextcometabletsasthemeansofaccessfor21.9%ofhomesinthecountry.
Regarding themost used device, it is worth noting that in the North, mobilephonesachievedlevelsofuseabovethenationalaverage,eveninruralareas.Whilein the South, Internet access via mobile phone was the reality for 73.7% ofhouseholds–74.9%inurbanareasand58%inruralzones–,intheNorth,92.5%ofhomes connected using mobile telephone – 93% in cities and 84,4% in thecountryside.ThedifferencesarehighlightedwhenwecomparetheaccessnumberinParáandBelémRMwith thepercentagesachievedbyRioGrandedoSulandPortoAlegreRM.InParáandtheBelémRM,connectionviacell-phonerespectively,95.3%and 95.8%. In the case of the South, that type of connection was lower than thenationalaverageinbothRS(73.1%)andPortoAlegreRM(77,2%).
Unlike the data from CGi.br (2015), Internet access done by desktop-typemicrocomputerwasthereality,accordingtothePNAD2014(IBGE,2015a),for76.6%ofhouseholds inBrazil,andof that total,77.6%were located incities,while56.7%wereinruralareas.IntheSouthregion,accessviadesktopwasevengreater,presentin83.2%ofhouseholdsintheregion,84%incitiesand72,6%inruralareas,andin79.8% of gaúchohomes and 80.3% in Porto Alegre homes.Whenwe include datafrom the North, the national averages drops by more than 20 percentage points.Internetaccessbydesktopcomputeroccurs forslightlyoverhalf thehouseholds intheregion,50.9%inurbanareasand43,9%inruralones.InParáthenumberswereevenlower:40.6%forthestateand48%intheRM.
Wemay observe that, in the South, the use of different supports for Internetaccess was more balanced that in the North. Mobile phones, for example, as atechnology much more accessible to the lower income population, were the onlyconnectingdevicefor47.6%ofNorthernhomes,equivalenttoalmosthalftheregion’spopulation(49,1%),asseeninTable13.InParáandtheBelémRM,thosepercentagesroseto57.4%and50.1%,respectively.Meanwhile,insouthernBrazil,only15.1%ofhouseholdsusedonlymobilephonestoconnecttotheInternet.
In termsof supports used for connection, one shouldnote thepercentages oftabletuse,whichintheNorthandPará,wererespectively,12%and10.2%,andintheSouthandRioGrandedoSul,were21.1%and20.8%.EvenintheRMsmakinguptheresearchuniversity,thedifferenceintabletownershipwassignificant,25.1%inPortoAlegreagainst12.5%inBelém.Inpopulationterms,tabletusewasstillrestrictedtoslightlymore than20%of Southern residents South and a littlemore than10%ofNorthernresidents.
WealsonotethatinthelastPNAD2014report(IBGE,2015a),informationwassurveyedrelatedtoInternetaccessviaTVdevicesthatarereducedintermsofSmartTVsorconnectedTVsinBrazilianhouseholds,presentinonly4.9%ofhomes.IntheNorth, the percentage was lower than the national average, with only 1.6% ofhouseholds, equivalent to 1.6% of the regional population. As for the South, itspercentageat6.1%wasabovethenationalaverage,equivalentto5.9%oftheregion’sresidents.Thatmeans that, in2014, of the120millionBrazilians connectedonly5millionhadInternetaccessviaTVdevices,which,asisknown,stillinvolvehighcoststodayandrequireInternetconnectionviafixedandcabledbroadband.
IfweapproximatethenumberofBrazilianswhoin2014wereNetflixuserswithSmart TV users, the numbers seem to have a clear convergence. Up to December2015, at least 2,2million Brazilians had accounts and consumed video on demandusingNetflix.
134According toNetflix recommendations, for example, to access the platform’s content one needs at least 0.5megabitspersecondofbroadbandconnectionspeed(NETFLIX,accesson28Jun.2016).Foritspart,GloboPlayrecommendsthat ‘accessoccurataminimumspeedof2Mbps’(GLOBOPLAY,accesson28Jun.2016).Duringarecent access to the platform page,we noticed that they provide a resource called ‘Speed Test’ for testing theuser’sconnectionspeedaccess(https://fast.with/).
162
In lightof theforegoing, it iscrucial forustoobservethedataonthetypesofconnection available inBrazilian householdswith Internet access (IBGE, 2015a)135,presentedinTables14and15.
135In the mapping made by IBGE, means for connecting via fixed broadband are considered to be: DSL,subscriptioncable television, fibreopticcable, satelliteandradio.Technologies foraccessingmobilebroadbandare3Gand4G(IBGE,accesson21Jun.2016).
Using the Tables, one may observe that nationwide, the most used type ofconnectioninBrazilianhouseholdswasfixedbroadband(71.9%),followedbymobilebroadband,used in62.8%ofhomes.However,whenwedistinguishthehouseholdslocated in urban centres from those in rural areas, that realitywas quite different.While73%ofurbanhomeshadInternetaccessvia fixedbroadband,62.8%utilisedmobile broadband. As for rural areas, most households (62.9%) had mobile-typeconnections,whileonly49%hadfixedbroadband.
ComparingtheNorthandSouthregions,thetypesofconnectionalsovaried.IntheNorth,accessinhouseholdswasmostlyviamobileInternet(presentin84.2%ofNorthern homes, with 84.8% in urban areas and 75.4% in rural ones) in place ofaccessviafixedbroadband(presentin42.5%ofhomesintheregion,43.1%inurbanareasand32.1%inruralareas).AsfortheSouth,themostcommonconnectionwasfixedbroadband,presentin76.8%ofhouseholds(77.9%forurbanand62,2%rural),followedbymobilebroadband,availablein51.1%ofhomesintheregion(51,5%forurbanand46.2%forrural).
Comparing the data for states and RMs, the types of connection followed thesamelogicofInternetaccessataregionallevel.InParáandintheBelémRM,themostcommonconnection inhouseholdswasmobile,present in almost90%ofhomes inboth cases, while only 32.4% and 43.7% of households in the State and the RM,respectively,hadbroadband.AsforRSandthePortoAlegreRM,themainaccesswasby fixed broadband (69.8% in the State and 71.1% in the RM),whilemobile bandaccessreached58.3%intheStateand62.6%intheRM.
That notable difference justified the percentage of 35.5% of Brazilianmunicipalitiesthathadbroadband,bothfixedandmobile.ThatmeansthatwellunderhalfofBrazilians,only35.1%,hadbothtypesofInternetaccessathome.IntheNorthandinPará,thepercentageofresidentshavingbothtypesofconnectionathomewas26.9%and21.7%,and intheSouthandRS, theratewasslightlymorethan28%inboth.ObservingtheBelémandPortoAlegreRMs,therealitiesareclose,since33.2%ofresidentsofGreaterBelémand34.7%of those inGreaterPortoAlegrehad fixedandmobilebroadband.
When we observed data from households that had only mobile broadbandInternetintheuniverseresearch,NorthandSouthagainmovedapart.Morethan¼ofBrazilianhomesconnectedin2014,equivalentto27.6%ofthepopulation,accordingtoTable15,hadonlymobile-typeconnection.IntheNorth,thepercentageofpersonswho had only that option for accesswas 56.6%,with 67.8%of Pará residents and
Considering digital signal reception in urban and rural areas separately, theaccesspercentagesrespectivelycovered43.5%and15.7%ofBrazilianhouseholds,asdetailedbyregioninTables16and17.Thatmeansthateveninurbancentresinthecountry,theDigitalTVsignalreachedhalformoreofthehouseholds.
Another finding that corroborated this closeness between the extremeswas the
percentageofruralhouseholdsthathadonlytubetelevisionsetsintheNorthandSouthof Brazil, respectively, 70.2% of northern homes and 64.5% of southern homes. The
137Considering the access data for the FederalDistrict,with 62.6%of homes havingDigital TV, it is possible thatBrasíliahasapercentagehigherthanthePOA;however,thedataprovidedinthePNAD2014donotconsideranyRMintheDF.
an Online Questionnaire applied nationwide138. Among the more than six thousand
valid respondents, YouTube was already one of the most accessed environments byyoungBraziliansin2014and2015,whetherusingcell-phoneswithInternetaccess,or
Among the motivations for accessing YouTube, according to Brazil ConnectedNetwork(2014),were:watchingmusic/bandvideos(87.6%);watchingamusingvideos
(58.9%), watching content related to TV programmes (38.9%); watching TV
138‘Online questionnaire provided to young people throughout the country, whose questions came from resultsobtainedinpriorstepsoftheresearch’.Thefocuswasonmappingpracticesofyoungpeopleusing31questions(sixof themopen). Thiswas fully discussedwith the state teamsduring ameetingheld inBrasília inDecember2013(JACKSetal.,2015,p.14).
Chapter1, this isamediaconvergence scenario,andthusoneofnewcompetences forsubjectstouseandappropriatetechnologicalapparatusesforvideoconsumption.
6.4Reconfigurationofvideoconsumption
Amongthecharacteristicsofthemediaconvergence(JENKINS,2009),isthefadingof ‘boundaries’ between the media apparatuses and thus, of their forms for content
production, availability and enjoyment. For professionals and researchers in the
Communication area, even thoughquite favourable, that scenariopresents challenges
In our view, there is still a certain unawareness of the new technological
possibilities for exhibition, interaction and consumption of the audio-visual content
available on themarket. Even though they are convergent, all of those technological
resources, and the communicative interactions delineated in the production andconsumptionenvironment,aredifferentfromeachotherandtheirparticularitiesmust
beconsideredandunderstood.
IntheBrazilianSystemofDigitalTerrestrialTelevision(ISDB-T), for instance, in
143Among the federal government initiatives connected to digital inclusion in Brazil is the 2003 creation of theInternetManagementCommitteeinBrazil(CGI.br),whosedutiesincluded‘establishingstrategicguidelinesrelatedtoInternet use and development in Brazil and proposing research and development programmes related to theInternet’,ashasbeendonewiththeCentreforInformationandCoordinationofPontoBR(Nic.br)anditsdifferentdepartments:Cetic.br,Cert.br,Cepro.br,Ceweb.br,Registro.br,Ptt.br, etc. (CGI.br,2003).Among the initiatives,wenote theNationalBroadbandPlanand theactions for taxexemptionon smartphones, aswell as implantationof aBrazilianinteractiveDigitalTVsystemthat,albeitnotdirectlylinkedtoCGI,isundoubtedlylinkedtodistinctpublicpoliciesoftheBraziliangovernment,directedtowardsdigitalinclusionforthepopulation.144Themostrecentgroupingofmunicipalitiesthathadorwillhavetheirsignalswitched-offbytheendof2018isavailableatMinisterialRulingno.378of26May2017.Bytheendof2018, itwasexpectedthat1,100wouldhavetheirsignalswitchedoff,includingcapitalsandsomeinteriorcitiesinthestateofParáandRioGrandedoSul.Overall,
173
off was done in 2016 beginning with a pilot project in the state of Goiás.
Slightly earlier, in 2015, government actions were approved for free
distributionof low-costdigitalconvertersforfamiliesregisteredwithBolsaFamília 145 , already including a specific version of Ginga, and withgovernment apps and other public initiatives tasked with providing
basedon televisedcontent147, later followedupby themainBrazilian free-
to-airnetwork,asnotedinChapter1,usingOBITELdata.
(III) Marketingof‘ready’andclosedtelevisiondevicesknownasSmartTVsfrom major manufacturers from the audio-visual sector, such as LG,
Samsung, Sony, Toshiba, etc. In a simplified explanation, those devices
consist of computers in TV format,which organise their content using the
logic of applications, as happens with smartphones. They have a large
67million inhabitants (32%of theBrazilianpopulation)wouldbe impacted. In2017, the switch-off encompassed191ofthelargercentres,thus58.3millioninhabitantswereimpacted(28.2%ofBrazil’spopulation)(LEAL,2018).145Federalgovernmentprogrammefocusedonfamiliesinsituationsofpovertyandextremepoverty,withpercapitamonthlyincomeofuptoR$154.146DecisionoftheForumfortheBrazilianTerrestrialDigitalTVsystem,thatbringstogetherrepresentativesofthebroadcastingsector,equipmentmanufacturersandscholars.147Thatisthecasewiththe‘BateBola’debateprogrammeoftheESPNBrazilnetworkthatfeaturesinteractionwithviewers using specific #hashtags, one for each of the programme’s three daily editions (#BateBolaBomDia;#BateBolaDebate;#BateBolaNaVeia).Theprogrammeviewer’scontentcomeinliveduringtheprogrammethroughacallanddirectreadingbythepresentersorthroughavideographicresourceonthescreenduringthedurationoftheprogrammesothattweetscanappearlive.Oneshouldnotethatthefollow-upwaspossiblebecauseofthedialogueofour doctoral researchwith the Final Course Paper and scientific initiation of Antonio Edson Alcântara Bastos, anundergraduatestudent inSocialCommunications–PublicityandAdvertisingatFACOM-UFPA,whoresearchedthesecondscreenandwhoseempiricalfocuswasontheESPNBrazilexperienceswithinteractivity.
such asNetflix and YouTube; surf the internet as if using a computer (viabrowser148);(iii)usesocialnetworkappssuchasFacebook,Twitter,etc.;(iv)use specific cables to connect the television set to other devices for
exchanging various files (music, photos, videos, etc.); and also (iv) receive
televisionbroadcast signals via aUHFdigital signal antenna, the sameone
used in analogue devices that have an ISDB-T digital converter149. Those
devices, albeitmore expensive, have shared and even competed for space
with the thin-screen TVsmanufacturedwith the embedded ISDB-T digital
148Internetnavigator.149ThoseTVdevicesdonotnecessarilycomewithatuner(apartthatcapturesanddecodifiesthebroadcastsignal)forISDB-Texactlybecausetheyweremanufacturedforuniversalperformance.150Regarding connected TVs,Miller (2014, p. 83) comments: ‘Our brilliant and new flat-screen televisions will bedethroned if the new generation of Sony, Samsung, LG, Toshiba, Sharp and Panasonic with film streaming andYahoo!/Intelwidgetsforconnectingtotheinternetwithinformationonweatherandfinances’.151Itisnotinthescopeofthispaper,butitiscrucialtoalsoconsidertheaspectsrelatedtoregulatingtheproduction,provisionandconsumptionoftelevisioncontentviastreamingservices,examinedbyMassarolo&Mesquita(2016).
houses. Additionally, in a scenario ofmediaconvergence, it was notable that in ruralareas of the North and South, not even free-to-air TV had achieved coverage of the
better viewof the country and the society” to the study, thus enablingone to “better
understand their interactions with the screens”153. Thus, this chapter contributed in
presentinganoverviewofdata for themacrosocial scenarioof technologyownership
and internet access inBrazil and the studied localities intowhichwewould immerse
ourselves,qualitatively,inthenextstep.
152PracticesobservedinfieldstudyreportedinMiranda(2010),Rodrigues(2012)andMalcheretal.(2012,2016a,inpress).153Our translation from the original excerpts: “una mejor visión del país y de la sociedad”; “entender mejor susinteraccionesconlaspantallas”(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011,p.384).
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7 POINTSOFREFERENCEINTHECOUNTRYSIDEOFBRAZIL
In the process of approximating the empirical realities selected for the study, it was
necessary to have beforehand a contextualised notion of the places where we were
going.We thus performed a survey of context data on the twomunicipalities, which
RegionandCametá154ImmediateGeographicRegion. It is located147kilometres in a
154In2017, IBGE launchedanewlayout forBraziliangeographicalregions,giventhat the territorialdivisionof thecommunityhasbecomemorecomplexinrecentyearsandhasdemandednewformsforreadinggeographicalspacesandabovealltheflows/relationsbetweenthemunicipalities.WhatwerepreviouslycalledGeographicMesoregionsandMicroregions,arenowrespectivelyidentifiedasIntermediateandImmediateGeographicRegions.InthecaseofCametá, itbelongs to the IntermediateGeographicalRegionofBelémand is thecoremunicipalityof its ImmediateGeographicalRegion.Itshouldbenotedthatthisdoesnotalterthepolitical-administrativedivisionoftheterritoryintomunicipalities,FederationUnitsandMajorRegions;thenewdivisionisbasedonanewproposalforageographicreadingof the spaces, that is ‘delineatedby thedynamicsof transformationprocesses thathave recentlyoccurred
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straight line fromBelém, capitalof theStateofPará,but tripsbetween the twocities
andisoperationalisedfromelementssuchasurbannetworkandmanagementflows,amongothers’(IBGE,2017,p.18).155In the case of Cametá, these are riverbank, extractivist, quilombola and farming communities that live incommunitiesthataresometimescloseandothertimesquitedistantfromtheurbancentre,whichisaccessedbylandorriverroute(MALCHERetal,2017).
food stand out, and total 61.84%. Activities such as agriculture, ranching, forest
production, fishing and agriculture, extractive industries, transformation industries,
electricity and gas, water, sewerage, waste management and decontamination
158InBrazilthatisstillaseriousproblemandisrelatedtotheprecariousnessofpublichealth.AccordingtodatafromthePNADContínua2017(IBGE,2018b),‘only66%ofBrazilianhouseholdsareconnectedtothegeneralnetworkoraseptictankconnectedtoanetwork’(PARADELLA,2018).159WorkontheUHETucuruíDambeganon24November1975,duringthemilitaryregimeinBrazilandthedamwasofficially inaugurated on 22 November 1984. The objective was to produce electricity for the Greater CarajásProgramme[...],andtherewasalsotheintentiontointegratetheAmazontotherestofBrazil.Itshouldbenotedthatthe implementation ofmajor projects in the Amazonwas the result of a policy for integrating that vast territory,developedandsupportedbytheFederalGovernment.Forthegovernment,electricitywasstrategicanddecisiveforland occupation. One should also note that implantation of those projects, such as the hydroelectric complex,encouragedthemigrationofpopulationgroupsfromotherregionsinsearchofbetterlivingconditions(SILVA,2013,p.48).Despitetheobjectivesestablished,theelectricityproducedbythedamdidnotnecessarilysurroundallthosearoundit,especiallythosewhoselivesweredirectlyaffectedbytheenvironmentalimpactscausedbyconstructionofthedam.ItsupplieslargemetropolessuchasSãoPaulo,butdoesnotservethecommunitiesthatliveonthebanksoftheriverthathaditsflowpatternsaltered.EvidencefromunderdevelopedcountriessuchasBrazil,indicatethatsuchdevelopmentprojectsarebegunbutnorconcludedand/ordiscontinueddue toproblemsranging fromcorruptionanddiversionoffundsorbecausefromtheoutsettheignoretheneedforservingpoorerpopulationgroupsandthoselivinginremoteareasofthecountry.160Amounts that if calculated inEuros (exchange rate for 20November2018, ofR$4.28 to1.00€) correspond toapproximately88,692.99€(GDP)and565.71€(GDPpercapita).
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accounted for only 4.22% of the Cametá economy. The most important agricultural
In relation to the media situation, according to information from theDonosdaMídiasite(MediaOwners),in2015,CametámunicipalityhastwotelevisionstationsTV(TV Cametá161and TV Tocantina162) and two radio stations (Cametá FM163and Radio
Tocantins AM164). The percentage of technology ownership in the households varies
161AffiliatedwiththeRecordTVnetworkandmaintainedbytheValeCommunicationsSystem,oneofthecompaniesof broadcaster José Adão Costa, who has accumulated 22 TV re-transmitters distributed throughout the state(LOBATO, 2016). The station is not part of the Mass Communication Services Information System (Siscom),maintainedby theNationalTelecommunicationsAgency (ANATEL). It is also important tonote that, evenas a re-transmitter, because it is located in the Legal Amazon, it is authorised to produce up to 210 minutes of localprogrammingperday,accordingtoAdministrativeRulingn.93,19July1989oftheMinistryofCommunications.162Affiliated with the BandTV network and belonging to the Cametá Municipal Government. Because of thepreviouslycitedlegislation,thattypeofassociationbetweenthepublicandprivatesectorsendsupbeingcommon,sinceTVconcessionairesoutsourcetheircommercialactivities,thuschangingthepurposeforwhichthatbandsignalwasauthorisedtofunction.163CommercialstationmaintainedbytheMiracatuRadioBroadcastingCompany.164CommercialstationmaintainedbytheRadioTocantinscompany.
As explained in previous discussions (MIRANDA, 2013; MIRANDA etal., 2015),duetothediscontinuousandconsideredlateprocessofurbanisationinmanylocations
in the North region of Brazil, the lifestyles of the subjects are the result of
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hybridisations165between livelihoodpractices in the forest and the city, the rural andthe urban, since these are not clearly separated. City life in a municipality such as
Cametá does not mean breaking ties with rural life, nor ending the relationship of
supportmaintainedwithit166.
Additionally, as the result in investments by theBrazilian government in public
In light of this hybridisedrelation, besides the Cametá urban area, we chose tobettergettoknowoneof itsrural localities,calledSãoRaimundodeFurtados, forthe
thepopulationdeRioFurtados in2016wasapproximately438persons,whowere in
165WeusetheperspectiveofGarcía-Canclini,whochosetousethetermhybridisationinsteadofhybridtorefertothesociocultural processes in Latin America, since the latter term comes from biology and refers to an integrationimmune to conflicts and based on homogenisation. For García-Canclini (2003, p. XIX), hybridisation ‘is notsynonymous with fusion without contradictions, but insteadmay help to account for particular forms of conflictgeneratedintherecentinterculturalityamidstthedecadenceofnationalmodernisationprojectsinLatinAmerica’.‘Iunderstandhybridisationas socioculturalprocesses inwhichdiscrete structuresorpractice [inotherwords,non-pure‘sources’arisingfromprevioushybridisationprocesses],whichexistedinaseparateform,combinetogeneratenew structures, objects and practices’ (GARCÍA-CANCLINI, 2003, p. XIX). ‘In such a fluidly interconnected world,solidification of identities organised intomore or less stable historical assemblages (ethnicities, nations, classes) arerestructuredintointer-ethnic,trans-classistandtransnationalassemblages.Thediversemannersinwhichthemembersofeachgroupappropriateheterogenousrepertoiresofgoodsandmessagesavailableintransnationalcircuitsgeneratenewmodesofsegmentation’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2003,p.XXIII).166Even though we recognise the contribution of the concept of ‘rurban’ (CIMADEVILLA, 2010; GALIMBERTI &CIMADEVILLA,2016),wedonotconsideritrelevanttodiscussinthescopeofthisdissertation,consideringthat itinvolvesnewprocessesofinterpenetrationbetweenurbanandrural,butnowlinkedtotheruralisationoftheurban.Thisaspectwasnotidentifiedinthemunicipalitieswestudied.167Asoneof themajorprogrammes for fightingpoverty in theworld, in2015,BolsaFamíliaprovidedanaveragemonthly benefit of R$ 176.00, equivalent to approximately 41€ (exchange for 20 November 2018, of R$ 4.28 to1.00€),withthelowestlevelbeingR$35.00permonth,equivalenttoapproximately8,17€.
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110 families distributed in 72 houses. In Figure 41, one may visualise part of the
community and the layout of the houses, always located alongside the river and
children and young people from it and other surrounding localities, including the
neighbouring municipality, Mocajuba. In the community, more specifically in the
barracão168(on the left side of the Church that appears in Figure 42), classes inSecondaryEducationareoffered,from1stto3rd,providedbyvisitingteacherslinkedto
168An open and generally covered buildingmaintained by the community for various activities, such as religiousfestivalsand/orsocialeventsforcommunitymembers.Asacommonareaforresidents,itisusuallylocatedclosetothechurchandcommunityschool.
169Duringtheexploratoryfieldstudy(Step2)wevisitedtheconstructionofthenewchurchthatwasbeingbuiltbythe residents themselves.During the field research (Step9),weparticipated in a religious celebration in the newbuilding.
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the few that areavailableare sold to the cold-storageplantsoperating in theCametá
–Any’sgrandfather:Now,Isaylikethis,whydidthissystemsomehere?For,fornaturetobecrushed.Becausethesepeoplewhocame,theycamegreedy.Ifafishappearshere,theywanttowipeitout.–Any’s grandmother:Theydon’t catch fish just for subsistence, or to sell, likealittle. That catch themuntil theywipe themout.When there are none left, theydon’tcomeback.–Any’sgrandfather:Theshrimp,whyaretheyafterthemeverynight?Theymaybehere,maybearesourcetouse,buttheywanttocatchshrimpeveryday.Thereisaladydownriver,mycomadre,somedaysshehastogo, liketoday,toCametá,she,shedoesn’tgotothechurchservice,buttogogetthematapi171,gettheaçaí,shehastodoitallatthesametime.Andbackthen[beforethedam]itwasn’tlikewehavetodonow(AVÓSDEANY,2016).
resistancemovement among residents,made up of community leaders fromTucuruí,
Baião,Mocajuba,Cametá,Limoeiro,OeirasandIgarapé-Miri(MALCHERetal.,2016b,inpress). They demanded the services promised by construction of the dam. However,
170It is importanttohighlighttheroleof theCametáFisherCooperative,which inacertainsense,alongwithstateand federal agencies regulates fishing in themunicipality, even thoughmany cooperativemembers no longer fishbecauseofthelackoffish.171Handmadetrapusedinshrimpfishing.172In2012, forexample,Silva(2013)verified therealityofresidentsofan islandcalledCajarezinha formed in theTucuruíHydroelectricReservoir;although itwas in theareacoveredby thedam, itshouses lackedelectricity,andthususedgeneratorsandautomobilebatteries,reproducing,inanenvironmentbornfromhumaninterferencewithnature,lifestylepracticesoftraditionalpopulationssuchastheso-calledribeirinhos(riverbankdwellers).
187
themselves, who collectively or individually ran generators supplied with diesel oil.
Thesewereturnedonatspecific times,usuallyatnight,oraccordingtotheneeds for
In Gael’s own evaluation at the time, internet would help the community
considerably:
[…] Itwillhelpa lot.To, like,communicate,becausesometimeshere, insidetheriver[inthecommunity],communicationiscomplicated.Because,ah,sometimesIwanttocall[Anyoriginalname]’shouse,sometimesIcan’t.Theoperatordoesn’thelp.So,withinternet,itgetseasier.Butthereistheotherangle,thatsinceIhave,I’vebeenforalongtime,foralongtime,no,foraboutthreeyearswithinternet,Iknowthat,atthebeginning,manypeople,likeItold,willtakeadvantage,willjustsit there, won’t leave the house. I have friends who tell me: ‘Oh [Gael originalname],whenIgethome,I’ll juststayinmyroom,sendingmessagesorwatchingother things.And Ihaveacousinwho, shespentsome time, is, like, IalsoknowpersonsfromCametá,friendsofminewhoareaddicts,letussay.Wholivebycellphone. So I think it is also [...] that apersonhas tobe careful,not todisconnecttotallyfromtheworld(GAEL,2016,emphasisours).
Fora longtime. I thinkthat,as I toldyou, theysay ‘Oh,we liveat theendof theworld’.Thathasnotappliedtousforalongtime.Ithink,likeIsaid,wehavebeenprepared tohave internet fora long time.Andmostpeopleneed it. Justadd thefinancialissue[...]inmanyplacesitwillbecomplicatedbecauseof[...]theforest,
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that complicates the signal. Butwewill dowhatwe can [...] to bring that signalhere(GAEL,2016).
According to the young people participating in the second step of research
(Methodological Step 9), the internet service planned by Gael was implemented and
installed in many community residences. And as we will see through many of their
by Gael’s antenna) that will enable synchronous communications in the community,
largely through theuseof applications suchasWhatsApp that allowvoice contactviainternet,asweidentifiedinthefirstexploratoryvisitandintherecentfieldresearch.
One should note that in both Cametá and Rio Furtados, there were recurring
reports by young people regarding the public safety problem in the locationswhere
onions and rice (paddy), which involves 700 families (around 2,100 persons)
(MARQUESetal.,2018).Thereisalsosmall-scaleshrimpfishingundertakenbyslightlymore than 100 residents authorised to develop activities in Lagoa do Peixe National
residents interviewedduring the exploratory field research in 2016, Tavares is not a
favourablemunicipality for young people to remain in. According to a teacher at the
175Thisconservationunitwasdemarcatedin1986byDecreen.93.546,withanareade36,721.71hectaresextendingthroughaconsiderableportionof the territoryofMostardaandTavaresmunicipalities. Involvingacoastalmarinebiome,creationoftheparkwasameasureforpreservingmigratorybirdsandotherspeciesoffaunaandfloraintheregion.PreviouslyadministeredbyIBAMA,aswereotherFederalConservationUnits,LagoadoPeixeNationalParkhasbeenmanagedsince2007bytheChicoMendesInstituteforBiodiversityConservation(ICMBio),anagencyundertheMinistryoftheEnvironment(MMA)(PARQUE,2018).176Amountsthatcalculatedineuros(exchangeon20November2018ofR$4.28to1.00€)wouldbeapproximately17,505,499.53€(GDP)and3,151.87€(GDPpercapita).
I talkedwith some former students, that feeling: ‘I graduated from3rd year andnow,isitover?!’.WhattheYoungpersoninthecapitalisstarting,regardlessofhisincome,[that`s]nolimit.Becauseweknowthattoday,‘I’mlowincome,I’mgoingtotaketheENEM...There’sanincentiveforhimto[gotouniversity].Ours[i.e.inTavares] is kind of lost, the father can’t sendhimoff to study, to pay rent for ahouse,sothat limitsthings.First,we’rehere,theyoungmandoesn’tknowmuchand to leave like that. Of course,when there are relatives in the city it’s easier,which was what happened to me, but when there isn’t, we know that only aminoritywilltryitonawingandaprayer.‘No,I’mgoingtotaketheENEM,Iwillgohome tobea student’.That’s aminority. It canhappen,butwehave tokeepafter them, right? [...] The young person here, he has no perspective foremployment, he has no perspective for advancing with studies, he has noperspective for leisure (PROFESSORA DA EEEM EDGARDO PEREIRA VELHO,2016).
deCavalhadas,ofAzoreanorigin,andtheEnsaiodePagamentodePromessas,ofAfricanorigin (PREFEITURA, 2018). Annually the municipality holds the Shrimp and Onion
96.5% of houses. Telephone landlines were found in very few Tavares households,
11.1%intheurbanareaand less than1%intherural.Thepercentagewithaccessto
microcomputers had reached 25.9% in the city and 14.4% in rural areas. Of those,
21.3% of city households with computers had internet access compared to 8.7% of
housesinthecountryside.
178OneshouldnotethatinourtwotripstothemunicipalitywestayedatahotelindowntownTavares,whosemainclientelearetouristswishingtoseethelagoons,and/ormakeexpeditionsinthepreservedareastowatchbirdsandviewothernaturalresources intheregion.Theprofile isadventuretourism,necessarilyconductedbyappropriatevehicles such as Jeeps, since the areas can flood and access is by sometimes impassable dirt roads. The beachesthemselves attract few bathers, except for during the summer, sincemost of the time thewater is very cold andchoppy.Furthermore,aconsiderableportionofthebeachfrontareasarepartoftheparkpreservationmanagedbyICMBio.179AcomercialradiomaintainedbytheSociedadeTavarensedeComunicaçãoLtda.TheradioisassociatedwiththeGaúchaAssociationofRadioandTelevisionBroadcasters(AGERT).180MaintainedbytheFriendsofTavaresCommunityandCulturalAssociation.
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It is interesting to point out that evenwith the visible difference in technology
minutesawaybycar,even though theroadsareunpavedand, insomecases,become
impassable in badweather. Thus, even though living conditions involving precarious
services and clear marks of Brazilian underdevelopment make Tavares and Cametá
181This is the closed season when fishing activities are banned or controlled. It is defined according to thereproductiveperiodoftheanimalswithaviewtopreservingspecies.182AccordingtotheZeroHoranewspaper(2018,p.19), ‘duringtheregistrationperiod,thechildrenweresmall,sothe fishers would have time to steer them into other professions. There are few cases of children who todayaccompanytheirparents in fishing’.Asanalternative,acourse isbeingcreatedtotrainthe fisherstobecometourguides inside the park, seeking to expand visits to the park and promote an income alternative for the nextgenerations.
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comparable, it is clear that the concept of distance is quite different from one
municipalitytotheother.
Thegeographical locationofboth isadetermining factor for themodesof living
implemented by their residents, especially regarding the permanent interaction
Our pilot research, in Rio Furtados, enabled us to observe that the differentrealities of access, although they condition some, do not determine mediaconsumptionpracticesamongtheyoungpeople.Itisthusnottheavailabilityofasignalthatdefinestheformsofconsumption,buttheinterestofthesubjectsinthepossibilitiesof interactionenabledbythemobiledevices,whethertheindividualformsofentertainment,orthefacetofaceinteractionsorinonlineenvironments.ThismakesitclearthatmanyofthepracticesamongyoungpeopleinCametá,attimesresemblethoseofyoungpeoplelivinginmajorurbancentres(MALCHERet.al.,2017b).
the situation reported by Wesley during the period when the Globo TV telenovela‘Liberdade,Liberdade’wasbeingbroadcast.Theyoungmanreportedthat,evenwithout
WhatsApp and computer. Among his brother’s main uses of the computer watchinggames onYouTube and he has the impression that his brother’s greatest dream is tobecomeayoutuber.
As already mentioned, YouTube use was common among young people in ourexploratory field study, notably for recovering missed TV content or searches in
subjects for random topics, ranging from hairstyle andmake-up tutorials to didactic
materials for undergraduate courses. The difference, however, is that those
consumptionpractices tend tobe less frequentand, ingeneral, are complementedby
programmes,filmsandtelenovelas.Among the interviewees in Tavares, consumption of both free-to-air and cable
television were common. In the case of Cametá, only Gael had access to satellite
channels.AmongtheCametáyoungpeople,nonehadaNetflixsubscription,whichwasthe reality for only three young people in Tavares (Cristovam, Alice and Jaime),who
used the platform to watch films. DVD was also cited as a means for viewing films,
for DVD viewing, since according to him,Netflix subscriptionwas still uncommon inTavaresbecauseoftheriskofviruses‘downloaded’fromtheinternet.Oneshouldnote
Practically all referred to themselves as parts of awhole,withwhom them have a clearrelationshipofaffectionandbelonging.Manyoftheinterviewsbelongtoacommoncircleofcoexistence,andthussharecommonthoughtsandpractices.However,thosewhodonothave that characteristic, also communicate a perceptible community feeling. Thus,mediaconsumption by the young people is not disconnected from their daily relations. Whatbindstheentireprocessisthecommunicationthatispartofusassubjectsandassociety(MALCHERetal.,2017,p.14).
What also characterised the profile of the young people interviewed in Tavares
and Cametá was the feeling of belonging to their place of origin and their close
Eight participants also have a DVD player, used quite frequently, according tosomeyoungpeople,exceptthoselivinginthecity(Marisa,Jadir,EdsonandAny)and/orwhohavea telephonesignalat their locality in the interior (Gaspar)and thus reducethatpracticebecauseofthepossibilityofviewingvideosonline.
Of the 11 young people, five have cable TV service available at home (Marisa,Camilo, Gaspar, Leide andMaria). In Marisa’s case the service was SKY, paid by herbrother-in-law. At Gaspar’s, itwas ClaroTV and he, his father and a brother split themonthlybill.LeidealsohadClaroTV,paidbyherparents-in-law.CamilousesOiTVandpaymentforitcomesfromhisfatherandhisbrotherwhoisateacherinthecommunity.Accordingtotheyoungman,contractingcableTVwasarecentmoveandmotivatedbya request by him and his brother to his parents, so they could follow games fromdifferent football championships, including foreign clubs.AtCamilo’shouse there is aSky livre antenna, which operates as a parabolic antenna and was connected to thebedroomTV,whiletheOiTVwasintheliving-roomTV.
InMaria’s case access to cableTV channels is throughaTocomsat-branddigitalconverter197,calledthe ‘piratão’,which,synchronisedwithanantenna locatedoutsidethehouse, isabletointerceptthesignal forpaidchannels. InRioFurtadosandregionthat equipment is supplied and installed by the youngmanwemet and interviewedduringtheexploratoryfieldresearch,Gael(seetableavailableatAppendix2).
Of the11, seven youngpeople stated that theyhad a smartphone as a personaldevice (Marisa, Jadir, Edson,Maria, Any, Gaspar and Eder). Camilo andMalu did nothavesmartphonesduringtheresearchperiodandhadnoforecastastowhenthewouldbuyanewdevice.TheformerhadsoldhistelephoneandMalu’shadbeendamagedbyhersmallchild.AsforElisaandLeide,theyhadneverhadtheirownmobilephones,butshared usewith devices belonging to other familymembers. In Leide’s case, the firstdevicesheuseddirectlywasherhusband’ssmartphonethatshelostduringatrip.Herfirstcontactwiththattypeofdevicewasrecent,shortlyaftershemethercompanion,in2015.Accordingtoher,sheusedthetelephonemorefrequentlythanherhusbanddid.InElisa’scase,shehadlesscontactwithamobilethanLeidedid,andwhenithappened,it was through using her sister’s smartphone or mother’s cellular phone, which isconnectedbyacabletoanantennaoutsidethehousecalleda‘rural’byresidents,whichcaptures the operator’s signal. In her case, her husband also did not have a mobile
197Works similarly to devices from large pay-television companies such as Sky, Net, and others. However, unlikethosecompanies,TOCOMSATonlyrequirespurchaseofthedevice,withouttheneedforpayingformaintenanceofmonthly fees for the service, which is why its sale is banned by ANATEL. The product is mainly sold throughsmugglingalongtheborderwiththeParaguay.
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phone.When theyuse smartphones, for Leide andElisa theirmain function is taking‘selfie’photosandprofilesonsocialnetworks,notablyFacebook.Elisa stated that shehadneversharedavideoonFacebookandhadalsoneverrecordedavideoonamobiletelephone,notevenofhersister’sdevice.
As a rule, access to the first mobile telephones was recent for the majority ofCametá participants, except for Leide and Elisa. From reports, the first devices,generallywithfunctionslimitedtovoicecallsandtextmessages,wereboughtwhentheyoung people were making longer trips to study in other localities (Eder to theCuruçambálocality)orwhentheymademorepermanentmoves,orduringSecondarySchool,tothecity.OnlyinEdson’scasewasthemobilephoneboughtduringtheperiodhewas inSecondarySchool,becauseofhis interest in thetechnology,andeventodayhismonthlypre-paidserviceplanispaidbyhismother.
Ofthe11Cametáparticipants,sixdeclaredtheyhaddailyinternetaccess(Marisa,Jadir, Edson, Maria, Any and Gaspar); however, that does not necessarily happen athomeandtheirowndevicesforindividualuse,accordingtoTable24.TheonlyyoungpeoplethathaveWi-FiathomeareMarisa,JadirandMaria.Edson,AnyandGasparusemobiledataathomefortheirdailyconnectionbut,inthecaseofthefirstyoungperson,never for watching videos. As do Marisa and Jadir, Any uses internet at work andsometimessheaccesses theWi-Fi signalof theneighbourofher residence inCametá,butitdoesnotalwayswork.
ForEdsonandGaspartheirmostfrequentaccessisatthehousesoffriendsand/orfamilymembers,wheretheygoalmostdaily,accordingtoreportsmadeintheirdiaries.Aninterestingaspectofthistypeofuse,inEdson’scase,isthatithasbecomefrequentbecause both his friend andhis familymembers have difficulties in using computers.Thus, Edson often goes to their houses to help them with various simple tasks likeprinting and saving documents on flash-drives. The youngman reported that it wasthroughthatcontactthatheandthefriend–ownerofthecomputer–,begantosearchcontent for downloading videos, such as of the ‘Naruto’ series, that both alreadyfollowedontelevisiononfree-to-airchannels.
Unlike the first group of young people, Camilo and Eder say they have internetaccessthreetimesperweekbecausetheymakefrequentboattripstotheurbanareasin Cametá andMocajuba,where they can usemobile data orWi-Fi connection at thehouseofafriendorfamilymember.Insomecases,thevisitsonlyhappenbecauseoftheneedtoconnectinordertodownloadvideosand/oranswersocialnetworkmessages.AccordingtoCamilo,whenhelivedinthecityofMocajuba,hehaddailyinternetaccess,
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becausetherewasWi-Fiathissister’shouse,wherehelived,andhehadapermanenttelephonesignal,eventhoughheloadedfewcreditsonhismobile.Currently,hisaccessinRioFurtadosonlyoccurswhenhegoes to thehouseofabrotherwho teaches inaschoolinthecommunity,livesnearbyandhasWi-Fiinternetathome.HecanalsovisitaschoolfriendwholivesinMocajubaandalsohasinternet.Arrivingatthoseplaces,heborrows devices from friends or family members, such as his brother’s smartphoneniece’stablettoconnecttoFacebookand/orWhatsApp.Suchsharingofdevicesisquitecommon for him and other young people (Gaspar, Edson, Elisa and Malu), and inCamilo’s case he actually takes his niece’s tablet homewithhim to viewdownloadedcontent.
Elisastatedthatherinternetaccessonceaweek,anditoccursrarelyforMaluandLeide.Becausetheylacktheirownmobiledevices,thoseyoungpeopledonotusuallygotoplaceswherethereisanavailableconnectionandwhentheydoitisnotnecessarilytouse internet. In the caseofparticipantswhohavemobile interneton theirdevices(Marisa, Jadir, Any, Edson, Eder andGaspar), only Edsonhas his planpaid for by hismother,andtheotherspayforservicethemselves.
Intheinterview,Gaspar,ElisaandEdsonreportedtheirinterestininstallingWi-Fiinternetservice in theirhouses. In thecaseof the firstyoungperson, theplanwas toinstall internet athomeandbuya laptop,becauseofhis activities atuniversity.Bothresources were important for Gaspar to take tests online. To do that at present, heeither goes to the university’s centre in Cametá, does his access through a LAN-environment or borrows a friend’s computer. As for Elisa, she was interested incontractinginternetservicebutthatwoulddependonavailabilityandthewillingnessofneighboursinsplittingthefeefortheserviceprovidedbyGael,whichisR$90.00198permonthfor500MBofWi-Fi.Likewise,Elisacommentedthatshehadplansforbuyingamobiletelephoneandwassurethatifthathappened,shewouldbemoreinterestedinbeingconnectedandwouldcertainlystopwatchingtelevisionsooften.Heraffirmationwas based on the experience of friends and acquaintances in the community, who,according to her, have been spending more time on their mobiles than watchingtelevision.
EdsoncommentedthatheexpectstoinstallaWi-Ficonnectionathometoconnecttotheliving-roomSmartTV,enablingaconnectiontoNetflixsoastodirectlyviewthatplatform’scontent.Shouldthathappen,Edsonwouldsharethesubscriptioncostwithacousin living inBelém.Hewouldwait forher tomoveback toCametá andonly then
assumethatexpense.EdsonexplainedthatevenifhehadaNetflixaccountathome,hewouldcontinuedownloadingvideosviabittorrent files,since there iscontent,suchas‘GameofThrones’,thatNetflixlacks.
Oneshouldnote thatnoCametáparticipanthasasubscription forNetflixoranyothervideoondemandplatform.Thecontentsavailableand/orproducedbyNetflixarealsolittleknowntotheyoungpeople,exceptforEdson,whoregularlyfollowsseasonsof series shown on the platform, such as ‘Stranger Things’, using illegal torrentdownloads for later viewing on a flash-drive connected to the TV; and Camilo, who,when living in Mocajuba, also had regular access to series and films shown on VoDplatforms,alsodownloadedfromotherenvironments.This isbecausealloftheyoungpeopledeclaredtheydidnotpaytoviewvideos.
Stillonthesubjectofvideoondemand,AnycommentedthatshouldshehaveWi-Fi internet at home, shewould subscribe toGloboPlay, because she alreadywatchesbroadcastTVcontentontheinternetthatshemissedorwishestoviewagain.
Onecansee that theparticipantwith thegreatestavailabilityof technologywasJadir,whoduringhisinterviewdeclaredhimselftobeveryconnectedtotechnology.
8.3DimensionsarticulatedbytheyoungpeopleforvideoconsumptionConsidering the theoretical-conceptualproposalof the thesis, fordescribingand
analysingthedataconstructedinthefield,wedirectedoutfocustoseekingtoidentifyand characterise the dimensions that make up video-viewing practices among theparticipatingyoungpeople,multiple screens, contents, sourcesof content, spacesandtemporalities.
wasnamedasthevideo-viewingscreen,with65.7%usingatraditionalTVdevice(somewiththinscreen),and2.6%usingSmartTV(atEdson’shouseandthehouseofafriendof Camilo).Next comes the smartphone (20.2%of cards) anddesktop-type computer(9.5%).Devicessuchastabletsandlaptopswererespectivelycitedinsixcards(1.4%)oftwoyoungpeople(GasparandCamilo)andthreecards(0.7%)forGaspar.
For six of the 11 young people, TV was used in more than half of the viewingsituations, with 54.5% in the case of Edson (30.3% on Smart TV and 24.2% on ananaloguedevice),70.5%forMaria, from93%to97%ofcardsfromCamilo,LeideandElisa,reaching100%oftherecordsforMalu.
For Gaspar,Marisa andAny, TVwas used inmore than 40%of cards,with theotherviewingsituationsbeingenabledbyscreenssuchassmartphonesanddesktops.ForJadirandEderthemostusedscreenswere,respectively,desktopatwork(81.8%)andsmartphone(71.1%).TheyoungpersonusingthegreatestvarietyofscreenswasGaspar who besides TV and smartphone, employed laptop and desktop computers,thesedevicesbeinglentbyfriendsand/orfamilymembers.
InmostvideoconsumptionsituationsexperiencedbytheyoungpeopleinCametá(78.9%), the screens usedwere offline (Table 26). In only 21.1% of cardswere theyconnectedtotheinternet,18.3%viaWi-Fiand2.78%viamobiledata(3Gand4G).
than half the cards from eight young people, reaching 100% of the records forMalu(who onlywatched videos on TV), and Elisa and Eder,whowhen they used anotherscreen(smartphone),viewedonlythedownloadedcontent.
The online situationswere also recorded by eight young people. Of that group,eight reportedusingWi-Fi internet and three hadmobile data on their smartphones.OnlyforJadirandMarisawereonlinesituationsmorecommon,respectively90.9%ofcards(onlyWi-Fi)and52.4%(38.1%Wi-Fiand14.3%mobiledata).
Any and Edson recorded both online and offline practices, with exactly 50% of
cards fromAny for each type of situation, and 57.6% of cards fromEdson on offline
Video viewing in public places199, involving 10.7% of the total of cards fromCametá,wasreportedbyonly fouryoungpeople (Marisa,Any, JadirandGaspar),andtheplacescited includeworkenvironmentat theCametáFisherCooperative(9.5%ofcards, equivalent to 41 records, allmade byMarisa, Any and Jadir), a hospital in theCametá urban centre (2 cards fromAny), a boat (2 cards from Gaspar) and a publicagency (1 card fromAny)whilewaiting to be seen. Onlywith Jadir and Any did themajorityofcards,81.8%and56.7%respectively,reportpublicplaces,notablytheworkenvironment.
Considering the preference for viewing at home, we should note that in most
moments (53.6%)participantswere accompaniedand in46.4% theywere alone. For
199We consider as public not only open and freely accessible spaces such as public agencies, streets and publictransportation, but also environments that although they have more restricted circulation of people, are spaceswhere young people mingle with other people who are not family/friends and have less privacy for viewings.Additionally,weconsiderpublic spaceswhereyoungpeoplemaybe seenbyotherpeoplewatching something, aswiththeboatmentionedbyGasparinhisdiary.
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When crossing the dimension space with time of day, we found that for most
According to Table 27, of the 431 cards filled out by the Cametá young people,40.4%wereforevening,followedby30.9%afternoonand26.7%ofmorning.Onlynine(2%)reportedviewingduringthelatenight,thosecomingfromonlythreeparticipants(Edson, Camilo and Gaspar), coincidentally the youngest among the Cametáparticipants.
Source:Createdbytheauthor.For six of the 11 participants, evening was the period for greatest viewing,
reaching71%ofcardsfromEder.ParaJadirandMarisa;themajorityofcardsreportedsituations during the day, a period when they were working. For Jadir, 59.1% ofsituationsoccurred in themorningatwork,andMarisa,52.4%were in theafternoonandincludedvideosviewedatworkbutalsoathome,sincetheynormallywatchsomecontenttorelaxrightafterarrivingattheendoftheday.
Of the total of evening viewing situations, 62.1% were accompanied and 58%were onTV,which recalls the traditional habit ofwatchingTV, as ameeting point, asituationreported in23.4%of cards fromCametá.For theafternoon,mostcardsalsoinvolveaformofcollectiveviewing(51.1%),followedby48.9%ofindividualsituations.For the morning the logic is inverted, with 53.9% cards reporting cases of viewingalone,followedby46.1%inthecompanyofsomeone.
Whethermorning, afternoon or evening, in all periods, TVwas the screenmostused, involving 77% of cards from situations in the evening, 65.4% afternoon and58.3% morning. The other screens (smartphone, desktop and laptop) were used in41.7%ofcards fromthemorning,34.6%afternoonand23%evening.Lookingcloser,however, in caseswhen those screenswere connected to the internet in each of theperiodsduringtheday,thenumberofcardsisreducedandcomesfromthediariesofspecificparticipants:31.3%ofmorningcardscomingfromeightyoungpeople;27.8%of afternoon records from six participants and 8.6% of evening records from fivedifferentdiaries.
Regarding the source of content/provider dimension, 37 different ones wereidentifiedandorganisedintotencategories,asseeninTable28.
200Oneshouldnotethatmostparticipantshavetelevisionsetsconnectedtoparabolicantennas,whichallowsthemtoreceiveopenTVchannelsthatarenotretransmittedthroughoutBrazil,evenbeingfree-toair.ThatisthecasewithSBTandRBI–BrazilianInformationNetwork(belongingtotheObjetivogroupheadquarteredSãoPaulo),besidesthepublic broadcaster TV Cultura de São Paulo and the Catholic CançãoNova channel, thatmake up other source ofcontentcategories.Forthatreason,atvariousmomentsintheirdiariestheyoungpeoplereportthattheyfollowtheprogrammingscheduleof thenetworkheadquarters(Riode JaneiroorSãoPaulo), suchasnewsprogrammesthatprovidenewsfromtheSoutheastregion,insteadoflocalchannelprogrammes,affiliatedwithnationalgroups,suchasTVLiberalandRBATV,whichwasaccessedbyyoungpeoplewhogenerallyhavemorethanoneTVset,includingonenotconnectedtotheparabolicantennaorcableTV.
cards, present in the diaries of all participants. Next are the YouTube and Facebooksocial network sites (20.1% of the total of cards, identified in 8 diaries), commercialcableTVchannels (13.5%,5diaries)and theWhatsApp instantmessagingapplication(10.9%,9diaries).AlsocitedweresourcessuchasDVDs(2.8%,3diaries),theCançãoNovaCatholic channel (1.6%, 1 diary), file downloadmanagers (bit torrent) (1,2%, 1diary),+GlobosatandFOXSportsVoDcommercialcableTVplatforms(0.5%,1diary),theTVCulturapublicchannelfromSãoPaulo(0,5%,1diary)andtheGShowportalonGloboentertainmentprogrammes(0.2%,onediary).
Theprovidersmostcitedinthecardswere:Globo(35.7%),thebroadcastnetworkcitedinalldiaries;YouTube(12.2%,7diaries);andWhatsApp(10.9%,9diaries).NextistheopenTVchannelSBT(8,5%)andtheFacebooksocialnetworksite(7,8%),bothcitedinthediaryofsevenyoungpeople.Therewerealso23cards(5.3%fromtotal),relatedtocommercialcableTVchannels,eightfocusedonshowingfilmsandseries(Cinemax,HBO,HBOPlus,MaxPrime,Space,Telecine,TNTandUniversalChannel)and15cards(3.4%) of five paid channels directed towards sports programming (ESPN, EsporteInterativo, FOX Sports, Premiere and SporTV). Among paid TV channels, the Globogroup’s Multishow (1.8%), highlighting musical videoclip programmes and Telecine(1.8%),forfilmprogrammingstandout.Oftheregional/statecoverageproviders,onlyTV Liberal and RBA TV were identified in 2% of cards, cited by three participants(Camilo,MaluandAny).
It isalsointerestingtonotetheintegrationtheparticipantsmakebetweenthoseproviders, such as the preference for content on free-to-air TV, watched daily ontelevision sets offline, but also on the internet via Gshow or YouTube. Likewise, it iscommonfortheyoungpeopletolikeandfollowpagesonFacebookand/ormakeuseofcableTVapplications,suchasFOXSportsandEsporteInterativo.
Consideringtheusestheyoungpeoplemakeoftechnologiesforaccessingvideoson different platforms, besides identifying the sources of contents and categorisingthemintotypes,weoperatedasecondlevelofcategorisationrelatedtotypeofaccess,whichcouldbe free,paid,piratedorevenproducedby theparticipants themselves,a
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categorywecalledUGC,thenotionofUser-generatedcontent.OfthetotalofcardsfromCametá,81.9%were for viewingvideoson free sources,notably free-to-air televisionchannels and social network sites (YouTube, Facebook). That was the most commontypeofproviderinallthediariesfromCametá,reaching100%ofthesourcesaccessedbyJadirandEder.
Next come paid sources of content, with all being cable TV channels (12.3%),noted in the diaries of four young people (43.8% of cards from Camilo, 16.9% fromLeide, 16.7% from Gaspar and 4.7% from Marisa). There are also pirated sources(5.3%), these being: pirate DVDs, illegal managers for downloading videos from theinternet,aswellascableTVchannelsaccessedviapirateconverters.Thistypeofsourcewasidentifiedinsevenprofiles,reaching33.3%ofeverythingthatMaluviewed(DVDs),15.2% of the cards from Edson (illegal downloads), 13.6% from Maria (via pirateconverter) and8.5%ofElisa (DVDs).Only twovideos sharedusingWhatsApp (0.5%)wereidentifiedasproducedbypersonsknowntotheparticipants(cousinofMariaandfriendofJadir).
Crossingthedataonsourcesofcontent/providerswithtypeofcontent,classifiedaslive(showndirectlyonTVregardlessoftheformofproduction,whetherrecordedoractually live), on demand (needing a device connected to the internet), downloaded(savedonthedeviceforlaterviewing)orrecorded(ifproducedbytheparticipant),wesawthat65.2%ofthe431cardsreportedlivecontent,mostcomingfromopencableTVchannelsviewedontheTVset(62.6%),evenifaccessedinapiratemanner.Therewerealso seven cards fromwatching live TV programmes on a Smart TV (1.6%),with sixcontents fromfree-to-airTVonEdson’sdevicenotconnectedto the internet,andonewherethedevicewasconnectedtoWi-FisothatCamiloandafriendcouldviewthe‘ARainhadoSul’seriesliveonthe+GlobosatVoDchannel.OneshouldalsonotethecaseofEdsonviewingthe ‘BomdiaFox’morningsportsprogrammewatchedliveontheFOXSportsVoDplatform,alsoatthehouseofafriend,viatabletconnectedtoWi-Fi,andtwocards (0.4%) from Marisa who reported watching videos live on Facebook viasmartphoneconnectedbymobiledata(3G/4G).
Contentsondemand,present in23%ofcards, fromninedifferentyoungpeople,come from the following sources of content, most online: YouTube (12%), Facebook(7%), DVD (2.7%),WhatsApp (1.2%) and the GShow platform (0.2%). Besides films,music videoclips, shows recorded live and funny videos circulating that are availablefreeonvariousonlineplatforms,therearealsocontentscomingfromopenTVthatmaybefoundandviewedondemand.Inthatregard,onemaycitetheexampleoffourvideos
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viewed on demand on YouTube, two humour programmes seen by Edson (on theHumour channel ofMultishow andDanilo Gentili’s ‘TheNoite’, on the episode of thepregnantwomanfromTaubaté),andtwotelenovelas(‘DeusSalveoRei’and‘OutroLadodo Paraíso’, both from Globo) viewed by Jadir and Any because they missed theepisodesontelevision.ThereisalsoacardfromJadirofwatchingportionsofhighlightsfromthetalentshow‘TheVoiceKids’onGshow,becausehemisseditonTV.Inallthosecases, the young people used screens connected to internet, especially using desktopcomputerandsmartphone.
Wealsoidentifiedcontentsviewedafterdownloadingon11.8%ofcards,presentin all diaries, except for those ofMaria. Themain source of that type of contentwasWhatsApp (9.7%), notably for videos that were very short (generally 60 seconds),shared virally by WhatsApp group, lacked a well-defined title or theme and weregenerally recorded in a homemade/amateur fashion to show funny day-to-daysituations,suchasanoldwomanharvestingaçaí,achilddancing,ananimalbehavingunusually(‘monkeywashingdishes’and‘chickendancing’,bothfromEder).Thesehadseveralformatsandalsolackedclearinformationastowhere,howandbywhomtheywerecreated201.
Next,arecardsthatcitedownloadmanagers(1.2%)andalsocasesofdownloadsof contents from social network sites such asYouTube andFacebook (0.9%), optionsthatarenotnecessarilysuppliedfreeofchargebyplatforms,butareenabledbyotheronline resources. Among the contents, are entire seasons of foreign series such as‘StrangerThings’,downloadedbyEdson,musicalvideoclips,funnyamateurvideosandfilms,downloadedbyAny,Camilo,GasparandbyamemberofLeide’sfamily,allowinghertoalsowatchandreportinherinherdiary.
Regardingdownloadedvideosspecifically,oneshouldnote theexampleofEder.Of a total of 38 cards from him, 27 involve that type of content, all obtained fromWhatsApp. A distinct characteristic of Eder’s viewing style is staying offline for longperiods;whenheconnectsagain, all themessages stored inWhatsApp ‘drop’ into theapp,inEder’swords,andaresavedonthetelephoneforvisualisationlateron.
Times for connecting may occur when he takes position at a spot close to hishousewheretheClarotelephonesystemWorks,whenhegoestothehousesoffriendswhohaveWi-Fiand/orwhenhegoestoCametáorMocajubaandcannormallyusehisoperator’s signal.Whenever that happens, the youngmanorganiseshimself towatch
thevideos,generallyoneaftertheother,anddecideswhatwillbesavedordeletedfromthe device. In his diary, three such moments were identified. On the evening of 21March,aloneinthekitchenofhishousehefilledoutatotalof16cardsreportingvideosdownloadedfromWhatsApp.Thesamethinghappenedon21Marchinthemorning,inhisroom,whenhemadeeightentriesinthediaryregardingthattypeofviewing.On16March, inthediaryEderalsorecordedthreesituationsofviewingvideosdownloadedfromWhatsApp,twoinwhichhewasaccompanied.
Regarding that process of automatically downloading videos for later viewing,Eder explained that he usually does the same for photos. When he is connected hefocusesonansweringtextmessagesandalwaysleavesviewingofphotosandvideosforlater. In that viewing, the young man defines what remains or not and to him thecriterion is if the content adds some knowledge or is really funny and he saves it toshowto thechildren livingathome.According tohim,mostofwhathereceivesaddsnothing and he ends up deleting it after viewing it. The number of videos that Ederreceivesisbecauseheispartofagroupcalled‘Videosandcomedies’,focusedexactlyonsharingthattypeofcontent.
Eder commented that he participates, also inWhatsApp, in groups for family,university classmates, friends in the community and friends from church. Those arespacesforcirculatingmuchinformationandareusefulforschedulingmeetings,besidessharingphotoandvideocontentrelatedornotthegroupfocus.
Regardingtypesofcontents,oneshouldalsonotethatamongthecardsthatreportoncontentsviewed live (281of431cards,65.2%), themajorityofviewingsituations(68.3%) were accompanied. As for contents on demand (99 cards, 23%) anddownloaded (51 cards, 12%), viewing is usually individual, reaching 74.5% of cardsfromdownloadedvideosand73,7%ofcasesondemand.
It is important to note the diversity of video genres and formats found in thediaries of the Cametá young people. Altogether, 42 genres/formats were identified,rangingfromconsolidatedprogrammesfromtelevisionprogrammes,suchasnewsandtelenovelas, to films,videos shorts, vlogs, andothersavailableonplatformsonline fordifferent forms of viewing. In Table 29, we present the complete detailing of thecategories established for analysing contents, and the respective sources for viewingthem.
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Table 29 – Genres/Formats of contents X Sources/providers viewed by the participants from Cametá (PA)
As has been detailed, entertainment and information are themain focus of theCametáyoungpeoples’attention.News,namedin12.1%ofthe431cards,wasthemostviewed content.That formatwas viewedby all participants, except for Jadir, a youngmanwhowatchedmorecontentondesktop thanonTV.Nextcame:11.1%related totelenovelas,present in10diaries;10.6%films(9diaries);7.4%videoclips(5diaries);6.7% funny amateur videos (6 diaries); 5.6% reality show (7 diaries); 3.9% sportsprogrammes(3diaries);3,5%varietyprogrammes(6diaries);3%footballgamelive(4diaries);28%auditoriumprogramme(4diaries).
Ofthe10mostcitedcategories,fivewereviewedbytheyoungpeopleonlyonthetelevision screen, whether via open TV or cable TV channels (football games,auditorium programmes, variety programmes, reality shows and news). This aspectmayberelatedtotheexperienceofcollectiveviewingprovidedbythoseprogrammes,mostof thembroadcast live.Another fourgenres/formats (films, sportsprogrammes,telenovelasandvideoclips)demonstrategreaterversatility for circulatingondifferentplatforms and allow viewing on demand, sincemost are pre-produced and only thenbroadcast, except for the sports programmes, which are generally focused on sportsdebate. There is also the category that we call funny amateur videos that are onlyviewedviaplatformsonlineandondevicesotherthantelevision.
Specifically in the case of broadcast News, viewed exclusively on open TVchannels, 63.5% are fromGlobo (‘Jornal Nacional’, ‘Jornal Hoje’, ‘BomDia Brasil’ and‘Jornal da Globo’), 17.3% fromTVLiberal (‘JL1’, ‘JL2’ and ‘Bomdia Pará’), 9.6% fromRecordTV(‘BalançoGeral’and ‘FalaBrasil’),7.7%fromSBT (‘Primeiro Impacto’)and1.9%fromRBATV(‘BarraPesada’).
TelenovelaswerealsomostlyviewedontheTVscreen,with91.7%liveonGlobo(‘Ooutro ladodoparaíso’, ‘Deussalveorei’, ‘Malhação’and ‘Tempodeamar’andonererunepisodethatat thetimewasre-broadcasting ‘Celebridade’),onecase(2.1%)onRecord TV (‘Os 10 mandamentos’) and another (2.1%) on SBT (‘Carinha de Anjo’).Additionally,4.2%wereviewedondemandonYouTube(‘Ooutroladodoparaíso’and‘Deus salve o rei’ from Globo). One should note that, in general, of all the contentsrecorded in thediaries, the telenovela ‘Ooutro ladodoparaíso’was themostviewed,indicatedin30cards(7%)ofeightyoungpeople.
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As for the films recorded in the diaries these were viewed on cable channels(47.8%of46cards),onYouTube (23.9%),onopenTVchannels(21.7%viaGloboandSBT)andonDVD(6.5%).Amongthegenres,action,animation,adventure,comedyandterrorstandout.Ofthetotalof42titlesrecorded,38areforeignproductionsand3aredomestic.
The videoclips were viewed using more than five different sources. Of the 32cards,31.3%wereonlineandondemandonFacebookandthesamepercentageweredownloadsviaWhatsApp.Nextwere identified18.8%of cardsonYouTube, 12.5%ontheMultishow cable TV channel, specifically the ‘TVZ’ programme, and 6.2% viewedthemontheclipportionoftheRBIopenTVchannel,receivedviaparabolicantenna.
Among the reality shows viewed, 70.8%of cardswere for viewing ‘Big BrotherBrasil’(‘BBB’)liveonGlobo,followedby29.2%ofviewingofthesameprogrammeliveonMultishow or in the pay-per-view for ‘BBB’, available on cable TV, except for onecard for the ‘Are you theone –Brasil’ reality, viewedbyCamiloonMTV.One shouldnote that ‘BBB’was the thirdmost viewedprogramme for the Cametá youngpeople,totalling20cards(4.6%)forsixyoungpeople.
Of the sports programmes viewed, 47.1%were on cable TV channels (‘BomdiaFOX’ da FOXSports; ‘É Gol’ and ‘Planeta SporTV’ on SporTV), followed by 41.2% onGlobo (‘Globo Esporte’), besides one card (5.9%) on Band TV (‘Jogo Aberto’) andanother(5.9%)ontheFOXSportsVoDplatform(‘BomdiaFOX’).
Fortheirpart,thevarietyprogrammeswereviewedonlyonfree-to-airtelevision,with93.3%ofcardsonGlobo(‘MaisVocê’, ‘VideoShow’and‘Édecasa’)andonecase(6.7%)onRecordTV(‘HojeinDia’).Thesamethinghappenedwithlivefootballgames,which53,8%viewedincablechannels(ESPN,EsporteInterativo,FOXSports,Premiereand SporTV) and46.2%onGlobo.Among the games cited, therewerebothBrazilianandforeignteams.
As for the auditorium programmes, 83.3% were SBT productions (‘ProgramaSilvioSantos’,‘ProgramaRaulGil’and‘ProgramadaEliana’),besidesonecart(8.3%)forGlobo(‘AltasHours’)andanother(8.3%)forTVCultura(‘ManosandMinas’).
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AsalsoseeninTable29,onemaynotethe2.6%ofcardslistingcartoonsviewedby four different young people (Edson, Leide, Eder and Marisa) on both open TVchannels(81.8%),onBoomerangoncableTVandonYouTube.InthecaseofEderandMarisa they watched the cartoons accompanied by children and that was a form ofentertaining them. A similar situationwas Any andMaluwatching visual albums forchildrenin1.4%ofcards.ThesewereseenonDVD(‘GalinhaPintadinha’,‘XuxasóparaBaixinhos’, ‘Patati e Patatá’, ‘Os amiguinhos da galinha’ and ‘Mulecada’), on YouTube(‘XuxasóparaBaixinhos’)andviasmartphoneconnectedbymobiledata,thelattercaseinapublicenvironment,ahospitalwhereAny’sniecewasbeingseenandsheneededtoentertainher.
Tutorial-type videos were recorded on 2.3% of cards, viewed on YouTube andFacebookbyMaria,MarisaandJadir.Contentsofthosevideosrangedfromcraftworktophysicalexercisesanddancechoreographies.Wecanhighlight2%ofcardsmentioningvideoswith a religious appeal: 1,4% of televisedmasses, viewed on Canção Nova (5cards from Maria) and on Globo (1 card from Malu), both accompanied by theirmothers; twoprogrammes (0.4%)ofdevotional talksonCançãoNova (‘Bomdiaparavida’ and ‘Sorrindo pra Vida’); and one prayer/reflection video (0.2%) received byGasparonWhatsApp.
As for TV series, they appeared on 1.9%of cards, the largest number being for‘StrangerThings’seen indownloadedfromviadownloadmanagersbyEdson,besidesoncardbyLeidefor‘Chaves’onSBT,oneof‘GameofThrones’onHBO(Camilo),oneof‘ARainhadoSul’onthe+GlobosatVoDplatform(Camilo),andoneoftheamateurseries‘TembotonarededoTunico’,viewedondemandonYouTubebyAny.
Among themost viewed contents are also: 2.3% of the SBT gossip programme‘Fofocalizando’ (10 cards from Elisa, Leide andMaria); 1.9% of the Globo talk show‘EncontrocomFátimaBernardes’(8cardsfromMaria,Malu,Elisa,CamiloandGaspar);and1.6%oftheGlobohealthjournalisticprogramme‘BemEstar’(7cardsfromMaria,Elisa,MaluandCamilo).ThelasttwocontentswerealsocitedbyAnyduringinterview,whowatchesthemwheneversheisonbreakfromwork,whichdidnothappenduringtheresearchperiod.
AnotherimportantaspecttoobserveinTable29istheversatilityofYouTube,thesource of contents for 16 different genres/formats, surpassing Globo, the open TVbroadcaster recognised for its generalist programming (WOLTON, 1996), with thatchannelbeingused forviewing14differentgenres/formats.Next cameFacebook, thesourceof12distinctcategories,andWhatsApp,of10.
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Beside consuming videos in different spaces and times during the day, theapproximatenumberofhoursofviewingforeachyoungperson,obtainedbycountingthe times recorded in each card (Table 30). Even though this is only areference/illustrative value – given the limitations presented in Chapter 5 –, it isinteresting to observe the variation in time from one participant to another, rangingfromanapproximatetotalof93hoursand18minutesviewedbyCamilo,ayoungmanwho filled out all the diary cards andwho viewedmostly television programmes, toaround5hoursand58minutesviewedbyJadir,whofilledout22cardsandwhomostlyviewedvideosondemandanddownloadedviadevicesconnectedtotheinternet
Considering the fact that9of the11participants consumedmorevideosonTV,their total viewing time is considerably greater than of Jadir and Ederwhowatchedmore videos on the computer and smartphone screens, respectively. That becomesevident when we observe the approximate average time for each card. Eder, whoproportionately viewed themost videos downloaded viaWhatsApp, had the shortestviewingsituations,with15minutespercardonaverage.Forhispart,Camilohad thelengthiestsituations,ofapproximately1hourand10minutesofviewingforeachone,with cards reaching 2 hours and 45 minutes of duration, such as sports talk showprogrammes.
Evenwith different numbers of cards filled out,Marisa, Edson, Any and Gaspartotalled approximately 20 hours of videos viewed, but the average per card varied
In the Table 31 onemay see that the first time slot, the secondmost common
(27.8%ofcards),referstoshort-durationcontentsandinthatcasetheprevalenceisforvideos viewed on demand (11.1%) or downloaded (9.3%). The time slot with thelargestnumberofcardsisthatwith30to60minutesduration(36.9%).Inthatcaseandinalltheotherslots,contentsviewedliveprevail,mostlyviewedonatelevisionscreen.
Basedontheextraquestionsansweredonthebackofcards,itisworthnotingthatnine of the 11 Cametá young people reportedmultitasking situationswhilst viewingsome content. Altogether, 43 cardswere filled on that topic,with13 cases indicatingthatnoactivitywasperformed(sixyoungpeople)and30recordingparallelactivities.Of that total, in 23 cards, while watching TV, the young people were: talking withfriends/familymembers;studying;cleaningthehouseorsomespecificroom;havingameal; doing nails; breast-feeding or putting a child to sleep; answering acellular/smartphone message; or waiting in a line for service. In multi-taskingsituationswhilstviewingonadesktop(4cards),onemaycitedoingmanualtasks,suchas preparing paper membership cards at the Fisher Cooperative, or waiting for thecomputersystemusedatworktostartworkingagain.
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Regardinguseofsecond-screendevices,ofthe369extraquestionsanswered,56wererelatedtothatpractice.In38,10youngpeoplerespondedthattheyhadmadenouse.Inanother18cards,sevenyoungpeopleindicatedtheyhadusedasecondscreenwhilstviewingavideo,towit:asmartphone(12cards)toaccesssocialnetworksitesoranswertextmessageswhilewatchingTVorworkingonadesktop;thetelevisionitself(3 cards) that was turned on and showing something they were following in asecondary fashion while viewing something on a smartphone or tablet; a mobiletelephone (2cards) tomakevoice callswhilewatching television;and thedesktopatwork (1 card)usedasa second screenwhilewatching somethingon the smartphoneduringwork.
Ten young people also reported in their diaries the moments when theycommentedonand/orsharedsomethingaboutthevideotheywereviewing.Altogethertherewere 98 extra questions answered about that topic and in 73 cases, the youngpeopledidnotcommentonorshareanything.Of the25cardswithpositiveanswers,theyreportedhavingcommentedpersonallywithsomeonewatchingthecontentwiththem (22 cards), such as family members, friends and co-workers; commenting viaWhatsApp(1card);aswellassharingthevideowithsomeoneviaWhatsApp(2cards).Those situations occurredwhile the young peoplewere viewing videos on television(19cards),onthedesktopatwork(4cards)andonasmartphone(2cards).
In this chapterwe present a detailed description of the data obtained from theCametá young people, focusing on the participants’ profile, available technology andmedia repertoire, as well as describing their video consumption practices and themultipledimensionsthatarearticulatedbytheyoungpeopleduringviewingsituations.It was possible to observe, given the data on technology ownership amongstparticipants, that in almost 90% of situations recorded on the cards video viewingoccurredinprivateenvironments,notablyformomentsofcollectiveTVscreenviewing.
Inmostcards,viewingwasdoneinofflinemode,eventhough8of the11youngpeople reportedat least one caseof viewinga screen connected to the internet.Only10%ofcardsreportedeventsoccurringinpublicenvironments,suchasworkorservicepoints,suchashospitalsorpublicagencieswhileparticipantswerewaiting.Becauseoflimitedaccesstoconnectedscreens,however,casesofviewinginpublicenvironmentswererecordedbyonlyfouryoungpeople.
compared to traditional modes of video viewing, in 32.7% of situations the youngpeoplemade less conventional arrangements for video viewing situations, and to dothatmadeuseofdevicesforshareduse,aswellasinmostcasesplanningthewaysofbeingconnected,sinceofthe11only3haveWi-Fiinternetathome.
A notable characteristic of the Cametá group is the search for genres/formatsalreadyknownononlineplatforms,suchastelenovelas, films,sportsprogrammesandmusicalvideoclips,soastocomplementtheirviewingpractices.
When we approximate the diversity of contents viewed using multiplesources/providers with young people’smedia repertoire, it becomes clear that evenwithlessfavourableaccessconditions,participantsknowaboutthenewpossibilitiesforviewingvideosandmostareopentothosenewpractices.Insomecases(Jadir,Edson,Camilo, Maria, Any and Gaspar), we identified competences already achieved forestablishingvideoconsumptionalternativesindependentofthetelevisiongrid.Besidesarticulating invariousways, themultipledimensionsthatmakeupvideoviewing, theyoung people with more developed skills manage forms of being online, for theconnection time they need to have access to what they want to view and for theresources necessary for enabling viewing. That is because the resources consideredbasicforcontemporaryvideoviewing(mobiledevicesandinternetconnection)arenotavailableforthemajorityofparticipantsofCametá.
In this chapter,wepresented thedetailed description of the data built togetherwithparticipantsofCametá.Itcontributedforourunderstandingaboutthepreferencesof the youth of themunicipality in question,which content are themostwatched, aswell as those participants combine themultiple dimensions of the interaction flows,whichisafundamentalstepfordescribingitlaterinChapter12.Next,wewilldetailtheresultsobtainedinTavares.
Asitispossibletoobserve,alltheTavaresparticipantshaveatleastonetelevisionset at home, aswell as a smartphone for individual usewith a permanent telephonesignal, even for those residing in rural localities. On their telephones, all the youngpeopleusemobileinternetdata(pre-orpost-paid),aservicetheythemselvespayfor.
Athome,sixhavecableTVservices,towit,OiTV(AletaandMarcos),Sky(Viniciusand Stela), Claro TV (Carol) and use of a Tocomsat pirate converter (Jonas). Themonthly fee for the services is usuallypaidby theparentsor guardiansof the youngpeople,exceptforAletaandMarcoswhosharethesubscriptioncostwithsomeone.Halfof theyoungpeoplealsohaveparabolicantennasat theirhouses, inthecaseofCarla,Leandro and Alice the only way to receive free-to-air TV channels on their sets.Additionally, five participants have a DVD device (Leandro, Alice, Vinicius, Carol andCarla),butitisnolongerusedasmuch.
Onemaynotetheuseoflaptopsbysevenparticipants(Aleta,Marcos,Alice,Jonas,Alex, Carol and Carla), two devices in the case of Alex. The uses are related to bothstudies and entertainment. Four young people report they have a desktop-typecomputer (Vinicius, Jonas, Carol and Alice). With the exception of Vinicius, whointegrates his with his bedroom TV when watching Netflix videos, the other youngpeople hardly ever use desktops anymore because they are very old and slow.Integrated use of screenswas also reported by Alex,who connects his laptopwith alargervideomonitoravailableinhisroom,viaHDMIcable.
Formostparticipants(Marcos,Jonas,Alex,Carol,Leandro,Aleta,CarlaandVitor),their first access to digital technologies and the internetwas via a desktop computerbought by their parents210, for doing schoolwork, or using a LAN-environment in theTavaresurbancentre,backduringBasicEducation.Thecomputerwasalsoverymuchusedforaccessinginstantchats,suchasMSN,andthefirstsocialnetworksites,suchasOrkut(Marcos,Jonas,Alex,Carol,Leandro,AletaandVitor)and,inthecaseofAlexandCarol,fordownloadingaudioandvideofiles.
Aroundage14and15,someparticipantshadtheirfirsttheirfirstmobilephones,still limited to voice calls and SMS, as well as the well-remembered ‘snake game’(Marcos,Alex,Carol,LeandroandAlice).210Inaninterviewduringexploratoryfieldstudyin2016(Step2),Jonasreportedthatatage11,hewassellingicelolliestotheLANhouseintownandendedupobservingtheotherchildrenusingthecomputerandinternet.Atthatmomenthebecame interested inbuyingacomputerand fromthatpointbegansavingmoney tobuyhis first, andthusthefirstcomputerinthehouse,atthattimeusedbyhisyoungerbrotherandhimselfforactivitiesatUniversity,whichhehadjustbegunatthattime.
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As for the use of Internet, all participants have daily access enabled, in mostsituations by individual-use smartphone. For seven of the ten participants (Marcos,Alice,Vinicius,Jonas,Alex,CarolandCarla),athome,theinternetconnectionisviaWi-Fi,servicesgenerallypaidforbytheirparents,exceptinthecaseofMarcosandAlex.AsforLeandro,AletaandStelatheyonlyhavemobileinternetoncellularphonesforaccessathome.ForAletaspecifically,thatwasachoicesothatheryoungdaughterwouldnotspendallthetimeconnected,whichiswhysheandherhusbandmakeusoftheinternetpackagetheyhaveontheirmobilephonesandwhennecessaryroutethesignaltotheirdaughter’stablet.LeandroandStelausuallyaccessWi-Fiatfriends’houses,aswellasatwork, in the case of the former. Specifically, in Stela’s case, the absence ofWi-Fi is aproblembecauseshecannotalwaysloadcreditsonhermobile.Accordingtoher,ifshehadinternetathome,shewouldwatchmuchmorecontentondemandthandirectlyontelevision,aswewillseelater.
Amongvideoservices,fourparticipantsstatethattheyhaveNetflixsubscriptions(Alice, Vinicius, Alex and Carol) and another three frequently use the platform viasubscriptions borrowed from friends, without cost (Leandro, Aleta and Marcos). ForAliceandCarol,paymentofthesubscriptionissharedamongfriends/familymembers.Twoyoungpeopleaffirmthattheyneverpayforvideoservices,StelabecauseshelacksfinancialconditionsandCarlabecausesheisnotsointerestedinvideos,andwhatshecanaccessonTVandDVDsisenough.
Oneshouldnotethat,ofthedevicesexistingathomeandusedbytheparticipants,many are shared, except for in the case of Alex. Six young people share the laptopexistingathome,threesplituseofthedesktopcomputeratworkandtwoshareuseofatablet.
InTable33onemaysee that,eventhoughdataontechnologyownershipvariesamongtheyoungpeople,theyhaverelativelysimilarconditionsforInternetaccessandavailability of more than one screen for viewing videos, a TV and smartphone at aminimum.Among the participants, the youngpersonwithmost limitations on accesscondition is Stela, while Alex has the best conditions are greatest availability oftechnology.
Of the total of 415 cards filled out by the Tavares participants, in 49.9% thesmartphone appears as the screen employed, followed by 38.6% of cards that usetelevision.Alltheyoungpeopleviewedvideosonatleasttwoscreensdifferent,suchasTVandsmartphoneinthecaseofnineyoungpeopleandsmartphoneandlaptop,withAlex.AliceandMarcosalsousedalaptopasaviewingscreenand,inthecaseofVinicius,adesktopconnectedtoaTVwasusedforconsumingvideos.
Forhalf of the youngpeople, themostused screenwas a smartphone, reaching72%ofcardsfromMarcos,followedby65.8%forJonas,60%forAlex,57.1%forAlice,and56.5%forCarol.TVwasthescreenmostusedbyfourparticipants,reaching78.6%of cards for Vinicius, 76.9% forAleta, 75% for Carla and 56% for Stela. In Leandro’scase,halfofviewingsituationswereonTVandtheotherhalfonsmartphone.Devicessuch as laptop, and desktopswere cited in, respectively, 41 cards (9.9%) from threeyoungpeople(32fromAlex,7fromAliceand2fromMarcos),andsixcards(1,4%)fromVinicius, besides one card in which he integrated the desktop computer with thebedroomTV(0.2%).
Of the total of situations reported by the Tavares young people, 55.2% wereonline, with 40.2% viaWi-Fi and 14.9% viamobile data (3G/4G). Specifically, in thecase of Carla and Stela, when connected they usedmobile internet, even though theformerhadWi-Fiinternetathome.In44.8%ofcards,thescreensweredisconnected,asdetailedinTable35.
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Table35–ScreensusedbytheTavares(RS)participants
ParticipantOnline Offline
n. % n. %
Leandro 24 41,4 34 58,6
Aleta 3 23,1 10 76,9
Marcos 36 72,0 14 28,0
Alice 19 90,5 2 9,5
Vinicius 12 21,4 44 78,6
Jonas 20 52,6 18 47,4
Alex 72 90,0 8 10,0
Carol 35 56,5 27 43,5
Stela 6 24,0 19 76,0
Carla 2 16,7 10 83,3
TOTAL 229 55,2 186 44,8
Source:Createdbytheauthor.
Bothtypesofvideoviewing(onlineandoffline)wereexperiencedbyalltheyoungpeople.Forhalfoftheparticipants,onlineviewswerereportedinmorethanhalftheircards:90.5%ofcardsfromAlice;90%fromAlex;72%fromMarcos;56.5%fromCarol;and52.6% from Jonas.Offline situationspredominated in83,3%of cards fromCarla,78,6%fromVinicius,76.9%fromAleta,76%fromStelaand58.6%fromLeandro.
Regarding the location for viewing, the majority of situations (76.1%) were inprivate environments, notably the living room (39.3%) and room (31.1%) at home.Cardsalsoappearedforvideosviewedatthehouseoffamilymembers(2.4%),houseoffriends(1.7%)andkitchenathome(1.7%).
For 9 out of 10 participants, themajority of viewing situationswere in privateenvironments, reaching100%withCarla.Stelawas theonlyyoungpersonwithmorecards inpublicenvironments,56%of cards,with the rest inprivateenvironments211.Carlarecordedviewingpracticesonlyinprivateenvironments,allinherlivingroomathome.
Viewinginpublicspaceswasidentifiedin23.9%ofcardscomingfromnineyoungpeople. The predominancewas the participants’ workplace (16.1%), except for Alicewho was on holiday and Carla who does not work. Next come 10 cards (2.4%) in
211Specifically,inthecaseofthatyoungwoman,weconsideredherworkplaceasapublicenvironment,eventhoughitisthehouseofanelderlywomanforwhomsheisthecaregiver.Althoughcirculationbypeopleisquiterestricted,we understand that Stela is there to perform a function, so she does not behave nor use space and resources forviewingvideosasifshewereathome.Likewise,everythingsheviews,includingthetelevisioninthewoman’slivingroom,maybeaccompaniedbyanotherperson,notnecessarilydefinedbyourparticipant.
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teaching spaces (Alex’s language school, Marcos’ university and the library at Jonas’university); 10 cards (2.4%) onemeans of transportation such as boat, bus and car,usedbyAleta,Marcos,AlexandJonastogotothecitywheretheystudy(RioGrande)ortomovearoundinTavares(Alice);fourcards(1%)whileAlex,JonasandLeandrowerewalking on the streets of Tavares; 0.7% in places for shopping and/or eating(supermarketinRioGrande,astreetvendormarketinRioGrande,andasnackbar212inTavares).We also found one card (0.2%) from Jonas for a situation at themaritimeterminalinRioGrande,waitingforthelaunchtoreturntoTavares;acardfromLeandroat work at the Tavares Municipal Government; and a card from Vinicius at thebarbershop.
Inthoseenvironments,theyoungpeopleviewedvideosmostlyonasmartphone,18.8% of cards, followed by 1.9% on a laptop, 1.7% on TV and 1.4% on a desktopcomputer.Observingthescreensusedinprivateenvironments,thelogicisinvertedandTV becomes the most used device, in 36,9% of situations, followed by 31.1% forsmartphones, and 8% for laptops. It is interesting to observe that of the viewingsituationsinpublicenvironments,77.8%wereonline.Forprivateenvironments,49.1%ofthetotalcardswereonline,and50.9%offline.
Although they had viewed more videos in private environments, among theTavaresyoungpeopleindividualviewingwasmorecommon(66.7%),thatinsomeone’scompany (32.5%). Moments viewing alone reached 91.7% of cards from Carla, 84%fromMarcosandbetween80%and81%ofcardsfromStela,Carol,AlexandAlice.OnlyViniciusandAletahadmorecardsfromaccompaniedviewing,respectively,85.7%and76.9%, the first in the company of his father,whileAleta generallywatcheswith hersmalldaughterandhusband.
When crossing dimensions local and time, we found that regardless of time,viewings occur mostly in private environments, with 83.6% of cards indicating theevening,76.3%moredaytimesituationsand59.6%formornings.
Observing Table 36, the viewing practices for Tavares participants are notconcentratedintheevening,butinsteaddispersedthroughouttheentireday.Afternoonwas the periodwith themost cards (38.6%), followed by evening (36.6%),morning(21,4%)andlatenight(3,4%).
In the case of the afternoon and evening shifts, all the young people reportedpracticesduringthosemoments.Duringmornings,onlyCarladidnotrecordanythinginher diary, and during late night five young people made records in their diaries(Leandro,Alice,Alex,CarolandCarla).
For half of the 10 participants, the afternoon period was the time for greatestviewing:52%ofcardsfromMarcos,50%forCarla,48%forStela,45.2%forCaroland36.2% for Leandro. Evening was the most common period among four participants:Aletawith69.2%of cards,57.1% forAlice,50% for Jonasand45% forAlex.Viniciusrecordedthesamenumberofcardsfortheafternoonandforevening(22ineachshift,39.3%),followedby21.4%ofcardsformorning.
ItisimportanttohighlightthatthisdispersalofviewingpracticesfortheTavaresparticipants throughout the periods of the day makes identification of contents andsituationsevenmoredifficult,unlikewhatoccurred inCametá,where,whenverifyingthe times,weknewclearlywhy theyoungpeoplewerewatchingat thatmomentandsometimes,whatwasthecontent.
Furthermore, one should note that for all periods of the day, the majority ofrecordsindicateindividualviewings,reaching100%ofcardsfromlatenight,85.4%formorning,61.9%forafternoonand55.9%forevening.Only14.5%oftotalofcardsfromTavaresrefertothetraditionalhabitofcollectiveTVviewingintheevening,with11.6%inthelivingroom.
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ThoseaspectsseemtoberelatedtothefactthatatnoneoftheperiodsofthedaywasTVthemostusedscreen,notevenintheevening.Fromthetotalofregisteredcardsinthelatenight,in92.9%ofthemtheparticipantsviewedscreenssuchassmartphones,laptops and/or desktops all of them connected to the internet.From the cardsregistered in the morning, 76.4% were on mobile screens and 70.8% in connectedscreens.Among the totalof cards in theafternoon,55.6%wereonother screensand45.6%connected.Fromthetotalregisteredatnight,55.3%occurredonotherscreens,52%connectedand44.7%onTV.
Among the eight categories, themost viewedwas social network sites (43.4%),
identified in the diaries of all participants. Next were commercial free-to-air TVchannels (25.5%,9diaries, except forAlex), commercial cableTV channels (12.5%,6diaries),theWhatsAppinstantmessagingapplication(11.6%,7diaries),theNetflixpaidVoDplatform(3.1%,5diaries),sourcesofcoursesand/oreducationalplatforms(AVAs,Moodle, languagecourses)(2.7%,3diaries),DVD(0.5%,2diaries)andalsoUCG-typecontents, produced by the participants themselves, or by people they know (0.7%, 2diaries).
Among the providers most cited are: Instagram (19.3%, 7 diaries); YouTube(16.6%, 8 diaries); Globo (13.5%, 8 diaries); RBS TV (7.7%, 6 diaries) – the onlyproviderwith a local/state-wide reach –;WhatsApp (11.6%, 7 diaries); andFacebook(7.5%,9diaries).
Amongthe17commercialcableTVchannelsmentionedbysixyoungpeople,themost citedwasMegapix (1.4%, 4 diaries), focusing on films and series.However, theoneswiththelargestnumberofcards,allfilledoutbyVinicius,wereSpace(1.7%)andNationalGeographic(1.4%).Altogether,on22cards(5.3%)sixfilmandserieschannelswere cited (FOX, Megapix, Space, Telecine, TNT and Universal Channel) and on 13(3.1%) six sports channels (ESPN, ESPN Brasil, FOX Sports, Premiere, SporTV andSporTV2).
As was done with the data from Cametá, we operated a second level forcategorisingthesourcesofcontents,relatedtotypeofaccess(free,paid,pirateorUCG).Ofthetotalof415cardsfromTavares,80.7%werefromfreeproviders,notablysocialnetworksites(Instagram,YouTubeandFacebook)andopenTVchannels(GloboandRBSTV)andtheWhatsAppapplication.The freesourceswereused inmostcards fromalltheyoungpeople,exceptVinicius,whoviewedmorevideosoncableTVchannels.Thistypeofsourcewascitedin100%ofcardsfromStelaandfrom90to94%ofcardsfromMarcos,CarlaandLeandro.
Among paid sources (15.7%), cable TV channels and the Netflix VoD platformstandout.Theregisterofthosesourceswasfoundinsevendiaries:58,9%ofcardsfromVinicius, 38.5% of Aleta, 19% of Alice, 12.5% of Alex, 11.3% of Carol and 1.7% ofLeandro.
Furtheronpaidsources,oneshouldalsonoteanexampleofapaid resourceonYouTube,YouTubeGo,which allowedAlex todownload a vlog tohis laptop,whichhepresentedinaclassroomintheschoolwhereheworks.Leandroalsocitedcaseswherehe, lackingWi-Fi at home,made a prior download of four or five series via aNetflixapplicationforlaterviewingoffline.
In relating data on sources of content with the types identified in the research(live, on demand, downloaded and recorded, we found that 54.5% of videos were
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viewed on demand, a situation experienced by all the young people, as well as liveviewing practices, reported in 39.3% of cards. The downloaded contents represent5.3%ofthecardsobtainedfromfivediaries,reaching20%ofwhatwasviewedbyStela,the young person with the lowest connection availability among the Tavaresparticipants.Therecordedcontentsamountto1%ofthecardsandwerefoundinthediariesofCarla(videosofrecordsmadeatcelebrationsatcelebrationsat theCatholicChurchforpostingontheparishprofileonFacebook),Leandro(videosduringactivitiesofthecouncilmembersheworkswithforcollectingandpublishingonsocialnetworks)andAlex(videorecordedwithafriend).
Amongthelivecontents,24.6%wereonopenTVchannels,followedby12.1%oncableTV. There are also two cards (0.5%)of live video classes viewedbyMarcos onAVAusedintheundergraduatecourse,threecases(0.7%)ofvideocallsmadebyAlextohisboyfriendviaWhatsApp. It isinterestingtonotethatthiswasthefirsttimethattypeofcontentwasrecordedintheresearchdiary.Recognisingthistypeofresourceasa video viewed/producedwas amovement of the participant himself, an aspect thatdrewourattentionandthatwewillreturntointhediscussionofresults.
ThevideosdownloadedwereviewedonWhatsApp(3.6%),intheclassroomoftheEnglishcoursebyAlex(1.4%),andalsoacard(0.2%)ofavlogdownloadedporAlexviaYouTubeGotoshowtohisstudentsatschool.SpecificallyregardingthecontentscomingfromWhatsApp, two main types of viewing stand out, the first being short videospublishedonthestatustool,necessarilyviewedonline,andthesecondofvideos,alsomostlyshort,sharedingroupsand/orindividualmessagesontheappandnecessarilydownloadedon the telephone for viewing.Among them, only onewas identified as afunnyamateurvideo; therestvideoclips, reflection/prayervideosorvideosproducedbytheparticipantsthemselvesortheiracquaintances.
AmongtheTavaresyoungpeople,wedidnotidentifycasesofusingVoDplatformsof free-to-air or cable television channels. On the other hand, four free-to-air TVprogrammes were viewed in part or fully on YouTube channels: the journalisticprogramme ‘A Liga’, previously shown byBandTV, and the talk show ‘Programa doPorchat’,shownuptoDecember2018onRecordTV,bothviewedondemandbyAlexonYouTube;the‘LeiteShow’segmentonthetalkshow‘TheNoite’,presentedbyDaniloGentilionSBT,viewedonYouTubebyAlice;andthehiddencameraprankingsegment,shownboth inanSBT auditoriumprogrammeandonRedeTV,viewedbyLeandroonYouTube.
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One should further note that only among the cards reporting live content (163cards, 39.3%), did viewing happen in the company of someone else (68.1%). Withcontentsviewedondemand(226cards,54.5%)anddownloaded(22cards,5.3%),theyoungpeoplewere alone inmost cases, respectively90.7%and68.2%of cards fromeach typeof content.Among the videos recorded (4 cards, 1%) in two cases viewingwas individual and in two it was accompanied. In Tavares we also identified videosproduced by the participants themselves or persons known to them in theirrelationshipcircles.
Inclassifyingthecontentsrecordedonthe415cardsfromTavares,weidentified38 different genres/formats. The videos viewed ranged from free-to-air and paidtelevisionline-ups,toproductionsviewedviaNetflix,socialnetworksites,DVDandalsoeducationalcourses/platforms,asdetailedinTable38.
249 Table 38 – Genres/Formats of content X Sources/providers viewed by the participants from Tavares (RS)
Among the most viewed video genres/formats, those for entertainment andinformationstandout,inthiscasetheyaredispersedondifferentplatformsbeyondthetraditionalTV.Stories/statuswas themostviewed format, recordedon23.9%of415cards,fromeightparticipants.Nextwere8.4%ofvideoclips(7diaries);7.7%offilms(8diaries); 5.5% of news (6 diaries); 5.1% of videos on social network timelines (4diaries);4.6%ofsportsprogrammes(5diaries);4.3%oftelenovelas(7diaries);4.3%oflive football games (7 diaries); 3.1% of vlogs (2 diaries); and 2.4% of tutorials (4diaries).
It is interesting to observe that of the10most viewed genres/formats, four arecharacteristicofsocialnetworksites(stories, timelinevideos,tutorialsandvlogs)andanother four are more commonly viewed on television screen (news, telenovelas,football games and sports programmes) albeit with the multiple options forconsumption on demand currently existing. Somuch so that of the tenmost viewed,four were viewed exclusively on online platforms (vlog, tutorial, stories/status andvideoontimeline)andthreewereseenonlyontelevisionscreens,whetheronfree-to-air or cable channels (news, telenovela and football game). And films, sportsprogrammes and videoclips were seen both on TV and on virtual platforms such associalnetworksites.
Specifically regarding stories/status, 69.7% come from Instagram, 28.3% fromWhatsAppand2%fromFacebook,asocialnetworkwebsitethatismuchlessutilisedbytheTavares youngpeople, because it presentsmore content frompersons the youngpeopleknowthanInstagram,whichprovidesabroaderrangeofcontent,comingfromoutsidethemunicipality.FacebookismorethepersonsIknowhere,Tavares,Mostarda,Rio Grande, persons I know personally. And Instagram are persons from around theworld’(InterviewwithMarcos)215.
Videoclipswere viewed both on demand onYouTube (71.4%) and onFacebook(5.7%), downloaded on WhatsApp (17.1%), or live on the TVZ programme of theMultishowcableTVchannel(5,7%).Andfilmwasthegenre/formatviewedonagreatervarietyofproviders:53.1%oncableTVchannels;25%onNetflix;9.4%onGlobo;6.3%onSBT;and6.3%viaDVD.Prominentgenresincludeaction,comedy,adventure,dramaand romance. Of the total of 32 titles recorded, 28 are foreign productions, one is
215DuringtheinterviewseveralyoungpeoplereportedtheprofilesoffamouspersonstheyfollowonInstagram,suchas: the comedian CarlinhosMaia, country singer Marília Mendonça, football players Gabriel Medina and Neymar,actress Bruna Marquezine, as well as YouTubers in various areas, ranging from personal trainers, nutritionists,doctorsprovidinghealthtips,toflightattendantsoninternationalairlinesandpersonswhomaketravelreports.
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domestic and another threewewere unable to identify due to gaps in filling out thecards.
As for news programmes, they were viewed exclusively on open TV channels:78.3%onRBSTV(‘JornaldoAlmoço’and‘RBSNotícia’);13%onGlobo(‘BomdiaBrasil’,‘JornalNacional’and ‘JornaldaGlobo’);and8.7%naRecordTV(‘BalançoGeral’).Oneshould note that ‘Jornal do Almoço’ was the most watched programme among theTavaresyoungpeople,foratotalof16cards(3.8%)foundinthediariesoffouryoungpeople(Leandro,Marcos,JonasandCarol).
Becauseof the specific format, the timelinevideoswereviewedbynecessityonmobiledevicesorcomputersandonsocialnetworksites66.7%onFacebookand33,3%on Instagram. We understand that in that category are short and randomly orderedvideos, whichmake up the timeline flow for social network sites, often viewedwithsubtitlesandonaudioandnotnecessarilyincompleteformbytheparticipants,sinceasthe timelines roll many begin by themselves (auto-play function inaugurated byFacebook).
Sports programmes were viewed more on TV especially because they are live.Altogether, 60% of the 20 cards reporting genre/format were on RBS TV (‘GloboEsporte’),25%onBandTV (‘JogoAberto’);10%oncableTVchannels (SportTV)andone card (5%) on Facebook, more precisely a portion of the programme showingreplays from a given game. Specifically, on ‘Globo Esporte’, the second most viewedprogramme by the Tavares young people, 12 cards were identified (2.8%) in fourdiaries(Leandro,Marcos,ViniciusandCarol),generallyafter‘JornaldoAlmoço’,onRBSTV.
TelenovelaswerealsoviewedonlyontheTVscreen,94.4%fromGlobo(‘SegundoSol’,‘Malhação’and‘Otemponãopara’)andonecard(5.6%)forSBT(‘AsAventurasdePoliana’). The same thing happened with the live football games, viewed on TV, butmostly on cable TV channels (ESPN,ESPNBrasil, FOXSports, Premiere, SporTV2andTNT),with64.7%ofcards.Onfree-to-airTV,thegameswereviewedonGlobo(23.5%)andonRBSTV(11,8%).‘SegundoSol’wasthethirdmostviewedprogramme(8cards,1.9%)foundinfourdiaries(Leandro,Aleta,StelaandCarol).
VlogswereviewedexclusivelyonYouTube(examples:‘DivaDepressão’,‘FilhosdaGrávidadeTaubaté’216, ‘PauloMuzy’ and ‘GabbieFadel’) and tutorial videoson socialnetworks, 70% on YouTube, 20% on Facebook and one card (10%) on Instagram.
Tutorialsdealtwithtopicsrangingfromhowtoplaychess,tophysicalexercises,playingchords and tipsonhow toplay a given songonguitarordrums,painting techniques(artwork),andtime-lapsevideosshowinghowtoprepareculinaryrecipes.
Also based on Table 38, we may observe 14% (Stela, Carla, Alex, Vinicius andAlice)ofcardsrelatedtositcoms(1.9%)andfictionseries(1.4%),viewedonbothfree-to-air TV and cable andVoD.Of that total, 35.7%were viewed on cable TV channels(‘Chicago PD’ and ‘House’, on Universal Channel, ‘Science of Stupid’, on NationalGeographic,and‘LegendofCrocGold’,onDiscovery);35.7%onNetflix(‘OMecanismo’,‘LaCasadelasFlores’,‘TheFosters’and‘Grimm’);14.3%onSBT(‘VampireDiaries’and‘Henry Danger’); besides one card (7,1%) on Globo (‘Lethal Weapon’) and one card(7,1%)onBandTV(‘TheCarbonaroEffect’).Ofthosecontents,only‘OMecanismo’wasclassified as domestic, despite being a production financed and made available inrestrictedfashionbyNetflix.
Participants also viewed talent shows (1.9%) notablywith seven cards for ‘TheVoice Brasil’, on Globo, and one of ‘America’s Got Talent’, viewed on demand onYouTube.Oneshouldalsomentionthejournalisticprogrammeonhealth,Globo’s‘BemEstar’, registeredon seven cards (1,9%), all byCarol,whoviewed theprogrammeonsevenofthetendaysshehadthediary.
Forcartoons,weidentifiedsevencards(1.7%)relatedtoviewing‘SpongeBob’and‘Mundo Disney’, on SBT, ‘Pat the Dog’ and ‘Peppa Pig’, on Discovery Kids, ‘Tree ofDreams’, on Discovery Channel, ‘SpongeBob’ and ‘Totally Spies’, seen on demand onYouTube. Another seven cards (1,7%) reported on viewing lectures on videoboth onYouTube (such as the channel ‘Saber Filosófico’), and onFacebook andWhatsApp(inboth cases of the Santa Catarina journalist Marcos Piangers, who deals withinterpersonal relations, especially between parents and children). For Alice thosecontentshelphertostudyforuniversityandforAletatheyaremeansforlearningabouthow to raise her young daughter. In the specific case of the lecture viewed viaWhatsApp,shecommentedthatsheactuallyreceivedalinktothejournalist’svideoonherchannelonYouTube.Alsorelatedtolearningandtrainingforparticipants,onemaycitethesixvideosusedasteachingmaterialinAlex’slanguagecourseclasses(6cards,1.4%)andvideo-classeswatchedbyMarcosandAlice(5cards,1.2%)bothfreeandondemand.
Wealsonote six cards (1,4%) related to videos for reflection/prayer viewedbytheyoungpeopleonYouTubeandviaWhatsApppor:Carla,whowasseekingsongsfor
In Table 38, the versatility of YouTube is again displayed, as the source of 13different genres/formats, passingGlobo and the group of cable TV channels, viewingsources for 12 different genres/formats. Next comes Facebook, the source of eightdistinctcategories,andWhatsAppwithseven.
Regarding the approximate viewing times reported by the participants in theirdiaries(Table39), it is interestingtohighlightthevariationbetweenthem,andthisisnot necessarily related to the total number of cards filled out. Even though theparticipantswhofilledoutthemostcards(AlexandCarol,respectivelywith80and62)havethelargesttimetotals,Carla,whofilledoutonly12cards,totalledmorehoursthanseveralotherparticipants.
The variation in total time as well as the average duration of each viewingsituationisduetothetypeofvideoviewedbytheparticipants.Thetimeisusuallyhighamongparticipantswhose video consumption is guidedmore by television, naturallywithcontentsthatlastlonger,moresothanforparticipantswhoviewmoreondemandandshortvideosondigitalplatforms.
Inthatregard,itisinterestingtoviewthedistributionofcardsfilledoutaccordingto the duration times of situations. In Table 40, we present that crossed by type ofcontent.
Based on the extra questions answered, nine Tavares participants reportedmultitaskingsituationswhileviewingvideos.Inall,52cardswerefilledinonthattopic,with19casesindicatingnoactivitywasperformedand33registeringparallelactivities.Of those, in 16 cards, while viewing television, young people were: having a meal;talking face to face; talking via WhatsApp or checking social network profiles onsmartphones;viewingkeyboardclassonYouTube.
In the multitasking situations while viewing on a smartphone (12 cards), onefinds:working,cleaninghouseorsomespecificroomorpackingbagsforatrip;havingameal;watchingTV;exercising;talkingviaWhatsApp.Asformultitaskingsituationswitha laptop, they reported: studying; talking viaWhatsApp, including video or auditioncalls;eatingpopcorn.
Regardinguseofsecondscreendevices,ofthe378questionsanswered,53wererelated to that practice. No usewas reported in 18. In another 35 cards, nine youngpeople indicated they had used a second screen while viewing a video, this being:smartphone (22cards) foraccessing socialnetworksitesoranswering textmessages
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whilewatchingTV,workingonadesktoporviewingavideoonalaptop;thetelevisionitself (7 cards) thatwas on and showing something in the background as theywereviewingsomethingon thesmartphone; laptop(5cards),whileviewingsomethingonthe smartphone, to verify the system of a computer where they were working orsecondaryviewing/listeningtomusicvideoclipsonYouTubeand/orSpotify.
Seven young people also reportedmoments when they actually commented onand/orsharedsomethingrelatedtoavideotheywereviewing.Altogether,therewere89 extraquestions answeredon that topic, and in67 cases the youngpeopledidnotcomment on or share anything.Of the 22 cardswith positive answers, they reportedcommenting(19cards)ortalkingpersonallywithsomeonewatchingthecontentwiththem, such as family members, friends and boyfriend/girlfriend, or via WhatsApp,Facebook or Instagram, besides a comment cardmade byMarcos during a live classviewed on AVA at University. Three cards on sharing were identified, with actionsperformedmadeviaWhatsApp,FacebookorInstagram.
In this chapter we have presented a detailed of the data obtained among theTavaresyoungpeople,notablyinformationregardingtheprofilesofparticipants,theiravailable technology and video repertoire, as well as describing video consumptionpracticesandthedimensionsarticulatedbytheyoungpeopleinviewingsituations.
Even with relatively high availability of technology among the participants,notably ownership of a smartphone among all ten interviewees, 76.1% of all thesituations reported occurred in private environments. Individual viewings stand outoverall (66.7%) as well as contents on demand and/or downloaded, which totalled60.7%of everything thatwas viewedby theparticipants,with the smartphonebeingthemostusedscreen(49.9%)forhalfoftheparticipants.Onamajorityofcardsviewingwasonline(55.2%).
Among the23.9%ofviewing inopenenvironments,avarietyof situationswereidentified, ranging from spaces at work, public agencies or services such as market,barbershopandgym,toeducationspaces(library,university,languagecourse)andalsotransportationduringmovement inside andoutsideofTavares (car, bus and launch).Becauseoftheavailabilityofaccesstoconnectedscreens,atleastonecaseofviewinginapublicenvironmentwasrecordedbynineofthetenyoungpeople.
Regardingthecontentdimension,38videogenres/formatswereidentifiedinthe10 diaries, coming from 33 different sources/providers, notably social network sitesand commercial free-to-air TV channels. In more than 60% of situations, the youngpeople made less conventional arrangements of the multiple dimensions, generally
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usingdevicesconnectedtoWi-Fiforviewingvideoswithdurationof1to15minutesononline videoplatforms.Only three youngpeople lackWi-Fi at homebut twoof themusedinternetatworktoviewvideosonlineand/ordownloadthemforviewinglateron.
Onecharacteristicof theTavaresgroupisviewingstories/statusbeforesleepingand onwaking up,making this themost recurrent genre/format among participants.Next come contents linked tomusic and sports, aswell as informationvia traditionalnewsprogrammes.
FromthemediarepertoireoftheTavaresparticipants,whoalreadyhadhadaccessto digital media as pre-teens, one may see that the majority showed considerableknowledge of the new possibilities for video viewing and are open to and/or havealreadyincorporatedthosenewpracticesintheirviewingroutines.Insomecases(Alex,Marcos, Leandro, Jonas, Carol and Alice), we identified more clearly developedcompetences for establishing alternatives for video consumption in a mannerindependent fromthe televisiongrid,although thiswasneverapriority forAliceandCarolandwasnotasourceofcontentforanyofthe80cardsfromAlex.
InthischapterwedetailedthedatabuilttogetherwithparticipantsofTavares.AsChapter8,itscontributionisforthecomprehensionaboutthepreferencesoftheyouthof themunicipality inquestion,whichcontentare themostwatched,aswellas thoseparticipantscombinethemultipledimensionsoftheinteractionflows.Next,thedataofboth municipalities are analysed in perspective, in order to compare the resultsobtainedinCametáandinTavaresandtogoindeepintheanalysisprocess.
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10 APPROXIMATINGTHESTUDIEDREALITIESWhenweputinperspectivethedataoftheparticipantgroupsinCametáandTavarespresentedonthepreviouschapters,itbecomesevidentthatmostoftheyoungpeopleofthe firstmunicipality, besides having fewer technological resources at home, did notsignificantlychangetheirvideoconsumptionpractices–theystillcloselyconnectedtotheTVsetroutine.Eventhough, theyknowaboutandsomeof themare interested inthepossibilitiesofanewmediascenario.
Evenwith several gaps in the service inTavares, youngpeople that live inbothruralandinurbanareashaveaccesstoWi-Fiinternetandtelephoneservices,becausecoveragemaps include these localities. In Cametá, internet access is very limited andreducedtotheyoungpeoplethathaveinternetathome,onlyoneparticipantthatlivesinrurallocality,andtheoneswholiveinthelocalityofSantana,wherethereisphonecoveragebyoneoperator,Claro.
As for competences and media repertoire (OROZCO GOMÉZ, 2011; 2014c;HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013;SCOLARI,2018),itisimportanttopointoutthattheyoungpeople of Tavares began the use of digital technologies such as mobile phones and
InTavares,thefirstcontactwiththeICTsoccurredbetweenages12and14,whilethe participants were still attending Primary School and had their first desktops athome,somewithdial-upinternet,andthenandnexthadtheirownmobilephones. InCametá, the contact with the internet necessarily began through the use of mobilephones, acquired when the participants started to have the need to move to longerdistancestostudy,aroundtheagesof16and17whentheywereinSecondarySchool.OrevenlaterforMalu,whohadherfirstcellphonewhenshewenttoCametátoattendatechnicalcourse,andforElisaandLeidewhoareconcludingtheirstudiesandneverhadamobilephoneforexclusiveuse.ThatmeansthatwhileyoungpeopleofTavareshad their first contactwith the internet by using desktops, those fromCametá begantheiraccessbymobile,suchascellularphonesalreadysmartphonemodels,connectedby mobile telephone data, which, as reported in IBGE data (2015), have a higherpenetrationlevelhigherthanbroadbandinternetinPará.
The habit of accessing internet in LAN-environment was common among theTavaresparticipants,whousedtogotheretoplay,doresearchforschoolwork,talkonchatsoraccessthefirstsocialnetworkwebsitessuchasOrkut.InCametá,accesstotheLAN-environment,occurred later, inSecondarySchool,andtoday isstillanoption forsomeuniversitystudents.
Regarding television consumption, all 21participants in the researchdevelopedthispracticewhile still childrenandhavea considerableaccumulatedcapital. For theyoungpeopleofCametá,however, thoughwatchingTVwasadailypractice, formanyyears it was restricted to a few hours at night, since electricity came by a powergenerator,becauseof the lackofelectricity in theCametácountryside,wheremostofthemgrewup.TheexceptionsareEdson,whowasbornandraisedintheurbanareaofCametá, andMalu,whohas always had television at home inRio Furtados, since herfatherhadapowergeneratorswitchedonduringthedaybecauseofwork.Despitethat,the young woman reported that, unlike her younger brothers, she never had muchinterestintelevision.
Asfortechnologyownership,allparticipantshaveatleastoneTVsetathome,thatbeingtheonlycommonmediaamongthem.AmongtheyoungpeopleofTavares, thatalso extends to smartphones. All of them have at least one smartphone withmobileinternet plan, and eight of them also have internetWi-Fi at home. In Cametá, sevenparticipants,havesmartphoneswithmobileinternetandthreeofthem,Wi-Fiathome.
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10.1DimensionsarticulatedbytheyoungpeopleWhen we observed the articulations that participants make of the multiple
dimensions of video consumption (OROZCOGÓMEZ, 2011),we verify that the screenmost used varies between the municipalities. In Cametá, the TV was the most used,presentin68.2%ofthesituations,followedbysmartphone,with20.2%ofthecards.InTavares, thesmartphonewasthemostuseddevice,with49.9%ofthecards, followedby 28.6% of situations on TV. In Graph 2,we present the distribution of the screensusedbymunicipality.
typesofscreens,exceptforMalu,whoreportedwatchingpracticesonlyontelevision.Inbothmunicipalities,we identified cases of participantswhowatchedmore videos oncomputer, as in the case of Jadir, who watched 81.8% of the videos on desktopcomputerwhereheworks,andAlex,whowatched60%ofthevideosonhis laptopathome.
Thepreferenceforwatchingonprivateenvironmentsiscommonamongalloftheparticipantsofbothmunicipalities,reaching89.3%ofthecardsinCametáand76.1%inTavares. In both cases, despite the frequent use of mobile devices for videoconsumptionattheSouthernmunicipality,theplaceofprominencewasthe‘traditional’living room(45.9%of the cards fromCametáand39.3% fromTavares), according toGraph3.
home and reported 23.9% of the cards with situations in public environments thatrange from workplace to schools, means of transportation, public agencies, gyms,supermarkets, on the street, among other cases related by 9 out of 10 youngpeople.Situationssimilartothose,occurredinCametá,butinlessquantity,10.7%ofthecardsofonly4ofthe11participants.
In terms of using internet for video consumption in Tavares, online situationsreached 55.2% and they were more than half of the total reports from all of theparticipants.InCametá,eightyoungpeoplereportedtheuseofinternet,totalling21.1%ofthefilled-outcardsinthismunicipality. Inbothgroups,however,therewereyoungpeoplewhowatchedmostvideosonline,reaching90.9%ofJadir’scardsand90.5%ofAlice’s.
Regardingtheperiodwiththemostwatchinggoingonduringtheday(Graph4),young people in Cametá tend to consumemore videos at night, 40.4% of the cards,followed by 30.9% in the evening. In Tavares, the data are reversed. The largestconcentrationofwatching situationshappened in the afternoon (38.6%), followedby36.6%bynight.Thelatenightperiodwastheleastmentionedslotinthediariesofbothmunicipalities,reaching3.4%inTavaresand2.1%inCametá.
The TV screenwas themost used resource at all periods of the day among the
watchingpracticesreportedinCametá.InTavares,thepreferenceinallperiodswasformobile device screens, in most cases, connected to the internet. Despite that, thetraditionalpracticeofcollectivewatchinginthelivingroomatnight,withtelevisionasthe meeting point among the home residents was identified in both municipalities,23.4%ofrecordsmadeinCametáand11.6%inTavares.
As for content sources, 37 different ones were identified in Cametá and 33 inTavares.Thetypesvarybetweenthetwocities,accordingtoTablex.
In both municipalities, the most watched contents come from free-to-air TV
commercialorSocialnetworkwebsites,thefirstorsecondmostwatchedcategories.InCametá,free-to-airtelevisionhaspredominatedinalmost50%ofthecards,followedby20% for social network websites, specifically Youtube and Facebook. In Tavares, theoppositeoccurred:Instagram,FacebookandYoutubewerethecontentsourcesin43.4%oftherecords,followedby25.5%fromfree-to-airTVchannels.
CableTVChannelsandWhatsAppwerethethirdandfourthcontentsourcescitedin both municipalities. It is interesting to note that in both absolute terms andproportionally to the total cards in Cametá and Tavares, both sources achieved veryclosenumbersofrecords.
NetflixwastheonlyVoDpayedplatformmentionedinTavares(3,1%).InCametá,on demand platforms of +Globosat and FOX Sports (0,5%) cable TV Channels werementioned.PiratedDVDmoviesand/orrecordedliveconcertswerecontentsourcesinbothmunicipalities,2.8%inCametáand0.5%inTavares.
As for type of source – free, paid, pirate or UGC –, thewatching practicesweremostly based on free sources in bothmunicipalities, 81.9% in Cametá and 80.7% inTavares.Thenextmostusedsourceswerepaidones,15.7%inTavaresand12.3%inCametá.Amongthepiratesources,whichreached5.3%inCametáand2.2%inTavares,inbothmunicipalitiespirateDVDconsumptionandtheuseofanillegalconverterthatcaptures paid channel signals for free were common. In Cametá, cases of illegaldownloads were also cited (using bittorent files), the means through which Netflixcontentswerewatchedinthismunicipality.
As for the typesofvideowatchingpractices, thosewatched liveandondemandwereprominent.InCametá,65.2%werewatchedliveand23%ondemand.InTavares,again, the situation was the opposite: 54.5% were on demand and 39.3%, live. Thedownloadedcontentswereidentifiedin11.8%ofthereportsmadeinCametáand5.3%
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in Tavares, notably those that came fromWhatsApp.It is worth pointing out that, inboth municipalities situations involving live videos occurred, in most cases, insomebody else’s company, while watching on demand or downloaded content wasindividual.
In all, 50 different content genres/formats were identified. To reach thisclassification,we used previous television genre and format studies (ARONCHI, 2004;FECHINE, 2001; FREIRE FILHO & BORGES, 2011), as well as defining somedenominations for the videos that circulate in a digital environment, distinguishingthem even though in very tenuous lines. That was a very demanding process andrevealednotonlyapointtoexploreinmoredepthinthiswork–sincetheclassificationof videos genres and formats demands systematic studies – but, mainly, the widediversityofcontentthatyoungpeopleaccessdailyandthewideperceptiontheyhaveaboutwhattheyconsideravideo.
Wemadethisdigressionbecauseitwasveryenrichingtoverifytheperceptionofparticipants about what they watch, to a point they record in their diaries contentranging from traditionally free-to-air channel consolidated television shows toWhatsAppvideoresources,giffiles217,videoswatchedontimelinesorstories/status218of social network websites, usually visualised through auto-play function, elementwhich,accordingtoShields(2015)havereconfiguredsocialnetworkbusinesspattern.
Theseandotherformatsreportedinthediariesseemtobreakwiththetraditionallogicofproductionandclassificationofvideos,whichdemandsacurrenteffortofstudyand categorization of them, since the lines between genres and formats are,increasingly, finer and the contents, by themselves, are more and more flexible forcirculatingonmultipleplatforms.Andinthisprocessofproductionandmultiplatformavailability, new experiences of audio-visual language consumption are established.Theyvaryfromwatchingpracticesbasedonportablescreensandinopenandpublicsenvironments (sometimes without any privacy) to preference for watching contents
217A kindof animation, consisting of extremely simplemovements and graphic elementsmade through computergraphicresourcesandnot,necessarily,oftraditionalaudio-visualtraditionalresources.Inmostcases,theyhaveonlyimagens,andnoaudio.218AresourcefirstreleasedthroughSnapchatapp,in2011,thatenabledtheusertomakeshortphotosorvideosandsendthemtoalistofcontactsorremainavailableonprofilesfor,atmost,24hours.Also,theappdevelopeddifferentfiltersandholographythatcouldbeoverlaidwiththeuserpicture,somespecific totheface,at themoment itwascaptured.Eachrecorded imagewascalleda “snap”. In2003,FacebookboughtSnapchat,besidesalreadybeing theowner of Instagram and WhatsApp (DEMARTINI, 2016; SHIH & MCBRIDE, 2014). With this, in August 2016,Instagramlauched“instastories”,alsocalled“snapgram”,placedonthefrontpageoftheappwiththesameprincipleasitspreviousrival,Snapchat.OnFebruary,2017, itwastheturnofWhatsapp toenablethe“status”functionwiththesameresourceinoneoftheavailablesessionsoftheapp,aresourceimmediatelyafterwardsavailablealsointheFacebookfeed(MANNARA,2017).Thecontentavailableinthisfunctionisveryshortandconsistofdropsthatmixphotos,videosandgifs.
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that“giveup”constitutiveaudio-visualelements–thehalf-videosrecognisedbySloane(2015) -, such as the ones without audio and with subtitles (through the auto-playfunctiononsocialnetworkwebsites)orevenwithoutimages,suchasonvlogsthatareavailableonYoutubemadetobeheardaspodcasts.
ConsideringthenotesofRein&Venturini(2018), it is interestingtoobservethelogic of constructionofwatch lists and/or content schedules, that all videoplatformshave embraced. Social network websites such as Youtube, Facebook and Instagram,providersasVoDpaidand freeplatformsandevenoncableTVChannels,are linking,literally,onevideo toanother, in someway that theusercan “skip”elements suchasopeningvignettesandcredits,showedinasecondaryvideobox,openedbrieflybesidethemainscreen.
Because video consumption practices are interwoven in a “global scalerecomposingprocess”,assaidbyGarcía-Canclini(2013),weputalessrigideffortintodefinition of genres and format categories. The option was to start from theparticipants’ reports and, that way, verify the most usual ones and how we couldclassify them, respecting the diversity of formats that is characteristic of the mediaconvergenceperiod.
Regarding genres/formats identified, 40 were in Cametá and 38 in Tavares,accordingtothedetailspresentedinChapters8and9.Fromthistotal,28werecommonto both municipalities, 12 occurred only in Cametá and 10 in Tavares, totalling50differenttypes.
(first column) andvideoclips (last column). InCametá, themost evident contents areprogrammes traditionally showed on television, these being news and telenovelas,followedbymovies.
It ispossibletoverifythattheblueandredlinesofGraph6,relatedtowatchingpractice percentage inmunicipalities, approach each other only in the case of sportscontent(footballgameandsportsprogramme),andvideoclips.
Next,wepresent a groupof graphs,whichdemonstrate thediversity of contentsourcesfromwhichvideosofthe10genres/formatsmostcitedbythe21participantswerewatched.
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Graph6–Genres/FormatsXMostWatchedContentSources
Source:Createdbytheauthor.
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An overview of the set of graphs amount emphasises the prominence of threecolours related to an already mentioned preference of young people for free-to-airchannels (darkorange), socialnetworkwebsites (lightorange)andCableTV(brown)thatmakeupamajorshareofthepiechart.
In termsof thediversity of sourcesused towatch a typeof content, the largestnumber of occurrences was found for movies, represented in the first graph. Thiscontentwasseenonfivedifferenttypesofsources,inthefollowingorder:(i)CableTVchannels; (ii) Free-to-air TV channels; (iii) social websites (Youtube); (iv)Netflix; (v)pirate DVDs. Next there are the videoclips (last pie chart),watched on four differenttypes of sources: (i) socialwebsites; (ii)WhatsApp; (iii) Cable TV; (iv) Free-to-air TVchannels.Itisalsointerestingtoobservethecaseofsportsprogrammesandtelenovelas,contentswatchedpreferablyonfree-to-airchannelsandCableTV,butalsoseenonlinebyparticipantsintheresearch(liveandondemand)onYouTubeandaVoDplatformforaCableTVchannel(FOXSports).
Thepreferenceforthesecontentsisreflectedintheapproximatedurationtimeofwatching situations reported by the participants. In Tavares, the videos with theshortest duration, of 1-15minutes,were the onemostwatched, 46%,with 75.8% ofthemondemand.InCametá,participantswatchedmorecontentsfrom31-60minutes,andofthattotal,almost80%waswatchedlive.
From the extra questions on the back of the card, it was possible to identifymultitasking cases among 18 participants, nine from each municipality. In thesesituations, parallel activities to television watching were highlighted, but also therewere multitask occurrences while they were using desktop and smartphone. Theparallelactivitiesvariedfromtraditionalhabitssuchashavingmeals,talkingpersonallyorvirtuallyanddoinghouseholdchores,tojobactivitiessuchaswaitingforthesystemtoreturn,doingmanualwork,studying,breastfeedingbaby,gettingnailsdone,amongotherexamples.
Therewerealsocasesreportedby15participantsofusingasecondscreen,ninein Tavares and seven in Cametá. Themost cited second screenwas the smartphone,usually to access social network websites, exchange messages or work on computerwithabiggerscreen(desktoporlaptop).Inbothmunicipalitiesofwatchingsituationsalsooccurredonmobiledevicesasfirstscreenandtelevisionasthesecondscreen.
The cases of comments and sharing of information about the video which wasbeen watched were reported by 17 young people, 10 from Cametá and seven fromTavares. It is important to observe that among the young people of the Southern
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municipality, recurring activity was the virtual contact with other people throughWhatsAppand/orsocialwebsites,withcasesdirectlyconnectedtothephenomenonof“socialTV” (SIGILIANO& BORGES, 2016; FECHINE, 2014a; FECHINE& BRONSZTEIN,2016).Among theyoungpeople inCametá, thecommentsoccurredmostly inperson,duringcollectivewatchingofaspecificcontent.10.2Partialresults
As we were able to observe, in all axes that orient the description of the dataconstructedinthefieldstudy–bymunicipalityandnow,integrated-,therearepointsof convergenceandofdivergence in video consumptionpracticesof videoof the twoparticipantgroups.
Thedataonmediarepertoire,forexample,revealtheconstitutivediversityoftheprofilesoftheyoungpeopleinvolvedintheresearch,betweenthelocalitiesaswellasinsideeachgroup.BothinTavaresandinCametáyoungpeoplewereinvolvedwhohaddifferent education levels, professional activities, cultural repertoires, as well as agedifferences inside the age range with which we worked. From young mothers tohousewives,tocurrentteachersorteachersintraining,aswellasthosestillattendingSecondarySchoolorundergraduatecourses.
Even if some of the participants of both municipalities had almost the sameconditions for accessing the internet, it was evident in interviews that those fromTavareshavebeendealingwithdigitaltechnologiesforlongerthanthosefromCametá,which certainly interferes with media consumption practices in general (TOALDO &JACKS,2013).
Besidesthelongertimeofcontactandwithavarietyoftechnologies–principlesofentiretyandrelationalitymentionedbyHasebrink&Hölig(2013)-,inTavaresalltheyoung people had relatively stable conditions for accessing technology and internet,comparedto those fromCametá.Thatway,witheasieraccessconditions,possibilitiesexpand for varying the types of contents. This explains the fact that young people inTavares, evenwith one less participant than Cametá (respectively 10 and 11 in eachmunicipality),filledoutthesamequantityofcards(415and431respectively).
Inbothmunicipalitiesweidentifiedcommonpreferences,especiallyastocontentsandsources/providers,besidessimilarwatchingpracticesbasedonsimilarmotivationsthatrangefromfollowingafavouritecontenttolearningaboutsomethingbywatchingavideo,watchingsomethingtorelax,amongotherexamples.Theparticipants,however,presented distinct ways of selecting the videos they watched and this is directly
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connected to the difference between media repertoire and access conditions totechnologythateachoneofthemhad.
For participants in Tavares, most situations were enabled from watchingconditions that already existed, aswell as theuseof their ownmobile resources andbroadband internet connection at home or through mobile data. In Cametá, besidescases of this type, therewere reported situations inwhichwatching conditionswereliterallycreatedbyparticipantswholackedresourcesotherthantelevisiongoingtoanenvironment with available of screen and internet, to connect and watch somethingtheyliked.
Facedtothediversityofwaysinwhichtheparticipantsarrangetheirconsumptionsituations, itwas fundamental to identify the formsofcontentselectionperformedbythem.Throughthedataanalysis,bothviacardsand interviews, thisaspectaroseasadecisive variable for deepening the analysis, and was identified as one of theconstitutivemultipledimensionsoftheinteractionflows,aswewillexplaininChapter12.
The contribution of this chapter is to present the results of the first level ofanalysis of this study, and to reveal similarities and differences between the videoconsumption practices performed by young participants of Cametá and Tavares. Inaddition,thischapterhighlightedthenecessitytoproposeananalyticcategoryoflevelsof media usage. As we have seen, even if they share preferences, the way how theyestablish theirwatching situations differs from one young person to another. That isbecause,besidesthewaytheyarticulateconstituentdimensionsofvideoconsumption(OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2011), each young person demonstrates distinct levels of mediausageintheirownwatchingpractice,acategorywewillexplorenext.
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11 LEVELSOFMEDIAUSAGEGiven the multiple possibilities for video consumption in a scenario of mediaconvergence (JENKINS, 2001, 2009) and the dispersion ofwatching practices, in timeandspace, ithasbecomedifficult to identifyhowyoungpeople involve themselvesornotwithwhat they consume, inwhichway they enable viewing situations, andwhatmotivatethemtowatchspecificcontent.
Byidentifyingtheselevels,werecognisesubjectiveaspectsthatprecede,motivateandofferconditionstothemomentofvideowatching,whicharedirectlyrelatedtothemicrosocial context of young people, their personal preferences, competences(SCOLARI,2018)andmediarepertoire(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013).
Accordingtodataofthe21participants,weidentifiedfivelevelsofmediausage:1. LinearwatchingonTV;2. Mostly linearwatching on TVwith some occasional on demandwatching in
otherdevices;3. PartiallylinearwatchingonTVandondemandinotherdevices;4. Mostly on demand watching in other devices with some occasional linear
watchingonTV;5. Ondemandwatchinginotherdevices.
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Before we detail in which consists each level, we briefly describe the usedprocedurestodefinethelevelsofmediausage.
11.1Methodologicalnotes
Toestablish thecategoryofanalysiswecall levelsofmediausage, the first stepwasdoingasecondroundofanalysisofall846cardsfilledoutduringthefieldresearch,basedonanopencodingprocessofeachcard,fromwhichtwonewvariablesemerged,thesebeing:(i) Viewingconditions,thatmaybeofthreetypes:
1. Existing:Conditionsofaccesspreviouslyestablished in theassistance location, thus,nothingneedstobeenabled.Examples:TVwatchingathome;onlinevideowatchingathomeusingWi-Fi;
online video watching at work using Wi-Fi; occasional online or offline
in places that haveWi-Fi but that usedmobile internet, probably because of
connectivityproblems.3. Created:
Conditionsestablishedbasedonparticipant’sownresources,sincetheplaceof watching does not have any condition (screen+connection), or from thegoingof theyoungperson toaplace thathasequipmentandconnection tointernet to watch what (s)he wants, since where (s)he lives there are noconditionsavailableforviewing.Examples: cases inwhich the youngperson,who lacksmobile devices and/or
screen; situations in which the young person did not necessarily need to beonline but used a mobile internet package to connect a screen (waiting
situations,whiletravelingetc.)
(ii) Formsofcontentselection,includingfivedifferenttypes:1. Pre-programmedflow:
Contentwatchingonbothfree-to-airTVandcableTVchannels,atpublicorprivateenvironments,orbroadcastedfromothertechnologies/screensattheplacewheretheyoungpersonwasintherelatedwatchingsituation,suchas:viaprojectionatcinema,museum,classroom;viasmartphoneinacollectiveviewing situation; and even watching content live in Virtual LearningEnvironment(VLE).Inthisformofselection,theyoungpersonhasnocontrolover the content flow offered and selected for viewing. The participantcirculatesinaprogrammedline-upandcannotmakeanyinterventioninthecontent, even though in some cases they can interact in parallel via socialnetworksites,applicationsetc.
2. Timeline/Stories:Occursgenerallyon timelineof socialnetworksitesand/orpre-establishedcontent flows such as stories/status. In this form of selection, the youngpersonhasrelativecontrolovertheflowofcontentoffered.Despitehavingapermanentsystemthatselectsandorganises(viaalgorithms)whichcontentwillappeartotheparticipants’timeline/stories.Whileinteractingwiththoseenvironments, the young person leaves tracks, shows preferences andassociatesmore directly to certain profiles, pages, groups and/or channels.Thus,eventhoughtheyreceiverandomandsometimessponsoredvideos,theparticipants in most cases visualise the content they selected at somemoment.
3. Recommendation/Notification:Casesofrecommendationanddirectnotificationviaonlinevideoplatforms,such as most viewed lists, suggestions for the user, playlists made usingchannelsalreadyfollowedforasequentialviewing,amongotherexamples.Italso includes recommendations or the videos sent directly via instantmessengers such asWhatsApp andMessenger. In this formof selection, theyoung person has greater control of the content which (s)he is notifiedbecauseatsomemoment(s)hesubscribestothechanneland/orestablishestieswithpeoplesendingrecommendationsandvideosforviewing.
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4. Directsearch:Casesofrandomsearchesonthemainbrowsersofsocialnetworksites,VoDplatforms, among others online environments. This also includes viewingDVDs and/or guided purchase and download oriented towards content forviewingatagivenmoment.Withthisformofselection,theyoungpersonhasa full control overwhat is being viewed, since (s)he chose exactlywhat isgoingtobeviewed,whereandwhen.
5. Accessingpersonalcontent:When the young personwatches a created video by (s)he and/orwatchesvideosthatwereproducedbyacloseacquaintance.
With thecardsproperlycategorised,wecrosseddataon those twovariables foreachparticipant, getting to anabsolutenumberof eachexisting intersectionbetweenviewingconditionsandformsofcontentselection,this,proportionaltothenumberofcardsofeachyoungperson.Next,wepresentanexampleofhowthedatawascrossedforeachparticipant.Table42presentstheabsolutenumberandthepercentageofthecardscategorisedbyeachtypeofsituation(beingn=numberofcards).
Based on the table generated for each participant, we calculated the new
percentage values based on applying the definedmathematicalweights. For that, wemade the multiplication of percentage of each interpolation between two variables
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(viewing condition x form of content selection) by themathematicsweights defined.Theresult,incaseofparticipantEdson,canbeseeingonTable42.
Besidesthecalculationofabsolutenumberandpercentage,weusedmathematicalweights foreach typeof intersection.The ideawas toattributeakindof score to thesituations relatedby theyoungpeople, toevidence cases inwhich they created somecondition and/or made forms of content selection and demanded a higher level ofcompetence on technology management, rather than just watch something in a pre-programmedcontent flow.Thegreaterthecompetenceontechnologymanagement inthe axes viewing conditions and forms of content selection, the higher the scoreawarded.The lower thecontrolof thesubject in the formofviewingandselectionofcontent,thelowertheweight.
Abouttheweightvalueswerearbitrarilychosen,onlytofacilitatetheanalysis.Aswecanobserveon the cellshighlighted inyellow(Table42), toeach formof contentselection, we attributed weights of 1 to 2 points, being 0,25 points the differencebetweenthefivetypesofselection.Towatchingconditions,thehighestweightwasalso2,butthevariationbetweenthethreetypeswasof0,5points.
Thisneedemergedalreadyinthedescriptiveprocess,sincethatamongwatchingpractices of the participants, we identified different levels of media usage andarticulation of technological resources made by the young people for videoconsumption, even in scenarios that, at a first glance, would not enable viewingpossibilitiesbeyondtelevision.
We believe that these situations, as being specific – if compared to the otherexamples of watching –, are not visible in an initial descriptive level, neither byobservingjustitspercentagevaluerelatedtothetotalofcardsfilledout.Forthisstudy,theusageofweightsallowedustorankthewatchingpractices,beingforthat,necessaryto interpolatethevariablespreviouslydescribedandverifyhowoneinterferesontheother.
Based on the application of mathematical weights we calculated the newpercentage values of each intersection of Viewing Conditions X Forms of ContentSelection.Forthat,wemultiplythepercentageofeachintersectionofthetwovariablesbythemathematicalweightsalreadymultipliedbetweeneachother,aswehighlightedontheTable43.Forexample,totheintersectionofConditionPartiallyCreatedXFormof Content Selection type 2 (Timeline/Stories), the attributed weight (1,875) wasmultiplied by the percentage (3%) of occurrence of this intersection, resulting anupdatedpercentagevalue(5,7%).Thesamewasdonewiththepercentagevaluesofalltheotherintersectionsthatoccurredontheprofileofyoungpeople.
Fromthesecondtable,andthenewpercentagevaluesforeachtypeofsituation,itwaspossibletocreateindividualgraphsbyparticipants,asweexemplifyonGraph7,alsorelatedtoEdson.Tomakethegraphreadingeasier,weestablishedcoloursforeachtype of intersection between viewing conditions and form of content selection,accordingtothekey.
Aswecansee,Graph7isdividedinfiveparts(piepiece),eachonerepresentingthe cells highlighted in grey in the Tables 42 and 44. It reveals the five differentintersections thatwere identified.These are the result of the crossingof theViewingConditionsXFormsofContentSelection,being:(i) Indarkblue=ExistingViewingConditionsXFormofContentSelection1(Pre-
Identified the slices of the graph, one can observe that two types of viewingconditionswerecreatedtothesameformofcontentselection,beingthetype4(directsearch), enabled both for created viewing conditions (green) as for partially createdviewingconditions(orange).Forthisreason,werefertothemingroupandindicateitbyanexternalarc,thatpartiallycontourstherightsideofthegraph.
According to the procedures related above, five levels of media usage wereidentified.Besides thesubjectiveaspects thatmakeupeach level, following,wedetailthe quantitative requirements to the categorisation of the participants, based on thepercentagesachievedineachintersectionbetweenviewingconditionsandtheformsofcontentselection,afterapplyingmathematicalweights.
• Level1:LinearwatchingonTVVideoconsumptiondirectly fromtelevision,regardlessof theviewingconditionstheyhave.Youngpeoplewiththislevelhaveinitialknowledgeontheuseofdigitaltechnologies for video consumption, and their media repertoires are directlyrelated towhat they see on television, amediumwithwhich they foster a high
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levelofmediausage.Thelevelofaccumulatedcapital/competencesislowbecausetheparticipantshavehadlowcontactwithothertechnologies,limitingthemselvesto using television, a device that has never required specific training, which,accordingtoWilliams(2016),justifiesthefactthatTVhasbecomeoneofthemostimportant technologies for modern life. That way, even their knowledge aboutchannelflow(JENSEN,1995)isevident,thetechnicalabilityimpliedintheuseoftechnology is, practically, restrict inhandling the remote control toflip overtheavailablechannels,beitonfree-to-airTVoracablecircuit.Tointegratethislevel,theparticipantneedstoachieveapercentageequalto60%or more of viewings only by the form of content selection 1 (pre-programmedflow),andusingonlyexistingconditions.
• Level 2: Mostly linear watching on TV with some occasional on demandwatchinginotherdevicesWatching videos mostly on television and occasionally on demand content
but frequently use other forms of selecting content, creating or not the viewing
conditions,evenifpartially.
• Level4:MostlyondemandwatchinginotherdeviceswithsomeoccasionallinearwatchingonTVVideo watching mostly on other devices and eventually directly from the
television, be it free-to-air or cable one. At this level, subjects have interest in
• Level5:OndemandwatchinginotherdevicesOndemandvideowatchinginotherdevices,beingrareorinexistentthemomentsofuseoftelevision.Thesubjectscategorisedinthis level, triggeralltheformsofcontentselection,beingthelesspredominanttheonebasedonpre-programmedcontent flows, since in some cases they do not use television anymore. At thislevel, subjects formed theirmediarepertoire through television, but have totallybrokenawayfromits linearprogrammingline-upbecausetheyhaveestablishedotherformsofconsumptionondemand,usingothertechnologicalresourcesthatfittheirpreferencesandadjustbettertotheirroutineofactivities.Atthislevel,theyoungpeoplearehighlyinvolvedwithvideoconsumptionandbesidesviewingasignificant number of videos, they seek information about the audio-visualproductionmarketand,also,knowtechniquesforeditingandproducingtheirowncontent.Competencesheretranscendknowledgeofuseofvariedmediaresourcesand actually imply notions of management and simultaneous use of devices(SCOLARI,2018), suchasmore thanone screen,besidesexploring resourcesondigitalplatformstoassembletheirowncontentline-ups.Tointegratethislevel,theparticipantneedstoachieveapercentageequalto60%ormoreofviewingsvia twoormore formsof contentselectionof types,2 to5,whichcouldbeasumofthedifferentviewingconditions.From the detailing of each level, the proposal was to synthetize in a unique
category aspects related to the profile of the participants, although, without,decontextualise them from viewing conditions that they have and taking inconsiderationhow, usually, articulate themultipledimensions for video consumptionandwhicharetheircompetencesofmediausage.
Theproposaltocharacterisethelevelsofmediausageofparticipantswastoavoidthe risks of a ‘determinist’ analysis, assuming that young people that do not havetechnology and access to internet have limited watching if compared to participantsthathavetechnologyandinternet.
Eventhoughlimitationsexistandotherfactorsmustbeconsideredinthattypeofstudy,wecannotneglectthelevelsofmediausagethatyoungpeoplefromCametá,withfewer conditions for access, demonstrate in viewing videos, creating solutions to beonlineandmakingsharedusesofdevices.Norcanwefailtorecognisethatsomeoftheyoung people from Tavares, evenwith existing and favourable conditions for access,mostlyundertake‘traditional’formsofselectingthevideostheywatch.
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11.3LevelsofmediausageamongparticipantsfromCametá
TopresentthedatarelatedtothelevelsofmediausageoftheyoungpeoplefromCametá,wepreparedGraph8, inwhichonecanverify inperspective the intersectionbetweenviewingconditionsandformsofcontentselectionpresentintheprofileofeachparticipant.
Leide
Direct search
Pre-programmed �low
Direct search
Elisa
Pre-programme �low
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Camilo
Pre-programmed �low
Direct search
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Malu
Direct search
Pre-programmed �low
Maria
Pre-programmed �lowDirect search
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Timeline/Stories
Any
Pre-programmed �low
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Timeline/Stories
Direct search
Marisa
Direct search
Pre-programmed �low
Timeline/Stories
Eder
Pre-programmed �low
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Gaspar
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Timeline/Stories
Pre-programmed �low
Direct search
Edson
Direct searchPre-programmed �low
Timeline/Stories
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Jadir
Direct search
Recommendation/Noti�ication
Timeline/Stories
Pre-programmed �low
Source: Created by the author.
Recommendation/Noti�ication
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https://goo.gl/dKGfyh
You can see this graph on your device.
Graph 8 – Viewing Conditions X Forms of Content Selection per participant from Cametá (PA)
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In general, all participants undertook at least two different forms of content
selection. In the first line in the set of graphs, themajority of young peoplewatched
usingexistingconditions (tonesofblue),except forElisaandCamilowhocreated the
Regarding the type 2 form of content selection (Timeline/Stories), which
specifically has the second-lowest percentage inGraph9, that highlights the fact that
someyoungpeoplefromCametáconsiderFacebookasocialnetworksiteforphotosandnot videos, as reported in the interviews. Because most participants have internet
connections only occasionally,when they do connect, they dedicate time for updates,
Vinicius, Carla and Stela (1st line) reportedhaving viewed videos based only onexisting conditions and in most of them, the form of content selection was by pre-programmed flows of content, particularly to the television. Despite having a closerelationwiththetelevisioncontent,theseparticipantsalsorecordedatleasttwomoreforms of choosing what they watched, including direct search for videos of interest(ViniciusandCarla)andthehabitofrecordingusingamobilephone(Carla).Leandro(2nd line) and Alex (3rd line) also reported having accessed video personal content,noted in the graphs of both young people. In all three cases, the access to personalcontentproducedbytheownparticipantshappenedusingexistingconditions,i.e.theirownsmartphonesdevices.
Sevenyoungpeoplereportedsituationswheretheypartiallycreatedtheviewingconditions (Leandro, Aleta, Marcos, Jonas, Alex, Alice and Carol). These were mostlyused toenablevideoviewingona smartphonedisplaying timelinesof socialnetworksiteswheretheparticipantshaveprofiles(Jonas,Alice,Marcos,AlexandLeandro).Nextare viewing moments because of notifications and/or recommendations receivedspecificallybyJonas,Alex,CarolandAleta.
The cases of conditions created, identified in the profiles of six young people(Leandro,Aleta,Marcos,Jonas,AlexandAlice),arealsoassociatedwithdifferentformsof content selection,notablywhatwasbeing shownon the timeline.One shouldnotethatAlice,Aleta,LeandroandJonascreatedviewingconditionstoenableonlyonetypeofselectingcontent.ButMarcosandAlexcreatedconditionsforenablingthreedifferenttypesofselection:videosshownontheTimeline/Stories,thatwererecommended/sentoreventhosetheysearcheddirectly.
Asweverified in the individual graphs, InGraph11 there is apredominanceof
existing conditions (blue line) present in the viewing situations oriented by differentformsofcontentselection,includingaccessingpersonalcontent.
Regarding the form of content selection, as with Cametá, overall, the mostcommonwaswatchingwhatwasplayingonapre-programmedflow(seedottedpurplelineinGraph11).Inallcases,thatwasenabledbasedonexistingconditionsandviaTVset,exceptinthecaseofAlexwhodidnotwatchanyvideoonTVbutdidwatchcontentshownattheclassroomofhisforeignlanguagecourse.
At a slightly lower percentage are the situations in which the young peoplewatched what was showing on the social network sites Timelines/Stories, notablyInstagram and the WhatsApp application. These were mostly enabled by existingconditionsbutitwastheformofcontentselectionthatmostmotivatedparticipantstocreate the viewing conditions, even if partially. Next come situations inwhich youngpeoplesearchforvideosdirectly,onsourcesrangingfromDVDstosearchesononlineplatforms such as YouTube and illegal file download managers. In those cases, thesituationswereenabled fromexistingconditionsorwerecreatedorpartiallycreated.Oneshouldnote,despitethelowpercentage,thecontentviewedthatwerecreatedbytheparticipantsthemselves(Alex,CarlaandLeandro)orbypeopletheyknowandfromtheircircles.
Even though the emphasis of pre-programmed viewing, when totalling thepercentagesoftypes2,3and4oftheformsforcontentselection,wefoundthatthose
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correspond to almost twice what was viewed on television by the Tavares youngpeople.Thisaspecthighlightsafindingatthefirstlevelofanalysis,regardingthetypeofcontentviewed,whichwasmoreondemandthanlive,aswellasthefactthatthescreenmost used among the smartphone, albeitwith a percentage close to that achievedbytelevision.
Level1 *Level2 Vinicius,AletaandCarlaLevel3 LeandroandStelaLevel4 Alice,Jonas,CarolandMarcosLevel5 Alex
Source:Createdbytheauthor.
No young person from Tavares was classified at level 1, showing that all
participantshaveconsumptionpracticesthatgobeyondthelineartelevisionline-up.InthecaseofVinicius,AletaandCarla,eventhoughallhavequitefavourableconditions,because of their individual preferences, they were classified as belonging to level 2,since they watch more TV and only sporadically search for videos on the internetand/or follow those circulating on social network site timelines, or vianotification/recommendationsofplatformssuchasNetflixandYouTube.
Stela and Leandro, the only representatives of level 3, present consumptionpractices that balance online and offline sources. In both cases, although interest fortelevisioncontentisstrong,bothcommentedintheinterviewthatiftheyhadaccesstoWi-Fiathome, theywouldwatchmorecontentonlinebecausebothhave thehabitofsearching for content, but that is currently done via mobile internet on theirsmartphones.
Asforthelevel4participants,inthecaseofAliceandCarol,bothreportthattheywere never interested in the television line-up and have had contact with digitaltechnologiessinceearlyon.WithCarol,MarcosandJonas,TVispartoftheirroutinesathome,generallyinvolvingmomentswiththefamilyand/ordoinghouseholdtaskwhilethetelevisionisturnedon.Theircontentpreferences,however,areoffthescreenandmost videos are viewed online via smartphone and/or laptop, notably daytime
Unlike the other participants, Alex,with level ofmedia usage5, explores all theformsofcontentselection,exceptforwatchinginpre-programmedflows.Standingoutamong the forms of selection, however, the line-ups/watchlists of videos on socialnetworks stand out, whether viewing what is playing on the timeline (notablystories/status and videos in a closedFacebook group), or on channels hewatches onYouTube, after being notified about new posting, or also following recommendationsfromNetflix.
TheformofcontentselectioninwhichAlexdirectlysearchesforwhathewantstoviewwasthethirdmostcommon,whichdemonstratestheexistenceofadailyroutinefor following video, as the youngpeoplewhowatchTVdo, but in his case, those areonlineplatforms,especiallyYouTubeand Instagram. It is interestingtonote that fromthetimesofsomecasesofviewingreportedinhisdiary,itwaspossiblethatheactuallyviewed someYouTube videos almost immediately after the contentwaspublishedonthechannel,thedirectresultofanotificationfromtheplatform.
To illustrate,we can also highlightAlex’s report on howhis video consumptionpracticeshavechangedandhowYouTubehasbecomehis‘newtelevision’.
whenIlefthome,Ihadnotimetowatchtelevision.Becauseauniversitystudent’slifeislikethat.Mycoursewasfull-time,soI’dleaveinthemorningandcomebackatnight,andnotimeformetowatchsomethingonTV.VeryrarelywouldIwatchsome film. I did notwatch. I’d sit down in front of the TV and sleep. Andwhatmademechangeeverythingwasthequestionof,look,let’strytowatchthingsonYouTube. I started seeing content that was when the YouTubers startedappearing,soIsaid,look,cool.Icanfollowthis’.ThenTVsstartedpostingcontenton YouTube, ‘hmm, good to know’. Then like, oh, I don’t need tobe frozen infrontoftheTVbecauseIknowinafewhours,Icanseethatcontentonthescreenofmymobileormycomputer.Andforme,TVisnolongerimportant.Sothatnow,atthehouseI’mgoingtorent,thereisaTV,andthegirlislike,‘butyoucan unblock the channels’, ‘no, no, I’m gonna get an HDMI converter, that I’m
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gonna plug my computer into that TV and I’m gonna watch it, see? (ALEX,2018)222.
As expected in the level in which the young participant belongs, video
consumptionpractices are limited to interactionwith existing content flows inwhichtheparticipantshavenopowerofinterference,beingjustpossibletochooseachannelandwhattowatchfromit.Leideis,therefore,totallydependentoflineartelevisionline-upand,basedontheaccumulatedrepertoire,shegoesthroughchannelflow,availableinopencircuitandcablechannel(evenaccessedillegally)andestablishesherown,thatrelatestoaviewerflownamedbyJensen(1995)asapartofthesuper-flow.
Stela and Leandro (Graph 13), belonging to level 3, also have their practicesmostly enabled by existence watching conditions, with emphasis for the use oftelevisionathomeandsmartphonewithmobile internet, thateachoneof themhave,being that the device from which they diversify and complement their videoconsumptionforbeyondtheonethatcomesfrompre-programmedflowoftelevision.
toviewingpracticesthathappendirectonTVandinonlineplatforms.Oneshouldnotethatwhentheymakeformsofcontentselectionthatgobeyondlineartelevisionline-up,the second most expressive practice was video watching on the timeline of a socialnetworksite,platformsthat,ashighlightedbysomeauthors(SHIELDS,2015;SLOANE,2015; REIN & VENTURINI, 2018), also offer content line-up previous structuredaccording to the selection/preferences of the users. This way, even they use othersources of content besides television, Stela and Leandro have consumption practicesthataremajorrelatedtopre-programmedflowscontent,structuredbyprovidersandthat,evennotoccurringstraightonTVscreen,carrysomemediacity(mediacidad)ofthetelevision(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2010,2014a)and,overall,areofferedtothesubjectsfromonlyoneoperation,remarkableaspectoftelevisionflow,recognisedbyWilliams(2016).
Eightoutof21participants,wereclassifiedasbelongingtolevel4,beingfourfromeachmunicipality. Thatmeans that they viewed themajority of videos using screensand/or other resources besides television, even though they were still interested intelevisedcontent,alsoviewedonlinebyseveralparticipants.Observingthepiegraphsfor that groupof participants (Graph14) it is evident thepercentage, even that a bitsmaller,ofviewingTVcontentunderexistingconditions,whichreachesmorethan40%inthecaseofAnyandMarisa.
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Graph14–Participantswithlevelofmediausage4
Source:Createdbytheauthor.
Eder and Alice (3rd line) have the lowest percentage of television viewing, only
4.8%ofeverythingreportedinthecaseoftheyoungwomanfromTavares.Atthatlevel,allparticipantsexploredat least fourof the five formsofcontentselection,except forEder, who used only two. In all cases, the situations involved creating the viewingconditions(evenifpartially).Gaspar’scaseisnotable(2ndline),because,besideshavingthe graph with the greatest number of subdivisions and highest percentage ofconditionscreatedorpartiallycreated,heusedfivedifferenttypesofscreensduringtheresearch, with only one being of individual use (smartphone). In making varied
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combinations toenablehisviewingsituations,healsousedmultiple formsof contentselection, demonstrating a variety of aspects that must be considered in order tounderstandtheconsumptionpracticesofaparticipantsuchashim.
An interest indirectly seeking content is a characteristic of theyoungpeople atthat level.Eventhoughtheirvideoconsumptionpracticesarestillstronglycentredonthelineartelevisionline-up,whentheywatchsomethingoutsideofTV,themannerofselection is to define directly what they are going to view, instead of followingrecommendations from the platforms or even viewing random videos circulating onsocialnetworksitetimelines.
Among the seven participants at level 2 , only three created their viewingconditions (Camilo and Elisa, 1st line, and Aleta, 2nd line). Those situations wereoccasional if compared to the percentage of situations based on existing viewingconditions. On that point, one should also note that unlike the young people fromCametá (except Maria), for those from Tavares (Carla, Vinicius and Aleta) existingviewingconditionsincludeinternetaccessandtheyhaverelativelystableconditionsforvideo consumption. Due to particular interests that were totally subjective andaccording to the participants’ profiles, they did not often undertake other forms ofselection beyond the television line-up, because from it they respond to theirmotivationsforvideoconsumption,andestablishtheirinteractionflows.
We understand that aspect as decisive in our study, because as García-Canclinistated(2008b,p.52)‘connectivityisnotsynonymousofinteractivity’223.Furthermore,evenhavingtheconditionsavailable,theprofileofaTVviewerusedtothedynamicofselectionviaremotecontrol,doesnotnecessarilythinkitvalidtoundertakeeffortsforsearchingforcontentoutsidepre-programmedflows.Ontheotherhand,evenwithhighinterest, Camilo, for example, clearly cannot enable other forms of content selectionbecause he lacks the necessary viewing conditions, an aspect connected to theinequalities that permeate digital inclusion policies in Latin American countries, likeBrazil.AccordingtoCamilo,hisconsumptionprofilewouldbedifferentifhelivedintheurbanareaofanearbyormuchlargercity,however,sinceinthatcasehewouldhavepermanentinternetaccessandcouldthuswatchbothTVandotheronlinecontent.
Thoseevidencesbringusback to the importanceof establishinga category thatwouldallowustoverifyparticipant’slevelsofmediausage,sincewithoutthatwemightmakehurriedorshort-sightedanalysesofthefactorsimpliedinthevideoconsumptionpracticesoftheseyoungpeople.Besidesknowingthattechnologyavailabilitydoesnotin itself enable communicative interactions, neither does the complete absence of
It is interesting to observe the low percentage of viewing content directly on
television, practically non-existent with Jadir and Alex (who viewedmaterial from acourse, but not directly on cable or free-to-air TV), unlike Edson who watchedtelevision,theonlyformofcontentselectionusingexistingconditions,sincehedoesnothaveWi-Fiathome.
One common aspect among those participants is the independence they haveestablished from the linear television line-up, not because they stopped liking theprogrammes,becausetheirroutineshavebeenchangedand,inthatprocess,theyhavecreatednewformsofseekingcontentandnewpreferencesthatarenowonline.Allofthem note that their interest in video consumption began as children watchingtelevision,butnowtheyhavemorefreedomtoviewonlywhattheylikeandhavereallychosen.
Thisgroupofyoungpeopleisundoubtedlytheonehavingthelargestnumberoftransmediaticcapacities224identifiedbyScolari (2018).Among the44 types fromninedifferent dimensions, we identified, among the level 5 participants, competences inthreeprincipaldimensions,thesebeing:
224Spellingadoptedbytheauthor.
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• Production: Create and edit photographs; Use tools for capture and editphotographs; Create and edit audio-visual productions;Use tools to captureandeditvideo.
• Content management: Research, select and download videos; managecontentfiles;managesharinganddisseminationofcontent.
competences elaborated by Scolari (2018), despite demanding higher mediarepertoires,wereidentifiedinfragmentedfashionintheprofilesofsomeyoungpeople.Elisa,Maria andAleta for example (from level 2), demonstrated capacities related torisk prevention of technology usage. They both recognise and describe the possiblerisks, especially of using screens connected by children and exposure of images onsocial networks sites as theymade decisions for regulating how such contact wouldhappenamongtheirchildren.
Likewise, we believe that from the media repertoire begun from watchingtelevision,all theparticipantshavedemonstratedcompetences intermsoftechnologyuse in general and the narrative and aesthetic dimension, even though they werecategorised indifferent levelofmediausage.Wemaypoint to theexampleofCamiloandMarcos(withdistinctlevels,2and4,respectively)whorecognisecleardifferencesbetween the processes of production and narrative conduction of the sportsprogrammes they follow. It is based on those evaluations that they define whatprogrammes to view and when. Regarding competences in producing/editingphotographs,specifically,thesewerealsoamongyoungpeopleoflevels2to4.
Inobservingtherelationof levelsofmediausagewithsomeof thecompetencesfoundincontemporarymediause,wecanaffirmthat,ingeneral,inamajorportionofthe situationswhere the Cametá young people have created viewing conditions, theyweresearchingforresourcestoviewandconnecttointernetinotherplaces,sincetheydidnot have internet in their homes.As for theTavares youngpeople, the situationscreatedweretoenableviewingofacontentintheplaceswheretheywere,sincetheydidnothavetheresources(screenandinternetconnection).
That aspect demonstrates proactivity and significant involvement by the youngpeople for video consumption.However, in the case of the Cametá young people,wesawthosepracticesasatentativemomentforassuringparticipationandinclusioninascenarioofusingdigitaltechnologies,withvideoconsumptionasanexperienceofthe
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media consumption experienced. As for the Tavares case, the situations of creatingviewingconditionspointtotheneedtheyoungpeoplehaveofstayingconnected,and,consequently, able to view what they wanted and wherever they were. Among thesituationswhereconditionswerecreated, therearesituations inwhichtheytravelledbetweenmunicipalitiesandwaitingatpublicagencies,orstores,marketsandservices.
For the young people from Tavares, video seems to be everywhere and is anappropriate content for the most varied occasions of their study, work and leisureroutines.AsfortheparticipantsfromCametá,TVendsupfulfillingthisfunctionbecauseit is always on at the environments where they do the most consume videos, theirhouses. When travel occurs, even though viewing has been identified on boats andwaiting situations at public agencies and hospital, thosewere in lower number fromyoungpeoplewithmoreconditionsforaccess,agreatermediarepertoireandclassifiedatlevels4and5ofmediausage.
ForparticipantsfromTavares,thevideosarealwaysavailableandareviewedallthe time and everywhere. As our research revealed, this fact surprised someparticipantsafter fillingout thediary,when they recognised theamountof time theyinvested in viewing audio-visual content and how that is scattered throughout theirdays.
Thesameway,atRioFurtados,videoisalsoquitepresent,butthatisduetothestrength of television and the duty given to her: the constant company in riverbankhouses,regardlessofthecontentshown.Thus,whentheselectedvideoisnotTV,itwascarefully chosen and demanded considerable involvement from that young person inbeing connected and enjoying the viewingmoment. Even for Jadir, the young personwho leastwatched television inCametá (4.5%ofhis cards), thevideosviewedonlineare mostly searched by the participant himself on online platforms, followed by thecontentcirculatingonthetimelineofhisprofileonsocialnetworkssites.
Given those findings, it seems pertinent to go back to a question put byLivingstone (2002, p. 211)when studying in depth how the newmedia pervade thedaily lives of children and youth. The researcher asked ‘why and how a childhoodwithout media is now almost unthinkable?’, at least in western countries. That isbecausetoanswerthatquestion,acentralelementwasrecognisingthatatthecoreoftheprocessofmediaconvergenceanddisseminationofmediadevices is thechangeofformatsinhomes,whicharenowmedia-saturated.
Although that is a key aspect for studying children and youth nowadays, webelieveitiscrucialtohighlightthatexceptfortwoparticipantsinthisstudy(Alexand
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Jadir), no one else experienced a process of digital (and social) inclusion andmediasaturation in their houses, in the parameters identified by Livingstone (2002). Incontrast, the devices existing in participants’ homes (even in Tavares) are notnecessarilyintegratedwiththeotherexistingtechnologies,sincetheyaremorestronglyused inan individualmannerbytheparticipants themselves.As forparticipants fromCametá(PA),thesituationisevenmoredistantfromtheaforementionedscenario,sincetheemphasisisstillonthetelevisionset,placedatthecentreofthelivingroom(Figure53).EvenfortheyoungpeoplewithWi-Fiinternetathome,thedevicethatenablesthesignal isnotveryperceptible to theother familymembers,whencomparedto theTVanditsroleinthedynamicofhowthehouseoperates.
members.Again,whenanalysingaboutthatquestioninlightoftherealitiesstudied,itbecomesclearthattheresearchparticipantsbelongtothefirstgenerationsofresidentsin those municipalities who have developed media repertoires based on digitaltechnologies. These do not necessarily make up the range of competences for theirparents,noreventheiroldersiblingsand/orolderrelatives.
Basedontheinterview,especiallyamongparticipantsfromTavares,itisclearthattheuseof digital technologiesbegunby themand, among their families, they are theones with the most competences developed for using and managing those devices,except for those who have siblings near in age (from Carol, Carlos, Any and Carla),youngerones(fromJonas,Vinicius,MarcosandElisa),or,eventheoneswhosechildrenalreadyhandleportablescreens(AletaeMalu).Althoughextremelypresentinthetwomunicipalities, the new possibilities for videowatching are new tomost participants(exceptthosefromlevel5andsomefromlevel4).Formost, fromlevels1,2and3ofmedia usage, the centre for viewing is still the television, and the videos from otherenvironmentsareconsiderednew.
Those evidences takes us back to the essentialmarks of the rural environment,whichdonotallow(oratleastdonotyetallow)adetachmentfromthesocialbehaviourandmediations characteristic of small social grouping (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2009), aswellasthevaluesof life incommunity.Evenifyoungpeopleperformthemostvariedtechnologyusesandestablishinteractionflowscommontootherpartsoftheworld–aswewillseenextchapter–,theirpracticesbearthemarksofalifeinlocationsfarfrombigurbancentres,fromwhencetheyuseconditionsorcreatethemtoenterthebroaderand globalized media ecosystem. For the majority, however, that possibility ofparticipation does not necessarily alter all their cultural and media consumptionpracticespreviouslyestablished.
This is an ongoing process that, gradually, allows the accumulation of expertiseand establishment of new competences and media and (trans)media literacies(SCOLARI,2018).However,thatisnotnecessarilycontinuous,sinceyoungpeoplehavemanydifficulties in enabling conditions for video viewing. Thus, as shownby severalparticipants (Alex, Edson, Jadir, Any, Marcos, Jonas, Alice, Leandro and Camilo) thecompetences end up being developed by a particular movement of interest to eachyoungperson,whogoesinsearchofthenecessaryinformationandestablishesefforts–sometimesunimaginabletothoseofuswhohavepermanentlyavailablecommunicationnetworks–toconnectanddelineateinteractionflowsforvideoconsumptionrelatedtotheirmotivations.
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Itthusseemstous,thatwhereastheworldwidelogicisforintegratingdevicesandvirtualplatforms,inthetwomunicipalities,someyoungpeoplearestilltakingthefirststeps in mastering technologies beyond television, even belonging to a group ofinhabitantswhohavemorecompetences forvideoconsumptionalongthe linesof themediaconvergence scenario. And for the young people who stood out, we identifiedalmost individual efforts for developing new literacies and establishing the viewingconditions necessary for their preferences for video consumption online. Aspect thatpreventthegeneralisationoffindingsofqualitativestudies,liketheonethatwasmade.
On the other hand, in recognising the motivations for video consumption ofparticipantsandcharacterisingtheinteractionflows,itisclearthateveninanunequalanddiscontinuousways,themarksofaglobalvideoculturepervadethepracticesoftheyoung people in the rural area and engender the formation of media and culturalcompetencesatagloballevel,aswewillpresentinthenextchapter.
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12 INTERACTIONFLOWSInthischapterweconsolidatethetheoretical-conceptualproposalofinteractionflows,which was characterised throughout this dissertation. As has been explained, foranalysingvideoconsumptionpractices,thisproposalguidedusinmappingthemultipledimensionsthatcurrentlymakeupthatprocessandarearticulatedinvariouswaysbythe subjects. It is thus possible to identify the elements that precede and informviewing, such as the level of media usage and the motivations for enabling a givenconsumptionsituation.
We understand that when we identify the interaction flows, we necessarilytriangulateinformationrelatedtothe:
• macrosocial context of video consumption, in otherwords, we recognisethemotivationsthatarisefromaglobalisedconsumptioncultureandthattraversethepracticesofthedifferentsubjects.
• microsocialcontextofthesubject,composedoftheviewingconditionsthatthey have available, in addition to the more immediate contextual data,suchaswhat isavailablewhere theyoungperson live,socialgroups theybelongtoandinteractwith,amongothers.
• Individual context of the subject, meaning their private preferencesregardingcontentandmostusedsources,viewingtimes,formsofcontentselection, level of media usage, accumulated competences and media
cultural aspects that arise from amacro context, which, to a certain degree, dictatestendencies and disseminates common practices. The mediation between the macrocontextandtheyoungpersonishis/hermicrosocialcontext,throughwhich(s)hemayormaynotenablecertainpracticesthatoccurinamacroperspective.Themicrosocialoperatesasan‘elementoflimitation/facilitation’.Anditisthroughcomponentsofthatcontext that young people enable or not their viewingmoments or even reverse theconditions of his/her immediate context. At the top of the process is the individual,theseaspectsaremoresubjectiveanddifficult tomeasure.Eventhough inqualitativestudies our research unit is each single participant, when we understand generalconsumption practices, it becomes difficult tomeasure the point at which individualpreferencescomposeanddelineatethefinalconsumptionofsomething.
Besidesallowingadetailedvisionof theway inwhich the subjects combine themultipledimensionstowatchvideos, theapproachof interaction flowaims to enablethe analysis of the articulation that the subject establishes between the individual,microsocialandmacrosocialcontexts.
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Consumption, in this perspective, is not a game of unequal forces between themacro context and the individual, who acts in the world from their own immediatecontext.Thesubjectisnotareproducerofbehavioursgivenandderivedfromabroadercultural system that is out of their control. On the other hand,we recognise that themacro and micro context do influence and directly contribute to communicativeinteractionsofpeopleandhowtheyestablishtheirvideoconsumptionpractices.Thisisa permanent relation, with the individual as the regulating element of the wholeprocess.
In light of the above, onemay note that the interaction flows identified in thisdissertationarenottheresultofasumofthecommonviewingsituationsamongtwoormore young people. Instead, they come from identifying the practices reported byparticipants in their diaries and interviews and their characterisation based ontriangulatingtheconstituentaspectsofthethreecontextscited.
For that, we seek evidence from the young people’s communication modes(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG, 2013),meaning theway they themselves perceive and reporttheusetheymakeofacommunicationserviceinagivensituation.Thedescriptionsofflows and, especially, the identification of motivations for viewing were thus onlypossiblethroughtheprocessofjointcollectionofdatawithparticipants.
About the flows itself, we identified seven interaction flows, common toparticipantsfrombothmunicipalities.Belowwepresentadetailingofeachone.12.1InteractionFlow1–Favouritecontent
Thiswasthefirstflowidentifiedduringthisstudy(MethodologicalStep6).Inthisflow, thecentralelement is thecontent,becausetowatch it,participantscombinethemultipledimensionsinseveralways.Themotivationisassuringthattheycanviewandregularlyfollowtheirfavouritecontent.Forthat,theyoungpeopleusedistinctscreens,sometimes connected, sometimes not, to enable viewing of content when it is beingbroadcastand/orondemandatanothermoment.
In the five situations related to this flow identified on the diaries, the favouritecontent is all from television channels. In four the content is from free-to-airTV (theGlobotelenovela, ‘Ooutroladodoparaíso’,theSBTgossipprogramme, ‘Fofocalizando’,the Globo health programme ‘Bem Estar’, and the BandTV sports programme ‘JogoAberto’).Andinoneit is fromcableTVchannel,FOXSports,beingthesportsprogram‘BomDiaFOX’.
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Regardingthetelenovela‘Ooutroladodoparaíso’,Any’sfavouriteprogramme,theviewing situation occurred on six of the ten days when she had her diary and thiscontentwasshownonthetelevisionline-up.Mostsituationswereofflineontelevisionathome,rangingfromliving-roomtobedroom,usuallyinthecompanyofsomeone.Ononeof thedays,however, theparticipantsearched for thepreviousday’sepisodeandvieweditondemandduringsomefreetimeatwork.Todothat,AnydirectlysearchedthecontentonYouTubeusingadesktopcomputerconnectedtotheinternet.Duringtheinterview, she said that was a frequent practice that happens when she misses theepisode the day before or thinks it is necessary to replay an episode already shown,becauseshedidnotfollowsomeportioncloselyenoughduringbroadcastonTV.
Regarding the ‘BomDiaFOX’ sportsprogramme,Camilo’s favourite,he reportedhavingwatchedthesameprogrammefivedifferentmornings.Inmostofthesituationshe used the TV at home, tuned to the paid FOX Sports channel. In one situation,however,hewasata friend’shouse inMocajuba, andsoas tonotmiss the content–whichhisfriendalsoliked–hesearchedforitontheFOXSportsVoDplatformviatabletconnected to Wi-Fi, both resources being available at the place where the viewingoccurred.
As for the three other favourite programmes, the watching situations occurredonly on television and offline. In those cases, there was clearly great interest of theyoungpeople in followingtheir favouriteprogrammestothepointoforganisingtheirstudyandworkactivitiessoastobe freeduringthebroadcastonTV. ‘Fofocalizando’,Leide’sfavouriteprogramme,wasseenonsixofthetendaysofthestudy.Inallcasesviewingwasaloneinherroom.Asfor‘BemEstar’and‘JogoAberto’,theywerefollowedon four different days by Maria and Vinicius, respectively. Regarding the healthprogrammespecifically,Maria followsitwhenevershecan,evenwhenbeingwithhernew-born child. That is a way to keep up with issues relevant to her area of study(PhysicalEducation).
In this flowthe formsofcontentselectionvaried,but inall situations theyoungpeopleclearlyorganisedthemselvestobeavailableatthemomenttheprogrammewasbeingshownoreventofindfreetimetoviewsomethingtheymissedorwantedtoseeagain. Another characteristic is the need that the participants have to view theprogrammesduringtheirbroadcastorshortlythereafter,sincethathasimplicationsinthecircleswithwhichtheyinteract.
Note that except for Any’s favourite telenovela, all the other programmes arebroadcastedlive,whichinitselfstimulatessynchronousformsofviewing,orwatchingit
BasedontheviewingregimesidentifiedbyFechine(2014)andLee&Lee(1995),we understand that in this flow the young people dedicate great attention to thecontent, sometimes immersing themselves. In some cases, thatwatching ritual is alsoaddedtoandempoweredbytheuseofsecondscreendevices,whethertocommentonor share information aboutwhat iswatched, as happenedwith Any.With the sportsprogrammes,infact,participationbythepublicisencouragedusingof#hashtagswiththenamesoftheprogrammes,butthatwasnotaninteractionmodechosenbyCamiloand Vinicius. We believe that it was because of their profiles, both identified asbelongingtolevelofmediausage2.
12.2InteractionFlow2–Newsatthetable
This flow is related toa specific typeof combinationof themultipledimensionsdirected towards watching television News programmes live during meals or whilepreparing them. The motivation is to follow the local or national news, and havebackgroundprogrammingduringmeals.Forthat,theformofchoosingcontentissimplyto select one of the news programmes on TV,mainly at lunchtime but also at night,during dinner. In this flow the formof content selection is fixed being always type 1(pre-programmedflow).
Thesituationimpliesameetingoffamilymembers,aquitecommonaspectintheprofileofyoungpeopleinthestudiedmunicipalities.Theviewingregimeisthe‘glance’(FECHINE,2014),becauseviewingisbasedmoreonhearingthepresenterstalking.Inthesameway,werecogniseauseoftheregulatorynatureofTV(LULL,1980),sincethewatching moment of the news program is a timing regulation and establishesconversationpatternsaccordingtothecontent.
The focus is on socialising and eating and/or finishing preparing the food. Itrecallsthesensationof‘beingathome’highlightedbySilverstone(1994),provokedbythehabitofmaintainingtheTVonathome.Thus,thecentralpointisboththecontentand the type of audience, in theway how it iswatched by the subjects, viewedwithcompanyandduringthefamilymeals(lunchordinner).
In this flow, more common among the young people of Tavares, a specificprogrammestandsout:‘JornaldoAlmoço’onRBSTV,aGloboaffiliateinRioGrandedoSul.Thiswasfoundinthediaryoffourparticipants(Leandro,Marcos,JonasandCarol)
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and from the number of cards inwhich itwas reported themostwatched televisionprogrammeinthemunicipality.AsforCametá,whenthatoccurred, themostwatchednewsprogrammeswerefromGlobo(‘JornalHoje’and‘JornalNacional’),seeninparallelwiththefamilydinner,orTVLiberal(‘JornalLiberal’firstandsecondedition),watchedduringlunchordinner225.
AnimportantaspectofthatflowisitsrelationwiththeuseofTVinthedomesticenvironment,theplacewheretraditionalviewingpracticesareestablished,andwhichwerecrucial,accordingtoMorley&Silverstone(1990), in implantingamodernsocialorganisation in urban centres in Europe. Houses, with the ‘help’ of TV, turned intohomes, since therearenowreasons forbeingathome.Thatdynamicbeganchangingwith the growth of large cities, sincemeals are now rarely taken by familymemberstogether andmuch less at home. However, that did not necessarily occur in smallermunicipalitieslikeCametáandTavares,whokeepcommunitylivinghabitsquitealive,amongthemhavingmealstogetherwithfamilymembers,sinceall,eventheyoungest,areinvariableathomeformeals.
Anotheraspectisthatmanyofthewatchingsituationsreportedindiariesmaynothave been provoked and/or established by the will of participants. But they haveparticipated inthembecausesomeoneathomewatchedthenews.Carol, forexample,reported that at herhouse,TVviewingwas alwaysdeterminedby level in the familyhierarchy.Firstpreferencewasforthefather, thenthemother, followedbytheoldestmalebrother,andonlythen,sheandhersister226.
12.3InteractionFlow3–Relaxingathome
Inthisflow,themotivationistorelaxandforthatthepresenceofTVprovidesameeting point among the house members (RIGBY et al., 2017). Because of that thescreendimensiondoesnotchangeand is still theTV. In thiscase,however, thereare
225It is interesting tonote that thenetwork’splaceNewsprogramme inParádoesnothave the same forceof thenewsprogrammeproducedbytheRioGrandedoSulbroadcaster.ThatmayberelatedtothefactthatTVLiberaldoesnotcovertheentirestateofPará,andinmanycasesisalsonotviewedbecauseTVviewersusedparabolicantennasand thus receive theirprogramming from themainnetworkstudios,where thenewsprogrammescome fromSãoPauloorRiodeJaneiro.226Intheinterview,CarolalsoreportedthatbecauseofthatsheneverwassointerestinginTVandwhatsheknewabout,thereferenceswerealwaysforcontentconsideredfor‘boys’,sinceherbrotherdominatedtheremotecontrol,when the children athome couldwatchTV. ‘Oneday,my friendasked ‘what kindof female characterdoyou likemost?’, and Iwas like ‘Vampira’ [Rogue], andmy friend said, ‘how come you don’t like Cinderella?’, so I said like‘becausemybrother,hewastheoldest.Soitwasafightformybrothertoletuswatch‘TotallySpies!’,whichwas,like,forlittlegirls.And,see,whenIwasakid,therewasn’tmuch.JustwhatGlobooffered,SBT,ah...books,see?Like,myfriendlaughed,becauseshesaidthatDindahadavideocassetteandshewatchedCinderella,watchedIdon’tknowwhat,andIneverwatchedthatasachild,Iwatchittoday[withherniece]’(CAROL,2018).
Viewingusuallyoccursinthecompanyofsomeoneintheliving-roombutalsointhebedroom,suchasinthecaseofparticipantswholivewiththeircompanions(LeideandElisa).Ingeneralitisatnightduringtheweekorintheafternoonandeveningsonweekends,periodswhenallareathome.Inbothcases,thecontentisvariableasisthesource of content, from free-to-air TV channels, to cable or online video platforms.evidencerelatedtothisflowwasfoundinallthestudydiaries.
Inthatflow,whatevertheoriginandformforselectingthecontentviewedis,thecentrality is in the place, specifically the environment created at living room orbedroomwhichreceivesandgatherspeopleatamomentofrelaxationandrest.Thatiswhytheviewingregime(FECHINE,2014;LULL,1980;LEE&LEE,1995)usuallyvaries’,becausethefocusistorelaxindependentlyifwatchingsomethingwithattentionornot.Thecontentmostcitedinthattypeofflowwastelenovelas(Globo,SBTandRecordTV),therealityshow‘BigBrotherBrasil’,thetalentshow‘TheVoiceBrasil’orthechildren’sversionof this program, both onGlobo, auditoriumprogrammes (SBT,RecordTV andGlobo),sportseventsbroadcastlive(GloboandcableTVchannels)andvlogs(YouTube).
Regardingauditoriumprogrammes specifically,well-knownBrazilianhosts suchas Silvio Santos, Raul Gil, Fausto Silva and Luciano Huck stand out, as they have aguaranteedaudiencefromLeideatherparent’shouse,andarealsooccasionallyviewedby other participants (Elisa, Any, Leandro, Vinicius, Carla and Stela). As forrealities/talents, they are recurring at Any, Maria, Elisa, Aleta and Leandro’s house;footballgames,fighteventsandhorsecompetitionsbroadcastliveareoptionstoCarol,Vinicius,Jonas,Marcos,Camilo,Gaspar,EderandJadir;asarevlogsinAlex’scase.
AboutthevlogswatchedbyAlex, it is importanttohighlight thecombinationhemakes for themomentswhen he views videos only to relax. Unlike the other youngpeople,hisviewingisthroughalaptopconnectedtoavideomonitorandhissourcesofcontent tend tobeonline(mainlyYouTube). Inmostcases, theviewing location ishisroom and is normally alone, but only from a face-to-face point of view. In thosewatchingmomentsheisusuallyincontactwithfriends,viamessages,orthroughlongvideo chats on WhatsApp with his boyfriend, who in some way follows what ourparticipant is viewing and vice-versa. As for content, Alex usually views vlogs on thechannelshesubscribesto,whichareautomaticallysequencedbyYouTube,asthenewcontentmadeispublished.
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The examples of those participants clearly demonstrate that to satisfy commonmotivations, the young people undertake different arrangements of the multipledimensions,alwaysusingtheresourcesavailableattheviewingsite.
12.4InteractionFlow4–Companyinthemorning
Inthisflow,thefocusisonhavingsomeone’s‘company’,evenifinmediatedform,oronlywiththe‘noise’ofthevideowhilstmultitaskingduringthemorning.KeepingtheTVonorhitting‘play’foravideoonasmartphoneorDVDisastimulusforbeginningroutineactivities,rangingfromhouseholdtasks(cooking,tidying-uporcleaninghouse,etc.),togettingachildreadyforschool,havingbreakfastand/orinoccasionalsituationssuch aspacking a bag, amongother examples also identifiedby Shokrpour&Darnell(2017).
Viewing can occur in different places around the house, but always in privateenvironments,suchastheliving-room,bedroomandhotel/lodgingroomonatrip.Thescreenmayvary,althoughthemostcommonareTV,includingwhenwatchingDVD,andasmartphoneconnectedtotheinternet.
The content also varies, as well as the sources and as forms of selecting them,notably for videos shown on TV, recommendations/notifications from platforms, andcontentsearcheddirectlyonlineorviaDVD.
Notablyamongthecontentidentifiedinthediariesareliveprogrammesandthosefocusing on conversations (journalistic programmes, talk shows, vlogs), cartoons ormusicvideos,suchasliverecordedshows,videoclips,etc.
Forinstance,wecanhighlightthecaseofCarol,whofindsthenecessarycompanyto start her day and do her domestic tasks onmorning programmes onGlobo (‘BemEstar’andthetalkshow‘EncontrocomFátimaBernardes’).Accordingtoher,evenifshedoes not have a high involvement with the television content, in her case, theprogrammescitedare themostappropriate.Thisspecificcasehearkensback towhatLee&Lee(1995)identifiedaslevelfourofviewingthatthesubjectsestablishwiththetelevisionsetandwithatypeofstructuraluseoftelevisionasbackgroundnoise,amongothersdocumentedbyLull(1980).
In the case of the videos viewed on a smartphone, the YouTube playlist ofvideoclipsstandsout,asdovlogsforchannelsalready.Inthisflow,contentistheleastimportantaspect;aswellas thepartof thehouse (private location)where theyoungpersonis.
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The centrality is in the period of the day, themorning, because of the activitiesdevelopedatthattime.Inthoseviewingsituations,weunderstandthatyoungpeoplegobeyond the ‘glance’ regime recognised by Fechine (2014), since the content viewed,although fully composed by audio-visual elements (audio and video), have the mainfunctionofbeing listenedto,evenwhenviewedontelevision.Participantsreportthatthe ‘glance’ practically does not occur, since the television or smartphone are notnecessarilyattheplacewheretheydotheactivity.
The screen thus serves as an audio amplifier for the conversation onewants tohear, whether about health, a funny podcast, a show or even amusic videoclip. Theaudio is an important element while the images are secondary in composing thiscontent.Thatdoesnotmean that theelements constitutingaudio-visual languageareunbalanced, but that they were balanced to be mostly followed by the audio,consideringthattheimageplayacomplementaryroletoaudio,butarenotdecisiveforunderstandingthenarrative.
Itthissense, insteadofwhatFechine(2014)identified,forthisflowseemsmoreappropriate to speak of another viewing regime: the ‘hearing’ regime, which is theresultofanevensharperanddeeperlevelofaudio-visuallanguageappropriationbythesubjects,tothepointofmakingusesthatdonotnecessarilyexplorethewholeofaudio-visualcontent.
12.5InteractionFlow5–Fictionduringfreetime
Inthisstudy, films,seriesandserialswerethegenres/formatsviewedinagreatvarietyof content sources, reaching16differentones inCametá,only in caseof filmsalone(free-to-airandcableTVchannels,DVDs,YouTube,bittorrentfiles,amongothers).
Thecentraldimensionisthecontent.Thedimensionssourceofcontent/provider,screen, typeofaudienceandtimeofdayarevariable.Viewinggenerallyoccurs in theliving-room or room and the form of content selection may vary since from directsearches (type 4) and watching by recommendation/notification (type 3), untilwatchingwhatwasplayinginapre-programmedflow(type1).
Themotivationistomakeuseofthefreetime–consideredrareformost–soastoview content they liked verymuch and that (unfortunately, in theirwords) they canonly view when they have greater availability than during their short daily activitybreaks, orwhen they are very tired. It is amomentwhen they can breakwith theirroutineandwatchsomethinglongsuchasfilmsorepisodesofserials/series,generallyin ‘binge-watching’ marathons. A common aspect among the content viewed is that
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mostof it is foreign,eitherconsumed inordubbed inPortugueseorsubtitled,exceptwithAlexwhopreferstowatcheverythinghecaninEnglishtopracticethelanguage.
Atthisflow,theviewingregime(FECHINE,2014)isthatof‘gazing’,perhapswithasimilarorgreaterlevelofattentionthaninFlow1.Thisisimmersivecontent,whichtheyoungpeoplelearntoviewontelevision,notablywithfictionalnarratives,butbecauseof their routines and lack of time in their adult life, they have begun to watch ondemand,eventhoughtherearecasesofparticipantswhoorganisethemselvestofollowcontentbroadcastedonTV.
From the reports of the participants, we learn that around the time they wereteenagers,filmsandserieswerewatchedinordertofillinthefreetimetheyhadafterschool or onweekends. Thatwas a very popular activity for them, because they hadplentyoffreetime.Withcurrentconditions,however,althoughthepreferencesarestillthe same as in previous phases, young people now see those as rare and highlyanticipatedmoments.Thatisbecause,aswellaslikingthattypeofcontentverymuch,itforms the basis for the subject to participate in diverse interpretive communities(JENSEN,1995;COSTA,2018),inwhichtheysharecommonreferencesaboutthattypeof content, especially fantasy and fiction.Thus, thewatchingof this kindof content –mostly of foreign origin – becomes a moment for updating information on mediaproductions thatare invogue– thatgobeyond theaudio-visual andexploremultiplecommunicational languages –, and provide young persons with new elements forinteracting,face-to-faceorvirtually,withtheirpeers.
As noted by Scolari (2014a), we can increasingly speak of audiences beingnarrative-centredinsteadofmedia-centred.Regardlessoftheusedscreen,therefore,thefocusisonhavingaccesstonarrativeswithglobaloutreachandcommerciallyexploredin the most varied environments and languages. Those, for their part, demandincreasingly immersive viewing by the subjects, since besides their complexity(MITTELL, 2012, 2015 apudSIGILIANO & BORGES, 2016, p. 8), they require a highmedia repertoire, accumulated exactly in the process of interaction with specialisedaudiences,i.e.consumersofthattypeofcontent.
From that perspective one can report two cases of viewing by Edson, whichexemplify the diversity of combinations made by the young people for videoconsumption, directly related to the level of media usage of each participant. In hisdiary, Edson reported viewing situations from a series of the Netflix original series‘StrangerThings’.Nothavinginternetathome,noraccesstoapaidplatformwherethecontent isavailable,hedownloaded(viabittorrent filemanager)anentireseasonata
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friend’s house where he could use the internet and a desktop computer, saving thedownloadedepisodesonaflash-drive.Afterwards,infoursituationswhenhehadtimeavailable, he watched the episodes on his living room SmartTV, accompanied by hismotherinsomecases.Whenbeginningwatching,hepublishedthefactonhisFacebookprofile,apracticethatisapparentlypartoftheritualforviewingthattypeofcontent,ashereportedduringtheinterview.ForEdson,thattypeofconsumptionissignificantandhe thus makes efforts to enable the necessary viewing conditions. The content,therefore, is the central dimension in this flow and will be searched by the youngpeople,eveniftheyfirstmustenableaccesstodoso.
Anotherexampleofthis flow, identified inEdson’sdiary,wasviewingthetrailerfor the film ‘Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald’, which he viewedminutesafter its official launch on YouTube. He reported in the interview that he had beenawaiting that film and learned about the launch of the trailer by subscribing to the‘ObservatórioPotter’ channelonYouTube.Wepoint thisout toshowthe involvementthatEdsonhaswiththattypeofcontent,tothepointthatafterthesearch–ashepostedonFacebook–,hetravelledfromCametátoBelém,onlytoseethefilmatthecinema.
AnotherinterestingexamplewasthatofCamilo,atlevelofmediausage2,butwhointermsoffictionalnarrativesdisplaysenormousinterest.Althoughtheyareoccasionalcases in his diary, Camilo reported that whenever he is online, he searches forrecommendationsregardingnewly-launchedfilms.Throughonesuchcontactheviewedthetrailerfor ‘TheWitch’onhisbrother’slaptop,andlater,combinedsomeresourcestodownloadtheentirefilm,alsoathisbrother’shouse,usinghisniece’stablettosaveitandlaterviewitinthekitchen.
Among the young people in Cametá one should note thatMarisa and Any viewentire filmsatwork,becauseof thequalityof the internet,andElisadoessoathomedirectlyontelevision,andbecauseshelikessomuchthemovie‘Oautodacompadecida’,sheorganisesherhouseworktobefreeduringbroadcasttimes.Althoughtheyarelessinvolved in the new consumption scenario and have accumulated a lower mediarepertoire, they are highly interested in fictional televised narratives, that provide abasis forplacingthemin interpretivecommunities(JENSEN,1995;COSTA,2018).Suchcommunities are also responsible for the content recommendations followed by theyoungpeople.
Among the Tavares participants one may note cases of series viewing by Alex,directly onNetflix, and films by Aleta, Alice, Carol and Vinicius. For Aleta –who is amother and has practically no free time alone to view what she wishes – it is only
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possibletowatchthedesiredfilmasatherworkplace,usinghersmartphoneconnectedtoWi-Fi,viaNetflix. In thatcase, theyoungwoman–whodedicatesmuch less timetothat type of consumption – followed a ‘most watched’ recommendation on the VoDplatform.
Regardless of the form of content selection, which may be type 1 (pre-programmedflow),3(recommendation/notification)or4(directsearch),thesituationscorrespond to that flow are characterised by a strong interest of the participant inwatching videos, and, for the Cametá participants, and effort to literally enable themeansforgainingaccesstocontent.
12.6InteractionFlow6–Zappingonsocialnetworks
The situations related to this flow are always online. It is because all them arebased on videos viewed on social network sites, especially Facebook in Cametá andInstagram in Tavares, besides YouTube and the WhatsApp application, in bothmunicipalities.
Inthisflow,thecontentsourceisthecentralelement,sincethevideosviewedareofferedontypesofline-upsoflinearcontent,structuredusingdifferentresourcesthatare common on the different platforms: stories and status; timeline with auto-playfunctionforvideos;closedgroups;channelspreviouslysubscribedto;besides linksorfilessentviachatmessagesdirectlyaddressedtotheparticipants.
Similar to the tour we make on the television going from channel to channel,whichJensencallssuper-flow(JENSEN,1995),weaccesssocialnetworksitesandscrollthrough the timeline or stories to seewhat is available, sometimeswithout knowingwhattowatch.Thatiswhy, inthisflowtheviewingregimeseemstovary,andcanbe‘gazing’, ‘glancing’ (FECHINE, 2014), but also ‘reading’. The proposed viewing regimeconsiders the largenumberofvideosviewedwithoutaudioandwith subtitles,whichdemand distinct attention levels and other rhythms of reading, including going andreturning in the narrative, or even pausing the video/image/text, as we do whenviewingstories/status.
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ThisflowemergedasthemostcommononeamongTavaresparticipantsbutwasalsopresentamongthosefromCametá.Fromthereportsheardinbothmunicipalities,it is related to the scenarios of ‘taking a break’, ‘first thing in themorning’ and ‘rightbeforegoingtosleep’,identifiedbyMcNally&Harrington(2017),andalsoinsituationsofwaitingand/orshorttrips.
The occasions, generally enabled via smartphone and while being alone, arerelatedtouninterruptedviewingofshortvideosandmomentsofprocrastination.Thefocusisonpassingthetime,checkingupdates,informingoneselforsimplyrelaxing/oramusingoneselfforafewminutes,anytime,anyplace.
We identified cards of participants viewing random videos during trips by car,bus,boat,orevenwalking in thestreet,wearingearphones.Therearealsorecordsofviewingwhilewaiting forbeingservedat thesupermarket,whilewatching television,parallel toworkingorstudying,at thegym,andmainly inbed in thebedroombeforesleepingorgettingup.
Because of that diversity, the viewing regime varies according to the type ofsituation(waiting,wakingup,goingtosleep,etc.)besidestheformofcontentselection,whichwastype2(timeline/stories)or3(recommendation/notification),andina fewcases,type5(accessingpersonalcontent).
Oneimportantaspectofthisflowistheintegrationbetweenvideoplatforms.Itiscommon for the content availableon aplatform tobe advertisedonanother, suchasstories fromyoutubers announcingnewposting on the channel, or videos shared viaWhatsAppthroughlinksthattakeonetoYouTubeorFacebookpostings,amongothers.The instantmessages themselvesenable thesendingand incorporationofgifsand/orothermovingimageresources,vastlyavailabletousers.
Likewise, at many moments, the young people end up viewing content comingfrom television channel flows and made available in clipped and/or edited form onYouTubechannelsand/orFacebookpages.Marcos,forexample,founditinterestingthattelevision channels have profiles on social networks, because when he missessomething on TV, canwatch portions and highlights, especially of sports content, onsocialnetworksviasmartphone,whereverhe isandanytime,withupdatesofwhat ishappening.
It is also interesting to note that Edson, Jadir and Alex, the only participantsidentifiedatlevelofmediausage5andwhoseviewingpracticesareindependentofthelinear television line-up, report in their diaries at least one casewhere theywatchedexcerpts or entire television programmes on demand on online platforms, notably
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YouTube. This fact illustrates the traffic of content between platforms, includingtelevision, which, according to Orozco Gómez (2010, 2011) justifies the so-called‘audiencerepositioning’processofTVtoplatformswherethe‘television’isandthroughwhichweestablishnewformsofinteractingwithit.
About the constant use of social network, it is clear that new resources andcommunication technologies are part of the process that leads to the arising of newpractices among the participants. It is what Leandro evidences when he points out,critically,that ‘[…]stories,status,thepersonviewsbecauseit isautomatic.[…]Idon’tknow if it is a trend’. He continues, in another part of the interview, notes that thechanges in the technologies and on the channelsmake the ways of interactions alsochange: ‘I think you are going to fit according to the platform. I think that digitalplatformarechanging[…]WhatsAppbecameaInstagram,don’tyouthink?[…]Youarechangingtoo.Youarefollowingtheevolution’(LEANDRO,2018).
Changes indicated by Leandrowere also perceived byMarcos and, in the sameway,hepointedoutsomecritics–whenherecallssomesituationwitha friendandacousinand,evenwhentheywereall together,eachonewas lookingto thecellphonescreens,without interactingwith eachother. ‘[…] this generation is the generationofsocialnetworks.Wecan’tdenythat’.Hecontinues,inanotherpartoftheinterview,toaffirm that he sees it as a negative situation, but inevitable: “[…] so human beingsrelatedtoit,soonyourpocketyoucarryeverythingyouhaveinlife,youknow?[…]Atmy time, technology came later. […]andnowadays, a little childbeginswith “GalinhaPintadinha227”’(InterviewwithMarcos).
Bothyoungpeoplerecognisenegativepointsintheirownviewingpractice.Ontheother hand, they understand that those are the result of possibilities provided bytechnology,and, inaway,theyalsosaythattheyrecognisethetimeinvestedinvideoconsumptionrelatedtothenextflow.
12.7InteractionFlow7–Learningthroughvideo
Inthisflow,themotivationislearningsomethingnew,solvingadoubt/satisfyingcuriosityoralsomeetingaformaldemandforteaching-learning.Forthat,participantsviewarangeofcontent that issometimesdifficult toclassify.Theserange fromvideoclassesanddidacticmaterials invideo format, to informativecontent like tutorialsor
The central element, therefore, is the content. The dimensions place, time andformofcontentselectionarevariableinthisflow.ThesourceofcontentmayvaryfromanVLE–accessedbytheparticipanttoviewaclassliveatagiventime–,toatimelineon Facebook where the subject watches a cooking recipe in time-lapse format, orYouTube, where startingwith guided research, onewatches a video on strategies forplayingchess.
All those were examples taken from participant diaries, showing the differentarrangements they make to answer that motivation. As Marcos reported in aninterview,onecanlearneverythingbyinternettoday, ‘WhenIwasyounger,theygavemeaguitar,Iwantedtolearntoplayit.ButIhadnotimeormoneytopayateacher.SoIstartedsearchingonYouTube.Ilearned,andnotjustme,myfriends’(MARCOS,2018).
Inthoseviewingsituations,youngpeoplearegenerallyalone,usingthelaptoptoaccess content related to formal learning, while on the smartphone to watch othercontentthatyoungpeopleconsiderofinterestfortheirdailylife.Theviewingregimeisgazing’ and content is usually short and/or not necessarily viewed to the end, if thequestionhasbeenansweredhalfwaythroughthevideo.WecanalsorecognisetheuseclassifiedbyLull (1980)–even thoughhe referred to television–aimedat collectivelearning, inwhichsubjectssolveproblemsbyobtaininginformationfromaudio-visualcontent.
This flow was common in Alice’s diary, and in her interview, she said shededicatedthelargestshareoftimetoviewingvideosandlearningthingssheconsidersinteresting on internet and/or do activities on the university’s platform. She viewsmany lectures online, directly related to the topics studied in the undergraduatecourses.
ItisalsointerestingtonotetheperceptionofthosestudyingPhysicalEducation,inbothCametáandTavares,regardingwhattheywatchonsocialnetworksandhowthosevideos contribute to their studies. Jadir, for example, reported on viewing videos onpages of Physical Education professors on Facebook, as well as amateur videosproducedbyuniversityclassmates,sharingsportingpracticesinCametáschools.AsforMaiconand Jonas, they routinely followvlogsongympractices,onhow todocertainexercises,howtoadopthealthylivingpracticesonchannelsofprofessionalsinPhysicalEducation,Nutritionandotherareas.Forthem,learninghappensbothintutorialvideosandinstoriespublishedbytheprofessionalstheyfollow.
Such examples reveal the broad perception the young people have of learning.Thisprocessisrelatedtolearningfromspecificandtoformaltogeneralknowledge,andthingsmorelinkedtocommonsense.Furthermore,thatnotionshowsacertainfreedomthatparticipantshaveinsearchingforYouTubevideostoanswertheirdoubts,insteadof, for example, asking an acquaintance. It seems they aremore at ease asking theirquestionson the internet thanexposing theirdoubtsorevenaweakness to someonetheyknow.
Despite thepeculiaritiesonvideo consumptiononline, onemust remember thattheuseofthislanguageasaresourceforlearningdidnotbeginwiththeinternet.Thereare several examples of programmes for that purpose on the line-ups of TVbroadcasters,evenifnonewascitedbyanyparticipantofthisstudy.
As recognised by several authors (SCOLARI, 2018; GARCÍA-CANCLINI, 2008b;MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2014; JENKINS, 2009; LIVINGSTONE, 2002), younger generationstendtobethefirstonestoassimilateanewtechnologyandthatisdirectlyrelatedtoaglobalandirreversibleprocessofdisseminationofdevicesanddigitalenvironment.Asobserved in this dissertation, specifically in case of video consumption, this scenariodemands a development of new literacies (SCOLARI, 2018) and media repertoires(HASEBRINK & HOLIG, 2013), being learning through video one of the competencespowered in this scenario, in which the subjects can set their own content flows,exploringmultimodallanguages.
As presented in Table 48, the interaction flows allow a structuredmanner ofobserving and understanding the combination of both new and more traditionalpracticesofvideoviewing.
InFlows1, 2, 5 and7 content is themost importantdimension (highlights ingreyonTable)and itdelineates theviewingregimesestablishedbyparticipants,aswell as the combinationsmade for enabling access to content, as with the case ofCametá.InFlow6,thecontentsourceisthecentralelement,sinceregardlessofwhatoneviews,themotivationistoentertain,takeabreakorfindsomethingthatcanbeseenquicklywithoutnecessarilyrequiringmuchattention,asonedoesonwakingorbeforesleeping.
It is important tonote that of the sevenpresented flows, in four of them, thecontentisthecentraldimensionwhatmotivatesitsoccurrence.Theotherdimensionsthatassumethecentralityintheflows,eachhadoneisolatedoccurrencebeing:time,location, and source of content/provider. This finding meets what the authors(MILLER, 2014; OROZCO GÓMEZ, 2010, 2011, 2014a; SCOLARI, 2014b; CARLÓN&FECHINE, 2014; WILLIAMS, 2016; JENSEN, 1995; FRANÇA, 2006; SIGILIANO &BORGES,2016)highlightaboutthepoweroftheaudio-visualnarrative,thatengagesthe audiences,whatever screen they used. It is based on those narratives, thatwehavelearnttofollowonthetelevision,thatmotivatesustowatchvideosand,inthatway,performadiversityofinteractionflowsforvideoconsumption.
InTable47,wecanalsoobservethattheflows2,3and4recallmoretraditionalpractices of television watching, with a focus on the aggregating power of thesepractices, whether encouraging meeting with members of a family or keepingcompanywithsomeonewhoisalone.Thesepracticesseemtohavebeeninitiatedbythehabitofwatchingtelevision,butwereoptimisethroughotherresourcesandnewpossibilitiesforcombinationsmadebythesubjectstowatchwhattheywant.
Forthosereasons,inflowssuchas4and6,besidesthediversityofthemultipledimensionscombinations,onemayclearlyseethenewviewingregimesestablishedby the subjects. The audiences have accumulated capital on audio-visual language,whichwas boosted by new forms of video production that explore the constituentelementsofthatlanguage,sometimesfavouringonlyoneelementinthecontentandpracticallynotusingtheother.
Itisalsointerestingtoobservethatamongthesevenflows,sixhaveatleastonedimensionthatcanvary,reachingfivevariabledimensionsininteractionflow7.Thatreinforces our argument that video consumption practices are increasingly diverse
Finally,itisimportanttoreportthatthedimensionsformsofcontentselectionand viewing regimes arose during the analysis process and were not identified,immediatelywhentheapproachofinteractionflowsemerged.Inthecaseofthefirstone,itappearedasadecisiveaspectforthedescriptionofconsumptionpracticesandthatbecameavariablethatcomposesthecategorylevelofmediausage.Inthecaseofthe seconddimension (viewing regimes),we recognised itwhen characterising theinteraction flows, thatmeans during the last phase of analysis. Because of thatwecouldnot invest on thedeepening of this dimension, even ifwe are clear about itsimportance to the characterisation of interaction flows, which opens venues forfurtherresearch.
12.9BrazilianandBelgianyoungpeopleinrelation
In light of thepossibilities for contactwithmultiple scenarios throughout theresearch,wecouldnotconcludethisdissertationwithoutdiscussing–albeitbriefly–the findings from research done in Brazil and relate it to the conclusions from thepre-testdonewithyoungpeopleinLeuven,Belgium.
More than an illustration, the comparison of these data seems to confirm theargumentspresentedthroughout thedissertation, thatvideoconsumptionpracticesarenecessarilymadeupofmacro,microandindividualelements.Thus,whateverthesite where consumption takes place, the multiple dimensions are articulated byparticipants based on their immediate context but generally have common
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motivations,belongingtoaglobalconsumptionculturethatweassimilateincontactwith televised content and with a sort of ‘linguistic-aesthetic amalgam’ (OROZCOGÓMEZ,2014a),withwhichwebecomefamiliar.AccordingtoOrozcoGómez(2014a)it is through that assimilation ofmodes of viewing and the rhythms of the contentthat we become audiences and thus learn how to negotiate the references comingfromthescreenwithourownimmediatecontexts.
For those reasons, themediaconvergence scenario is fertile ground for othertypes of behaviour by the television audience,which cross boundaries and tend tomore immediately involve the younger generations, based on capital alreadyaccumulated as audiences shaped by television. Proof of that is verifying that inresearch done both in Brazil (Cametá and Tavares) and Belgium (Leuven),participantsintheagegroupstudied(18to24years)statedtheybegantheirvideoconsumption practices with television, even though themajority has broken awayfromviewingthroughalinearprogrammingline-up.
Besidesestablishingthatnewpreferencesforcontentformatsbeganononlineplatforms, young people in both Leuven and Brazil canmeet their interests in thetelevisioncontentwithoutusingtelevision.Byintegratingplatformsandthetrafficofcontentthatcharacterisestheconvergencescenario,youngpeoplewithhigherlevelsof media usage circulate in varied environments, deal with the characteristicdynamics of enjoyment of each platform, and view what they want. That processshowsthateventhoughtheyarenolongerunderthe‘rule’ofthetelevisionrhythm,theyaffiliate themselveswith linear line-ups,automaticallysequencedbyalmostallvirtualcontentplatforms.
It is interesting in that perspective to visualise the classification of Leuvenparticipants by level of media usage, in perspective with those from Tavares andCametá(Table49).
As occurredwith the Brazilianmunicipalities, level ofmedia usage 4was themost common among participants. The principal characteristic in both countries isthatevenwatching60%ormoreofcontentononlinedigitalplatforms,theseyoungpeoplemaintain their interest in televisioncontentandactuallywatch themonline,when theymiss the hour of the broadcasting. A verymarked aspect among youngpeopleinLeuvenwastheirsearchforcontentfromTVonplatformssuchasYouTube,VoDfromthenetworksthemselves,ortheirfanpagesonFacebook.Themotivationinsomecaseswasthattheylacktelevisionintheirstudenthousing.
One should note that TV was the only resources common to all Brazilianparticipants, followed by smartphone with mobile internet for participants fromTavares. Unlike the Brazilians, among the Leuven participants, the conditions incommonwereasmartphoneandlaptopforindividualuse,besidespermanentaccesstoWi-Fiathomeandintheirstudyenvironments.TVwasaccessedbysevenofthemattheirparents’house,onweekends.OnlythreehadTVwheretheylivedandcouldviewiteveryday.
Of those threeparticipants, twowereclassifiedasbelonging to levelofmediausage 3 (Lizzy and Ragna), for keeping a certain balance between consumptionpracticesforTVandforotherplatforms.ThataspectmaybeinvolvedinthegraphsofeachyoungpersonpresentedinperspectivewiththoseofStelaandLeandro,youngBraziliansatlevelofmediausage3(Graph17).
Asmaybeobserved,alltheparticipantsoflevel3,alwaysviewedvideosusingexistingconditions,whereasRagnaandLeandroalsocreatedtheirconditions,evenifpartially. In both cases, that was because of the unavailability of Wi-Fi at home,technicalproblemswiththeWi-FiforRagnaandabsenceforLeandro.Anotherpointin common between Leandro and Ragna was that during the study they recordedvideosandviewedthem,accordingtoreportsmadeintheirdiaries.
Another similarity is thatallof themperformedat least fourdistinct formsofcontent selection, with type 3 (via notification/recommendation) being morecommon among participants from Leuven and types 4 and 2 (direct search andshowingontimeline)betweenthosefromCametáandTavares.
A specific aspect for the Brazilianswas that, except for Jadir, Alex and Edsontheyneededtocreateconditionsforviewingbecausetheylackedthemathome.WithAlex, the interestwas in viewing videos in situationswhere he did not necessarilyneedtobeonline,likewhatmotivatedthesituationsrepresentedbythegreensliceinLise’sgraph.AndEdsondidnothavetheconditionsandbecauseofthatwenttohisfriend’shouse,asalreadyexplained.
As for that type of televised viewing on online platforms, even though thecontent is the same, the viewing regimes vary according to the arrangementof themultipledimensionsandhowthevideoswereselected.Aconsiderablechangeisthatwith thoseviewedonline, theyoungpeoplecanreplay thecontentasoftenas theywish,andalsoviewbyportionsandonlywhatmostintereststhem,forwhichreasonmost videos are provided in fragmented form, focusing on programme highlights.ThatconsumptionpracticewasidentifiedinbothBrazilianmunicipalities,aswellasamongseveralyoungpeopleinLeuven.
Amongtheseveninteractionflowspresented,threewereidentifiedinthepre-testperformedinBelgium,numbers1,3and6. InFlows1and3(favouritecontentand relaxing at home), we observed a greater diversity in the arrangements puttogetherbytheyoungpeople, includingthosethatrecallquitetraditional televisionviewing practices, where participants organise themselves in order to view thebroadcast of their favourite programme at the time established in the linearprogrammingline-up.
With Flow 6 specifically, viewing practices seem to be the same, notablyvisualisation of stories on Instagram andFacebook among young people in LeuvenandTavares,aswellasvideosonsocialnetworksitetimelinesandfanpages,commonto all participants in the research, except Leide, the only one classified at level ofmediausage1.
AsforFlow5,relatedtoviewingfilmsorseries,itisimportanttonotethatthisencompasses the viewing situations established by the Leuven participants in the
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Flow‘AnythingonNetflix,whenI’mfree’,presentedinChapter4.InFlow5,however,werefertoamotivationgoingbeyondviewingcontentfromaspecificsource(Netflix)whenonehas free time. In that case, themotivation is viewing films and series, inwhich young people have a big interest, on the most distinct platforms possible,includingtelevision,inwhichheyoungpeoplehavegreatinterest.
UnlikeBelgium,NetflixwasasourceofcontentonlyusedamongfewBrazilianyoungpeople,specificallyinTavares.Itscontent,however,isofinteresttoalmostallparticipants in the study. In Leuven and Tavares, thewatching situation happeneddirectlyontheplatform,beitonone’sown,sharedorborrowedsubscription,onlineordownloadedviatheNetflixapplication.InCametáandalsoinLeuven,therewerecasesofviewingviaillegalenvironmentsfordownloadingorvisualizingonline,suchas Popcorn Time or bittorrent file managers. Series such as ‘Stranger Things’ and‘BreakingBad’,forexample,werecitedbyparticipantsofthethreecities.
As for theother interactionflowsdescribedbytheyoungpeople inBrazil, theseventh, involving learning aided by videos, may also be attributed to the Leuvenparticipants,eventhoughnothighlightedinthefirstanalysis inthepre-test. InthatcaseoftheparticipantsinLeuven,thescreenmostusedbyparticipantswasalaptopandthecontentcitedweretutorials,studytips,languagecourses,lecturesandothercontent, including those they viewed in class at university and reported in theirdiaries.Aninterestingaspectwastheyoungwomen’sperceptiononwatchingforeignvideo as vital for learning English, which is almost a second language for most ofthem. In Brazil that practice was reported only by Alex, who has professionalambitionsinwantingtomasterEnglish.
Regarding Flow 4 (company in the morning), although some situations wereidentified among Leuven participants, it was not so evident. We believe that isjustifiedbytheirmorerigidroutineandactivityagendathatismoreintensethaninthecaseofBrazilianparticipants.Likewise,becausetheyliveinauniversitytown,theyoung women are in situations in contact with other students, including sharingcommon areas in student housing,whichwould complicate selecting content to besharedincompany.Fewsuchcaseswereidentified–suchasadinnerinthekitchenshared in Anne’s residence,where the TVwas turned on, and viewing/listening tovideoclipsbyMarijewhilestudying–,butdidnotnecessarilyoccurinthemorningasintheinteractionflowdescribedbytheBrazilians.
differences in the video consumption practices of participants from Cametá andTavares and from Leuven. A notable aspect in that regard was finding that in thethree municipalities, video consumption continues to be an in-home and personalpractice, despite the multiple resources for viewing videos anywhere at any time,totallyavailableforyoungpeopleinLeuvenandforsomeinTavares.
Among the Leuven participants, only two report having mobile internet forviewing videos. Even having conditions to do so, they do not, because they preferusingtheircreditsforotheractivities(e.g.exchangingmessages),oreventomakeapoint of not being connected everywhere. For Brazilian participants, however, thatwas the only means of connecting available, and for some Cametá participantsspecificallywasnotevenanoptionsincetherewasnotelephonesignalcoverage intheplaceswheretheylived.
Although sometimes limited by their microsocial contexts, the young peoplewereawareofand,oppositely,soughtwaysofparticipatinginabroaderscenarioofvideo consumption. Albeit with less developed media repertoires, they know thepossibilities and seekways of enabling them, surpassing the levels ofmedia usageamongyoungpeoplewhohavealltheviewingconditionsavailable,butforindividualpreferences do not optimise their consumption practices, much beyond what theywerealreadydoingwhenwatchingonlytelevision.
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II FINALCONSIDERATIONS
Literally a pause, this is howwe face thewriting of the final considerations of thisdissertation. A moment that is similar to when we watch, in an immersive way,something we like very much, without missing any detail, but, unfortunately, thechapter or the season of the telenovela ends and the feeling that stays is that thenarrativecouldgoon,butitneedsapause.Asinaviewingsituation,thepauseallowsustoassimilatewhatwehavewatched, torealisehowtheviewednarrative(orthewritten narrative in the case of the dissertation) demanded our attention andhowinvolvedwegotwith.
Therefore,inthismomentofpause,wepresentourreflectionsabouttheresultsandthedirectcontributionsofthisdissertation,andalsosomeperceptionsaboutourinvolvement during this study. This chapter is divided in five main topics: (i)interaction flows: a theoretical-conceptual proposal; (ii) potentialities of themethodological strategy; (iii) limitations; (iv) challenges of researching in thecountrysideofBrazil;(v)life&research.
Interactionflows:atheoretical-conceptualproposal
From the previous chapters, we believe it has been possible to achieve thegeneral objective of this study, which was supposed to map and characterise theinteractionflowsforvideoconsumptionoutlinedbyyoungpeople(18and24years
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old) of two municipalities located in the countryside of Brazil: Cametá (PA) andTavares(RS).
Besides the seven flows presented in Chapter 12, the contribution of thisdissertationisinthetheoretical-conceptualproposalstructuredbasedontheconceptofinteractionflows.Withthisnotionweareclaimingtherecognitionofadiversityofvideo consumptionpractices, outlinedbydifferent audiences andprominent inourstudywithyoungpeopleofthecountrysideofBrazil.
The theoretical-conceptual proposal of interaction flows claims the study of aconsumptionprocess that isalready in courseandwhichdemandsboth theoreticalandmethodological distinct approaches to capture and analyse the viewing regime(FECHINE,2014;LULL,1980;LEE&LEE,1995)establishedwithvideos ingeneral,thatgobeyondthetelevision(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011).Amongtheadvantagesofthisperspectiveistheoneofenablingageneralvisionofvideoconsumptionpracticesandof detailing how the subjects articulate themultiple dimensions of the interactionflows, based on their contexts, media competence (SCOLARI, 2018) and mediarepertoire(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013).
Asdemonstrated in thepresentationof the seven interaction flows, thereareseveralpossibilitiesofarticulatingandsettingupaviewingsituationandeachoneofthempresents specificities andmarks of individual andmicrosocial contexts of thesubject, even if themotivations thatguide theviewingpracticesare traditionalandhavebeenstartedbytelevision.
Fromamethodologicalpointof view, theperspectiveof interaction flows is aproductivewayformappingandcharacterisingmediaconsumptionpracticesamongyoungpeople,sinceitsuppliestheoreticalaspectsasitsbasisandsinceitisguidedbytheelaborationofahybridmethodologicalapproach,basedonstructuredandsemi-structuredresearchinstruments.Althoughweworkedinaverystructuredway,thatdid not hinder the richness of the studied phenomenon to arise, and other aspectscould be perceived from diary study and during the interviews. Because of thediversityofvideoconsumptionpractices,webelieve that theuseofwell-structuredtechniqueswascrucialfortheresultspresentedinthisdissertation.
Now thatwe comprehend the scope ofmediaconvergence scenario, it is evenmoreevident thatmediaconsumptionpracticesdonot constituteaunidimensionalprocesses. On the contrary, in case of video consumption, it is based onmultidimensionalconnectionsperformedbythesubjectsandthatdemandeachtimemore competences (SCOLARI, 2018) and amediarepertoire (HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,
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2013)thatgoesbeyondtheaccumulatedonesfrominteractionswithtelevisionandits content. Even these elements compose a cultural repertoire of all of theparticipants, where other competences are required and it is based on them,articulatedwiththeirmicrosocialcontexts,thatparticipantsdevelopdistinctlevelsofmediausage,akeyelementtothecomprehensionofinteractionflows.
Toestablishaway tomaptheconstitutivemultipledimensionsof thestudiedphenomenon, it was important to recognise the triple articulation identified intelevisionstudies(COURTOIS,2012;COURTOISetal.,2012),beingTVastechnology,textandcontext,simultaneouslytriggedinthesameinteractionbutseparatedfortheanalysis. Based on this concept, we managed to recognise some of the multipledimensions that compose the interaction flows and the importance of necessarilystudying them in an integrated way for the comprehension of video consumptionpractices. Inaddition,basedonthis intersection/articulation,weconfirmedthattheperspectiveofourtheoretical-conceptualproposalof interactionflows, infact,wentbeyondthealreadyreachedcontextalreadydescribedbytelevisionstudies,aswellasbeyond studies that privileged specific content platforms analysed in an individualway. We understood that the multiple dimensions that compose interaction flowsseemtoenhanceeachofthethreearticulations,andthevideoconsumptionpracticesdonot‘fit’anymoreinonlythreearticulations.
The dimension source of content/provider, for example, seems to blur theboundarybetweenarticulationsastextandtechnology.Nowadays,therearesomanycontentwindowsavailableindifferentscreensthattheyimplycompetencesbothinusageandmanagement, strictly,of technologyaswellas in text reading, sinceeachwindowandcontentpresentsadistinctmaterialityandwaysoforganising.
Theinterestforavideoorforitsplacementonaspecificsequence/gridiswhatengages the subjects and requireselements for theirproductionofmeaningduringthe viewing situation,which sometimes is broken off by the switch of the viewingregimebetweenscreensand/ormultichannelonthesamescreen.Atthesametime,itisbecauseoftheirinteresttowatchmultipleprogrammesandbuildtheirownflows,that the people trigger, nowadays, several dimensions to enable their watchingsituations.
As we identified along this dissertation, it is about a characteristic that goesbeyond theproductionofmeaningbasedon thewatchedvideos.Theconsumption,nowadays,impliesbeingabletomakeatacitmanagementofavailabletechnologicalresources, which have some materiality by being a product or a service (with an
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emphasison the screenand internet connection).That is followedby the ability tochoose/selectcontent,providersorsources,eachonewith its logicaloperationandvideodistribution,andthenbydevelopingthesequenceofwhatisdesiredtowatchthroughoneormoresources.
For that understanding, we adopted the concept of communication modes(HASEBRINK&HÖLIG,2013),whichprivilegesthewaythatpeoplethemselvesdefineanddescribetheirmediaconsumptionactivitiesinasituationofmediausage.Morethana contributionof the theoreticalpointof view, thiswas thekeyaspect for themethodology of this study, especially because of the posture we established forperforming thedataanalysis from the field studymaterial. Insteadof starting fromexistinganalyticcategories,weoptedforlettingthememphasiseourcontactwiththeempiricalscenarios,suchasoccurredinthecaseofinteractionflows.
Also guidedby theperspective of communicationmodes,we consider valid allthecontentviewedreportedbytheparticipantsintheirdiaries.Forusthoseprovideevidencesof theirperceptionaboutwhat isvideoornot in thecontext they live in.Combining the reports of Cametá andTavares, 50 different types of genre/formatswere identified, which varied from gifs to news programmes and video calls onWhatsapp. Those are examples that reinforce the need of academic studies tocategorisethetypesofcontent thatcirculatesonmultipleplatforms,andtoexploretheconstitutiveelementsofaudio-visuallanguageinseveralways,whilstconsideringhow new viewing regimes are established, such as the regimes of ‘hearing’ and‘reading’,identifiedandanalysedonthisdissertation.
Thisisbecausethevideosidentifiedinthisstudynolongeradheretodualismssuchasgoodorbad,artorentertainment,professionaloramateur.Theboundariesbetween habits of production and consumption have been blurred. One samelanguagecanbeexpressedthroughcountlessformatsandgenres,fromshorttolongduration, which foster new viewing regimes. It can be produced by major mediagroups using professional equipment or generated in amateur fashion by ordinarysubjects using their own mobile devices, sometimes almost without resources forcapturingandeditingsoundandimage.
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Webelievethattheproposalofthisdissertation,especiallyfromthecategoryoflevelsofmediausage,leadstothediscussionofconsumptionstudies(MILLER,2001,2007; SLATER & MILLER, 2007; ROCHA, 2005, 2013; GARCÍA-CANCLINI, 1993,2008a, 2008b; DOUGLAS & ISHERWOOD, 2004), that claimed for attention toconsumption as a social practice, that goes beyond the ownership or the use of anobjectormedia.Theconsumptionconfiguresitselfasasocialpracticefromwhichweactintheworldandrelateourselves.Inthesepractices,asweobservedspecificallyinthecontextofvideoconsumption,aretheresultofthearticulationthatthesubjectsthemselves make from the immediate contexts (individual, microsocial andmacrosocial).
Potentialitiesofthemethodologicalstrategy
As was explained in the first part of this doctoral dissertation, themethodologicalapproachofthisstudywasbuiltgradually,aswewereincontactwithdifferentresearchersandprojectsandasthenotionofinteractionflowsthataroseinthefirstfieldstudyhadbeentakingformfromthetheoreticalpointofview.Basedonthe interaction flow concept and its multiple dimensions, it was possible tooperationalise what needed to be mapped and verified among the young peoplestudied.
Thedecisiontoworkwithdiaries,assoonaswehadthis inspirationfromtheNPOproject,was importantandstrategic to thedevelopmentof themethodof thisstudy.Asweanalysed,thediarystudyandthereportmadebytheparticipantsusingthecardsallowedustohaveanoverviewofviewingsituations,composedbydistinctcombinationsoftheinteractionflow’smultipledimensions.Thatway,ineachcardwehadthereportofaspecificconfigurationofvideowatching.Situationsthatwouldbeimpossible to observe, if it were not for the young participants themselves, theobserversoftheirpractices.
Only the diary, however, would not allow us to get to the richness of theempiricaldatacollectedduringthefieldstudyinBrazil,norinLeuvenduringthepre-test. The potentiality seems to be in the association established between the diarystudy–usedtounderstandthecurrentandpresentpractices–with individualandsemi-structuredinterviews,whichnotonlyhadafocusoncomplementingwhathadbeenreportedinthecards,butalsooncollectinginformationabouttheparticipants’media repertoire and data about availability of technology. This association wasstrategictoenablethejointdatacollectionprocesswiththeparticipants.
Among other factors that defined the participation of young people, we canrelatetwomostimportant:(i)thematerialofthestudyattractedtheattentionand,insome cases, fostered the interest for self-observation; (ii) the participation on thestudywasasortofrecognition,forsomeofthem,becausetheyfeltrememberedandvalorised.
https://goo.gl/Y4a83LAs reported, the participants emphasised at the end of the interview the
recognition provided by the participation in the study. They exposed the value ofbeing heard as young people who live on the countryside and have a ruralbackground. According to them, it never happens, even inside their families and,because of that, the study was a remarkable moment. Most participants carefullyfilledout the cardsandwere stronglyengagedwith thematerial of the study,withcasesoccurring inwhich the littleboxwaspersonalisedwithcoloredstickers(Any,fromCametá).
From the analytic point of view, the methodological strategy has revealedpotentialforthecharacterisationofavarietyofassociations/combinationsmadebythe participantswith available resources in their contexts of video consumption. Itwaseasily appropriated for severalprofilesof youngpeople,withdifferent levelofscholarship,income,culturalrepertoire,amongotheraspects.
Based on the analysis of the diaries it was possible to identify details of theviewingpracticemoment,howtheyselectedcontentandwhichwasthecontent,ifitwaswatchedbymorethanonepersonintheplacewheretheylive.Itallowedustoalmostrecounthowtheviewingsituationsoccurred,asifwewere,literallyin‘locus’,doingdirectobservation,butwithouttheconsequencesoftheresearcher’spresence.
Amongthefactorsthatcontributedtothesuccessoftheproposedstrategy,itisimportanttoemphasisethepre-testdonewithfemaleyoungstudentsinLeuven.Thiswas a test regarding the data collection with the participants, as well as the data
Asinallstudies,thereweredifficultiesandlimitations,especiallywithregardtotheproposedmethodologicalstrategy.Webelievethatbyhighlightingthepotentialsbut also the limitations, we facilitate the adaptation and appropriation of themethodologicalstrategybyfuturestudiesonmediaconsumerpractices,whichcanbeperformedindifferentplaces,involvingothergroupsofpeopleandmediaobjects.
Althoughwedonotconsiderthefactthatthediaryisprintedasalimitationbutratherapointthatattractedtheparticipants,itisworthemphasizingthatthisformatrequiredagreater timeof systematisationandanalysis than in thecaseofadigitaldiary,alreadylinkedtoanonlinedatabase.
As alreadymentioned, however, our intentionwas that the diary of a surveysuchasours,thatinvolvedruralyouths,couldbetakenbyparticipantstowherevertheywere, andaboveall, couldbe filled regardlessof theavailabilityof technologyandconnectiontoInternet.
Becauseofthediaryformat,wealsofacedsomedifficultiestocomprehendthehandwritingofsomeoftheparticipantsinthemomentweweretypingthecontentofthecardson thedatabase.Wealso implementedavery low levelofautomation forthe data analysis,whatwas a challenge considering the significant amount of datacollectedbasedonthediariesandinterviewsrecordings.
• The low accuracy in the report of the time of beginning and ending of theviewingsituation.
• Presenceof spelling errors identified on the cards, especially thenameof thecontents watched, which hampered the identification of some contentmentionedinthecards.
• The difficulty of some participants to classify the content they watched, anaspect that is intrinsic to the scenario of the study, and configured itself as achallengeofthisdissertation.From the point of view of the elaboration of the diary study material, we
highlightthefollowinglimitations:
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• Theabsenceofprofile cards aimed to collectdata about financial incomeandgenderoftheparticipants.Thisinformationwasnotinsertedinthepre-testinLeuven inorder tonot create someembarrassment to foreigners.However, itwas also not addedwhenweprepared thematerial of study of diaries to thefieldstudy.
• Theabsenceofanoptiontoputrecordedcontentonthecardsusedinthefieldstudy. It hampered the identification and classification processes of someexamplesofcontentreportedbytheparticipantsontheircards.
considered a limitation, was that for some of the participants, the process of self-observationhasgonebeyondaspectsofvideoconsumption.Insomecases,itfostereddeeperreflections,sometimeshardforthemandcloselyrelatedtopersonalproblemsasdepression,somesituationsfacedattheirhomes,directlyrelatedtothewaytheywatchvideos,butalsoabouttheirprofessionalcareersandfutureplans.
Even though some of those situations can reveal the potential of themethodological strategy, because it allowed young people to reflect and identifycharacteristicsabouttheirownpractices–atthatmoment,unknownforthem–,wenoticed that for young people in a socially vulnerable situation, as some of ourparticipants, the study should be conducted cautiously, for not provoking badexperiencestothesubjects.
Inaddition,besidestellinginconfidencepersonalaspectsthatwentbeyondtheaim of the study, some participants clearly waited for some comment and/orevaluationfromoursideaboutwhattheyhaddevelopedandhowtheyhadgoneontheirparticipationinthisstudy,increasingtheresponsibilityandinvolvementoftheresearcherinthesituation.
In addition, based on the proposed methodological strategy, essentiallyqualitative,butwithaquantitativesurveyusingthediary,itwaspossibletoidentifyhowthevideoconsumptionpracticesreallyhappen.Italsoenabledustounderstand
Although we involved specific groups of rural youths, these had veryheterogeneousprofilesamong themand their similarities fromthepointofviewofage, schooling and income were not determining factors for the definition of thefound interaction flows.Onthecontrary,amongthe flows identified inBrazil, therewere three out of the four most recurrent among the Belgians participants, whoexperienceasocio-culturalcontextcompletelydifferentfromtheBrazilian.
From the theoretical point of view, we highlight the importance of betterexploringtheanalyticalcategoryoflevelsofmediausageinfuturestudies,giventheirpotential for studies onmedia consumptionpractices,which aredirectly related totheunderstandingofthesubjects'transmediacompetencesandmediarepertoires.
Another aspect pointed out by this dissertation, which demands moreinvestment, is the classification proposed for genre/format content in thismultiplatform scenario. We know that it was not enough explored, but certainlyopenedvenuefordiscussionsandfuturepublications.
• The reading of the instructions in the moment of recruitment to clarifysomedoubtsoftheparticipantsbeforetheregistrationstarts.
• Thetransferenceofoneextraquestiontotheformcard,relatedtothewaythe participant began towatch the video. This data itself is an importanttool for identifying the content selection, and became a variable that,associated to the viewing conditions, allowed us to perform theclassificationofyoungpeoplebylevelsofmediausage.
ChallengesofresearchinginthecountrysideofBrazil
Given themedia convergence scenario and the consequent transformation ofmedia usage to watch videos, we consider strategic that we had establishedmorethanonereferencepointforthestudywiththeyoungpeople.
Going intothecountrysideofBrazilrevealedtherichnessof thepracticesthathappen in those places. Even with some difficulty, and sometimes limited by theviewing conditions available, the practices related by the participants are similar
As revealed in the study, most of the identified interaction flows could beobserved inbothBrazilianmunicipalities,aswellas inLeuven.Themotivationsarecommon and the difference is in how the young people combine the multipledimensions constitutive of interaction flows (screen, type of audience, time, place,content,contentsource,formofcontentselection,viewingregime),accordingtotheirmicrosocialcontextandlevelsofmediausage.
Different of what Livingstone (2002) has recognised in other places wherehousesaremedia-saturated,inCametáandTavaresthisdoesnothappen,evenfortheyoung people who have a greater access to technology. Even if technology has animportantroleand,gradually,hasbeenreachinghigherlevelsinpenetration–aswehaveseeninChapter6–,itdoesnotplayamainroleintheparticipant’sfamilies,butitcoexistswiththeotherwaysofcommunicativeinteractionamongtheotherhousemembers.Theparticipantsinourstudybelongtothefirstgenerationofinhabitantsinthesemunicipalitiesthatdevelopedcompetencesandmediarepertoirefromdigitaltechnologic,notnecessarilyknownbytheirparents,olderbrothersorotherrelatives.
Even though the young people used several types of technology usage andestablished interaction flows commons to the other parts of theworld, their videoconsumptionpracticeshavethetraitsofthedynamiclifeonthecountryside,farfromthe big cities. For that, even in lots of cases try to create the viewing conditionsneededtoparticipateinaglobalisedmediaecosystem,theirpracticesnotnecessarilymovingor ‘displacing’ them from their sociocultural references (GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008b; MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2009) or fading away their cultural and mediaconsumptiondynamicspreviousestablished.
Another remarkable aspect in all the studied contexts, including Leuven,wastheusageof informaland illegal resources fordownloadingandonlinewatchingofvideo,aswellasaccesstocablepaidTVchannels.EspeciallyinthecaseofBrazilianmunicipalities that leadsus to theaffirmationofGarcía-Canclini (2008b,p.82) that‘the modernity and democratization, considered as the ability to access globalisedgoods, seems to bemore viable coming from informal resources, even illegal ones,thanasaresultofafairerreconstructionofsocialorder’229.
229Our translation of the original text: ‘a modernidade e a democratização, consideradas como capacidade deacessoabensglobalizados,parecemmaisviáveisapartirderecursosinformais,eatémesmoilegais,doquecomoresultadodeumareestruturaçãomaisjustadaordemsocial’(GARCÍA-CANCLINI,2008b,p.82).
341
Besides the transforming potential of technology, in the current scenario, weknow that it is not capable of reverting social context alone. That is because thesechangesdemandknowledgeaboutliteracyandthedevelopmentofcompetencesthatinvolveamanagementabilitythatgoesbeyondtheproductionofmeaningaboutthecontent.Atthesametime,theimmediatecontextofBrazilianmunicipalitiesdemandsseveral levelsof investment.Oneexample iswhathappens inCametáandTavares:bothneedbasicservices,untiltodayofferedinaveryprecariousway,withemphasisontheextremelowlevelofbasicsanitation,existingeveninurbanareas.
On theotherhand, it isaccording to thesecompetencesdevelopedbecauseofthe availability of technological resources, that youngpeople likeGael could createand maintain, with his own financial resources, solutions to enable the access toelectricityandinternetinRioFurtados.
Being far fromdecision centersof their states,municipalities likeCametáandTavaresandtheirpopulationseemtobeinvisibleinthemomentofthegovernmentalplanningwith some localities not even appearing in the official cartography of thecountry. On the other hand, both municipalities seem to be favourable for theimplementation of national plans that benefit the whole country, but this is notnecessarilydevelopedforthebenefitofpeoplewholiveandbelongtotheseplaces.This is the caseof theTucuruíDam. Itwhich affecteddirectly the river courses oncommunities of fishermen like Rio Furtados, who never received regular access toelectricity. Similarly, the implementation of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, whileaccomplishing a conclusive role in environment preservation on the South of thecountry,hasalmostcost theextinctionofshrimphandfishery,aneconomic incomeandknowledgesourceoftheinhabitants.
To get to these inferences, it was important to set up the “information opensystem” of our study, as recommended by Galindo Cáceres (1998), as well asconsultancy to the data from the academy, the market and of governmentalresearchesandstatistics,recommendedbyOrozcoGómez(2011).Intheseprocesses,the challenge ofworkingwith results of governmental statistical research inBrazilremainsevident.InthecontinentalsizeoftheBrazilianterritory,theresultsofdatacollectingaboutaccesstoTVandinternetandthepossessionofmobilecellphonesinhouses, even if they are annual, is onlymade available around one year and a halflaterthanthedatacollection.Thus,eveniftheyareextremelyvaluable,theyenduppresenting some mismatching data, related to the context, especially from themunicipalities,thatarenotcoveredbyothernationalresearches.
342
Forthesereasons,inadditiontosecondarydata,forthecharacterisationofbothmunicipalities, we collected, in locus,primary data, from which it was possible tomake some affirmation in this study, including the creation of maps including therural localities, since some of them, where some of the participants live, were notevenontheofficialcartography.
Life&Research
Wecouldnotconcludethisdissertationwithoutemphasizingfouraspectsthatemerged during its writing and, particularly, was remarkable to our academictrajectoryandpersonallife,duringthedoctoratecourse.
The first is about the experience of involving the participants in the datacollectionprocess,especiallyusingthecard-baseddiary.Webelievethataqualitativestudy, when made with commitment, it is almost impossible that the relationresearcher-researched does not get close, both the studied individuals and theauthorsoftheresults.
However, in the investigationof thedissertation, thisnotionhasexpanded forus,especiallyconceptually,fromcommunicationmodesthatwerethekeyelementtothe comprehensionof the studiedphenomenon.Without the inferencesbroughtbythe participants on their cards, it would not have been possible to identify thediversity of the practices, content and dimensions that are involved in videoconsumption.
More than examples of usage and appropriation, the participants werespecialised informants when it comes to the existence of resources on the videoplatforms,suchaschoosingdifferentcontentgrids,orhowtooptimiseresourcesliketime,mobiledata,cellphonememory,amongothersresourceswhichtheymanagetomaketheirinteractionflowsfeasible.Therefore,itwasinthedialoguewiththemthatwe have opened ourselves for an even more embracing, complex and loyalobservationofhowvideoconsumptionisprocessednowadays.
Secondly, it was very rich and overwhelming for us to conduct this study inmunicipalitieslocatedinregionssofarfromeachother,broughttousbecauseofthedoctoral trajectory. This confrontation, beyond being rich and strategic in atechnological transition moment, allowed us to make inferences that dissolve – atleast for us – prejudice and limited visions that insist in classifying northern andsouthernregions,asworseorbetter,respectively.
343
In this dissertation, the south was seen from a northern perspective. Theresearcher from the North of Brazil, coming from a young university, went to thesouth to live and study its communication contexts. It was an extremely difficultprocess, but rewarded by the contribution that we believe we had given with thepresentedresults,whichowealottotheconfrontationbetweennorthandsouth,andwhich is almost never established. Those regions are similar in different aspects,especially, inthedifficultiesandsocialproblemsthatcrossBrazil fromoneextremetotheother.
These inferences were only possible because of integrated efforts of theresearchprojectsinwhichwehadtheopportunitytobeinvolved.Thisdissertationisthe direct result of studies made inside and outside Brazil, financed by publicresources of our country. More than investments in science and technology, theprojectswewerepartofhad/havegoalsevenmoreaudacious:softenand,ifpossible,fightagainstregionalasymmetrieswhenitcomestoteaching,researchandoutreachdevelopment in Brazil.We, and consequently this dissertation, are the results of aprojectofacountrythat,forthefirsttimeinourhistory,includedthenorthernregioninarealandeffectivewayinthescienceandnationaltechnologyscenery. Itallowsfuturescholars, likeus,tohaveaplacetocomebackafterconcludingourdoctoratecourse.
Lastly, it is important toemphasise the challenge itwas forus to conduct thestudywiththeyoungpeople,alsobeingyoungandespeciallyawoman.DespitethefactthatthediscussionsaboutgenderhaveincreasedalotinBrazilinthelastyears(althoughtheyareatriskalongwithouryoungdemocracy),personallywewereveryintriguedby the limitations thatourexistingcondition imposedon thisstudy.Eventhough it seems natural in contexts such as Europe, in Brazil, especially on thecountryside of its territory, it is not normal, neither safe, that a young femaleresearchertravelsaloneand/orconductsindividualactivities,forexample,withmaleparticipants.Evenifithappenedinareservedway,thewayoflookingandtalkingtous, and themarks in the speechesbecameevident, including theones coming fromsomeparticipants.
Wefacedafewmomentsofembarrassmentandinalloftheoccasionswetookthenecessarycarenottodemonstratefragilityattheplaceswehavebeen.However,itwasremarkabletorealisethatourpresencewasseenasasurpriseand,sometimes,uncomfortable just for the fact of being sodifferentof the studied contexts.On theother hand, it also benefited andmotivated the involvement of some participants,
At the end, we believe that this doctoral dissertation synthesises aninvestigationprocess,markedbyseverallessonslearned.Theresultsdrawattentionto thenecessity of an in-depth comprehensionof video consumptionpractices thatareveryspecificandnotpalpable.
Thecontributionofthisdissertationisprovidingaflexibleapproachtomapandanalyse the diverse aspects of video consumption in the current scenario ofmediaconvergence.Webelievethatbasedontheconceptofinteractionflows,whenyouareobservingaviewingsituationyoucandrawlines–visibleonlytotheresearchers–and connect the eight dimensions of the flow. It enables us to understandhow thedimensionsarecombinedandwhatarethemotivationsthatguidedtheparticipantstowatchvideos.
Appendix 5 Example of spreadsheet of one participant
Código Code
Tipo Dia Type of Day
(Weekday or Weekend)
Data Date
Horário Time
Local Location
Tipo Local
Type of Location
Categorização Local
Categorisation of Location
Tipo de audiência
Type of audience
Tela Screen
Conexão Connection
Fonte Conteúdo Source of
content/Provider
Tipo Fonte Type of source
Conteúdo Content
Tipo Conteúdo
Type of content
Formato Genre/Format
Origem Origin
Início Started
at:
Término Finish at:
Duração Duration
PE1-Opinião: Extra Question (EQ)1-Opinion
Opinião Opinion
PE2-Como chegou: EQ2-How ended up:
PE3-Multitarefa
EQ3-Multitasking
Qual tarefa? Which task?
PE3-Usou segunda tela? Second screen
usage
Qual tela? Which screen?
O que fez? Activity?
PE5 - Compartilhou/Comentou
EQ5- Sharing/Commenting
Fez o que e onde?
What and where?
PE6-Por que assistiu?
PE6-Why did you watch?
TP1_C1-58 Dia Semana 20 Agosto Tarde Sala da casa Vitor Privado Casa amigo Eu e 2+ TV Offline Megapix Paga Piratas do Caribe Ao vivo Filme Estrangeiro 12:38 13:10 00:32 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C2-58 Dia Semana 20 Agosto Tarde Sala da casa Vitor Privado Casa amigo Eu e 2+ TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 13:10 13:20 00:10 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C3-58 Dia Semana 20 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline Globo Gratuita Segundo Sol Ao vivo Telenovela Nacional 21:40 22:10 00:30 Não informada Estava passando na TV Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C4-58 Dia Semana 20 Agosto Noite Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis YouTube Gratuita Tutorial de como fazer flecha Sob demanda Tutorial ? 23:45 00:05 00:20 Não informada Não informado Sim Conversando pelo WhatsApp Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C5-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Madrugada Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis YouTube Gratuita Estratégia de xadrez Sob demanda Tutorial ? 00:12 00:22 00:10 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C6-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 08:05 08:12 00:07 Regular Normal Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C7-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis YouTube Gratuita Cifra Club Sob demanda Tutorial Nacional 11:39 11:51 00:12 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C8-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Jornal do Almoço Ao vivo Telejornal Local 12:15 12:27 00:12 Não informada Não informado Não informado Sim Smartphone Acompanhei o WhatsApp Não informado Não informado
TP1_C9-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 13:02 13:20 00:18 Não informada Não informado Sim Acompanhando o WhatsApp e o Instagram Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C10-58 Dia Semana 21 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita The Voice Brasil Ao vivo Talent show Nacional 22:42 23:08 00:26 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C11-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Madrugada Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 00:12 00:18 00:06 Regular Normal Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C12-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Manhã Cozinha Privado Cozinha Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 07:47 07:53 00:06 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C13-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 13:06 13:20 00:14 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Gosto
TP1_C14-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Noite Sala do Chrystian Público Trabalho Eu e 2+ Smartphone Offline Meus vídeos UGC Meus vídeos Gravado Vídeo gravado por mim ou por conhecido Local 22:58 22:59 00:01 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C15-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline Globo Gratuita Jogo Grêmio x Cruzeiro Ao vivo Jogo de Futebol Nacional 23:17 23:35 00:18 Não informada Não informado Não informado Sim Smartphone Acompanhei o WhatsApp Não informado Não informado
TP1_C16-58 Dia Semana 22 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline SBT Gratuita Programa do Ratinho Ao vivo Programa de auditório Nacional 23:45 23:56 00:11 Não informada Estava passando na TV Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C17-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Madrugada Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 00:06 00:08 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não Deitado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C18-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 09:58 10:02 00:04 Não informada Outro Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C19-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Wi-Fi Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 10:07 10:11 00:04 Não informada Não informado Sim Trabalhando Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C20-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline Globo Gratuita Encontro com Fátima Bernardes Ao vivo Talk show Nacional 11:43 11:52 00:09 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C21-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 12:37 13:20 00:43 Regular Normal Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C22-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Tarde Centro da cidade Público Rua Sozinho Smartphone Offline WhatsApp UGC Vídeos dos meus amigos Baixado Vídeo gravado por mim ou por conhecido Local 14:33 14:37 00:04 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C23-58 Dia Semana 23 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita The Voice Brasil Ao vivo Talent show Nacional 22:41 23:29 00:48 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C24-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 09:07 09:15 00:08 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C25-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 10:23 10:25 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C26-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 11:37 11:40 00:03 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C27-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline Globo Gratuita Encontro com Fátima Bernardes Ao vivo Talk show Nacional 11:40 11:53 00:13 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C28-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Jornal do Almoço Ao vivo Telejornal Local 12:15 12:27 00:12 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Gosto de assistir jornal
TP1_C29-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Noite Sala da minha irmã Privado Casa familiares Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita Segundo Sol Ao vivo Telenovela Nacional 21:48 22:29 00:41 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C30-58 Dia Semana 24 Agosto Noite Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis YouTube Gratuita Pegadinha Câmera Escondida Sob demanda Programa humorístico Nacional 23:41 23:55 00:14 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não Não informado Não informado
TP1_C31-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 2+ TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Jornal do Almoço Ao vivo Telejornal Local 12:15 12:32 00:17 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C32-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Tarde Sala da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 16:23 16:26 00:03 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não Não informado Não informado
TP1_C33-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Tarde Sala da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita Caldeirão do Huck Ao vivo Programa de auditório Nacional 16:30 17:15 00:45 Não informada Estava passando na TV Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C34-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Noite Sala da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita Segundo Sol Ao vivo Telenovela Nacional 21:20 22:28 01:08 Não informada Estava passando na TV Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C35-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Noite Sala da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita Zorra Total Ao vivo Programa humorístico Nacional 22:48 23:17 00:29 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C36-58 Fim Semana 25 Agosto Noite Quarto da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Sozinho Smartphone Wi-Fi WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 23:37 23:41 00:04 Regular Status do WhatsApp pra mim é normal Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C37-58 Fim Semana 26 Agosto Manhã Quarto da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Sozinho Smartphone Wi-Fi Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 10:16 10:18 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C38-58 Fim Semana 26 Agosto Tarde Quarto da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 1 Smartphone Wi-Fi WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 16:07 16:10 00:03 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não Não informado Não informado
TP1_C39-58 Fim Semana 26 Agosto Tarde Quarto da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 1 Smartphone Wi-Fi Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 16:12 16:15 00:03 Não informada Outro Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C40-58 Fim Semana 26 Agosto Noite Sala da Gabriela Privado Casa namorado Eu e 2+ TV Offline Globo Gratuita Fantástico Ao vivo Revista eletrônica Nacional 21:36 23:07 01:31 Não informada Não informado Sim Conversando com a família da minha namorada Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C41-58 Dia Semana 27 Agosto Manhã Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Wi-Fi WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 09:29 09:31 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C42-58 Dia Semana 27 Agosto Manhã Sala da minha casa Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline Globo Gratuita Encontro com Fátima Bernardes Ao vivo Talk show Nacional 11:41 11:53 00:12 Positiva Bom, eu gostei Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C43-58 Dia Semana 27 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 12:42 13:20 00:38 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C44-58 Dia Semana 27 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline Globo Gratuita Segundo Sol Ao vivo Telenovela Nacional 21:27 22:23 00:56 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C45-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 11:38 11:40 00:02 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C46-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 11:42 11:44 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não Não informado Não informado
TP1_C47-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline Globo Gratuita Encontro com Fátima Bernardes Ao vivo Talk show Nacional 11:48 11:54 00:06 Não informada Estava passando na TV Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C48-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Jornal do Almoço Ao vivo Telejornal Local 12:15 12:45 00:30 Não informada Não informado Sim Almoçando Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C49-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Tarde Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Offline WhatsApp UGC Vídeo enviado por um amigo Baixado Vídeo gravado por mim ou por conhecido Local 13:52 13:53 00:01 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C50-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Tarde Trabalho Público Trabalho Sozinho Smartphone Offline WhatsApp Gratuita Vídeo enviado em grupo Baixado ? ? 14:32 14:33 00:01 Positiva Muito engraçado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C51-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Tarde Prefeitura Público Órgão Público Sozinho Smartphone Offline Meus vídeos UGC Meus vídeos Gravado Vídeo gravado por mim ou por conhecido Local 17:39 17:41 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C52-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline Globo Gratuita Segundo Sol Ao vivo Telenovela Nacional 21:32 22:38 01:06 Positiva Curtiu Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C53-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Noite Sala Privado Sala de estar Eu e 1 TV Offline Globo Gratuita The Voice Brasil Ao vivo Talent show Nacional 23:20 23:40 00:20 Não informada Não informado Não informado Sim Smartphone Estava no WhatsApp Não informado Não informado
TP1_C54-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Noite Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis Instagram Gratuita Stories Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 23:45 23:50 00:05 Não informada Outro Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C55-58 Dia Semana 28 Agosto Noite Quarto Privado Quarto Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 23:51 23:54 00:03 Não informada Não informado Não Deitado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C56-58 Dia Semana 29 Agosto Manhã Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho Smartphone Dados móveis WhatsApp Gratuita Status Sob demanda Stories/Status ? 11:44 11:46 00:02 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
TP1_C57-58 Dia Semana 29 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Jornal do Almoço Ao vivo Telejornal Local 12:02 12:30 00:28 Regular Normal Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado Não informado
TP1_C58-58 Dia Semana 29 Agosto Tarde Sala Privado Sala de estar Sozinho TV Offline RBS TV Gratuita Globo Esporte Ao vivo Programa esportivo Local 12:50 13:02 00:12 Não informada Não informado Não informado Não informado Não Não informado
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–AbstractinDutch–ABSTRACTDit proefschrift presenteert een studie over videoconsumptiegewoontes doorjongeren(18tot24jaaroud)dieophetplattelandvanBraziliëwonen,metnameindegemeentenCametá,indestaatPará(PA)enTavares,indestaatRioGrandedoSul(RS), respectievelijk gelegen in de noordelijke en zuidelijke regio's van het land.Tijdens het onderzoek werd een theoretisch-conceptueel voorstel ontwikkeld opbasisvanhetconceptvaninteractiestromen,datwebegrijpenalsmultidimensionaleverbindingen die door het publiek worden bepaald doorheen communicatieveinteracties (FRANÇA & SIMÕES, 2016) tijdens het kijken naar videos, waarbij deinhoud afkomstig is van verschillendeplatformenvoorbij de televisie, die onlineofofflinekunnenzijnentoegankelijkzijnviaverschillendeapparaten,opverschillendelocatiesentijdstippenvandedag.Uitgewerktmetdeempirischegegevensverzameldineenveldstudieuitgevoerdinbeidegemeenten,puttenweuiteentheoretischkader(WILLIAMS, 2016; JENSEN, 1995, 2010; MORLEY & SILVERSTONE, 1990;SILVERSTONE, 1994; CARLÓN, 2014; COURTOIS, 2012; FECHINE, 2013, 2014;OROZCOGÓMEZ,2010,2011,2014a,2014b,2014c;SCOLARI,2014a,2014b;MILLER,2001, 2007; GARCÍA-CANCLINI, 2008a, 2008b, 2013) om te begrijpen hoe de 21deelnemers aan dit onderzoek de acht samengestelde dimensies vaninteractiestromen(scherm,typepubliek,tijd,plaats,inhoud,inhoudsbron,vormvaninhoudselectie, kijkregime) hebben gecombineerd om hun kijksituatiesmogelijk temaken. Dit voorstel leidde ons bij het opzetten van een hybride methodologischontwerp, waarmee we gegevens konden verzamelen over videoconsumptie, eenfenomeen dat steeds meer verspreid is in tijd en ruimte. De methodologischestrategie was gebaseerd op de combinatie van een dagboekstudie en individuelesemi-gestructureerde interviews. Het materiaal van het dagboekonderzoek –specifiek gemaakt voor dit proefschrift - bestaat uit een stapel kaarten die dedeelnemersgedurende10dagenmoesteninvullen.Nahetinvullenvanhetdagboekwerden de jongeren geïnterviewd, waarbij ze de consumptiesituaties die in dekaartenwaren geregistreerd rapporteerden en analyseerden.De resultaten leiddentothetbeschrijvenvanzeveninteractiestromen:(i)favorieteinhoud;(ii)nieuwsaandetafel;(iii)thuisontspannen;(iv)gezelschapindeochtend;(v)fictietijdensdevrijetijd; (vi)zappenopsocialnetwerken; (vii) lerendoorvideo.Dezestromen toondenaandathetvideoverbruikinhethuidigemediaconvergentiescenario(JENKINS,2001;2009;TERLUTTER&MOICK,2013;KAZAKOVA&CAUBERGHE,2013;AQUINO,2012)steeds grotere competenties van de deelnemers vereist (SCOLARI, 2018;LIVINGSTONE, 2002) enmediarepertoires bevat (HASEBRINK&HÖLIG, 2013), dieverdergaandandewelkenodigzijnvoordeinteractiemettelevisie(OROZCOGÓMEZ,2011). Op basis van deze competenties, uitgedrukt in combinatie met hunonmiddellijke contexten (individueel, microsociaal en macrosociaal), creëren dedeelnemers verschillende niveaus van betrokkenheid met diverse inhoud enplatformenenschetsenzehuninteractiestromenvoorvideoconsumptie.Sleutelwoorden: Videoconsumptie; Interactiestromen; Dagboekstudie; Braziliaansplatteland;Jongeren.
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DOCTORATEN IN DE SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN EN
DOCTORATEN IN DE SOCIALE EN CULTURELE ANTROPOLOGIE
I. REEKS VAN DOCTORATEN IN DE SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN (1)
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41. VAN HOOTEGEM Geert, De draaglijke traagheid van het management. Productie- en Personeelsbeleid in de
industrie. Leuven, Departement Sociologie, K.U.Leuven, 1999, 471 blz. + bijlagen. 42. VANDEBOSCH Heidi, Een geboeid publiek? Het gebruik van massamedia door gedetineerden. Leuven,
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47. BEYERS Jan, Het maatschappelijk draagvlak van het Europees beleid en het einde van de permissieve consensus.
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48. VAN DEN BULCK Hilde, De rol van de publieke omroep in het project van de moderniteit. Een analyse van de
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49. STEEN Trui, Krachtlijnen voor een nieuw personeelsbeleid in de Vlaamse gemeenten. Een studie naar de sturing en
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50. PICKERY Jan, Applications of Multilevel Analysis in Survey Data Quality Research. Random Coefficient Models for
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51. DECLERCQ Aniana (Anja), De complexe zoektocht tussen orde en chaos. Een sociologische studie naar de differentiatie in de institutionele zorgregimes voor dementerende ouderen. Leuven, Departement Sociologie, K.U.Leuven, 2000, 260 blz. + bijlagen.
52. VERSCHRAEGEN Gert, De maatschappij zonder eigenschappen. Systeemtheorie, sociale differentiatie en moraal.
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56. VAN MEERBEECK Anne, Het doopsel: een familieritueel. Een sociologische analyse van de betekenissen van
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63. DHOEST Alexander, De verbeelde gemeenschap: Vlaamse tv-fictie en de constructie van een nationale identiteit.
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65. CAMBRé Bart, De relatie tussen religiositeit en etnocentrisme. Een contextuele benadering met cross-culturele data.
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68. VERMEERSCH Peter, Roma and the Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe. A Comparative Study of Ethnic Minority
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69. GIELEN Pascal, Pleidooi voor een symmetrische kunstsociologie. Een sociologische analyse van artistieke
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70. VERHOEST Koen, Resultaatgericht verzelfstandigen. Een analyse vanuit een verruimd principaal-agent perspectief.
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77. MAESSCHALCK Jeroen, Towards a Public Administration Theory on Public Servants' Ethics. A Comparative Study.
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83. BEVIGLIA ZAMPETTI Americo, The Notion of ‘Fairness’ in International Trade Relations: the US Perspective.
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87. VAN DEN VONDER Kurt, "The Front Page" in Hollywood. Een geïntegreerde historisch-poëticale analyse. Leuven,
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91. MOLLICA Marcello, The Management of Death and the Dynamics of an Ethnic Conflict: The Case of the 1980-81
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92. HEERWEGH Dirk, Web surveys. Explaining and reducing unit nonresponse, item nonresponse and partial
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94. PUT Vital, Normen in performance audits van rekenkamers. Een casestudie bij de Algemene Rekenkamer en het National Audit Office. Leuven, Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2005, 209 blz. + bijlagen
95. MINNEBO Jurgen, Trauma recovery in victims of crime: the role of television use. Leuven, Onderzoekseenheid:
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98. ACKAERT Johan, De burgemeestersfunctie in België. Analyse van haar legitimering en van de bestaande
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99. VLEMINCKX Koen, Towards a New Certainty: A Study into the Recalibration of the Northern-Tier Conservative
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100. VIZI Balázs, Hungarian Minority Policy and European Union Membership. An Interpretation of Minority Protection
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101. GEERARDYN Aagje, Het goede doel als thema in de externe communicatie. Bedrijfscommunicatie met een sociaal
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102. VANCOPPENOLLE Diederik, De ambtelijke beleidsvormingsrol verkend en getoetst in meervoudig vergelijkend
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104. NOPPE Jo, Van kiesprogramma tot regeerakkoord. De beleidsonderhandelingen tussen de politieke partijen bij de
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105. YASUTOMI Atsushi, Alliance Enlargement: An Analysis of the NATO Experience. Leuven, Onderzoekseenheid:
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107. EGGERMONT Steven, The impact of television viewing on adolescents' sexual socialization. Onderzoekseenheid:
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109. BROOS Agnetha, De digitale kloof in de computergeneratie: ICT-exclusie bij adolescenten. School voor Massa-
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114. VENCATO Maria Francesca, The Development Policy of the CEECs: the EU Political Rationale between the Fight Against Poverty and the Near Abroad. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2007, 276 blz. + bijlagen
115. GUTSCHOVEN Klaas, Gezondheidsempowerment en de paradigmaverschuiving in de gezondheidszorg: de rol van
het Internet. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massa-communicatieresearch [SMC], K.U.Leuven, 2007, 330 blz. + bijlagen
116. OKEMWA James, Political Leadership and Democratization in the Horn of Africa (1990-2000) Onderzoekseenheid:
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120. DONOSO Veronica, Adolescents and the Internet: Implications for Home, School and Social Life.
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122. DE WIT Kurt, Universiteiten in Europa in de 21e eeuw. Netwerken in een veranderende samenleving.
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125. LIU HUANG Li-chuan, A Biographical Study of Chinese Restaurant People in Belgium: Strategies for Localisation.
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127. FABRE Elodie, Party Organisation in a multi-level setting: Spain and the United Kingdom. Onderzoekseenheid:
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129. DEBELS Annelies, Flexibility and Insecurity. The Impact of European Variants of Labour Market Flexibility on
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130. VANDENABEELE Wouter, Towards a public administration theory of public service motivation. Onderzoekseenheid:
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132. HERTOG Katrien, Religious Peacebuilding: Resources and Obstacles in the Russian Orthodox Church for
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133. PYPE Katrien, The Making of the Pentecostal Melodrama. Mimesis, Agency and Power in Kinshasa's Media World
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134. VERPOEST Lien, State Isomorphism in the Slavic Core of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). A Comparative Study of Postcommunist Geopolitical Pluralism in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2008, 412 blz. + bijlagen
135. VOETS Joris, Intergovernmental relations in multi-level arrangements: Collaborative public management in Flanders.
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137. PEDZIWIATR Konrad Tomasz, The New Muslim Elites in European Cities: Religion and Active Social Citizenship
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138. DE WEERDT Yve, Jobkenmerken en collectieve deprivatie als verklaring voor de band tussen de sociale klasse en
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139. FADIL Nadia, Submitting to God, submitting to the Self. Secular and religious trajectories of second generation
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140. BEUSELINCK Eva, Shifting public sector coordination and the underlying drivers of change: a neo-institutional
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142. WEEKERS Karolien, Het systeem van partij- en campagnefinanciering in België: een analyse vanuit vergelijkend
perspectief. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2008, 248 blz. + bijlagen 143. DRIESKENS Edith, National or European Agents? An Exploration into the Representation Behaviour of the EU
Member States at the UN Security Council. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2008, 221 blz. + bijlagen
144. DELARUE Anne, Teamwerk: de stress getemd? Een multilevelonderzoek naar het effect van organisatieontwerp en
teamwerk op het welbevinden bij werknemers in de metaalindustrie. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 454 blz. + bijlagen
145. MROZOWICKI Adam, Coping with Social Change. Life strategies of workers in Poland after the end of state
socialism. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 383 blz. + bijlagen
146. LIBBRECHT Liselotte, The profile of state-wide parties in regional elections. A study of party manifestos: the case of
Spain. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 293 blz. + bijlagen 147. SOENEN Ruth, De connecties van korte contacten. Een etnografie en antropologische reflectie betreffende
transacties, horizontale bewegingen, stedelijke relaties en kritische indicatoren. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 231 blz. + bijlagen
148. GEERTS David, Sociability Heuristics for Interactive TV. Supporting the Social Uses of Television.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 201 blz. + bijlagen
149. NEEFS Hans, Between sin and disease. A historical-sociological study of the prevention of syphilis and AIDS in
Belgium (1880-2000). Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 398 blz. + bijlagen
150. BROUCKER Bruno, Externe opleidingen in overheidsmanangement en de transfer van verworven kennis.
Casestudie van de federale overheid. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 278 blz. + bijlagen
151. KASZA Artur, Policy Networks and the Regional Development Strategies in Poland. Comparative case studies from
three regions. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 485 blz. + bijlagen
152. BEULLENS Kathleen, Stuurloos? Een onderzoek naar het verband tussen mediagebruik en risicogedrag in het
verkeer bij jongeren. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 271 blz. + bijlagen
378
153. OPGENHAFFEN Michaël, Multimedia, Interactivity, and Hypertext in Online News: Effect on News Processing and Objective and Subjective Knowledge. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 233 blz. + bijlagen
154. MEULEMAN Bart, The influence of macro-sociological factors on attitudes toward immigration in Europe. A cross-
cultural and contextual approach. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 276 blz. + bijlagen
155. TRAPPERS Ann, Relations, Reputations, Regulations: An Anthropological Study of the Integration of Romanian
Immigrants in Brussels, Lisbon and Stockholm. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 228 blz. + bijlagen
156. QUINTELIER Ellen, Political participation in late adolescence. Political socialization patterns in the Belgian Political
Panel Survey. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 288 blz. + bijlagen 157. REESKENS Tim, Ethnic and Cultural Diversity, Integration Policies and Social Cohesion in Europe. A Comparative
Analysis of the Relation between Cultural Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2009, 298 blz. + bijlagen
158. DOSSCHE Dorien, How the research method affects cultivation outcomes. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor
Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 254 blz. + bijlagen 159. DEJAEGHERE Yves, The Political Socialization of Adolescents. An Exploration of Citizenship among Sixteen to
Eighteen Year Old Belgians. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 240 blz. + bijlagen
160. GRYP Stijn, Flexibiliteit in bedrijf - Balanceren tussen contractuele en functionele flexibiliteit. Onderzoekseenheid:
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 377 blz. + bijlagen 161. SONCK Nathalie, Opinion formation: the measurement of opinions and the impact of the media.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 420 blz. + bijlagen 162. VISSERS Sara, Internet and Political Mobilization. The Effects of Internet on Political Participation and Political
Equality. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 374 blz. + bijlagen 163. PLANCKE Carine, « J’irai avec toi » : désirs et dynamiques du maternel dans les chants et les danses punu (Congo-
Brazzaville). Onderzoekseenheden: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], K.U.Leuven / Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale [LAS, Parijs], EHESS, 2010, 398 blz. + bijlagenboek + DVD + CD
164. CLAES Ellen, Schools and Citizenship Education. A Comparative Investigation of Socialization Effects of Citizenship
Education on Adolescents. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 331 blz. + bijlagen
165. LEMAL Marijke, "It could happen to you." Television and health risk perception. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor
Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 316 blz. + bijlagen 166. LAMLE Nankap Elias, Laughter and conflicts. An anthropological exploration into the role of joking relationships in
conflict mediation in Nigeria: A case study of Funyallang in Tarokland. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 250 blz. + bijlagen
167. DOGRUEL Fulya, Social Transition Across Multiple Boundaries: The Case of Antakya on The Turkish-Syrian Border.
Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 270 blz. + bijlagen
168. JANSOVA Eva, Minimum Income Schemes in Central and Eastern Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor
Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 195 blz. + bijlagen 169. IYAKA Buntine (François-Xavier), Les Politiques des Réformes Administratives en République Démocratique du
Congo (1990-2010). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 269 blz. + bijlagen 170. MAENEN Seth, Organizations in the Offshore Movement. A Comparative Study on Cross-Border Software
Development and Maintenance Projects. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 296 blz. + bijlagen
171. FERRARO Gianluca Domestic Implementation of International Regimes in Developing Countries. The Case of
Marine Fisheries in P.R. China. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 252 blz. + bijlagen
172. van SCHAIK Louise, Is the Sum More than Its Parts? A Comparative Case Study on the Relationship between EU
Unity and its Effectiveness in International Negotiations. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 219 blz. + bijlagen
379
173. SCHUNZ Simon, European Union foreign policy and its effects - a longitudinal study of the EU’s influence on the United Nations climate change regime (1991-2009). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 415 blz. + bijlagen
174. KHEGAI Janna, Shaping the institutions of presidency in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia: a comparative study
of three countries.. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 193 blz. + bijlagen
175. HARTUNG Anne, Structural Integration of Immigrants and the Second Generation in Europe: A Study of
Unemployment Durations and Job Destinations in Luxembourg, Belgium and Germany. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 285 blz. + bijlagen
176. STERLING Sara, Becoming Chinese: Ethnic Chinese-Venezuelan Education Migrants and the Construction of
Chineseness. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], K.U.Leuven, 2010, 225 blz. + bijlagen
177. CUVELIER Jeroen, Men, mines and masculinities in Katanga: the lives and practices of artisanal miners in Lwambo
(Katanga province, DR Congo). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 302 blz. + bijlagen
178. DEWACHTER Sara, Civil Society Participation in the Honduran Poverty Reduction Strategy: Who takes a seat at the
pro-poor table? Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 360 blz. + bijlagen
179. ZAMAN Bieke, Laddering method with preschoolers. Understanding preschoolers’ user experience with digital media.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 222 blz. + bijlagen
180. SULLE Andrew, Agencification of Public Service Management in Tanzania: The Causes and Control of Executive
Agencies. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 473 blz. + bijlagen 181. KOEMAN Joyce, Tussen commercie en cultuur: Reclamepercepties van autochtone en allochtone jongeren in
Vlaanderen. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 231 blz. + bijlagen
182. GONZALEZ GARIBAY Montserrat, Turtles and teamsters at the GATT/WTO. An analysis of the developing countries’
trade-labor and trade-environment policies during the 1990s. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 403 blz. + bijlagen
183. VANDEN ABEELE Veronika, Motives for Motion-based Play. Less flow, more fun. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum
voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 227 blz. + bijlagen 184. MARIEN Sofie, Political Trust. An Empirical Investigation of the Causes and Consequences of Trust in Political
Institutions in Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 211 blz. + bijlagen
185. JANSSENS Kim, Living in a material world: The effect of advertising on materialism. Onderzoekseenheid: School
voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 197 blz. + bijlagen 186. DE SCHUTTER Bob, De betekenis van digitale spellen voor een ouder publiek. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor
Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 339 blz. + bijlagen 187. MARX Axel, Global Governance and Certification. Assessing the Impact of Non-State Market Governance.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 140 blz. + bijlagen 188. HESTERS Delphine, Identity, culture talk & culture. Bridging cultural sociology and integration research - a study on
second generation Moroccan and native Belgian residents of Brussels and Antwerp. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 440 blz. + bijlagen
189. AL-FATTAL Rouba, Transatlantic Trends of Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean: A Comparative Study of
EU, US and Canada Electoral Assistance in the Palestinian Territories (1995-2010). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 369 blz. + bijlagen
190. MASUY Amandine, How does elderly family care evolve over time? An analysis of the care provided to the elderly by
their spouse and children in the Panel Study of Belgian Households 1992-2002. Onderzoekseenheden: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], K.U.Leuven / Institute of Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies [IACCHOS], Université Catholique de Louvain, 2011, 421 blz. + bijlagen
191. BOUTELIGIER Sofie, Global Cities and Networks for Global Environmental Governance. Onderzoekseenheid:
Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 263 blz. + bijlagen
380
192. GÖKSEL Asuman, Domestic Change in Turkey: An Analysis of the Extent and Direction of Turkish Social Policy Adaptation to the Pressures of European Integration in the 2000s. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 429 blz. + bijlagen
193. HAPPAERTS Sander, Sustainable development between international and domestic forces. A comparative analysis
of subnational policies. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 334 blz. + bijlagen
194. VANHOUTTE Bram, Social Capital and Well-Being in Belgium (Flanders). Identifying the Role of Networks and
Context. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 165 blz. + bijlagen 195. VANHEE Dieter, Bevoegdheidsoverdrachten in België: een analyse van de vijfde staatshervorming van 2001.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], K.U.Leuven, 2011, 269 blz. + bijlagen 196. DE VUYSERE Wilfried, Neither War nor Peace. Civil-Military Cooperation in Complex Peace Operations.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 594 blz. + bijlagen 197. TOUQUET Heleen, Escaping ethnopolis: postethnic mobilization in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Onderzoekseenheid:
Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 301 blz. + bijlagen 198. ABTS Koenraad, Maatschappelijk onbehagen en etnopopulisme. Burgers, ressentiment, vreemdelingen, politiek en
extreem rechts. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 1066 blz. + bijlagen
199. VAN DEN BRANDE Karoline, Multi-Level Interactions for Sustainable Development. The Involvement of Flanders in
Global and European Decision-Making. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 427 blz. + bijlagen
200. VANDELANOITTE Pascal, Het spectrum van het verleden. Een visie op de geschiedenis in vier Europese
arthousefilms (1965-1975). Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Mediacultuur en Communicatietechnologie [CMC], KU Leuven, 2012, 341 blz. + bijlagen
201. JUSTAERT Arnout, The European Union in the Congolese Police Reform: Governance, Coordination and
Alignment?. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 247 blz. + bijlagen
202. LECHKAR Iman, Striving and Stumbling in the Name of Allah. Neo-Sunnis and Neo-Shi‘ites in a Belgian Context.
Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2012, 233 blz. + bijlagen
203. CHOI Priscilla, How do Muslims convert to Evangelical Christianity? Case studies of Moroccans and Iranians in
multicultural Brussels. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2012, 224 blz. + bijlagen
204. BIRCAN Tuba, Community Structure and Ethnocentrism. A Multilevel Approach: A case Study of Flanders (Belgium).
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2012, 221 blz. + bijlagen 205. DESSERS Ezra, Spatial Data Infrastructures at work. A comparative case study on the spatial enablement of public
sector processes. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 314 blz. + bijlagen
206. PLASQUY Eddy, La Romería del Rocío: van een lokale celebratie naar een celebratie van lokaliteit. Transformaties
en betekenisverschuivingen van een lokale collectieve bedevaart in Andalusië. Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2012, 305 blz. + bijlagen
207. BLECKMANN Laura E., Colonial Trajectories and Moving Memories: Performing Past and Identity in Southern Kaoko
(Namibia). Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2012, 394 blz. + bijlagen
208. VAN CRAEN Maarten, The impact of social-cultural integration on ethnic minority group members’ attitudes towards
society. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2012, 248 blz. + bijlagen 209. CHANG Pei-Fei, The European Union in the Congolese Police Reform: Governance, Coordination and Alignment?.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 403 blz. + bijlagen 210. VAN DAMME Jan, Interactief beleid. Een analyse van organisatie en resultaten van interactieve planning in twee
Vlaamse 'hot spots'. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2012, 256 blz. + bijlagen 211. KEUNEN Gert, Alternatieve mainstream: een cultuursociologisch onderzoek naar selectielogica's in het Vlaamse
popmuziekcircuit. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 292 blz. + bijlagen
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212. FUNK DECKARD Julianne, 'Invisible' Believers for Peace: Religion and Peacebuilding in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 210 blz. + bijlagen
213. YILDIRIM Esma, The Triple Challenge: Becoming a Citizen and a Female Pious Muslim. Turkish Muslims and Faith
Based Organizations at Work in Belgium.. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2012, 322 blz. + bijlagen
214. ROMMEL Jan, Organisation and Management of Regulation. Autonomy and Coordination in a Multi-Actor Setting.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2012, 235 blz. + bijlagen 215. TROUPIN Steve, Professionalizing Public Administration(s)? The Cases of Performance Audit in Canada and the
Netherlands. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2012, 528 blz. + bijlagen 216. GEENEN Kristien, The pursuit of pleasure in a war-weary city, Butembo, North Kivu, DRC. Onderzoekseenheid:
Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2012, 262 blz. + bijlagen 217. DEMUZERE Sara, Verklarende factoren van de implementatie van kwaliteitsmanagementtechnieken. Een studie
binnen de Vlaamse overheid. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2012, 222 blz. + bijlagen
218. EL SGHIAR Hatim, Identificatie, mediagebruik en televisienieuws. Exploratief onderzoek bij gezinnen met
Marokkaanse en Turkse voorouders in Vlaanderen. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2012, 418 blz. + bijlagen
219. WEETS Katrien, Van decreet tot praktijk? Een onderzoek naar de invoering van elementen van prestatiebegroting in
Vlaamse gemeenten. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2012, 343 blz. + bijlagenbundel
220. MAES Guido, Verborgen krachten in de organisatie: een politiek model van organisatieverandering.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 304 blz. + bijlagen 221. VANDEN ABEELE Mariek (Maria), Me, Myself and my Mobile: Status, Identity and Belongingness in the Mobile
Youth Culture. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2012, 242 blz. + bijlagen
222. RAMIOUL Monique, The map is not the territory: the role of knowledge in spatial restructuring processes.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 210 blz. + bijlagen 223. CUSTERS Kathleen, Television and the cultivation of fear of crime: Unravelling the black box. Onderzoekseenheid:
School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2012, 216 blz. + bijlagen 224. PEELS Rafael, Facing the paradigm of non-state actor involvement: the EU-Andean region negotiation process.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 239 blz. + bijlagen 225. DIRIKX Astrid, Good Cop - Bad Cop, Fair Cop - Dirty Cop. Het verband tussen mediagebruik en de houding van
jongeren ten aanzien van de politie. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2012, 408 blz. + bijlagen
226. VANLANGENAKKER Ine, Uitstroom in het regionale parlement en het leven na het mandaat. Een verkennend
onderzoek in Catalonië, Saksen, Schotland, Vlaanderen en Wallonië. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2012, 255 blz. + bijlagen
227. ZHAO Li, New Co-operative Development in China: An Institutional Approach. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor
Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2012, 256 blz. + bijlagen 228. LAMOTE Frederik, Small City, Global Scopes: An Ethnography of Urban Change in Techiman, Ghana.
Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2012, 261 blz. + bijlagen 229. SEYREK Demir Murat, Role of the NGOs in the Integration of Turkey to the European Union. Onderzoekseenheid:
Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2012, 313 blz. + bijlagen 230. VANDEZANDE Mattijs, Born to die. Death clustering and the intergenerational transmission of infant mortality, the
Antwerp district, 1846-1905. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2012, 179 blz. + bijlagen
231. KUHK Annette, Means for Change in Urban Policies - Application of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to
analyse Policy Change and Learning in the field of Urban Policies in Brussels and particularly in the subset of the European Quarter. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2013, 282 blz. + bijlagen
232. VERLEDEN Frederik, De 'vertegenwoordigers van de Natie' in partijdienst. De verhouding tussen de Belgische
politieke partijen en hun parlementsleden (1918-1970). Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2013, 377 blz. + bijlagen
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233. DELBEKE Karlien, Analyzing ‘Organizational justice’. An explorative study on the specification and differentiation of
concepts in the social sciences. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2013, 274 blz. + bijlagen
234. PLATTEAU Eva, Generations in organizations. Ageing workforce and personnel policy as context for
intergenerational conflict in local government. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2013, 322 blz. + bijlagen
235. DE JONG Sijbren, The EU’s External Natural Gas Policy – Caught Between National Priorities and Supranationalism.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2013, 234 blz. + bijlagen 236. YANASMAYAN Zeynep, Turkey entangled with Europe? A qualitative exploration of mobility and citizenship
accounts of highly educated migrants from Turkey. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2013, 346 blz. + bijlagen
237. GOURDIN Gregory, De evolutie van de verhouding tussen ziekenhuisartsen en ziekenhuismanagement in België
sinds de Besluitwet van 28 december 1944. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 271 blz. + bijlagen
238. VANNIEUWENHUYZE Jorre, Mixed-mode Data Collection: Basic Concepts and Analysis of Mode Effects.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 214 blz. + bijlagen 239. RENDERS Frank, Ruimte maken voor het andere: Auto-etnografische verhalen en zelfreflecties over het leven in een
Vlaamse instelling voor personen met een verstandelijke handicap. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2013, 248 blz. + bijlagen
240. VANCAUWENBERGHE Glenn, Coördinatie binnen de Geografische Data Infrastructuur: Een analyse van de
uitwisseling en het gebruik van geografische informatie in Vlaanderen.. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2013, 236 blz. + bijlagen
241. HENDRIKS Thomas, Work in the Rainforest: Labour, Race and Desire in a Congolese Logging Camp.
Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2013, 351 blz. + bijlagen 242. BERGHMAN Michaël, Context with a capital C. On the symbolic contextualization of artistic artefacts.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 313 blz. + bijlagen 243. IKIZER Ihsan, Social Inclusion and Local Authorities. Analysing the Implementation of EU Social Inclusion Principles
by Local Authorities in Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 301 blz. + bijlagen
244. GILLEIR Christien, Combineren in je eentje. Arbeid en gezin bij werkende alleenstaande ouders in Vlaanderen.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 250 blz. + bijlagen 245. BEULLENS Koen, The use of paradata to assess survey representativity. Cracks in the nonresponse paradigm.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 216 blz. + bijlagen 246. VANDENBOSCH Laura, Self-objectification and sexual effects of the media: an exploratory study in adolescence.
Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2013, 238 blz. + bijlagen 247. RIBBENS Wannes, In search of the player. Perceived game realism and playing styles in digital game effects.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2013, 346 blz. + bijlagen 248. ROOS Hannelore, Ruimte maken voor het andere: Auto-etnografische verhalen en zelfreflecties over het leven in
een Vlaamse instelling voor personen met een verstandelijke handicap. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2013, 349 blz. + bijlagen
249. VANASSCHE Sofie, Stepfamily configurations and trajectories following parental divorce: A quantitative study on
stepfamily situations, stepfamily relationships and the wellbeing of children. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 274 blz. + bijlagen
250. SODERMANS An Katrien, Parenting apart together. Studies on joint physical custody arrangements in Flanders.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2013, 224 blz. + bijlagen 251. LAPPIN Richard, Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: An Exploration of the Capabilities-Expectations Gap in
Liberia, 1996-2001 & 2003-2008. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Internationaal en Europees Beleid [IIEB], KU Leuven, 2013, 348 blz. + bijlagen
252. VAN LOO Sofie, Artistieke verbeelding en inpassing in de kunstwereld in het begin van de 21e eeuw. Taboe,
neutralisatie en realisatie. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2013, 399 blz. + bijlagen
383
253. GEERAERT Arnout, A Principal-Agent perspective on good governance in international sports. The European Union as ex-post control mechanism. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2013, 190 blz. + bijlagen
254. VANDEKERKHOF Renaat, Van discours tot counterdiscours: een thematisch-stilistische analyse van vier Britse
working-class films (1995-2000). Trainspotting (1996), Brassed Off (1996), The Full Monty (1997), Billy Elliot (2000). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2014, 353 blz. + bijlagen
255. MARIANO Esmeralda, Understanding experiences of reproductive inability in various medical systems in Southern
Mozambique. Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2014, 247 blz. + bijlagen
256. PATTYN Valérie, Policy evaluation (in)activity unravelled. A configurational analysis of the incidence, number, locus
and quality of policy evaluations in the Flemish public sector. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2014, 320 blz. + bijlagen
257. WYNEN Jan, Comparing and explaining the effects of organizational autonomy in the public sector.
Onderzoekseenheden: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven / Management & Bestuur, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2014, 272 blz. + bijlagen
258. COVRE SUSSAI SOARES Maira, Cohabitation in Latin America: a comparative perspective. Onderzoekseenheid:
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2014, 242 blz. + bijlagen 259. ADRIAENSEN Johan, Politics without Principals: National Trade Administrations and EU Trade Policy.
Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2014, 185 blz. + bijlagen 260. BEKALU Mesfin A., Communication inequality, urbanity versus rurality and HIV/AIDS cognitive and affective
outcomes: an exploratory study. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2014, 134 blz. + bijlagen
261. DE SPIEGELAERE Stan, The Employment Relationship and Innovative Work Behaviour. Onderzoekseenheid:
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2014, 186 blz. + bijlagen 262. VERCRUYSSE TOM, The Dark Ages Imaginary in European Films. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies
[IMS], KU Leuven, 2014, 333 blz. + bijlagen 263. DOMECKA Markieta, Maneuvering between Opportunities and Constraints. Polish Business People in the Time of
Transformation. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2014, 305 blz. + bijlagen
264. OFEK Yuval, The Missing Linkage: Building Effective Governance for Joint and Network Evaluation.
Onderzoekseenheden: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2014, 463 blz. + bijlagen 265. HEYLEN Kristof, Housing affordability and the effect of housing subsidies. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor
Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2014, 138 blz. + bijlagen 266. VANDEWIELE Wim, Contemplatieve abdijgemeenschappen in de 21ste eeuw. Een etnografische studie naar het
hedendaagse contemplatieve gemeenschapsleven. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2014, 219 blz. + bijlagen
267. BOTTERMAN Sarah, An empirical multilevel study of the relation between community level social cohesion indicators
and individual social capital in Flanders, Belgium. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2015, 190 blz. + bijlagen
268. BELIS David, The Socialization Potential of the Clean Development Mechanism in EU-China and EU-Vietnam
Climate Relations. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven,, 2015, 119 blz. + bijlagen
269. ROMMENS Thijs, Structuring opportunities for NGOs? The European Union’s promotion of democratic governance in
Georgia. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2015, 296 blz. + bijlagen
270. VAN DE PEER Aurélie, Geknipt voor het moderne: beoordelingscriteria, tijdspolitiek en materialiteit in geschreven
modejournalistiek. Vakgroep Wijsbegeerte en Moraalwetenschap, Universiteit Gent / Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 303 blz. + bijlagen
271. DAN Sorin, Governed or self-governed? The challenge of coordination in European public hospital systems.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2015, 243 blz. + bijlagen 272. PEUMANS Wim, Unlocking the closet - Same-sex desire among Muslim men and women in Belgium.
Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2015, 225 blz. + bijlagen
384
273. DASSONNEVILLE Ruth, Stability and Change in Voting Behaviour. Macro and Micro Determinants of Electoral Volatility. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2015, 307 blz. + bijlagen
274. VAN CAUWENBERGE Anna, The quest for young eyes. Aandacht voor nieuws bij jonge mensen in de Lage Landen.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven / Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, NL, 2015, 167 blz. + bijlagen
275. O’DUBHGHAILL Sean, How are the Irish European? An anthropological examination of belonging among the Irish in
Belgium. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2015, 290 blz. + bijlagen
276. VERPOORTEN Rika, The packaging puzzle. An Investigation into the Income and Care Packages of the Belgian
Eldery Population. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 320 blz. + bijlagen
277. DEKOCKER Vickie, The sub-national level and the transfer of employment policies and practices in multinationals:
Case study evidence from Belgium. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 222 blz. + bijlagen
278. GARIBA Joshua Awienagua, Land Struggle, Power and The Challenges of Belonging. The Evolution and Dynamics
of the Nkonya-Alavanyo Land Dispute in Ghana. Onderzoekseenheid: Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa [IARA], KU Leuven, 2015, 227 blz. + bijlagen
279. DE FRANCESCHI Fabio, The flexibility and security nexus in Multinational Companies in the context of Global Value
Chains. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 251 blz. + bijlagen 280. VERHAEGEN Soetkin, The development of European identity. A study of the individual-level development
processes. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2015, 217 blz. + bijlagen 281. HAMUNGOLE Moses, Television and the cultivation of personal values among Catholics in Zambia.
Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2015, 231 blz. + bijlagen 282. BEYENS Ine, Understanding young children's television exposure: An investigation into the role of structural family
circumstances. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2015, 204 blz. + bijlagen
283. ALANYA Ahu, Pervasive discrimination: Perspectives from the children of Muslim immigrants in Europe. A cross-
national and cross-contextual analysis. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 164 blz. + bijlagen
284. DINH THI Ngoc Bich, Public Private Partnership in Practice: Contributing to Social Conflict Resolution in Involuntary
Resettlement in Vietnam. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2015, 325 blz. + bijlagen
285. PUT Gert-Jan, All politics is local: The geographical dimension of candidate selection. The case of Belgium (1987-
2010). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2015, 211 blz. + bijlagen 286. PUSCHMANN Paul, Social Inclusion and Exclusion of Urban In-Migrants in Northwestern European Port Cities;
Antwerp, Rotterdam & Stockholm ca. 1850-1930. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 282 blz. + bijlagen
287. COLOM BICKFORD Alejandra, Conversion to Conservation: Beliefs and practices of the conservation community in
the Congo Basin (1960-present). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2016, 229 blz. + bijlagen
288. VAN CAUTER Lies, Government-to-government information system failure in Flanders: an in-depth study.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2016, 285 blz. + bijlagen 289. OOMSELS Peter, Administrational Trust: An empirical examination of interorganisational trust and distrust in the
Flemish administration. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2016, 321 blz. + bijlagen 290. VANDONINCK Sofie, Dealing with online risks: how to develop adequate coping strategies and preventive measures
with a focus on vulnerable children. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU , 2016, 201 blz. + bijlagen
291. SCHROOTEN Mieke, Crossing borders: The lived experiences of Brazilians on the move. Onderzoekseenheid:
Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2016, 187 blz. + bijlagen 292. PEETERS Hans, The devil is in the detail. Delving into Belgian pension adequacy. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum
voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2015, 233 blz. + bijlagen 293. BUTTIENS Dorien, Talentmanagement in de Vlaamse overheid, Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO],
KU Leuven, 2016, 433 blz. + bijlagen
385
294. DÖRFLINGER Nadja, Different worlds of work? A study on labour market regulatory institutions and contingent work
in Belgium and Germany. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2016, 179 blz. + bijlagen
295. MOLENVELD Astrid, Organizational adaptation to cross-cutting policy objectives. Onderzoekseenheden: Instituut
voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven / Management & Bestuur, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2016, 190 blz. + bijlagen 296. OP DE BEECK Sophie, HRM responsibilities in the public sector: The role of line managers. Onderzoekseenheid:
Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2016, 406 blz. + bijlagen 297. BOONEN Joris, Political learning in adolescence: the development of party preferences in a multiparty setting.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2016, 240 blz. + bijlagen 298. SCHEEPERS Sarah, Een kritische discoursanalyse van de concepten gelijkheid en diversiteit in de Vlaamse
overheid. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2016, 277 blz. + bijlagen 299. VAN AKEN Silvia, The labyrinth of the mind. Een narratieve-stilistische analyse van Jaco Van Dormaels ‘mindfilms’:
Toto le héros (1991), Le huitième jour (1996), Mr. Nobody (2009). Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2016, 254 blz. + bijlagen
300. KERSSCHOT Margaux, Lost in Aggregation: Domestic public and private economic actors in EU Trade Negotiations.
Onderzoekseenheden: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven / Management & Bestuur, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2016, 154 blz. + bijlagen
301. TRIMARCHI Alessandra, Individual and couple level perspectives on male education and fertility in Europe at the
start of the 21st century. Onderzoekseenheden: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven / Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” (IT), 2016, 205 blz. + bijlagen
302. FRISON Eline, How Facebook makes teens (un)happy: Understanding the relationships between Facebook use and
adolescents’ well-being. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2016, 211 blz. + bijlagen
303. NÚÑEZ-BORJA LUNA Carmen Alicia, Andean transnational migration in Belgium: decolonial attitudes at the heart of
Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2016, 274 blz. + bijlagen
304. BRAEYE Sarah, Family strategies for education: The Chinese in Flanders. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism,
Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2016, 392 blz. + bijlagen 305. JORIS Willem, De Eurocrisis in het Nieuws. Een frameanalyse van de verslaggeving in Europese kranten en een
effectenstudie van metaforische frames. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2016, 260 blz. + bijlagen
306. TAN Evrim, Understanding the relationship between capacity and decentralisation in local governance: A case study
on local administrations in Turkey. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2016, 265 blz. + bijlagen
307. NILSSON Jessika, ‘What is new about what has always been’: Communication technologies and the meaning-
making of Maasai mobilities in Ngorongoro. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2016, 307 blz. + bijlagen
308. VAN PARYS Liesbeth, On the street-level implementation of ambiguous activation policy. How caseworkers reconcile
responsibility and autonomy and affect their clients' motivation. Onderzoekseenheid: Arbeidsmarkt [HIVA] / Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2016, 366 blz. + bijlagen
309. BUMBA Guillaume Kamudiongo, Danser au rythme des jeunes en République Démocratique du Congo: les Bana
Luna en tant qu'agents de transformation. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2016, 299 blz. + bijlagen
310. VAN DEN BROECK Jan, Uncertainty and the future city: The impact of neoliberal urban planning on everyday life in
the city of Nairobi. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2016, 339 blz. + bijlagen
311. VANNOPPEN Geertrui, Fuelling the future with concrete, paper and discourse: competing claims in the making of an
oil city, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2016, 276 blz. + bijlagen
312. KERN Anna, Causes and Consequences of Political Participation in Times of Rapid Social Change in Europe:
A re-assessment of classical theories on political participation. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2016, 213 blz. + bijlagen
386
313. ABADI David R., Negotiating Group Identities in a Multicultural Society. Case: The Role of Mainstream Media, Discourse Relations and Political Alliances in Germany. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2017, 336 blz. + bijlagen
314. BERBERS Anna, Outside in and inside out: Media portrayal, reception and identification of Moroccan minorities in the
Low Countries. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2017, 205 blz. + bijlagen 315. DICKMEIS Anne, Evaluating Some Hypothesized Cultural and Evolutionary Functions of Music: A Study of Young
Children. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2017, 159 blz. + bijlagen
316. MEEUSEN Cecil, The structure of (generalized) prejudice: The relation between contextual factors and different
forms of prejudice. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2017, 253 blz. + bijlagen
317. ROZANSKA Julia, The Polish EU Officials in Brussels: Living on Europlanet? Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism,
Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2017, 445 blz. + bijlagen 318. DERBOVEN Jan, Beyond Designers’ Intensions. A Semiotic Exploration of Technology Interpretation and
Appropriation. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2017, 257 blz. + bijlagen 319. BOESMAN Jan, Making news when it has already been broken: A production perspective on the framing practices of
newspaper journalists in the Low Countries. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2017, 252 blz. + bijlagen
320. vAN dER LINDEN Meta, Context, intergroup threats and contact as determinants of prejudice toward immigrants.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2017, 229 blz. + bijlagen 321. NGALA NTUMBA Peter, Décentralisation congolaise et participation citoyenne: étude portant sur un dispositif
participatif de la société civile à la gouvernance territoriale. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 261 blz. + bijlagen
322. JACOBS Laura, The role of immigration news as a contextual-level factor for anti-immigrant attitudes: The effects of
tone and threat frames. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2017, 242 blz. + bijlagen
323. REYKERS Yf, Delegation without control? Institutional choice and autonomy in UNSC-authorised military
interventions. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2017, 203 blz. + bijlagen
324. VANGEEL Jolien, Explaining adolescents' media use and differential susceptibility to the association between media
use and risk behavior: a reinforcement sensitivity perspective. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMC], KU Leuven, 2017, 167 blz. + bijlagen
325. DE WITTE Jasper, Elektronische cliëntenregistratie in de jeugdhulp: tussen droom en werkelijkheid.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2017, 292 blz. + bijlagen 326. GROENINCK Mieke, ‘Reforming the Self, Unveiling the World. Islamic Religious Knowledge Transmission for
Women in Brussels' Mosques and Institutes from a Moroccan Background. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2017, 263 blz. + bijlagen
327. KEULEERS Floor, European Union and Chinese Strategic Narratives towards Africa: A Mixed Methods Study of
Reception by African Audiences. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2017, 160 blz. + bijlagen
328. DE COSTER Jori, Dis/ability as an Emerging Global Identity: Im/material Entanglements of Congolese People in
Kinshasa and the Diaspora. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2017, 301 blz. + bijlagen
329. COENEN Lennert, Questioning our Questions: A levels-of-analysis-perspective on meaning and measurement in
cultivation research. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2017, 175 blz. + bijlagen
330. TIMMERMANS Elisabeth, Is Dating Dated in Times of Tinder? Exploring the Mediatization of Casual Sexual Intimacy.
Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2017, 188 blz. + bijlagen 331. VAN ACKER Wouter, Sustainable Public Sector Innovations: How do feedback, accountability and learning matter?
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 240 blz. + bijlagen 332. BELS Annebeth, Objecting to sex? Sexualisation, objectification and media in preteens' identity work. Onderzoeks-
eenheden: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven / Departement Communicatiewetenschappen, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2017, 181 blz. + bijlagen
387
333. DEBELA Bacha Kedebe, Managing Performance in Ethiopian Municipalities: A Benchlearning Approach of Urban Water Services in Oromia National Regional State. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 253 blz. + bijlagen
334. RIBBERINK Egbert, "There is probably no God" A quantitative study of anti-religiosity in Western Europe.
Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2017, 104 blz. + bijlagen 335. CALLENS Marloes, The interorganisational trust process in the Flemish judicial youth care chain: Perceived
trustworthiness, its inputs, and willingness to exchange information. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 205 blz. + bijlagen
336. HAVERMANS Nele, Family Transitions, Family Configurations and the Educational Outcomes of Flemish children.
Onderzoekseenheid: Arbeidsmarkt [HIVA] / Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2017, 192 blz. + bijlagen
337. DEMAREST Leila, Scarcity and Social Disorder in Africa: A Critical Analysis. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuvense
Internationale en Europese Studies / Centrum voor Vredesonderzoek en Ontwikkeling [LINES/CVO], KU Leuven, 2017, 188 blz. + bijlagen
338. METHO NKAYILU Eric, Réseaux sociaux des femmes vivant avec handicap à Kinshasa: espaces d’intégration
sociale et d’éducation non formelle. Onderzoeksheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven / Université de Kinshasa [UNIKIN, DRC], 2017, 295 blz. + bijlagen
339. ROUSSEAU Ann, The role of media in preadolescents' self-sexualization: A bioecological perspectivework.
Onderzoeks-eenheden: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven / Departement Communicatiewetenschappen, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2017, 234 blz. + bijlagen
340. VERBRUGGE Hannelore, Scratching the surface. Exploring women’s roles in artisanal and small-scale gold mining
towns in Tanzania. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2017, 256 blz. + bijlagen
341. CONINX Ingrid, Hoe de implementatiekloof te dichten? Een analyse voor perspectieven in het overstromingsbeleid.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 261 blz. + bijlagen 342. BACHUS Kris, The use of environmental taxation as a regulatory policy instrument. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut
voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 155 blz. + bijlagen 343. VANDENBERGHE Hanne, Diversiteit in de Vlaamse nieuwsmedia: een longitudinale en mediavergelijkende kijk.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2017, 237 blz. + bijlagen 344. GOUGLAS Athanassios, Determinants of Parliamentary Turnover in Western Europe 1945-2015.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2017, 170 blz. + bijlagen 345. EBIEDE Tarila Marclint, Reintegrating Ex-Militants, Dividing Communities: The Post Amnesty Programme and
Elusive Quest for Peace in Nigeria's Niger Delta. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuvense Internationale en Europese Studies / Centrum voor Vredesonderzoek en Ontwikkeling [LINES/CVO], KU Leuven, 2018, 172 blz. + bijlagen
346. MITIKU Adare Assefa, The Ethiopian Public Sector Leadership Profile Unveiled: Determining the Leadership Profile
of the Ethiopian Federal Civil Service Organizations. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2018, 286 blz. + bijlagen
347. VANSCHOENWINKEL Jolien, Vertrouwen in de Belgische strafrechtsketen - Een kwalitatief empirisch onderzoek
naar de vertrouwensrelatie tussen de lokale recherche, de federale recherche, het parket en de onderzoeksrechters. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2018, 321 blz. + bijlagen
348. SMULDERS Jef, The spending levels and spending behavior of political parties: A comparative analysis of the annual
financial statements of political parties in Europe. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor de Overheid [IO], KU Leuven, 2018, 160 blz. + bijlagen
349. BELET Margot, Education and sociocultural identification: Facilitating learning effects through congruence. Centrum
voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven], KU Leuven, 2018, 118 blz. + bijlagen 350. BAUTE Sharon, Public attitudes towards Social Europe: at the crossroads of European integration and the welfare
state. Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven], KU Leuven, 2018, 156 blz. + bijlagen 351. KAYIKCI Merve Reyhan, Committing to Society, Committing to God: The Relational Experience of Piety among the
Muslim Female Volunteers in Belgium. Onderzoekseenheid: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre [IMMRC], KU Leuven, 2018, 243 blz. + bijlagen
352. STEENS Roos, Behind the frontstage. The development of an empowering academic collaborative centre.
Onderzoekseenheid: Arbeidsmarkt [HIVA] / Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2018, 168 blz. + bijlagen
388
353. MAKUNDI Hezron, South-South cooperation between theory and practice: Assessing the role of China on building the technological capacity in Tanzania. Onderzoekseenheid: Arbeidsmarkt [HIVA] / Leuven International and European Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2018, 120 blz. + bijlagen
354. CALLENS Marie-Sophie, Attitudes toward integration and perceived ethnic threat; a case-study of Luxembourg and
cross-cultural comparisons within and outside of Europe. Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven], KU Leuven, 2018, 245 blz. + bijlagen
355. PUT Bart, Niklas Luhmann over liefde en intimiteit: positionering, problemen en perspectieven. Centrum voor
Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven], KU Leuven, 2018, 273 blz. + bijlagen 356. VERMEERBERGEN Lander, Mountains of care: Organisational redesign and quality of working life in nursing homes.
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven], KU Leuven, 2018, 216 blz. + bijlagen 357. IMANI GIGLOU Roya, Offline and Online Communication and Participation Among the European Turkish Diaspora
during the Gezi Park Protests: A Multi-Method Approach. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2018, 195 blz + bijlagen
358. TREKELS Jolien, The ubiquity of beauty-is-good in media: Understanding the importance of appearance in
adolescents’ lives. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2018, 193 blz + bijlagen
359. BOOGAERTS Andreas, Spring as a new beginning? An investigation into the European Union's sanctions practice
following the Arab spring. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuvense Internationale en Europese Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2018, 295 blz. + bijlagen
360. EXELMANS Liese, "Are you still watching?" Observing and Explaining the Relationship between Electronic Media
Use and Sleep. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2018, 217 blz. + bijlagen
361. SMEETS Niels, The Green Challenge: Exploring Explanations of Russia’s Renewable Energy Policies.
Onderzoekseenheid: Leuvense Internationale en Europese Studies [LINES], KU Leuven, 2018, 284 blz + bijlagen 362. NELISSEN Sara, The Child Effect in Media Use: Investigating Family Dynamics Concerning Media Behavior in
Parent-Child Dyads. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2018, 191 blz + bijlagen
363. NWAIGWE Stanislaus, Cutting Sustenance from the Margins of Oil Extraction: Igbo's Creative Engagement with
Distribution and Privatization of Oil Wealth in the Niger Delta. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2018, 192 blz + bijlagen
364. MEYERS Gert, Behaviour-based Personalisation in Health Insurance: a Sociology of a not-yet Market. Centrum voor
Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2018, 214 blz. + bijlagen 365. DE WAELE Aurélie, The organizational voice: The role of vocal cues in times of crisis. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut
voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2018, 206 blz + bijlagen 366. KUPPENS Line, The role of education in peace building: an analysis of teachers' views and practices with regards to
peace and conflict in Côte d'Ivoire and Kenya. Onderzoekseenheid: Leuvense Internationale en Europese Studies / Centrum voor Vredesonderzoek en Ontwikkeling [LINES/CVO], KU Leuven en Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsbeleid en –beheer, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2018, 244 blz. + bijlagen
367. GEUSENS Femke, #DrinksWithFriends - The Underlying Processes and Conditionality of Alcohol-Related Social
Media Effects. Onderzoekseenheid: School voor Massacommunicatieresearch [SMCR], KU Leuven, 2018, 223 blz + bijlagen
368. CASTRO Eva Marie, Patient participation and empowerment. The involvement of experts by experience in hospitals.
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2018, 216 blz. + bijlagen 369. BOULTON Jack, Have Your Yellowcake and Eat it: Men, Relatedness and Intimacy in Swakopmund, Namibia.
Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Antropologie in Afrika [IARA], KU Leuven, 2018, 236 blz + bijlagen 370. VAN ASSCHE Annelies, Dancing Precarity. A Transdisciplinary Study of the Working and Living Conditions in the
Contemporary Dance Scenes of Brussels and Berlin, Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven en Vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 2018, 362 blz + bijlagen
371. VAN ROY Rob, The Ambivalent Motivational Power of Game Elements in Education: Nuancing the Gamification
Debate. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2018, 157 blz + bijlagen 372. MAURISSEN Lies, Civic Engagement of Adolescents. A Quantitative Study of the Relation Between Citizenship
Education, Democratic Attitudes and Political Participation. Onderzoekseenheid: Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2018, 207 blz + bijlagen
389
373. VANDENPLAS Caroline, The Impact of Time and Timing on the Survey Process and Data Quality. Centrum voor
Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2019, 177 blz + bijlagen 374. CORTOIS Liza, Becoming an individual: A cultural-sociological study of socialization into individualistic scripts.
Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek [CeSO], KU Leuven, 2019, 203 blz + bijlagen 375. SAMPERMANS Dorien, The Democratic School Climate: Active Citizenship at School. Onderzoekseenheid:
Centrum voor Politicologie [CePO], KU Leuven, 2019, 200 blz + bijlagen 376. HENDRIKS Niels, The involvement of people with dementia in the design process. Onderzoekseenheid: Instituut
voor Mediastudies [IMS], KU Leuven, 2019, 303 blz + bijlagen
