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C ENS U S 0 FIN D I A, 1961
VOLUME XI
MYSORE
PART VI
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS
No. 21 HOLALU VILLAGE HADAGALLI TALUK, BELLARY DISTRICT
Editor K. BALASUBRAMANY AM
of the Indian Administrative Service, Superintendent of Census Operations, Mysore
PRG.174. 21(N) 750
'5'
J3'
MAP OF
MYSORE (Showing Villares selected For
ARABIAN SEA
7 . 7 •
17'
16'
fS'
u·
FIELD INVESTIGATION AND FIRST DRAFT
FINAL REPORT
TABULATION
PHOTOGR':"I.PI]S
VILLAGE SURVEY REPORT
on
HOLALU
(ii)
Sri B. V. Nagesh, M.A., and Sri G. Nanjundegowda, Investigators.
Sri C. M. Chandawarkar, B.Se., Deputy Supdt. (Disi. Handbooks).
Sri S. Ramachandran, B.Se., Senior Technical Assistant (Handicraft Survey).
FOREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this sub-continent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions'. In a country, largely illiterate, where stadstical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, as understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was happenmg around one-self than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology to geography and religion'.
In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village statistics. ThiS suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every state for special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where.
Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole state in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowedly purposive; the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'norrn,ll' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type-studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, \\ ould also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on and some kind of a map of the country.
A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geographical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows;-
(a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community witll one predominating occupation, e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700.
(b) At least seven villages were to be of numetically prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700.
(c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled character and contain variegated occupations and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant a population of 500-700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey from the places. The villa.ges were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of vmages. If, however, a particular district contained significant ecolgical variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special
adjustments to them.
It is a unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorving voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the enquiries scope again and again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then venture further a field, and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in
(iv)
the quality and coverage of the monographs, it served to compensate the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census.
It might be of interest to recount briefly the stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress; ornaments and foot·wear ; furniture and storing vessels; common means of transport of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and birds; markets attended; worship of deities, festivals and fairs. There Were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the other for the village asa whole, which, apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 conference introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance, moveable and immoveable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership and organisation of cultural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to emprical 'feel', to approach qualitative change through statistical quantities. It had been difficult to give thought to the importance of "just cnough statistics to give empirical underpinning to conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations,but once the census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, a series of threc regional seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) resorted their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-divised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of village already done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing desire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, to regard social and economic data as interrelated processes, and finally to examine the ~ocial and economic processes set in motion through land reforms and other laws, legislative and administrative measures, tcchnological and cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on the frame of Survey and presentation results.
This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they had onginally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quahty. This is, perhaps, for the first time that such a Survey has been conducted in any country, and that purely as a labour of love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to achieve : to construct a map of village, India's social structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of information about the country'. Apart from other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documentation. The schedules finally adopted for this monograph have been printed in Appendices I and II to the monograph on village Iggalur,
Bangalore District.
NEW DELHI
July 30. 1964
ASOKMITRA,
Registrar General, India.
PREFACE
Preparation of monographs on sele:ted villages has been a special feature of the 1961 Census. The main object of these village surveys and also the basis for selection of villag~s have been explained by the Registrar General. India,
in his foreword. Broadly adhering to the critffia ;ndicated by the Rrgistrar General, the selection of villages has been carefully done in such a way a~ to gi,re adquate represcntation not only to each district but also to c:lch of Lhr.
twenty-fi\'c sUD-regions into which Dr. Learmonth of Liverpool University has classified tbe State on a C(uside-Lltio;] of climate, cropping pattern, physical features etc.
2. Holalu is a villagc from Hadagalli taluk in Bdlary district. It lies in the northern maidan region and in the
particular sub-region (called the Harapanahalli sub-region) where it is situated the chief crops are jowar, oilseeds
cotton, pulses and mixed crops. The village which was in a rclt:ote corncr of Madras Stat::: till 1953, is now showing signs of progress. It now Enjoys better tL~I1SpO. t, communication, education and meiic2.1 facilities. With electrification of the village, lift-irrigation with electrically operated pumpscts is be'2oming more and more popular.
3. The field wDrk was done from January 1963 to February 1963 by Shri B. Y. Nagesha, Invo:.'stigato: and frox. March 1963 to January 1964 by Sri G. Nanjundcgowda, Investigator. Both of them have worked with zeal an,j sincerity. Sri G. Nanjundegowcla prepared the first draft a Iso. The photogra pbs ~n\> takel1 by Sri S. Ramachandran,
Senior Technical Assistant, HandIcrafts Survey. The final report has been prep:lrd by Sri C. IVI. Cinndawarkar Dfputy Superintcndcpt of Ccnsu~ Opclations.
K. BALASUBRAMANYAM,
(v)
CONTENTS
PAGES
FOREWORD i--ii
PREFACE 11I
HOLALU IN PICTURES
CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE VlII-XX
Introduction-Location-Physica[ aspects-Flora and Fauna-Size-Residential pattern-Transport and Communication-Important public places-Burial grounds-Sources of water-Market-History of the village--Legend and monuments 1-5
CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS
Ethnic composition and a note on important communities-Houses and house types--Dress-Hair style and other body decorations-Ornaments-Household goods-Food and Drinks-Beliefs and pmctice, connected with birth, marriage and death
CHAPTER III-ECONOMY
Economic resources: Land, Livestock and other resources-Factors influencing economic life in the viilage : Land improvement, industralisation, urbanisation, improvements in communications, Expansion of marketing facilities, Expansion of sources of finance-Economic activities and nature of changes: CA) Livelihood classes (B) Workers (C) Non-workers (D) Ownership of economic resources-Primaryand secondary occupations-- Changes in traditional occupations :-Descriptjon of different occupations: Practices connected with (A) Agriwlture (B) Animal Husbandry (C) Village industries (D) Trade and Commerce-Indcbtedness-Co-operation-lncome and Expenditure 19-37
CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
Population tren~s-Populati?n by age and sex-:-Birth and .dcaths-~arital status-fublic health and medical facilities-Vetermary aid-LIteracy and EducatlOn-.l .... 11gration-Fanuly structure-Size of households-Intrafamily relationship-Inheritance of property-Leisure and recreation-religious institutions, Festhals and Fairs-Statutory Panchayat-Vo[untary organisations-National Extension service-Reform measures. . . 38-47
CHAPTER V-CONCLUSION 48-49
TABLES
(vi)
TABLE
1- Area, Houses and population II- Population by Age-groups III- Size and composition
LIST OF TABLES
IV- Households classified by Religions, Castes and sub-castes V- Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
VI- Age and Marital status VII- Education
VIII- Workers and Non-woTAers by sex and broad-age groups IX- Workers classified by sex, broad-age groups and occupations x- Workers cl~ssified by sex, broaj-age groups and Industry, Business and cultivation belonging to the House
holds XI- Non-workers by Sex and Broad-uge groups and Nature of activities
XII- Households by number of Rooms and by numbt:r of persons occupying XrII- Households engaged in cultivation, industry, business and other occupations XIV- Types of Industry run by the households XV- Types of Business run by the households
XVI- Traditional Industry by the number of households XVII- Diet
XVIII- Staple diet and food habits of communities XIX- Distribution of households by occupation income and number of persons XX- Average annual income per household by occupation
XXI- Average monthly expenditure per household by income groups and occupations XXII- Households and Development activities
XXIII- Indebtedness XXIII-A- Indebtedness by causes XXIII-B- Sources of credit
XXIV-Agricultural produce of cultivation run by the households and their disposal XXV- Households owning or possessing Land or having given out Land to others for cultivation
XXV-A- Ownership of Land by Residents of Holalu village XXV-B- Ownership of Land in Holalu village XXV-C- Tabl~ showing the Land owmd outside the village
XXVI- General
2 3 4 4-A-
5-A-5-B-6 7 8 9
10 11
ll-A-12 -
II-Set TABLES Caste/Tribe or community and Nature of family Association of Deity/sp,ecial object of worship and caste Awareness of untouchability Ofiences Act Contravention of Marriage Rules Permissibility of Inter-caste marriages Awaren~ss of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption Inheritance of property as in practice . Share of property for different categories of relatives-sons Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices Livestock statistics including fishery Village Industries and products Land Reclamation and Development Co-operative society Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income Habit of taking Tea/Coffee as correlated to income Materials culture-possession of furniture
12-A- Material culture-possession of consumer goods 12-B- Material Culture-Habits 13-A- House Type-Roof 13-B- House type-Wall
(vii)
PAGES
51 51 51 52 53 53 54 55 55
56 56 56
57-58 58 59 59 60 61 62 63
64-67 68 68
68-69 69 70
70-11 72 73
74-76 77
77 78-79
80 80 81 81 82
82-83 83-84 84-86
87 88 88
88-·89 89-90
90 91
92-93 94 95
LISE OF PHOTOGRAPHS PAGE
I. Huge stone image of Lord Ananthashayana-a popular deity in the village . '}
2. The gamc of cards-it enthrals the old men of the village who have no better work to do
ix
ix
3. An old inscription found near Ananthashayana temple-The script is Halagannada . x
4. Main street of the village ~
5. A bird's-eye-view of a portion of the village j
xi
xi
6. The huts of Lambanis xii
7. Traditional dress and ornaments popular even now among the Lambani women xiii
8. Fore-arm of a Lambani woman depicting the design of tatooing xiv
9. Silver ornaments in common use :-
(i) (ii) and (iii) Anklets (iv) Waist belt (v) Casket for keeping Linga the emblem of Shiva (vi) and (vii) Anklets for infants and young girls ............... xiv
10. Ornaments of gold :-
(i), (ii) and (iii): Different types of necklaces. (iv) wristlet (v) (vi) and (vii) Bangl~s (viii) Nagaru_::._an ornament for the scalp. (ix) A black bead necklace with Thali. (x) Finger ring. (xi) and (xii) ear ornaments . . xv
11. The ::ssential aids in the making of unleavened bread called Rolti, out of jowar flour xv
12. Agricultural implements (i) Kunre, or harrow and (ii) Wooden plough xvi
13. Seed-drill xvi
14. Cart being loaded with farmyard manure transportation to the fields xvii
15. Chaff-cutter-a new device introduced recently in the village xvii
16. A leather worker repairing a 'leather-bag' used for lifting water from wells for irrigation· xviii
17. Village carpenter at work xviii
18. Village road in the making " xix
19. The villagers enjoy watching a fight between rams as a sort of recreation and on such occasions betting also prevails xix
20. Middle-aged Lambani woman with a headload of firewood xx
LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS
1. Map of Mysore State showing the villages selected for Socio Economic survey
2. District map of Bellary showing the location of Holalu village
3. Physical [eatmes around village Holalu
4. Nationll map of Holalu-village layout
5. Chart showing worke"s and non-workers by sex and age-groups
6. Chart showing population by age, sex and marital status
7. Chart showing population by sex, age-group and literacy
(viii)
Titl~ Page
Facing page
2
2
24-25
38
39
HOLAhU IX
1. Huge stone image if Lord Ananthashayana-a popular deity in the village.
2. The game of cards- it enthrals the old mtn of the village who have no better work to do.
x
,
3. All old illscription found near Ananthasl!ayaflfl temp'e- The Scr/pi is Halagaunada.
HOLALU
HOLALU Xl
4. Maill Street of t/:e viflage.
5. A bird's-eye-I'iew of a portion of the vii/age
xu HOLALU
6. The Huts of Lambanies.
I
HOLALU
7. Traditional dress and ornament!; popular evell "OIV among tire Lamballi women.
XIIl
XIV HOLALU
8. Forearm of a Lamta'li Woman depicting the design of talooing
9. Sih'f'r omaments ill COillmon Ilse :- (i). ( ii ) and (iii ) Anklets (iv ) rvaist belt. Vj Casket /01' keeping Linga the ell/breJ1l o(Shiva I vi ) alld (vii) Allklets for illfmlf~ atld young girls.
HOLALU xv
fO. Ornaments of gold:-
(i), (ii) and (iii ) Diflerent types of Necklaces; (iv ) Wristlet; (vi ) and (vii ) Bangles; (viii ) Nagaru all Orna'll?lIt for tire scalp ; (ix ) A black head necklace with Theali (x) Finger ring and (xi) Ear ornameflts.
11. The essential aids ill tIle making of unleavened hread called Rotti Ollt of Jowar .flollr.
XVI HOLA LU
12. Agricultural implements (i) kunte or harrow amI ii Woo:len p[o:lglt.
/3. Se:!d-Drill
HOLALU XVII
14. Cart beillg loaded with farmyard manure transportation to the fields.
15. Cha./f-Cllfter a new device introduced recently in the village.
XVIlI
16. A Leather !Yerker repairing a 'leather bag' used for fifting water from wells for irrigation.
17. Village carpenter at work.
HOLALU
•
HOLALU
18. Village road ill tire making.
/9. The villagers enjoy lVatching a fight betlVeen rams as a sort of recreation alld 011 such occasions bplIing also prevails.
XIX
•. - .'j ",·.,' .. 1
xx
20. Middle-aged Lambani woman with a headioad of firewood.
HOLALU
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CHAPTER I
THE VILLAGE
Introduction
Holalu is a big road side village on the HospetMailar road in Hadagalli taluk of the Bellary district. The river Tungabhadra flows at a distance of about 2 kilometres from the vi']age towards the north and north-west direction. This village is towards the southern-most comer of the taluk and has gained considerable fame on account of the beautiful image of Sri Ananthasayana, carved in black stone in a temple. The village lies in the northern maid an region of the Mysore State and the crops commonly raised are jowar, cotton and groundnut. The village population is multi-ethnic in composition. Bellary district formerly formed a part of the Madras State and was in one corner of the State far away from the State capital. It is with a view to study the socia-economic conditions of a village in the northern-maidan district, which formerly formed a part of the Madras State that the present survey has been undertaken.
2. Bellary district forms the eastern gateway of the Mysore State. It is bounded on the north by Raichur District; on the west by Dharwar district; on the east by Kurnool and Ananthapur districts of Andhra Pradesh; and on the south by Chitradurga district. The general character of the district is that of an extensive plateau elevated on the shoulders of the western and eastern ghats. The height of the plateau ranges between 1200 and 1800 feet above the mean sea level. The land scape is interspersed here and there by some hillocks. The plains have a gentle dip towards north following the main river Tungabhadra. Before the reorganisation of States, the Tungabhadra river formed the border line between Mysore and Bombay, Madras and Bombay and Hyderabad and Madras, but now most of it flows through the Mysore State, before joining the Krishna in the Andhra State. The river forms now the boundary of the district in the north and the west. The district is known for its buried treasure, being endowed wi th vast reserves of iron and manganese ores and several non-metallic minerals like calcite,lime stc ne, magnite, lime, kankar, etc. The iron ore deposits of Bellary District are considered to be very
6-6 CCllllusfMysore/68
rich. However, as far as the village under survey is concerned, it does not boast of any minerals. It is purely an agricultural village.
Location
3. The village lies in Hadagalli taluk. The Taluk Headqua:rters is at a distance of 21 miles. Hadagalli is also known as Hoovina Hadagalli, as it is said to have supplied flowers regularly to various temples and palaces during the period of Vijayanagar Kings. The legend is that flowers were taken in a boat down the Tungabhadra river reaching Hampi (Vijayanagar) in time for the midday worship. Now it is famous for its betelnut and plantain gardens. There are 2 old temples of Kalleswara and Keshavaswamy, built in Chalukyan style. Several administrative offices at the Taluk level like those of Tahsildar, Sub-Registrar, the Block Development Officer, the Police Sub-Inspector, etc., are located here. In December, 1964, the courts of the Munsiff-Magistrate have also been opened at Hadagalli. Till that date, Holalu was coming under the jurisdiction of the Munsiff-Magistrate Courts at Harapanahalli. There is a Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank and also a Rural Industrial Co-operative Society at HadagaLi.
4. The Firka Headquarters of the village is at Hire hadagalli, about 9 miles away. At Hirehadagalli, are situated the offices of the Revenue Inspector, the Deputy Inspector of Schools and the Police Circle Inspector.
5. Bellary forms the District Headquarters. Several regional offices of the State Government are located there. Of late, Bellary has also gained fame for its archaeological discoveries. The recent archaeological researches in Sangankal, about 2 miles to the north-east of Bellary Town, and Kappagal, about 6 miles away from the town have thrown a flood of light on the ancient history of this region. According to archaeologists some of the stone implements found here belong to the old stone age dating back to 10,000 B.C. The significance of Bellary is more due to commercial and economic factors rather than to natural advantages and
2
climatic conditions. Cotton ginning and pressing factories, groundnut oil mills, beedi making, manufacture of safety matches, manufacture of washing soap, etc., are some of the chief industries. The town has got a municipality, wh:ch was established in 1867 and till recently, it had a cantonment too. Bellary is cons:dered as a blending place of the two ancient cultures of Kannadigas and Andhras. It is a centre of trade, education and cultural activities. It lies on the metre-gauge railway line between Hubli and Guntakal and there is also a separate branch rne to Raidurg. The Bombay-Madras trunk road via Cud3pah also passes through this place.
6. The important centres of trade and commerce for Holalu are Hospet (90 miles), Davangere (73 miles), Harapanahalli (38 m;les), Haveri (20 miles) and Ranebennur (20 miles). Though Haveri and Ranebennur are the nearest trading centres, most of the trading connections of the village are with Hospet, Davangere and HarapanahallL because the river Tungabhadra running between Haveri and Ranebennur on the aile side and this village on the other has not been bridged. A bridge is under construction.
7. Hospet is a historical place. The present Town of Hospet was once a suburb of Vijayanagar city, the capital of the Vijayanagar Kings. This town is said to have been bu]t by Krishna-devaraya in honour of his mother Nagaladevi and was formerly known as Nagalapura, but later on, the name got changed to 'Hosapete' meaning "new bazaar". During the Vijayanagar rule, the commercial importance of the town had reached its zenith and it was well-known for its trade in silk and chil1'es. In 1934, a sugar factory has been established. Recently it has gained importance due to the min;ng of iron ore and so from agricultural, commercial and industrial points of view, it has a bright future particularly so because of the Tungabhadra dam. It is situated on the metre-gauge railway line running between Guntakal and Gadag.
8. Some of the other places near Holalu which need menfon are Kagali, Kuruvatti, Mailar and Sogi. All these places are in Bellary district. Kagali is an ancient village in Hadaga1li taluk, about 4 miles north-west of the point where the 3 taluks of Hadagalli, Harapanahalli and Kudligi meet. It was formerly the capital of a sub-divis:on called the Kagali 500, corresponding more or less to the present Hadagalli and Harapanahalli tal,uks. There is a famous Jain Basti in the village, besides several old relics. Kuruvatti is a village on the banks of Tungabhadra river. There is an ancient Chalukyan temple of Mallikarjunaswamy, in which, facing the Lingam is a big bull known as 'Kuruvatti Basa-
HOLALU
vanna'. Annually a big fair is held here. It is also famous for its cattle fair. Mailar is also a village on the bank of the river Tungabhadra and is famous for the Mailar temple. Persons who dedicate themselves to the temple are known as 'Goravas'. Every February, a big fair is held here. Sogi, about 6 miles to the south-east of Hadagalli is famous for water melons. There is also a Chalukyan temple here.
9. Hampi in Hospet taluk is an ancient city of proud Kings and mighty victories, which today is only a desolate place of sad and salient beauty. This once magnificent capital of the fabulous kingdom of Vijayanagar, has today fallen into obscurity. All that remains are the scattered ruins of buildings covering an area of some 9 square miles, which in days gone by, were palaces and temples. This ancient city founded in 1336 A.D. was completely destroyed after the battle of Talikot in 1565 A.D. and that marked the end of the Vijayanagar empire. Now only some fascinating relics of the 'forgotten empire' attract the tourists here.
Physical Aspects
10. The village is situated approximately at an altitude of 1750 feet above the mean sea level. It covers an area of about 7614 acres. The village is bounded on the north by the village of Budnur of Hadagalli taluk and Shakar and Hanvshi of Haveri taluk; by Herada and Dasanaha11i of Hadagalli taluk on the east: by Mailar and Dombralli of Hadagalli taluk on the south; and by Havnur of Haveri taluk on the west beyond the r:ver. Actually, the Tungabhadra river flows on the western and northern side of the village and as such, this village forms the boundary between the Bellary and Dharwar districts. The village generally consists of an undulating plain, slightly sloping towards the river. The nearest hillock, known as Mallappana Betta is at a d:stance of about 6 miles away from the village and is about 3177 feet high above the mean sea level.
11. The soil of the village is varied in type. A part of the village has got black cotton soil, a part consists of red loamy soil and some parts have stony or gravelly soil. It is said that the soil in Holalu is one of the best type in the whole district of Bellary.
12. The climate of the village is characterised by extreme dryness and scanty rainfall. Climatologically, 3 seasons are recognised in the village. From November to the end of February is the cool season when the north-east wind is steady and the weather is pleasant. Towards the end of February, the temperature starts rising and by the middle Of March, the country presents
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THEVILLAGE
an altered appearance. Dust storms occur frequently and by the end of May, the temperature gets very warm. In June, the south-west monsoons are heralded by thunder storms and the rainy season starts. The village benefits both by the south-west and north-east monsoons and the rainy season comes to an end in October. The temperature ranges between 60.5° F in January and 103.4° F in April and May.
13. The rainfall is generally betweet 20 and 30" per annum as can be seen from the following figures for the years 1951 to 1957:-
Year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
In inches 22·05 28·7626·04 18·03 29·85 31.51 28·10
14. The river Tungabhadra flows at a distance of about 2 kilometres from the village site. The rivers, Tunga and Bhadra, take their origin in Varaha Parvatha in the western ghats in the Mysore State and join to form Tungabhadra river at Kudali, about 8 miles east of Shimoga. After running for about 400 miles, these twin rivers join the Krishna river at Sangameshwar in Andhra Pradesh. Now the river has gained considerable fame on account of the Tungabhadra projects. In the rainy season, it swells prodigiously.
Flora and Fauna
15. The village has no forest area and the treegrowth is also generally poor. However with thc increase in the area of well irrigated gardens, the immediate surroundings of the viIlage site present an appearance of greenary, from a distance the tall cocoanut palm groves present a beautiful sight. As one approaches the Gaothana, the plantain garden and fields of sugarcane provide a pleasing sight. Cactus grows wild on the side of the cart tracks. The trees commonly seen are tamarind, neem, banian, babul, jack fruit, peepul, honge, drum sticks, cocoanut, etc. The crops commonly raised are jowar, groundnut, navni, paddy, bajra wheat, etc. The commercial crops are tobacco, cotton banana, chillies, onions, etc. There are a few cocoanut gardens also. The vegetables commonly raised are brinjal, cluster beans, lady's fingers, gourds, leafy vegetables, etc.
16. Wild animals do not find enough shelter and so they are scarce. Jackals, rabbits, wild cats an,d occasionally wolves are the wild animals which may be found in the village limits. Rats, squirrels and such
. other rodents are a Iso seen. Rcptiles are occasionally found. It is said that alligators make their appearance
3
in the river Tungabhadra. The birds commonly seen are sparrows, parrots, pigeons, crows, eagles, etc. Occasionally peafowls also may be found. The domesticated animals consist of cattle, goats, and sheep, donkeys, pigs, dogs and poultry birds.
Size
17. The village covers an area of about 7614 acres, of which, the 'gaothan' consists of about 85 acres. The population is 4637 comprising of 2338 males and 2299 females. The village has two hamlets, known as 'Goraguddi Sannathanda' and 'Goraguddi Doddathanda'. Both these hamlets are inhab:ted by Lamanis, who have 32 households in them. Their hamlets are at a distance of 21 and 3 miles from the village proper.
Residential Pattem
18. The habitation consists of both shapeless and linear cluster of houses. The residential area is not well planned. The original habitation, it is said, was confined mainly to the fort area, but now the habitation has largely extended towards east. Though all the residential structures have clustered up in an haphazard manner, each caste has generally tended to form its own cluster of houses by concentrating in a particular area or street. Thus, the different streets and residential areas are known by caste names. There are separate streets where Lingayats, Brahmins, Agasas, Badagis, etc., have their own houses. The main street which also happens to be the longest and the widest street is known as the the Bazaar street. It is mainly inhabited by Banajiga and Ganiga sub-castes among Lingayats. At the end of the street, there are a few houses of Bahusar Kshatriyas. Sadargeri, which is also known as Vokkalageri, is mainly inhabited by Sadars a sub-caste among Lingayats, who are mainly cultivators. For this Sadargeri, there are several lanes called as Ganeppanna Shanthappa lane, Hogesoppinavara lane, Jadara lane, Mariajjalane, etc.
19. Kurubageri is generally inhabited by Kurubas, Bedas, Barikas and Pinjars, Pinjars constitute a sect among Muslims. Towards the south-east of the fort and near the Kurubageri, is located Madageri inhabited by the 38 households of Madigas who belong to one of the scheduled castes.
20. The residential pattern of the village also reveals the settlement history of the different sections of the population to some extent. It is said that generally those living in the fort area are the original residents of the village. In the fort area, the inhabitants are the
4
Lingayats, Brahmins, Badagis, Barikas, Bedars and Agasas. They say that the people residing beyond the fort area are immigrants who came and settled down in the village during the last 300 years. But there is no evidence to substantiate this statement.
21. In houses which form linear clusters a narrow street runs between two rows of houses. As one enters the village from the northern s;de, the very wide main entrance with open spaces on either side is such as likely to make one think that the village is well planned and provided with broad streets and lanes. But as one proceed to the interior of the Gaothan he finds himself in narrow and z:g-zag lanes full of ruts and pot holes. In summer the lanes are dusty and in the monsoons they get slushy. No space is left either on the s;des of the houses or at their backs. Shapeless clusters are mostly found in the fort area and Kurubageri. The streets here are very narrow and run zig-zag. The village as a whole lacks in proper planning and there is also no proper drainage system. Many of the houses low stand at such levels that during heavy rains. the rain water often enters them. This is particularly so in Vokkalageri. Recently some of the streets have peen prov:ded with drains under the National Extension Service.
Transport and Communication
22. The village lies on the Hospet-Mailar road and daily 3 passenger buses ply on this road. Thus, the villagers do not find it much difficult to reach the centres of administration, trade and commerce. Apart from these passenger buses, several lorries also ply on this road carrying commodities to and from the village. The lorry traffic gets particularly heavy during the harvesting .easons. Haveri and Ranebennur, the two commercial centres from Dharwar districts are only about 20 miles away from the village, but the villagers cannot take advantage of these marketing places, as the river Tungabhadra has not yet been bridged. A bridge across the Tungabhadra is under construction near Havanur of Haveri taluk and when this is completed, it is expected that the village will have more ties with Haved and Ranebennur. The work of this bridge is now held up due to some disputes about the excess payment made to the contractor. At present, the nearest railway station to the village on a main line is at Hospet, about 90 miles away. When the bridge across Tungabhadra is completed, the nearest railway station will be only 20 miles away, as both Haved and Ranebennur are railway 'stations on the Poona-Bangalore metre gauge line of the southern railways. Most of the other villages are connected by cart tracks and so the bullock: cart and the bicycle form the common modes of transport.
HOLALU
23. The village has a Branch Post Office which affords facilities for daily clearance and delivery of mail.
Important PUblic Places
24. The important public places of the village are the village panchayat office, village chavadi, the higher elementary school for boys and girls, a private high school, etc. The village panchayat office is now housed in a rented building. Recently. residential quarters for the Village Level Worker and a lady teacher have also been constructed under the National Extension Scheme. A primary health centre has been sanctioned to the village and at present it runs in a private rented building. A site towards the west of Ananthasayana temple has been selected for constructing buildings for the Primary Health Centre. The Co-operative society is also housed in a rented building.
25. The important places of worship are the Ananth,:sayana Temple on the outskirts of the village. Veerabhadra temple inside the fort area, Amriteswara temple outside the gao than, Gonibasaveswara temple at the end of the bazaar street, Maradamma temple on the outskirts of the village, Kalamma temple, Anjaneya temple, Eswara temple, Sanjeevaraya temple, Petebasaveswara temple, etc. Maradamma temple also Serves as a place for shelter for mendicants, beggars, etc. Most of these temples are in the bazaar street. Apart from these temples, there is also a mosque, where the Muslims of the village pray.
Burial Gmunds
26. Excepting for the Muslims, none of the other castes have separate burial grounds. The Muslims have a burial ground, which covers an area of about SO cents, towards the north of the gaothan. The other castes bury their dead in their own fields or in some places, as close to the gaothan as possible. The Brahmins and a few other castes cremate their dead on the banks of the river Tungabhadra or on the bank of a stream flowing in the east of the village.
Sources of Water
27. There are 8 public wells, of which one is exclusively used by the Madigas. In the hamlets occupied by Lamanii'- there are 2 draw wells. But generally, the villager:l briug water from a Honda situated towards the west of the fort. They prefer this water, as it is sweet. They say that comparatively, the water in the other wells is a bit more brackish. Besides these public wells there are 32 private wells. The villagers wash their
THE VILLAGE
clothes and cattle in the waters of the Tungabhadra river.
Market
28. A weekly shandy is held in the village on every Tuesday. More than 100 temporary stalls dealing in grocery, vegetables, clothes, fruits, eatables, etc., are set up at the time. The shandy meets near the entrance of the village between 1 P.M. and 7 P.M. Villagers from 20 neighbouring villages take advantage of this shandy. For large scale trading, the villagers generally go to Hospet, Davangere or Harapanahalli. Hoopet is about 90 miles away from the village, whereas Davangere is 73 miles away and H~!'apanahalli is about 38 miles from the village.
History of the Village
29. In the absence of any ancient monuments authentic books of definite historical character, old inscriptions, etc., which play an important part in establishing its historic past, it is d:tIicult to say anything about the v:llage with authority. However, there is no denying of the fact that the district has got an ancient civilisation. Till recently, it was thought, Bellary and its surroundings formed a dense forest (Dandakaranya) without any trace of human habitation, culture or civil"sat;on worth the name. But the recent archaeological finds consisting of stone implements, etc., in Sanganahal and Koppagal, near Bellary, reveal that even in the stone age, the district had reached a high standard of civilisation. According to some archaeologists, these implements belong to the stone age dating back to 10,000 B.C.-5000 B.C.
30. Coming to the historical period, in the 3rd century B.C., this was perhaps included in the Ashoka Empire. After the beginning the Christian Era and till the forming of the Vijayanagar Empire, Bellary and its surroundings appeared to have been under the sway of Sathavahanas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas, Gangas and western Chaulkyas. In the first quarter of the 14th century, the Yadavas of Devagiri and Hoisalas of Dwarasamudra were almost succumbing to the onslaught of Malik-Kafur, the General of A1lauddin-Khilji, and it
5
was then that the great empire of Vijayanagar came to be founded by Harihararaya and Bukkaraya aided by the celebrated scholar Vidyaranya.
31. The capital of this great kingdom of Vijayanagar, was established at Vijayanagar, wh;ch is also known as Hampi. The Vijayanagar Empire had reached its zenith during the time of Krishnadevaraya and the Hampi City then rose to be the paramount metropolis, unparalleled for its splendour, vastness, richness and beauty. It was during his period that the City of Hospet was built. The kingdom of Vijayanagar had a career of over 300 years and it was laid low only in the battle of Talikota in 1565 A.D. by the combined forces of the four Mohammandan principahies of the Deccan.
32. After the battle of Talikot, Bellary became subject to the Muslim rulers of Bijapur, but a few Palegars were then continuing independently. After a time, the dislr:ct became a part of the possession of the Nizam, before it passed on to the Mysore Rulers under Hyder Ali. Hyder Ali and his son Tippu Sulthan held the district till 1792 A.D. when by a partition treaty, it had fallen back to the lot of the Nizam. Later on by <~ treaty ktween Nizam and the British, the District was ceded to the Britishers along with Cuddanah, Kurnool and Ananthapur districts i~ lieu of the 'lssistance rendered by the Britishers to the Nizam. Till 1947, Bellary was one of the ceded districts of the '-fadras State and on the attainment of independence, the word 'ceded' was deleted. On the creation of ~.he Andhra State in October, 1953, the district 3'j a whole excepting Adoni, Alur and Raidurg, taluks came to be attached to the Mysore State and since then, the village forms a part of this State.
Legends and Monumellts
33. Excepting for the image of Ananthasayana in a temple, there are no old monuments. It is said that this idol was carved out of black stone by J akanacharya, who intended ',0 take it to the Ananthasayana temple at Hampi, but before the idol could be installed at Hampi, the glory of Vijayanagar kingdom had started declining. So ultimately, it is said, that the idol was installed in this village only.
CHAPTER 11
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMEl\TS
Ethnic Composition
34. The important feature of the socio-structure of the village is its multi-ethnic composition. In the village, there are Hindus, Muslims and Jains. Out of the 800 households, 43 belong to Muslims, 3 to Juins and the remaining 754 households belong to Hindus. On the population basis, out of the total population of 4,637, Hindus number 4,395, Muslims number 230 and the Jains 12. There are further divisions among each of these three religious faiths. The Hindus are divided into castes, sub-castes, 'gotras', "bedagus', etc. So also, the Muslims are divided into several sects. The following statement gives a picture of sllch divisions broadly:-
Households Population Si. ~.;o. Caste r--.........-A---~, r----..A...--~--...,
NUl1l-0;
NUl1l- 0' /0 /0
ber ber
2 3 4 5 6
1 L.;ngayat 386 48.25 2456 52.96
2 ;;'_uruba 90 11.25 477 10.28
3 B,da 73 9.13 381 8.22
4 Barika 50 6.25 268 5.78
5 Madiga 38 4.75 180 3.88
6 Lambani 32 4.00 182 3.92
7 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 2.38 121 2.61
8 Badagi 16 2.00 89 1.92
9 Chalavadi 3 16
10 Brahmin 11 1.38 57 1.23
11 Boyi 7 0.88 36 0.78
12 Agasa 6 0.75 26 0.56
13 Viswakanna 5 0.62 39 0.84
14 Devanga 5 0.62 23 0.50
15 Myadaru 4 0.50 13 0.28
16 Rajput 0.12 5 0.11
17 Bhajantri 0.12 3 0.06
18 Sadar
19 Muslim 43 5.34 230 4.96
20 Jain 3 0.38 12 0.26 ---.-~-----------
TOTAL 800 100.00 4637 100.00
At this stage, it may be necessary (0 consider some of the practices, customs and beliefs of the important castes in the village:-
(A) Lingayats
35. 1L would be seen from the above statement that numerically, the Lingayats form the major caste in the village. There are 386 households of Lingayats with a population of 2,456. Thus, they constitute 48.25 per cent of the total number of households and 52.96 per cent of the total population. Lingayats are also known as Lingawants or Veerasaivas. They claim that their religious faith is a very old one, but that it gained considerable momentum only in the 12th century when the faith was revived by Basaveswara. Basaves\vara was an Aradhya Brahmin from BijJPur District and he gave a stimulus to the school of devotion to shiva after abandoning some of the traditional Hindu ceremonies and rejecting some ancient scriptures. He preached several tenets to replace the traditional ones. He wanted to abolish all caste distinctions. According to his preachings, there could be no caste distinction among the wearers of 'Lingas'. According to their faith, the wearers of "Lingas' are not iiable to transmigration. They are not to observe any pollution on account of monthly sicknesses, births or deaths. However, it has to be admitted that in the village, some of the old traditional customs and beliefs have reappeared among the followers of Veerasaivism without in any way affecting the doctrines preached by Basaveswara.
36. In the village, the Lingayats are divided into several distinct groups like Sadars, Panchacharyas, Banajigas, Jangams, Kumbars, Ganigas, and Hadapads. These distinctions are almost like castes among other Hindus. They must have first started as functional distinctions and at present. they are taken into consideration in settling marriages, etc. They more or less serve as endogamous divisions, as marriages between two divisions are not permitted. Thus, a Sadar cannot marry a Panchacharya. In the village, Sadars with 243 households and a population of 1,596 are in the majority. Their main occupation is cultivation and a few of them also do trading as subsidiary occupation. They are hard working and well built. Sadars are further divided into several exogamous units
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 7
called Adikeleyaru, Shamantigeyaru, Malligeyvaru, etc. Persons coming from the same exogamous group cannot marry one another. Some of the Lingayats assign a lower social status to Sadars saying that they are more recent converts to Veerasaivism. The family deities of Sadars are Shakaravva, Veerabhadra, Gonibasaveshwara, Mailar Lingeshwara, etc. Panchachars who are 269 in number and distributed in 44 house· holds are the followers of the 5 'Peetas'-"Pancha Peetas". Most of them are cultivators, but a few are hotel keepers and traders. The Banajigas are Lingayats whose traditional occupation is trade. However, many of the Banajigas in the village work at agriculture. The Jangams constitute the priestly classes among Lingayats. They officiate at all religious functions of the Lingayats as also at the time of marriage, death and birth ceremonies. Traditionally the Jangams used to seek alms from the Lingayat laity while moving from house to house with a bell garter tied to their legs and carrying a cotton bag ('Jolagi') in the hand. They are divided into two different groups, viz., Hennu Joligeyavaru and Gandu Joligeyavaru. One group seeks alms in the form of flour and the other in whole grains. There are further endogamous divisions among them called 'sutras' like Male. Paduvadi, etc. Many of the Jan_g:ams in the village have now taken to cultivation. They f!enerally worship Basaveswara, Mailar Lingeshwara, Veerabhadra. Siddeswara and other dieties. There are 11 households of Kumbars, whose traditional occupation is pottery. Many of them attend to this craft even now. The Ganigars have oil pressing as their traditional occupation, but most of them have now taken to cultivation. The 4 households of Hadpads work as barbers which is their traditional occupation. They receive their wa~es in the form of 'Av\l' annually.
37. The LingaYDts have Kannada as their mothertongue. They are all vegetarians. The names common among men are Basappa, Lingappa, Fakirappa, Veerbhadra, Shivalingaopa. and among women, are Shanthavva, Parvathavva, Shivalingavva, Basavva, Fakiravva. Kallavva, Dvamavva. etc. Sadars usually have the honorific 'gowda' suffixed to their names. Thus. the names common among Sadars are Basan Gowda, Veeran Gowda, etc. The Jangams have the honorific 'swamy' suffixed to their names. On all festival and ceremonial occasions, the Lingayats invite Jangams and offer them food and some cash as 'Kanike'. Each Lingayat household is attached to a particular Jangam who is paid 'Aya' annually in addition to presents given to him on special occasion.
38. Though Lingayats in general are not expected to perform any elaborate after death ceremonies. the
Lingayats in the village perform some obsequeies. Though widow remarriages are permitted among them, the Lingayats in the village do not usually perform them. Lingayats were not taking food with any other caste till about 10 years back, but of late, some among them have no objection to take' food with Brahmins. Inter-dining among the various divisions of Lingayats is being permitted during the last 20 years. However, Banajigas, Ganigars, Panch am Salis and Jangams do not take food from Kurubars and Hadapads even now. All Lingayats wear a 'linga' on their person from birth to death. They also besmear their foreheads with 'vibhuti'. Many of them and particularly the Banajigas, Jangams and Ganigars perform 'Shiva Pooja' before meals every day. Lingayats by virtue of their numerical strength as also economic superiority play a leading role in all the social, educational, cultural and economic activities of the village.
(B) Kurubas
39. Next to Lingayats, the K~rubas with 90 households and with a population of 477 form the second major community in the village. The Kutubas are divided into several sub-castes like Kadukuruba, Oorukuruba, Jenukuruba, etc. All the Kurubas of this village, however, belong to Oorukuruba division only. The Oorukurubas are further divided into two endogamous groups known as 'Unnekanakana Kuruba' and 'Hatti Kanakanakuruba'. All the Kurubas of the village belong to 'Hattikanakana Kuruba' division. Though inter-dining is permitted between Hattikanakana and Unnikanakana Kurubas, inter-marriage is not. The Kurubas in the village are further divided into several endogamous units called 'Bedagus'. The common 'Bedagus' are 'Gujjaloru', 'Mandaloru', etc. 'Sagotra' marriages are not permitted.
40. The traditional occupation of Kurubas is sheep rearing and wool weaving, but all the Kurubas of the village are attending to agriculture. About 15 households rear sheep as only subsidiary occupation. Only one Kuruba household in the village is engaged in weaving wool. The other sheep rearers sell away the wool to other villagers. The chief objects of their worship are Mailara Lingeshwara, Gonibasaveswara, Veerabhadra, etc. Their important place of pilgrimage is Mailar, where the famous temple of Mailar Lingeshwar is situated. They accept food and water from a few other castes in the village like the Lingayats, Brahmins, Badagi and Barikas. They are non-vegetarians, but do not eat beef. They always arrane:e marriages by paying a bride-price of about Rs. 100
g
The bride-price is known as 'Tera'. Though remarriages of widows and divorce of women is permitted among the castemen, in other villages, the local Kurubas do not anow them.
41. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. They are dark in colour and wen built. They work hard in the fields and are reputed to be honest. They have a caste panchayat of their own which wielded considerable influence till about 20 years back. All important matters relating to the caste used to be left to the decision of this caste panchayat. Persons declared to be guilty for any offence by the caste panchayat used to be punished by levy of fine, etc., and the fine amount realised was used to arrange caste dinners. But of late, the influence of the Panchayat has been on the wane and at the time of this survey the Panchayat was leading only a formal existence.
(C) Bedars
42. Bedars are also called Talwars or Valmiki Mathastaru. In oth-ef'parts of the Mysore State, Bedars are also known as Naiks and Palegars. The Bedars claim their descent from the great sage Valmiki. It is said that their traditional occupation was hunting and robbery, but now the Bedars have given up their nomadic life and have settled down in several villages. Now they work as village watchmen and also as village servants under the Patel and the Karnam. Many of them have taken to cultivation and agricultural labour. They are non-vegetarians and their mother-tongue is Kannada. Their castemen in Kolar and Chitradurga Districts have Telugu as their mother-tongue.
43. They are divided into several endogamous units called 'Bedagus'. The important exogamous units are Meenaloru, Yenumaloru, Gijjaloru, etc. Marriages within a 'Bedagu' are prohibited. The custom of paying a bride-price of about Rs. 64 at the time of marriages prevails among them. In the past, they used to dedicate women as 'Devadasis', but this old practice has almost disappeared now. They do not accept food and water from Boyis, Hasegars, Madigas, Lamanis, etc. Their principal deities are Mailar Lingeswara, YelIamma, Dyamavva, Shakaravva, etc. They have no caste Panchayat.
(D) Barikas
44. Barikas are also known as Kabberu or Gangimathastaru. Their traditional occupation consists of fishing and work as boat-men, but many of them have now taken to cultivation also. They are non-vegeta-
HOLALU
rians, but do not eat beef. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. The principal occupations of many of the Barikas in the village are cultivation and agricultural labour.
45. In the past, the custom of dedication of women as 'Devadasis' was very much prevalent among them, but now this evil practice has almost disappeared. They permit re-marriages of widows and of divorced women, but the issues from such marriages always find themselves in a lower status. The re-married widows cannot also take part in several religious ceremonies. They always arrange their marriages by paying bride a price of about Rs. 16, but sometimes the bride-price goes up to Rs. 100. Early marriages were very common among them in the past, but now-adays generally they arrange post-puberty marriages.
(E) Harijans
46. There are 41 households of Harijans in the village. 38 of them belong to Madars and 3 to Hasegars. The Hasegars are also known as Kahaleyvaru. The caste name of Kahaleyavaru is derived from the word 'Kanhale' meaning a musical instrument. This instrument consists of an elongated trumpet. Blowing of such trumpets heralding the arrival of a palanquin carrying the village deity is the traditional occupation of this caste and hence the name of this caste. The traditional occupation of most of these Harijans consists of manufacturing leather goods. The Madigas have their separate residential area. They are divided into several endogamous units known as 'Vengare', 'Maneru', 'Aiholeyavaru', 'Gujjaloru'. Inter-dining is permitted among those dilferent units.
47. Most of the Madars supply foot-wear and other leather goods required for agricultural purposes to the other villagers and they are paid 'Aya' for their services soon after the harvest. On an average, they obtain about 50 seers of jowar from ei\ch household they serve. At times, the foot-wear is also sold for cash. Whenever they arrange their marriages, they have to pay a bride-price of about Rs. 64. Till about 15 or 20 years back, they generally used to arrange for child marriages, but now generally, they arrange post-puberty marriages. Till about IS years back, they also used to dedicate young girls as 'Devadasis', but this custom is not much in vogue now.
48. The deities they worship are Maramma, Yellamma, Durgamma, Lakkavva, Hanumantharaya, Mailar Lingeshwara, etc. They have a temple of Maradamma in their residential locality. They arrange for
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 9
special worship at this temple on festival and ceremonial occasions. They are non-vegetarians and also eat carrion. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. Socially, economically, educationally and culturally, they are very backward. They have a caste-panchayat presided over by one d the elder members of their o"vn caste. Panchayat deals with all offences pertaining to social customs and beliefs of their casti!. Persons found guilty are punished by levy of fine and the fine amount collected is usually utilised for caste dinners.
49. The evil of untouchability has not completely disappeared in the village. They have a separate drinking water well and they can use water from only this well. They do not enter any temple other than their own. They also do not enter the tea shops and hotels. They are served at these places in separate vessels.
50. The Hasegar or Kahalevavaru consider themselves superior to the Madigas. They do not accept food from Madigas. In fact, inter-dining and inter-marriages between these two castes are prohibited.
(F) Lamanis
51. There are 32 households of Lamanis comprising of 182 persons. They reside in 2 separate 'Tandas' (groups) which are about 21 to 3 miles away from gaothan. The Lamanis are also known as Banjars, Naiks. Sukalis. Lambads. etc. in different parts of the country. It is said that in the past, they used to serve the moving military personnel as grain carriers and horse rearers. However, the principal occupations of the Lamanis in the village are cultivation and selling of fuel. They are included among the scheduled tribes.
52. They are non-vegetarians. 1beir mother-tongue is Banjara, mixed with Kannada. Telugu. Marathi and Tamil words. The Lamanis are divided into two endogamous groups known as 'Ooru Lamanis' and 'Adavi Lamanis'. 'Ooro Lamanis' are identified with Marwaris and the 'Adavi Lamanis' are identified w;th the nomadic tribes roaming in the jungles. They are divided into several exogamous units like 'Vodatya'. 'Khetavat' 'Bhutyes', etc. Marriages within the exogamous units are not permitted. Consanguineous marriages are frequently arranged by them. They marry sister's daughter. materna! uncle's daughter, paternal aunt's daughter. etc. Both levirate and sorrorate marriages are arso permitted. Their family deities are Venkateswlira. BaIaji, Durgamma. Hanuman. etc. They ohsf'rve all the Hindu festivals. They do not aCCf'Dt food from the HoIeyas and Madigas.
7-6 CensusfMysoreJ68
53. They have a common caste panchayat, for their hamlets. Their headman is now called 'Naika', who arbitrates in all their disputes relating to marriages. social customs and other ceremonies. They have a fair complexion and a medium stature. They are hard working and well built. Even their women f01k work hard in the fields and carry heavy loads of fuel over long distances. The women have a peculiar type of dress. They are easily distinguished by the curious and picturesque dress completely different from that worn by :::ny other class in the village. It consists of a saree of tartar, petticoat (langa), with a stomacher over the bosom and mantle often elaborately embroidered, which covers the head and the upper part of the body. The hair is worn in ringlets or plaits h:ml!ing down each side of the face. They wear heavy silver and bone anklets and bangles. Many of them wear necklaces made out of 4 anna and naya paisa coins. They permit divorce and separation. Many of them are addicts to intoxicating drinks and some of them. it is said. distil illicit liquor in the nearby hillocks <!Od the brew i~ often sold stealthily to several other persons in the villave. Most of them are illiterate. Socially and economically, they are very backward.
(G) Bahusar Kshatriya
54. There are 19 households of Bahusar Kshatriyas who are also called 'Chimkeru'. Most of them are said to be immi?rants from the nei!!hbo'lring Di<;trict of Dharwar. They came afJd settled down here about 100 years back. The Bahusar Kshatrivas are divided into two groups, viz .. Rangaris and Shimpies. It aDDears that these two divisions were formed on a consideration of the traditional occunation. Those who took to dveing work were known Rangari and those who took to tailoring were known as Shimpi. Now both interdining and inter-marriage are permitted between these two groups.
55. Their mother-tongue is Marathi. but they are well conversant with Kannada. Habitually they are non-vet:!et:uians. but some of them have returned as ve.Q:etarians. They generally mark their fore-head with sandal nowder. In the villap-e, their houses ;:Jre mostly found in the main street of the Bazaar area. M~ny of them have taken to cultivation also as a orincinal occupation. Their principa1 deities are Pandurane"a Vittala, Venkateswara. Yellamma. etc. They also offer worship at the temple of Veerabhaclra. Bfls3ve~wara, etc. Generally. thev hwe to nay a dowry to the brideqroom at the time of the m~rri~C)"f'c;. 'Th{"v ~Tl,l"c)"~ for :\ thre3d ceremony of their hovs. Thev accent food and water from Lingayats, Brahmins and Visvakarmas. but
10
not from others. Pandarpur, Kolhapur, Prasadgad, etc., ar'~ the usual places of their pilgrimages. They invitt a Brahmin priest to officiate at all their religious functions ::md marri;>::cs. They dispose of their dead by cremation. They do not permit divorces or \-\'idow fe-marriages.
(H) Badagis
56. Badagis are also known as Panchals. In the village, there are 16 households of Badagis with a population of 89. They claim descent from Visvakarma, the creator of universe. The Badagis in the village work as blacksmiths or carpenters. In social status, they claim equality with Brahmins. They are vegetarians and their mother-tongue is Kannada. They wear a sacred thread after the Upanayana ceremony. They do not permit widow re-marria \1es.
57. They worship Eswara, Mailara Linga, Kalamma, Dyamavva. Ganapathy, etc. Brahmin priests officiate at their religious ceremonies. marriages, etc. They do not accept food from any caste other than Brahmins. They prepare implements requ;red for agriculture and in turn receive payment in the form of 'Aya' from the cultivators served by them.
(1) Brahmins
58. There are 11 households of Brahmins belonging to the Smartha, Madhava and Vaishnava sub-caste!>. The Brahmins are further divided into ~everal endo· gamons units or 'Gotras' like 'Bharadvaia', 'Vasista', 'Kapila', etc. They are strict vegetarians and their mother-tongue is Kannada. They do not accept food from any other caste. The chief deities of worship are Ananthasay;ma. Venkateswara. Shankarnarayana, Anjaneya, etc.
59. Most of the Brahmins in the village were once rent receiv-ers who nossessed large extents of cultivated lands. but many of them have sold away large extents and are now left with small holdings. A few have taken to nersonal cultivation. Many Brahmins from the villa!!e have emigrated to other places in search of service. Priests among them officiate at the religious cereTr~nies of Badagis. Bedars and Barikas also. Some of them \"ere holding: hereditary offices as Karnams and also as tem"lle nri'ests. Though inter-dining is permittd ?mOD'! sub-castes of Brahmins, inter-m:lrriage is not. Widow re-marriages and divorces are not permitten, l'vJ~rria"'es are 0'enerallv arranged by pavment to thp hrictecrTOom of dowrv which may range between R~. 500 and Rs. 2.000. They cremate their dead and
HOLAL U
llui'orm elabor:de afta death ceremonies hesides performing annual 'shraddhas'.
(J) Boyis
60. There are 7 households of Boyis who are also called Voddars. The Voddars are divided into several endogamous units like Rayollu, Mannuvodda, Biligollu, etc. The traditional occuoations of the Voddars are stone dressing and earth digging. The Boyis of the village belong to Bandodda. sub-caste. They appear to be immigrants from the neighbouring Districts of Andhra Pr~desh having come and settled down here about 50 years back. Their mother-tongue is Telugu, but they also converse in Kannada well. They are nonvegetar:ans. but do not eat beef. They do not accept food from the Madigas, Chalvadis, Bedars, Muslims and Lamanis. Their principal occupations in the village consist of masonry and agricultural labour. They permil re-marriages of widows and also divorces.
(K) Muslims
61. There ;}re 43 Muslim households with a population of 230. They are all Sunnis, but they know little o! th,::r religion. Their social customs, dress, etc., is very much like those of Hindus. The Muslims of the village are divided into 4 sects, viz., Pinjaras, Shaik, MulL! and Syed. Inter-dining among these various sects is perrnitted. However marriage between a Pinjar and any other sect is not generally practised though it is not strictly forbidden. Majority of the Muslims of the village belong to Pinjara sect. Pinjaras are cotton cleaners. It is said that they are local converts of a Hindu caste bearing the same name. Many Pinjars in the village can speak only Kanarese and do not know Urdu which is the usual mother-tongue of a Muslim. Their mode of dress, both among males and females is also very much similar to the Hindus. Many of the Pinjars have now taken to cultivation. It is said that they do not eat beef and that they still observe vows to Hindu deities. However, their religious head is a Kazi. The Muslims do not accept food from Holeyas, Madigas and Boyis. None of the Muslim women observe Burka. The Muslims of the village have Urdu as the mother-tongue but they speak Kanarese well.
Houses and House Types
62. The houses in the village generally form a linear assemblage with a street running between parallel rows of houses. Some of the streets are straight and ,orne run zir:-zag. But a common feature of the streets in the village is that they are aU narrow and not maintained well. A few of the houses form shapeless clus-
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 11
ters. As the annual rainfall is generally between 20" and 30" almost \11 the houses have a rectangular ground plan with fiat roofs. There are only a few houses m tne Village WdlC11 ale lile~l ami [IICY are public like schools, hotels, etc. All the other houses with sloping roofs consist of thatched huts.
63. Generally the houses are dark and dingy. Very few houses have got wmdows and those houses which have windows, have them either in the front Of the back walls. There are practically no storeyed. houses. Light and air generally enters through the doors. They have some openings in the fiat fOOlS called 'Bel,lkindis' which allow light to enter and smoke to escape. Majority of the houses have no separate bath rooms. Arrangements for bathing are generally made in a corner in the kitchen or in a part of the cattie shed. Some people take bath in the open spaces outside the houses. Thus, there are no proper bathing faciiiLies for many of the households. Similarly, majority oi the households teather their cattle in their own residential houses. They have no separate cattle shed. A part of the living room serves as a cattle shed. It is only some of the richer Lingayat households which have separate cattle sheds. Majority of the houses have a;so no separate facilities for storing either agricultural produce or agricultural implements. The implements are generally kept in the portion serving as a cattle sh~d and the grains arc kept in a corner in the living room. Very few houses in the village have separate Pooja rooms. In majority of the houses, a part of the kitchen serves as a Pooja room. Thus. generally the living conditions in the village present a congested look. Hardly 6 houses in the village have bee1 provided with latrines. The nearby fields serve as places for toilet to the majority. There are no proper drainafe facilities m the village. Waste water just runs into public streets or into the open spaces. Thus, from sanitary and hygienic points of view, the living conditions cannot be said to be satisfactory.
64. If such are the living conditions in the other parts of the residential area, the conditions found in the residential area occupied by the Madigas and other Barijans are particularly bad. Majority of the huts in this area have no proper plinth with the result that the rain water very often enters the living quarters. The houses in this locality are constructed of poor material and are not well maintained.
65. An idea of about the congestion in the village can be had from the information presented in Table XII. It would be seen from this Table that more than 90 per cent of the households reside in houses with
not more than one room each. To be exact, 20.ij per I:em 01 me nOUM;
i2
Viraktarnath has also constructed a tiled building for a school hostel and now as many as the 166 boys stay in this hostel. Houses with roofs made of thatched material, Mangalore tiles, bamboos, etc., have generally 2 slopes. A few have got only one slope, the slope being generally towards the threshold.
()lj. Generally an agriculturist with a medium SIze land holding i.e., between 10 and 30 acres win have a house with a plinth area of about 191 feet X 371 feet. .For such houses, the foundation runs about 4 feet deep and is covered with loose and shapeless stones up to the ground level. Then the plinth is raised with stones measuring about 9" X 12". The walls are raised to a height of about 9' to 10' from the ground level and are generally about 2' thick. In majority of the houses, the walls are made of unburnt and sun-dried bricks turned out of black earth called 'Halumannu'. Before raising tIle roof, wooden pillars are also fixed at suitable distances. Such houses are usually provided with about 3 windows of the size of 2' X l' fixed in the outer walls. These houses have generally 3 doors, the front door being of 6' X 21'. The wood used for door frames. doors and windows is generally of neem. mango or jack fruit. The wood required is either obtilined locally or purchased in the markets at Harpanahalli or Hospet. The stones. mud and other materials required for house construction are available locally in ample quantities. They engage the local masons and carpenters on contract basis or on daily wages. Generally the work is entrusted to them on contract basis. The flooring generally consists of hard beaten earth covered with a wash of cow dung or lime mortar. The floor in the cattle shed is made of small sized l.'nmite shbs. The house of an average cultivator consists of a living room, a kitchen, a store room, a pooja room. a cattle shed. etc.
69. The cost of construction of a house with a plinth area of about 191' X 371' is as follows:-
(i) Foundation work (it) Cost of stones for walls (iii) Cost of construction of wal1s (iv) 8 wooden planks (v) 16 wooden pillars
(vi) 3 doors (vii) 3 windowc,
. (viii) 300 bam boos Ox) Wages for laving roofs (x) Cost of construction of inner 'valls (xi) Plastering and other work
TOTAL
Amount Rs. p.
500.00. 500.00 300.00 240.00 300.00 150.00 50.00
400.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
3,040.00
HOLALU
The houses belonging to Kurubas, Barikas, Bedars. etc., are much smaller in size. The houses of households with ail annual income of less than Rs. 500 cover a plintll area at about 250 to 300 square feet and costing about Rs. 150 for construction. A few households of well-to-do cultivators have got separate cattle sheds of tIle size of 161' X 241'. They said that construction of SUC;l separate sheds may vary from Rs. 400 in re~pect 01 'Kuchcha' cattle sheds to Rs. 2,500 for 'pucea' cattle sheds. Majority of the houses are whitewashed and repaired either at the time of Nagarpanchami festival or the Deepavali festival. On every ]\;onday, the floor is given a wash with cow dung emulsion.
70. The villagers have several beliefs regarding construction of houses. Most of them would not like their houses facing either the south or west. They generally prefer to const.ruct houses facing east. Before they undertake the work of construction of a house, they consult a priest both regarding the selection of a site and the day for commencing of the construction work. Before they commence the work of laying the foundation, they perform a small religious ceremony called 'Guddali Pooja'. At this ceremony, the site and the implements used for laying the foundation are oCered worship in the presence of a few elders. They always calculate the size of a house by a unit called 'ankana' which equals to about 50 square feet. The size of the house is always fixed in terms of some odd number of 'ankanas' like '3 ankanas', '5 ankanas', '7 ankanas', etc. They have a second ceremony when fixing the threshold. This ceremony of worshipping the threshold is also fixed on an auspicious day and at an auspicious hour fixed in consultation with the local astrologers. At this ceremony, the masons, the carpenters and the labourers are given some gifts. The next ceremony will be the house warming ceremony on completion of the construction. They offer elaborate Poojas on this occasion and one of the ceremonies connected with this function is boiling the milk in a container till it overflows. They invite several friends and relations to a feast on this occasion.
Dress
71. The type of dress used by the different castes in the village is more or less of the same type. It is not possible to distinguish the various castes by the types of dress used by each of them. The Muslims who are accustomed to wear 'Pyjamas' and long coats elsewhere use here the Dhoties and. the Shirts, just like any other Hindu caste. So also the women folk wear a saree and do not observe 'burka'. So, it is
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS
very difficult to distinguish a Muslim from a member of any other caste by dress alone. A few among the Muslims wear 'pyjamas' as a lower garment and that too only when they go outside the viliage. It is only in respect of Lamani women that their mode of dress differs considerably from the mode of dress of other villagers.
n. The wearing apparel of men generally consists of a turban, a S:l;n and a dhoti. Those w1>o do not wear a turban, generally cover their head with a small towel or a cap. The shirts are either long sleeved or half sleeved. The Dhoties are generally worn with a 'cuchcha' and very few wear them without 'cuchcha'. When working in the fields, the dhoti is generally tucked up to the level of the knee. School going boys and other children generally wear a shirt and a shorttrousers. Only boys going to the High School or the colleges wear full trousers. There is no difference in the mode of dress for festive occasions. Most of them wear foot wear called 'chappals' made by the local cobblers. A few among the well-to-do purchase readymade foot wear at either Harapanaha11i or Hospet.
73. The dress of females generally consists of a blouse called 'kubsa' and a saree. The saree is usually 6 to 8 yards in length and is used without a kucha. The upper end of the saree covers the head also excepting among women among Brahmins and a few other castes. The dress of Lamani women differs much from that of the women of any other caste. They wear a coarse petti-coat of blue and red with a stomacher over the bosom and an elaborately embroidered mantle covering the head and the upper part of the body. The bodice they use is generally tucked at the back and is made of green, blue or red colour.
Hair Style and Other Body Decomtim:s
74. Women of all castes excepting the Lamanis part their hair in the middle and tie it at the back into a knot. Young girls plait the hair at the back like a pigtail. Lamani women tie their hair into ringlets or plaits hanging down each side of the face and decorate them with shells before terminating them in tussels. The use of face powder, creams, etc., is restricted among the few coming from the well-to-do Lingayats and Brahmin families. Excepting widows. most of the women wear vermilion marks on their foreheads. Tattooing is very common among the women of Beda, Barika, Lingayat, KUTl.1ba and Madiga
. castes.
Gmaments
7). Like me people of any other parts in the country, the love of ornaments is inherent among the women of Holalu. In fact, in the past, all the savings or a household used to be invested either on landed properties or ornaments and in case of necessity, they used to prefer to dispose of landed property rather tnan ornaments. The ornaments in use in the village de varied in type. The well-to-do people generally have ornaments made of gold and those who cannot afford to purchase ornaments of such precious metals have ornaments made of silver, brass, glass, etc. Lamani women move in bangles and anklets made of heavy brass and bones. Many of them can also be noticed with pieces of copper strung round their necks. It is said that a fresh piece of copper is worn during each continement to propitiate the tribal gods. Thus the number of copper pieces also show the number of children born to the wearer. Some ornaments like Manf:,alasutra are considered very sacred. The Mangalasutra indicates the marital status of a woman among almost all the castes. It is only widows who dispense with the Mangalasutra after the death of their husbands. Ear rings are also not worn by widowed women. The widows among. Brahmins and Lingayats dispense with glass ornaments. The Muslims do not wear the head ornament called 'Bille'. Nowadays the preference is for ornaments of light weight. Formerly ornaments like Kadaga, Bugadi, etc., were very common, bllt nowadays, they are slowly disappearing. The ornaments commonly seen in the village are indicated in the statement below. A few of them like the head ornaments and the heavy ornaments are restricted for use only on festive and ceremonial occasions. The list, though big, does not mean that every household possesses each of the items mentioned therein;-
Ornament Metal Value Rs.
Head Nagam Gold 50.00
BilJi Gold 50.00
Huvu Gold 60.00
Gurvi Gold 60.00
Neck Teeke Gold 300.00
Padaka Gold 400.00
Gundusara Gold 250.00
Kasinasara Gold 400.00
Chapaiahara Gold 250.00
Saragi Gold 200.00
14
Ornament Metal Value Rs.
Ear Vale Gold 100.00
B.;ndole Gold 80.00
Bugudi Gold 60.00
Nose NattLl Gold 25.00
Moogubattu Gold 15.00
Anns, finger and wrd Van\i Sil\ er 25.01)
Vaflki Gnld 200.00
Ungura Gold 80.00
Saragi Guld 300.00
Bilavara Gold 30u.00
Patli Gold 300.00
i3allgle (Bale) Gold 80.00
Chain Silver 30.00
Anklet Silver 60.00 Toering Silver 3.00
W,\iSI Patti Gold 2,500.00
Patti,' Silver 70.00
GejJepatti Silver 100.00
Household Goods
76. In the rural areas, the residents generally do not attach much importance to the possession of furniture and other consumer goods. Even in households which can be considered as rich, the pieces of furniture found are few in number. So, the economic status of a household in a village cannot be assessed by the possession of articles of furl1lture or consumer goods. The conditions prevailing in Holalu are very much like those obtaining in other rural areas. However, distribution of the few articles possessed in the village will throw a certain amount of light on the economic conditions of each household.
77 to 79. The most common ankle of furniture that is found in the village is 'Horasu'. The 'Horasu' is a four legged wooden frame to which is fixed a net made of coir or hemp. A 'Horasu' serves as a cot particularly at the time of deliveries and treatment of ailing patients. Most of the households in the village possess at least one Horasu each. In Table 12, the articles of furniture found in the village are shown. When preparing this table, the articles fo~md in public institutions and public places like hotels, schools, etc., are not taken into consideration. So also, .Horasus are left out. It 'is seen from this Table that there are very few articles of furniture in the village and most of them are found with Lingayat households. There are in all 9 Almirahs. of which 4 are with Lingayats. Out of the 14 wooden cots, 13 are with Lingayats. There
HOLALtJ
are 39 chairs in aU, out of which, 29 are possessed by Lingayats. Out of the 22 tables, 15 are possessed by Lingayats. The 2 sofa sets and 3 easy chairs found in the village belong to Lingayats. Out of 12 benches, 9 belong to Lingayats. Thus, it is seen that most of the articles are possessed by Lingayats and this fact also goes to indicate that most of the wdl-to·Jo households belong to Lingayats. The Madigas, Lamanis, Yoyis, Agasas, Korachas, Myadars, Bhajantries, Muslims, etc., do not possess a single item of furniture.
80. In Table 12A, information regarding possession of consumer goods is presented. It lS seen from this table that most of the consumer goods also are possessed by Lingayats. There are in all 31 wrist watches in the village and 18 belong to Lingayats. Out of the 8 petromax lights, 6 belong to Lingayats. There are 17 torch lights and 11 of them belong to Lingayats. There are 5 kerosene stoves, of which 3 belong to Lingayats. Out of the 13 ~)icydes in the village, 9 belong to Lingayats. There are 7 radio sets and 5 of them belong to Lingayats. Out of the 2 time pieces, 1 belongs to the Lingayat and 1 to Devanga. There are 9 clocks and 6 of them belong to Lingayats. The 2 motor-cycles and I electric fan in the village belong to Lingayats.
81. In Table 12-B, information regarding certain habits like the use of mosquito nets, use of toilet and washing soaps, the habit of getting clothes washed by washerman, etc., has been taken. Tile information has been furnished not only according to castes, but also according to the broad income groups. It is seen from this Table that hardly 11 households in the village are in the habit of using mosquito nets. Out of them 9 belong to Lingayats 1 to Brahmin and 1 to Devanga. On a consideration of the income groups, 10 of these 11 households are in the monthly income group of Rs. 150 and more and the remaining 1 is in the income group of Rs. 51 to Rs. 100. Out of 800 households, only 174 are in the habit of using toilet and washing soaps and out of them, 116 belong to Lingayats. On a consideration of the income groups, it is seen that 55 households in the income group of Rs. 150 and above, 37 households in the income group of Rs. 101 to Rs. 150, 53 households in the income group of Rs. 51 to Rs. 100 and 29 households in the income group of Rs. 50 and less, use toilet or washing soap. 286 households in the village send their clothes to the washermen for washing purposes.
82. The other articles commonly seen in nIl the households are utensils. clothing, etc. The utensils
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 15
used by the poor are mostly earthen ware and a few aluminium vessels. The earthern ware is mostly prepared by the local potters. The earthen vessels commonly used are known as 'Kuctike', 'Madike', 'Gadige', 'Rooji', 'Bani', 'Marige', etc. Very few households in the village possess stainless steel vessels. Most of the metallic vessels are purchased in the markets at Raveri, Rospet or Ranibennnr. Coarse woollen blankets called 'Kamblies' are found in almost all the households. Tad palm leaf mats are also very common.
Food and Drinks
83. Tables XVII and XVIII present information about the food habits of the villagers. It is seen from Table XVIII that 430 households consist of vegetarians and 370 consist of non-vegetarians. Thus, 53.75 per cent of the households are comprised of vegetarians and 46.25 per cent are non-vegetari::ms. Lingayats, Brahmins, Jains and Viswakarmas, are all vegetarians. Most of the vegetarians among Hindus excepting Madigas do not eat beef. The Muslims do not eat pork. The non-vegetarian households prepare non-vegetarian food only on special occas;ons and not regularly. Their regular diet is very much similar to that of vegetarians. The staple diet of the villagers is jowar. 711 households have only jowar as the staple diet. In 87 households the staple diet of iowar is supolemented with rice. In one household. the jowar diet is supplemented with Ragi or rice and only in one household rice forms the only staple diet. The consumption of wheat is generally restricted to special occasions like festivals, entertainment of guests, etc. Jowar is generally consumed in the form of bread with 'rotti'.
84. The villagers generally take 3 meals a day. The first meal is usually at about 9 a.m. the second at about 2 p.m. and the third at about 8 p.m. The first meal generally consists of items cooked the nrevious day. They consume only jowar bread with some vegetables at the first meal. The curries are generally hot and the vegetables commonly used are brinials. lady's fingers, cluster beans, gourds, etc. Onions and green or red chillies are used in am ole quantities. The menu for the second and the trird meals is also very much similar. However, the jowar breads for the second and third meals are prepared fresh. The use of ghee. butter, curds and other milk products is generally limited to only well-to-do families. Groundnut oil is generally the cooking medium. Households which are accustomed to only 2 meals a day generally have some snaks with tea in the morning:
and in the afternoon. The common beverage of the villagers consists of tea. Those who do not prepare it at home will generally be found in the tea shops, particularly the male members. It is seen from Table ll-A that majority of the villagers are in the habit of taking tea. It is only when a person suffers frc.m some ailment or fever that coffee is taken by them. Their festival dishes consist of sweets like 'Holige', 'Ruggi', 'Kadubu', 'Kari·Kadubu', 'Shamige' 'Prryasa'. etc. Most of these sweets are prepared from jaggery, wheat and gram.
85. Smoking of beedies and cigarettes is considerably on the increase. Chewing of 'pan supari' is also very common. It is said that some of the Madigas, Lamanis, Vedas, Barikas, Kurubas, often consume intoxicating drinks locally called 'sharab' prepared 'by some Lamanis, but this is done not openly and nobody admits of his being a victim to this habit.
Beliefs and practices connected with births
86 to 87. The first pregnancy of a woman is generally associated with several ceremonies. Birth of the first child usually takes place in the woman's parental house. From the third or fourth month of pregnancy, some restrictions are placed on her diet. Preparations made out of ground nut, jack fruit, papaya, etc .. are forbidden. At times special dishes containing a lot of copra and other easily digest able ingredients are given to her. In the 5th or 7th month of pregnancy, a ceremony called 'seemanta' is arranged. At this ceremony, her parents are invited and they 1)resenf her with a saree, a blouse, bangles, betel-1e:lf and betel-nuts, fruits, etc., after waving 'arati'. A few near relations are also invited for the ceremony. At times, particularly among Brahmins and Lingayats. tl1 ere is also a custom of presenting some articles to her husband. After the 5th month, her work is also regulated. As far as possible, she is not permitted to do any work involving heavy manual labour. hut among the agricultural labourers and other households which are economically poor, pregnant women continue to do the normal work till they complete the 8th month and at times even during the 9th month of pregnancy. In some odd month of pregnancy. the woman is taken to her parental house for delivery.
88. The deliveries are attended to bv untrained midwives called 'Dais' or 'Sulgitties'. There are some such 'Dais' of Barika and Beda castes in the vi1b?-e. Only a few among the well-to-do consult the mrdica 1 authorities re?-?rding the condition of the precmant lady and the child to be born. Generally the de1i-
16
veries take place in the residential houses only. There are no hospitals affording facilities for maternity cases nearby. In the case of complicated and protracted deliveries, vows are observed to the deities like Mailar Lingeshwara, Kalamma, etc. Only occasionally are the pregnant ladies taken to the medical practitioners at Hadagalli for consultation. In her parental house, a separate room is set apart for her delivery and if such a room is not available, a separate corner in the living room itself is partitioned. Such rooms or enclosures meant for deliveries are dark and ill-ventilated. The 'Dai' who attends to the delivery cases is presented with a saree, some oil and cash worth about Rs. 10.
89. Soon after the birth of the child, the umbilical cord is cut by the 'Dai' and it is carried away in an earthen pot and buried in the manure pit or in an ant hill. The mother and child are given a warm water bath and the baby is administered an few drops of castor oil. Among Lingayats, arrangements for tying a Linga or Lingadarana ceremony are also made bv inviting a Jangam, who ties a linga to the child aft;r breathing some sacred hymns into the ears of the child. For the first three days, the mother's food consists of gruel prepared from Soji a nd from the third day, she is given some rice with a preparation of copra called 'Kobbari Kara'. It is only after ~O days that she takes her normal food. However, she is not permitted to take groundnut oil, vegetables like, brinjals, lady's finger, pumpkin and fruits like pJantain, jack and mangoes for sometime more. Suckling of the child starts from the fifth day. On the fifth day. they have a ceremony called 'Sa1vai'. The naming ceremony takes places on the 11 th day among most of the villagers. The naming ceremony is locally known as 'Namakarana'. Boyis, Madigas and Hasegars perform the naming ceremony some time later. The Muslims perform it on the 40th day. Among Brahmins, the naming ceremony takes place after the horoscope is prepared and after the local priest is consulted. The Muslims !!enerally consult the Kazi before' naming the child. DlJrin.!! the first three months of confinement, the mother is not allowed to use cold water for any purpose. Among the well-to-do people, the period of confinement Insts for about 3 months. During this period, she does not attend to any domestic work. Poorer sections, however, start attending to normal work a hout . a month after the delivery. Worship of the well 1-y the woman is the first act marking the end of the period of confinement. This ceremony is called 'Gange Pooia'. It is only after this ceremony that she can touch and use cold water. The first nJace she is permitted to visit outside the house is generally a temple.
HOLALU
90. The villagers believe that it is a good omen to have a girl as a first issue. They consider it not good to have a daughter following 3 successive male issues' or a son following 3 successive female issues. Birth of a child under 'Moola Nakshatra' or on new moon days is also considered to be not good. Barreness and still births are attributed to her sins in the past life. They are called 'Karma'. The remedies frequently sought for such occurrences are by observing vows to the various deities. Brahmins, Lingayats and Kurubas also undertake pilgrimages to place like Mantralaya Thirupathi, Devargudda, etc., on such occasions. Abortions are not generally practised. During the period of confinement, the women are treated with some herbs, roots and decoctions.
Beliefs and Practices connected with Marriages
91. Marriages are generally initiated by the parents of the bridegrooms. It is only among Brahmins and a few other castes that marriages are initiated by the bride's parties; The average marriageable age for boys and girls in the village is about 22 and 16 respectively. In the past, child marriages were almost the rule. Now such marriages take place only occasionally. Generally, either the bridegroom or the bride has not much voice in the selection of his or her partner. His elders look out for a suitable match and then visit the girl's place to see her. If they approve of the match, they invite the girl's parents to return the visit and see the boy. If they reach a mutual agreement. a date is fixeAl for betrothal. In settling matrimonial alliances, the rules of endogamy and exogamy are strictly observed. Inter-caste marriages are practically unknown in the village.
92. The betrothal ceremony, locally known as 'Nischita Thambula' or 'Hasiru Veelya' is generally performed in the bride's place. At this ceremony, the bride is presented with a saree, a blouse piece and a few ornaments. The relatives and castemen are also invited to a feast among Lingayats, Brahmins and Badagis. It is also customary to make some presents to the boy on the occasion. The marriage ceremony among most of the castes excepting Badagis and Brahmins takes place in the bridegroom's house. At times. some convenient public places like a temple, a choultry, etc., are also selected according to mutual convenience. Brahmin priests officiate at the marriages ()f Brahmins, Bedas, Barikas, Badag;s and Bahusara Kshatrivas. Lingayat priests officiate at the marriages of Linp:ayats and Kurubas. The Mt1slims have the Kazi to officiate at their marriages. The Madigas, Lamanis and the Boyis have their own caste priests,
THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 17
The date for marriage is generally fixed in consultation with a priest or a Jangam. Generally, the marriages are celebrated in the months of Chaitra, Vaishaka or Sravana. The month of Ashada is scrupulously avoided.
93. The marriage ceremony usually lasts for about 3 days and at times, the various programmes are covered in shorter periods. The first ceremony is that of erecting a pendal called 'chappara'. This is performed about 2 or 3 days prior to the date of the marriage. The pendal is covered by cocoanut palm leaves ceremonially brought from the garden of the maternal uncle of the bridegroom. The marriage usually starts with a ceremony called 'Arisina'. The bride and the bridegroom perform this ceremony independently at their own places. At this ceremony, their bodies are rubbed with tunneric paste and they are given a ceremonial oil bath. This is followed by a ceremony at which they seek blessings from their family deities and the departed ancestors. .'\. day before the marriage or at times on the day of the marriage, the bride's party arrives at the bridegroom's village and they are received with honour. The most important of all the ceremonies are the 'Akshata Rohana' and the tying of the 'Mangalya'. On this day, the rituals commence hefore sun-rise. 5 married women 'Muttaideyavaru' perform 'Gange Pooja' at the village pond (Honda) and bring 4 pots of water which are placed in the 4 corners of the marriage pendal. The bride and the bridegroom are given oil bath and they wear their ceremonial dress before offering worship at a temple. 5 Kalasas are placed on heaps of gratns in the pendal by the priest. The couple sits on the sides of the 'Kalasas' and some rituals are performed. The toe-rings, Mangalya, etc., are kept in a plate and taken round for obtaining the blessings of the assemblage. Wristlets are tied to the wrists of the couple. The bridegroom then ties the 'Mangalya' round the neck of the bride at the appointed hour and the whole gathering blesses the couule by throwing 'akshathe' or rice grains immersed in tunneric water. This is followed by certain ceremonies and some merry making customs like 'Mugooti'. 'Mugooti' is a game in which a nose ring is dipped in a vessel containing coloured water and the couple is asked to pick it up. The bride or the bridegroom who succeeds in picking up first is declared the winner, The women folk keep singing some folk songs all the time. The persons who have gathered for the marriage give some presents to the couple and the close relatives and friends are given a feast. Among some of the well-to-do classes, there is also a custom of taking the bride and the bridegroom in a de<;orated 8-6 CensusfMysoref68
bullock cart round the villa_Q:e on the night of the marriage. The other ceremonies which follow this 'Mangalya' tying ceremony are 'Nagoli' and 'Sulige'. Before the bride enters the bridegroom's house for the first time, there is also a custom of asking her to enter the house with her right foot first and as she keeps her right foot on the threshold, a nail is hammered between her big toe and the second toe. This is said to signify her right to become a member of her husbands family from then onwards. The nuptials are generally performed three J!'nnths after the marriage.
94. Among the Muslims, the oractice of dec1arin~ a 'Mahar' by the bridegroom is prevalent. The amount of 'Mahar' usually ran2:es between Rs. 100 and Rs. 300. The 'Kazi' offic;ates at their marr i8!!e ceremon:es and their marria!!es are recorded 'n a re!!.ister maintained by the Kazi. Among Pinjaras, after their preliminary matrimonial negotiations, a ceremony called 'chikkaveelya' is performed, for confirming the neQotiations. This ceremony is very much like the hetrothal ceremony among Hindus. Among Musli:l's, the marriaf[e usually takes place at the bride's residence Clnd they generally perform them after sun-set. When the bridegroom arrives for the m~rri8 (Ye, he is llsll'l11v taken in procession on a horseback with his hce covered with flower garlands. At t1'e mO~(111e the bridegroom offers 'namaz' and in tl-Je me~ntime. the 'MangCllya' is tied to the neck of tre bride bv 5 married women. On his return frolT' the mo~"ue, the bride and the bridegroom are se?ted in the neneh! and the Kazi performs the marriage ceremony called 'Nikah'.
95. Widow marriages and divorces are permitted among most of the castes. Generallv cC'nsal1!':llineolls marriaf!es are arranged. Among Hindus. a wan C'ln marry his sister's daughter, paternal aunt's d<lu!!.hter or maternal uncle's daughter. Levirate and sorrorate are not practiced by any excepting L'lmanis.
Beliefs and practices connected with death
96. Excepting among Brahmins. Bada gis and Bhahusar Kshatriyas, the disnosal of the de~HI is hv burial. The 3 castes cremate their de~d. Even among these 3 castes. the 1Jllm8rried dead are buried. Leprosy patients are usually cremated bv ~11. The funeral customs of all the caste do not differ from customs prevailing among these castes in other areas. Most of the castes ohserve nolllltiol1 for ~
period of 10 to 13 davs. Linqavats in other arp'lS do not observe any period of pollution, but in the Village,
is
the Lingayats observe about 10 days as a period of pollution. Most of the castes excepting Muslims have no separate burial ground. They bury their dead in some fields. The Brahmins. Badagis and Bahusara Kshatriyas cremate their dead on the banks of the river Tungabhadra or on the Bank of the stream. There IS no custom of erecting any monument in commemoration of the dead. However. if the
HOLALU
dead person is a priest. his 'padukas' and 'dand' (walking stick) are preserved for worship. They generally consult their caste priest regarding the time when a person is dead. If the hour is considered to be inauspicious. they perform certain special ceremonies and at times. even vacate the houses tempo· ra rily for a period of three months or so.
CHAPTER III
ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE
Economic Resources
97. Holalu is predominently an agricultural village. As such, land and livestock form the tl'vin pillars of the agrarian economy of the village. There are practically no important household indu~lries. The few household industries like silver and goidsmithy, pottery, basket making, cobblery, etc., occupy a minor and insignificant place in the economy of the village.
Land
98. Land forms the chief source of income I'or a majority of the population of the village. The \illage covers an area of 7614 acres and 58 cents and the total land revenue collected by Government every year amounts to Rs. 5.412.l5. The pattern of land utilisation is as follows :-
S!. No. Land classification
2
1. Assessed Rayatwari land
2. Inam land .
3. Pot Kharab
4. Streams
5. Road
6. Old school
7. Village site
8. Canal
9. River
10. Temples, etc.
II.. Pond
TOTAL
Ar<:a r---~-....A._----~
Acres C:lltS
3 4
4515 26
1658 <:0
~48 52
222 84
32 64
96
81 60
3 72
177 }6
30 00
13 49
7614 58
----.------------------------------99. On an average. about 86.17 percent of the
total area of the village is under cultivation. In a few lands, double cropping is also practised. The area where double cropping is done, is about 254 acres.
In 1 Yol-62, the area brought under actual cultivation was 5,243 acres 46 cents. In other words, 84.93 per cent of the cultivable land was actually put under cultivation. About 930.20 acres or land or about 15 per cent of the cultivable land was left uncultivated for various reasons. About 88.,)2 acres were not brought under the plough and left as current fallow to provide grazing facilities to the village cattle. It may be noticed from the above facts regarding the pattern of land utilisation, that there are no community pastures assigned as such. So also, there are no forest areas within the village limits. Under the circumstances, some of the cultivators, particularly the big cultivators are forced to leave out some patches of land uncultivated for cattle grazing purposes. Besides such patches, some assessed lands. have also been left fallow, because of their unsuitability fer cultivation. In 1961-62, a few patches could not also be sown because of the vagaries of the monsoons.
100. In the revenue records, the entire cultivated area of the village has been classified as dry land. It is true that generally the cultivation in the village is dry, but of late, about III acres and 43 cents of land have been brought under irrigation. In this irrigated area, crops like plantains, coconut, sugarcane, vegetables, etc., are raised. The soils found in the lands of the village can be classified into four categories, viz., (i) black cotton soil, (ii) red loam, (iii) mixture of black and red soils; and (iv) alkaline. Cotton and groundnut are the important crops in the black soil. J owar and some pulses are the chief crops in red soil. The important kharif crops of the village consist of iowar, groundnut and pulses and the important rabi crops are rabi jowar, also known as 'Hingari lola' and cotton. In 1960-61, the area under kharif jowar was 1965 acres and 84 cents, under cotton, 1t was 1,216 acres and 82 cents, under groundnut, it was 1,033 acres and 16 cents and under rabi jowar, it was 254 acres. The chief food crops of the village are jowar and Navane and the important commercial crops are cotton and groundnut. The village as a whole is surplus in jowar, groundnut and cotton. These are the chief articles exported from the village and paddy or rice is the chief foodgrain that is imported from Davangere and Hospet. More or less. the village is self-sufficient in pulses.
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101. The low rainfall and the absence of adequate means oc lIriga.Lon have placed the cultivators entirely Ullutr lile m..;r..;y 0, tne monsoons. Whenever, there is failure OL railllall or whenever it is not well regulated, tile condllion ot the villagers becomes very distressing. During tne last one decade, about 32 imgation wells Ii;'., e Dten dug in tne vIllage. Some of them have been liACU. <A 1111 pumps for water drawing purposes.
102. Livestock also plays an important role in the 'vU,,',,": "~lLlullly. lll~ mouve power for the traditional p.\JUb,l " bdH:r<.t.UY proy tUed by bullocks. Livestock alJl) lOlHh ail llnponant source or manure. Buffaloes CiilJ cull ~ are ciuellY reared for their miik and also 10, l'ie piopagalion of their species. The possession of 1i veo,OLK ,1lc,0 provides the viJiagers with a sense of reLgious and sentimental satisfaction. They love their cc,Uie very much and on the occasion of some ie"t/,aio. llKe ::'<ll;KranL. Karu Hunlllme, l:3asava Jayanthi, etc., tileY worsh p them. The cattie are generally tetilered in their living rooms only. Very few houses in the village have separate cattle sheds, but in spite of their love and devotion to the cattle. they do not appear to attach much importance to their proper breeding. Recently, the Ta:uk Development Board has supplied one breeding bull of 'Hallikar breed' to the village. The details of the livestock found in the village at the time of this survey are presented in Table 7. Accord,ng to these statistics. the Lvestock of the village is as follows:-
(1) Cows in milk 186
(2) Cows in dry 321
(3) Adult females not calved 9
(4) Working bullocks 702
(5) Other adult males 29
(6) Young stock males 128
(7) Young stock females 81
(8) He-buffaloes 7
(9) She-buffaloes 165
(10) She-buffaloes in dry 209
(11) Young stock buffaloes 144
(12) Sheep 849
(13) Goats 189
(14) Horse 1
(15) Donkeys 7
l16) Cocks 49
(l7) Hens 63
(18) Chickens 10
HOLALtJ
103. The biggest handicap they face is the lack of adequate grazing facilities. As already said, there are no common pastures or grazing areas in the village. So, the cultIvators find it hard to provide grazing facilities to their cattle. A few no doubt, set apart small patches in their private land for grazing purposes, but this is not ordinarily possible to smaller cultivators. So generally they only do stall-feeding.
Other Resources
104. In addition to land and livestock, the other economic resources of the village are household industry, agricultural labour and trade. There are very few household industries in the village, chief of them being tailoring, goldsmithy, cobblery, carpentry, basket making, pottery, etc. Household industry forms the principal source of income for 66 households and the subsidiary source of income for 13 households. In all 105 workers are engaged in these crafts. 33 households of the village are engaged in trade and commerce as a principal source of income and 56 households attend to this vocation as a subsidiary occupation. The trade is mostly done in retail and the chief commodities traded are vegetables, cutlery, cloth, fuel, grocery articles, etc. About 8 households are engaged in running tea shops.
Factors Influencing Economic Life in the Village
105. The land in the DiStrict of Bellary generally consists of small holdings. There are very few large holdings in the District. In the village too, the position is more or less the same. The village has got two types of tenures, viz., the rayatwari tenure and the Inam tenure. The assessed rayatwari land covers an area of 4.515 acres 26 cents and the Inam area is 1.658 acres 40 cents. The area under the different types of Inams is as follows:-
Sl. No. Class of Inam Area r----"---~
Acres Cents
1. Temple Inam 192 07
2. Personal lnam 329 06
3. ViIlflge Service Inam 1124 41
4. Artisan Inam 12 86
TOTAL 1658 40
Steps are afoot to abolish some of these Inams.
t:!CONOMY
106. The main modes under which the lands are held and cultIvated in the village are: (i) self-cultivatIOn by owners and (ii) cultivatIOn through tenants. It was generaHy found that there was no security for the tenants in the village. They were more or less tenants at will and also often times the lion's share in tne produce used to be claimed by the landlords leavmg very little for the actual tiller. Rack renting was going on, on a large scale. Before any legislative measures lor introducing the tenancy reforms could be undertaken in the old Madras State, this District which was formerly in the Madras State came to be transferred to the. Mysore State. This transfer took place in 1953. In 1955, the provisions of the Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952, were made applicable to the Bellary District as a whole and naturally, Holalu also came under its influence. The main intention behind the passing of this Act was to put an end to the hardship of the tenant classes. This Act and the rules passed thereunder gave a small measure of security to certain tenants. Under this Act, tenants in possession at the commencement of the Act were given a further period of lease for five years from the commencement of the Act and they were liable to be ejectment at the end of this period unless the landlord allowed them to cultivate. Tenants who had been in continuous possession for a period exceeding 12 years before the passing of this Act were given further security inasmuch as the landlord could eject them on the ground of personal cultivation only from a part of their holding. The landlord could resume only half the area of a tenant holding 10 acres or less and in the case of tenants holding more than 10 acres, the landlord could resume only 50 to 75 per cent of the tenancy area. However, in order to see that the actual cultivation did not suffer, provision was also made for ejectment on the grounds of sub-division of land, subletting of land, leaving the land fallow, using the land for purposes other than agriculture, failure to pay rent, doing any act destructive and permanently injurious to the land, etc. Originally, the maximum rent was not to exceed one half of the produce or its value. It also gave the Government power to fix the maximum rent at a lower rate. In exercise of this power, a notification was issued by Government in March, 1955, fixing the maximum rent at one-third of the produce in maidan area and one-fourth in Malnad area. Holalu being a village in the maid an area the maximum rent was fixed at one-third of the produce.
107. In 1954, the Government of the former State of Mysore had introduced in the legislature a Bill for amending the Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952. By this Bill,
21
it was proposed to classify the tenants into three categories, viz., protected tenants, non-protected tenants and ordinary tenants and also it was proposed to introduce several changes in the tenancy laws, but before the Bill could complete all the necessary stages for becoming a law, the re-organisation of States took place on 1-11-1956.
108. The 1952 Act which stood then was amended by an Ordinance dated 11th March, 1957, continuing all leases where the period of five years had expired and also requiring that the surrenders of the land should be in writing and duly verified and registered in the Office of the Amildar. The land surrendered was taken under GC'vernment management and was to be leased out in the following order, viz.:-
(1) Co-operative Farming Societies;
(2) Agricultural labourers;
(3) Landless people; and
(4) Other agriculturists.
A Committee was set up by the Government to examine the existing tenancy laws and to suggest suitable measures for regulating the land tenancies in the whole State. A Land Reforms Bill drafted generally on the basis of the recommendation of this Committee was introduced in the State Legislature in November, 1958. The Bill as modified by the Select Committee was passed by both the Houses of the Legislature in 1961, and after receiving the President's assent, it has come into force as the Land Reforms Act, on 2nd October, 1965.
109. In spite of these legislative and administrative measures, it was found at the time of the survey that some of the old practices continued to be there. It was found that in many cases, the tenant was actually paying 50 per cent of the produce to the landlord even though the Act of 1955 fixed the maximum rent at a figure not exceeding one-third of the produce or its value. The most popular type of lease is known as 'Koru' wherein, the tenant pays 50 per cent of the produce to the landlord. The lands are generally leased out on oral agreement and many tenants have been displaced prematurely by the landlords without taking into consideration the provisions under the tenancy law providing them with security of tenure. In some cases, the landlords circumvent the provisions of the Act by declaring the actual tenants as agricultural labourers employed for work under their personal
22
superVISlOl1. The tenants meekly submit to such conullions either through fear or ignorance. So far, there lS only one tenancy matter that is referred to the tenancy court from the village.
Bu. At the time of the survey, it was found that there were 127 tenants in the VIllage cultivating an area 0, 1,273 acres and 67 cents. Another type of lease that is prevailing in the village is by payment of a lixed amount of cash as rent per annum. Such fixed cash rent is collected either at the time of harvesting the crops or in advance.
Land Improvement
111. The important land improvement schemes in tne \ 11lage are tractor ploughing, development of lift irrigiltlvn and soIl conservation measures by contouroundll1g. The Soil Conservation Department of the (joveLiment of Mysore is conducting a preliminary wrvty ior contour-bunding. According to the proposals <tlready submitted, the Department, is to undertake such \\orks in an area of 800 acres in 1963-64. Under the scheme, it is proposed to erect bunds raising to a height of about 2! feet. It is also proposed to advance h.ms to needy cultivators at a rate of 4! per cent ir:teresl to meet the costs of such bunding work and t;1e amount advanced is recoverable in 15 annual instalments.
112. The villagers understand the importance and benefits of tractor ploughing. There are 2 private tractors in the village. These are owned by 2 big cultivators. Besides ploughing their own lands with th::se tractors, these cultivators also hire out the tractors to others. So far, an area of about 400 acres have been ploughed with tractors. Recently, the villagers have started irrigating their lands by setting up electric pumps to wells. During the last 10 years, about 32 pump sets have been fixed in the village and the total irrigated area is about 120 acres.
Industrialisation
113. The economy of the village being primarily of an agrarian type, the village has practically made no development in the industrial field. The principal occupation for 315 households in the village is cultivation -and for 306 households, it is agricultural labour. In other words, 50.94 per cent of the population and 39.75 per cent of the total number of households have agriculture as their main source of income. Household industries like tailoring, carpentry, blacksmithy, etc.,
f{ULALU
provide principal occupation to 55 households and subSIdiary occupation to 14 households. The households having household industry as principal occupation mamly attend to tailoring carpemry, blacksmithy, etc., and those doing it as a subsidiary occupation do cobbIery, tailoring, carpentry, etc. There are 3 Hour mills in the vlllage owned by 3 Lingayats. These fiour milb provide employment to about 8 persons. They are run with electric power.
Urbanisation
114. Tne village ha.'> always presellllu a rural appearance and at LIe tIme Of tIjJ~ survey also, tnere IS
pral:ucaHy no change eHher in the outlook or its appearance. llle duet Ul ban amenity provided recently has been the electrilication of the viUage. The other changes noticed relate to the dres~ and .lOod habits. A few households have started using cosmelics. 1 he habit of drinking tea is on an increase. A few also possess rauio receiver sets. Some of the youngsters palticularly from the student and traciing classes have discarded their turbans and wear a cap or leave thell- heads bare. Some of them have also started wearing trousers and bush shirts replacing the traditional Gnoti and the shirt. But by far and large, the village coatinues to present a rural appearance.
Communication
115. The village is not provided with adequate transport facilities. Only 2 buses ply on Mailar-Hospet and Mailar-.oavangere (via Hadagalli) roads. The nearest trading centres like Haveri and Ranebennur are not easily accessible to the village. The river Tungabhadra is yet to be bridged. The construction of such a bridge is in progress and when it is completed, the villagers will find it easier to trade with Haveri and Ranebennur which are stations on the Poona-Bangalore Railway line. When the bridge is completed, the nearest railway station for the village will be Devaragudda. There is a Branch Post Office functioning in the village. The villagers are trying to get it converted into a Sub-Post Office affording telegraphic facilities also.
\Iarketing Facilities
116. The village is situated in a distant corner of the Taluk and of the District and as such suffers much for want of proper marketing facilities. Many a time, the cultivators are forced to sell their produce at rates much lower than (he rates !Jrevailing in the market. (0 the wholesalers. who visit the village during harvesting season. There i~ a service co-operative society
ECONOMY
in the village no doubt, but it does not figure much in providing suitable marketing facilities to the cultivators.
Sources of Finance
117. Indigenous money lenders playa vital role in the village economy even after the establishment of a service co-operative society in the village. The villagers complain that the procedure for obtaining loans either from the co-operative society or from other Governmental agencies is so complicated, cumbersome and uncertain, that they are forced to approach the private money lenders for obtaining credit. The society has advanced in the year 1960-61, Rs. 35,789 as short-term loans and Rs. 14,650 as medium-term loans. In 1961-62, it has advanced Rs. 29,300 as short-term loans. No loans were advanced in 1962-63 as the advances made earlier were not recovered.
Economic Activities and Nature of Chan~es
(A) Livelihood classes
118. According to the Census of 1961, the village had a population of 4,375 consisting of 1,985 workers and 2,390 non-workers. Only persons who are actively and gainfully employed in some economic or social activity were classed as workers and all the rest were classified as non-workers. The workers then were divided into the following 9 categories according to the nature of their principal work:-
Nature of principal work
(1) Cultivators
(2) Agricultural labourers
(3) Mining, livestock rearing, forestry, etc ..
Number of workers
623
1119
(4) Household ind.lstry 86
(5) Manufacture other than household industry 12
(6) Construction
(7) Trade and Cummerce
(8) Transport and storage, etc.
(9) Other services
52
93
TOTAL 1985
119. In 1951, the population was divided into two main classes, viz., agricultural classes and non-agricultural classes. Unlike the classification made in 1961, there was no distinction between workers and non-
23
workers in the 1951 census. Each household was taken as a unit and all the members in it-both active workers and their dependents-were grouped together in one of the two categories, viz., agricultural classes or nonagricultural classes according to the nature of the principal work of the household as a whole. There was another difference in the concepts adopted for the 1951 census in determining the principal work. In 1951, the work which yielded more income was considered as a principal work whereas in 1961, the work on which an individual spent more time regularly was considered as his principal work. For the purpose of this survey, the concepts adopted were more or less the same as adopted for the 1961 census. However, as statistics regarding the income of each household have also been collected at the time of this survey, it is possible to reduce the information collected at this survey in terms of the concepts adopted in 1951. On doing so, the results achieved are as follows :-
Livelihood classes·
T. Agricultural Class:
(1) Cultivators of land wholly or mainly owned and their de-pendents
(2) Cultivators of land wholly or mainly un-owned and their de-pendents
(3) Cultivating labourers and their dependents
(4) Agricultural rent re-ceivers and their de-pendents
SUB-TOTAL.
II. Non-Agricultural Class:
(5) Production other than cultivation
(6) Commerce
(7) Other services and miscellaneous sources
TOTAl.
1951 1963 ,-__ _.A._........._, ,-_ __"_~ __ -, No. of Percent- Number Percent
persons age of of per- age of the sons the tot2.1 total
2 3 4 5
1,837 50.05 2,163 46.65
118 3.22 183 3.95
940 25 61 1,350 29.11
219 5.97 53 1.14
3,114 84.85 3,749 SO.85
195 5.31 315 6.79
160 4.36 190 4.10
201 5.48 383 &.26 ----------------
3,670 100.00 4,637 100.00
120. It is seen from the above statement that in 1951, 84.85 per cent of the total population depended on agriculture as the principal means for livelihood.
24
In 1963, the percentage of such population is 80.85. Thus, during the last 1951--63 period, there has been a decrease by about 4 per cent in the population dependent on agriculture as a chief source of income. It would be seen from the above statement that the number as well as the proportion of tenant-cultivators and agricultural labourers hav\.; ~hown an increase. There has been a decrease in the proportion of ownercultivators though their number has shown an increase. Agricultural rent received have registered a significant decrease both in numbers and in proportion. The number of rent receivers has decreased from 219 in 1951 to only 53 in 1963. This is due to the fact that some of these rent receivers have sold away their lands to others and a few have taken to self-cultivation. However, agricultural class, if taken as a whole, there does not appear much change in the percentage figures. At this stage, it is to be observed that a large number of tenants do not find their names in the revenue records. This is due to the fact that the landlords manupulate in such a way that the tenants though actually working as lessees under them are shown as agricultural labourers in the relevant records. There has not been much variation in the percentages of the three categories found among non-agricultural classes. The only noticeable variation is amongst 'other services and miscellaneous sources'. In this category, the percentage of the population has increased from 5.48 in 1951 to 8.26 in 1963. This increase is due to the appointment of some more Government officials and also officials in the co-operative society and other public institutions.
(B) Workers
121. The popUlation of the village has been divided into two broad categories, viz., workers and nonworkers according to the nature of their economic activity. A person who is gainfully employed in any social or economic activity is taken as a worker, provided, he or she satisfies the criteria laid down for workers for the purposes of 1961 census. Persons who fail to satisfy such criteria are classed as non-workers.
122. Information regarding the workers is contained in Table VIII. It is seen from this Table. that out of the population of 4.fi37. the workers number 1857 comprising of 1,360 males and 497 females. Thus, 40.05 per cent of the the total population forms the total working force ip the village and the non-working population comes to 59.95 per cent. The distribution of the workers according to sex will show that 58.17 per cent of the male population and 21.62 per cent of the female population consist of workers. All per-
HOLALU
sons engaged in household or domestic duties only have been classed as non-workers, though it cannot be said that they are idling away their time. It is for this reason that the percentage of workers among females is so low as compared with the percentage of workers among males.
123. Considering the distribution of workers in the different age-groups, it is found that 8.3 per cent are in the 0-14 age-group, 49.8 per cent are in the age-group of 15-34, 35.7 per cent are in the 35-59 age-group and 6.2 per cent are in the 60 and above agegroup. Thus nearly 85.5 per cent of the working force is in the age-group of 15-59. Sexwise, the percentage of workers in the different age-group is as follows:-
Age group Males Females
0-14 8.3 8.0
15-34 49.9 49.0
35-59 34.5 39.0
60 and ahove 7.3 3.0
124. Table IX presents a classification of workers in the different age-groups by sex and occupation. It would be seen from this Table that 607 persons are principally engaged in cultivation. They constitute 32.70 per cent of the total workers. Among workers following other vocations, it is found that 0.05 per cent do livestock rearing, 46.26 per cent attend to agriculturallabour, 5.49 per cent attend to household industry, 0.21 per cent attend to village industries, 4.79 per cent do trade and commerce, 3.88 per cent work mainly as shepherds, 1.24 per cent are paid domestic servants, 3.93 per cent are in service, 0.70 per cent do hotel keeping and 0.75 per cent attend to general labour. Out of 1,857 workers, as many as 859 persons do agricultural labour. A few of them have some subsidiary occupation. 21 persons doing agricultural labour have subsidiary occupation of cultivation, 5 work at household industry as a subsidiary occupa.tion, 5 attend to trade, 1 is in service and 1 rears livestock. 69 persons are mainly engaged in service.
125. Table X gives information about workers engaged in household industry, household business and household cultivation. There are in all 861 persons consisting of 786 males and 75 females engaged in these three occupations.
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ECONOMY
(C) Non-workers
The non-workers number 2,780, conslstmg of 978 males and 1,802 females. Detailed information regarding the activity of non-workers has been tabulated in Table XI. Considering the non-workers by the nature of their activity, it may be observed that 17.94% of the total are students; 53.78% are mere dependents being either too young or too old; 27.27% are engaged in house work; 0.36% unemployed; 0.61 % are rent receivers and only one person is a beggar. Analysing the male non-workers by age-groups, it is seen that 90.69% are children being less than 14 years of age, 4.81 % are in the age-group 35-59 and the remaining 3.28% are aged 60 years or more. Likewise, of the total female non-workers, 53.88% are below 14 years of age, 22.64% are in the age-group 15-34; 16.15% are in the age-group 35-~59 and the remaining 7.33% are aged 60 years or more.
Among the male non-workers, 32.9% are students, 64.9% are dependents, 1.2% are rent receivers and 1.0% are unemployed while one is a beggar. Of the 321 students, as many as 31 are in the age-group 15-34 while the majority are aged less than 14 years. Of the 635 dependents, only 9 are in the age-group 15-59 and all th~se are not engaged in any work at present because of their ill-health. The majority of the dependents. viz., 94% are aged less than 14 years while another 4.5% are aged 60 years or more. None of the male non-workers is engaged solely in house-work. There are 11 rent receivers and of them one is in the age-group 15-34 and 3 are aged 60 years or more.
The female non-working popUlation is composed of 47.62C!;) of students and 0.35% rent receivers. The majority of the female dependents viz., 87.5% are afYed less than ] 4 years of age while another 8.4% a~e aged 60 years or more. Among the women attending ;hollv to domestic chores, 404 or 53.2% fall in th~ aQe-g'rouT) 15-34 and another 260 persons or 34.3 f;H in the age-Qroup 15-34. Of the remaining 41 are Qirls below 14 years of age while 53 are aged 60 year~ or more. Six women of whom 3 are in the a ge-grouo 15-34. are rent receivers and it is needless t~ s~y that they are also engaged in their house work.
(D) Ownership of Economic Resources
127. As would be evident from Table XXV-A, 604 households or 75.5 per cent of the total number of households in the villa()e own in all 6,190 acres and 31 cents of cultivable land. Most of this land is situated
9-6 CensusIMysore!68.
25
in Holalu and some of it is situated in the neighbouring villages. Among these 604 land owning households 311 belong to Lingayats who own in all 4,434 acres 66 cents or 71.6 per cent of the total owned land. 89 households among Lingayats own 3075.46 acres or nearly 49.7 per cent of the total land owned by the villaQers. All these 89 households own on an average mar; than 15 acres each. It would further be seen from this table that 114 households in all own land more than 15 acres each, and they thus hold in all 3603.56 acres or 58.2 per cent of the total owned land. Thus more than half of the owned area is distributed only among] 14 households. It is significant to observe that as many as 376 of the land owning households own small pieces not exceeding 7.5 acres of land per household.
128. This table presents ownership of land by households both according to caste and size of holdings. If the households are considered by the size of holdings owned by each, the information will present, the following picture:-
S1. No. of Totd extent No. Size of holdings home- ,-_ _.A,._ __ ~
ho!d~ Acres - Cent!
L"'<s than 1 Hcre 11 7 22
2 B~tween 1 and 2.49 acr,'~ 96 158 80
3 Between 2.5 and 4.9 acres 151 536 6S
4 Between 5 and 7.49 acres 118 696 11
5 Between 7.5 and 9.9 acres 50 420 .'11
6 Between 10 and 15 acres 64 767 46
7 15 ,,-<::res and above 114 3,603 S6
TOTAL 604 6,190 31
129. Considering the distribution according to caste, the information will be as follows:-
S1. Number Total extent No. N[I.me of the caste of ,----"----...,
house Acres -Cents hold~
2 3 4 5
Lingilyat 311 4,434 61)
2 Kurubas 81 492 08
3 Bedas 58 252 71
4 B:lrikas 30 159 13
5 Madigas 15 34 27
6 Lamanis 25 201 65
26
2 3 4 5
7 Bahu~ar Kshatriyas 15 III 70
S P;mchala 12 F 1 L' - - 3~
9 Brahmin 7 114 07
10 Boyis 4 21 OJ 11 Korachas 2 II 00
12 Agasas 2 7 59
13 Muslim 35 2 61
14 Others 4':1 01 --------
TOTAL 604 6,190 - 31
130. Table XXV-B presents information regarding' the ownership of land situated within the limits of Holalu village. The following statement will give the information contained in this Table at a glance:-
Total Home- Total SI. Naf1l'~ of the caste number holds :.:xtent No. of house- owning of land
holds 1::'.11,1 in held in Holalu Holalu
-----------2 3 4 5
Lingayat 386 270 3,089.30
2 Kuruba 90 46 285,08
3 Beda 73 47 171,61
4 Bar;lw 50 19 95.68
5 Madiga 38 13 23.27
6 Lamani 32 25 201.65
7 Ba1n';J.f Kshatriya 19 5 29.34
8 Punchala 16 12 7;,). 83
9 Brahmin II 6 104.07
10 BJyi 7 3 7.00
II Agasa 6 '1 7.59
12 Musl:m 43 19 91,97
13 Others 29 5 21.41 _-._---- -
TOTAL XOj 472 4,198.80
Within the village, 270 households of Lingayats own as much as 73.57 per cent of the total cultivable land, Of the total 800 households, only 472 households own land within the village limits.
---_.--_ ... --------------
HOLA LV
J 31. Besides the land held within the village limits, ~;ome households also own lands in other villages. Information regarding such households is presented in Table XXV-c. Some of the lands owned outside the village limits are situated in the neighbouring District of Dharwar. In all 246 households own 1991.51 acres of land in their villages and their caste-wise distribution is as follows:-
SI. No.
! L:nga.yat
3 Bcda
4 D"rikp.
5 ;\ldiga
7 l':-.nchala
8 Brahmin
9 Boyi
!O Koracha
11 T\'fuslim
12 Others
Name of the caste
2
T01AL
Num- Tot:!l extent ber ofr----'~-, house-holds Acres-Cents
3 4 5
115 1,345 -- 36
47 207·- 00
19 21 -- 10
}6 63 - 45
2 11-00
12 82 - 36
2 13 - 00
2 10 - 00
5 14 -- 00
2 11 - 00
20 P5 - 64
4 27 - 60 --------
246 1,991 -- 51
132. Table XXV presents information regarding the nature of interest in land according to size and number of households. The nature of interest has been clas~ified into three categories and indicated by different symbols. Symbol 'A' represents the area under personal cultivation of the owners; symbol 'B' represents the area leased out to tenants for cultivation; ,:nd symbol 'C' represents the area taken out for lease from others for cultivation. As the information contained in this Table is self-explanatory, it does not require further discussion. However, the following statement presents at a glance the position regarding ownership and cultivation of lands by the various castes :-
Nature of interest Linl!:t- Kurubas B"da Bari'k:a Madiga Lamani Bahusar Panchala Brah- Boyi Agasas Muslims Others iq l:ln:t yats Ksltatri min
ya<; ----. ----_._-----
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -----------------_._----------- ----
A 125 2q 12 11 2 22 2 1 3 3 2 14 11 B 90 43 39 12 13 3 9 II 3 I 17 6 C 9 ~ I A+B . . , . . 1 , , .. A+C R'i 10 7 6 1 1 4
--------------------- -
TOTAL 320 81 58 33 15 25 12 12 7 4 2 36 17
E CON 0).1 Y
133. The other important economic resources in the village s livesu?ck. [;clailed intormabon regarding t;1[S
is presented in Table 7. As in the case o[ arable land, even as regards the ownership of livestock, the Lingayats own most of the livestock. Out of 186 cows in milk, as many as 138 belong to 115 Lingayat households. Out of tlle 702 working bullocks, 468 belong to 179 Lingayat households. Out of 165 shc-buffaloes in milk, 127 belong to 108 Lingayat households. Sheep are mostly owned by Kurubas and Bedas. Of the 849 sheep, 729 arc owned by 22 Kuruba households. The number of poultry birds in the village is very limited.
Primary and Secondary Occupation
134. Table XIII furnishes information about the primary and secondary occupation of the various households in the village besides indicating the number of gainfully employed persons under each occupation. 315 households i lJ the village have cultivation as their principal occupation. Among them, 208 households have no subsidiary occupation and the remaining 107 households have one or more subsidiary occupations. Agricultural labour happens to be the subsidiary occupation for 50 households of cultivators. The other subsidiary occupations of the cultivating households are trade for 32 households and service for 11 households. In these households, there are in all 816 persoEs, who are gainfully employed. They consist of 718 males and 98 females.
135. 258 households depend only on agricultural labour for their maintenance. 42 households who depend principally on agricultural labour have also some other subsidiary occupations like cultivation, household industry, trade, etc. Out of the 55 households principally depending on household industry, 35 have no other subsidiary occupation and the remaining 20 have a subsidiary occupation.
Changes in Traditional Occupation
136. Agriculture has been the principal occupation of the majority in the village and it continues to be so even to this day. Many land-less persons work as agricultural labourers. Even the industries running on a small scale in the village more or less depend on agriculture, as they relate to the manufacture of implements and goods required for agricultural operations. Practically, there is no shift from their traditional occupation to some other occupation in any of the households. Only a few educated Lingayats and Brahmins now seek employment under Government or in some
27
other public institutions. A few of the cu1t;vating classes have also taken to trade and commerce as a subsidiary occupation recently.
Description of Different Occupations
(A) Prat!iccs COIlIlL7 C(C(1 witit A.gricliiture
137. The most important economic activity of the village is agriculture. Generally the cultivation is dry and it is only in about 120 acres that there is irrigation. Irrigation in these 120 acres is done by wells. Pump sets running on electricity have been fixed to draw water from some of these wells. Though most of the crops are rain-fed, conditions of famine or scarcity are not generally encountered as the rains fall here only occasionally. The principal crops of tbe village are groundnut, kharif jowar, cotton and pUlses. The cropping pattern in 1960-61 is as follows:-
51. No.
1 Khm if jOW.lf
2 R;:.bi jo\,\ar •
3 Navne
4 Wheat
5 Paddy
6 Chillies
7 Hor~e-gram
8 Green-gram, etc.
P Cotton
10 Sugarcane
11 Groundnut
12 Tobacco
13 Cocoanut
14 Plantain
15 Betel-leaves
16 Mango, lirre etc.
17 Vegetables
2
TOTAL
Acres - Cent
3 4
1,965 -·00
254 - 00
219 - 29
8 - 60
15 -- 38
86 - 57
322 - 06
221 - 23
1,216 - 82
14 - 96
1,033 - 16
34 - 94
7 - 52
37 - 86
8 - 15
16 - 36
j] -- 58
5,243 --- 46
138. Though both Kharif and Rabi crops are raised in the village, the area under kharif crops is comparatively much mc;re than under rabi crops. The important rabi crops ure wheat and jowar and the irnp8rtant kharif crops are kharif jowar, groundnut,
20
Navne and other crops like horse-gram, green-gram, linseed, castor seea, etc., which are raised as mixed crops with jowar. Lotton is generaHy considered as a raol crop when smgly sown. in the village, now ever, cotton and grounanut are generally sown as mixed crops m lanos with black soil and as such, cotton is usually SOWH lil the village in the beginning of July and is harvested by the end 01 January. Cotton and groununut iorm the important cash crops in the village and wherever possibie, the people prefer to grow these cash crops as they fetch a better return tban food crops. With the installation of pump sets for irrigation by wells, the area under plantains is slowly on an increase. Year by year, it is gaining in imparlance as a commercial crop of the village. The advantages of rotation of crops are also well understood by the people. Generally a field sown with jowar in a year is sown with groundnut the following year.
(a) lowar
139. Having considered some of the broad aspects of the agriculture in the viIIage, the stage is now set [0
diSCUSS a few details about the important crop of kharif jowar. Preparations to raise this crop commence soonafter Ugadi. Before the onset of the monsoons in the month of June, the lands ate ploughed and harrowed 2 or 3 times. The implement used for harrowing is locally known as 'kunti'. In April -and May, farm yard manure is transported to the fields in bullock carts. As farmyard manure is not availabk in sufficient quantities, application of this manure is done once in 2 years at the rate of about 8 cart loads per acre, With the onset of the Punarvasu and Pushya rains, the sowing of jowar commences. Sowing is done with an implement called 'kurigi' which has 3 bills. In black soil areas, the seed rate is about It to 2 kgs. per acre and in red soils, the seed rate is about 2 to 21 kgs. per acre The sowing operations are followed by inter· culturing operations. Inter-culturing is locally known as 'Salu Hodeyuvudu'. This is done in the month of July or in the beginning of August with an implement locally known as 'Edi Kunti'. The inter-culturing operations usually start about 40 days after the sowing operations are completed and these operations are repeated twice or thrice at intervals of 15 days each. Just about this period, weeding operations also start. Red gram, green gram, etc., which are raised as mixed crops with jowar are sown with an implement called 'Yelashaddi' .. The seed rate of these pulses is about 2 to 3 seers each per acre.
140. By the beginning of December, the jowar crops get ready for harvesting. The crop is harvested by cut-
HOLALU
ting it about 6" above the ground level and the cut .:rap is tled into smail bundles. Then female agricultural labourers are employed to separate the ears of corn Hom tne stacks. The ears are taken to the threshing !loor where they are thrashed by the stone rollers. The separated grains are winnowed and collected in some heaps for offering worship_ After worship, the corn is stored in underground pits called 'hagevu' or in gunny bags. The jowar stacks which provide good fodder to the cattle are stacked in some open spaces. The yield of jowar varies between 3 and 5 qwntals per acre and the average yield may be taken at about -+ quintals per acre. The yield ot fodder is about 4
can loads per acre. Thus jowar is a crop taking about 150 d"ys to ripen. The villagers do not use any improved seed of jowar despite the efforts undertaken oy t:1e [\iJtional Extension Service to introduce imprO\-e;j \~,rjeties of jowar. The jowar seed commonly used is locally known as 'Budanur Jola'. The common diseases of this crop are smut and 'benki sheede'. The villager.' very rarely undertake any plant protection measures and the use of insecticides and pesticides is very limited.
141. The cost of culti.'ution of jowar per acre is as follows:-
Rs_ p.
1 Prep::lration of land by ploughing and harrowing 15.00
2 Ftrlll yard manure 25.00
3 Sowing operdtions inclJding cost of seed 10.00
4 lntcr-cuituring 5,00
5 Weeding 5.00
6 Harvtsting and threshing operations 15 00
TOTAL 75.00
The average yield of jowar is 4 quintals valued at about Rs. 200 and the yield of fodder is 4 cart loads valued at Rs. 50. Thus on an average, the gross incof'le of iowar in one acre is about Rs. 250_
(b) Cotton
142. Cotton and groundnut are the 2 major cash crops of the village. Though cotton is generally considered as a rabi or a 'hingari' crop in these areas, it is raised as a mixed crop with groundnut in the village. Cotton is raised in the black soil areas and the crop takes about 200 days between July and January for complete ripening. Before sowing cotton, the land is ploughed and harrowed twice in the months of April
ECONOMY
and May. Generally no farm yard manure is applied to tne land sown witn cotton. The sowing operations start at the end of June and continue till the middle of July when Rohini and Mrigasira rains set in. Cotton seeds are sown with a seed-drill having one bill. This type of seed-drill is locally known as 'hati kurigi'. In the village 'Lakshmi' and 'Jayadhar varieties of cotton are popular. The seed rate is about 4 kgs. per acre. Sowing is done in parallel lines with a spacing of about 30" between 2 rows. In between these 2 rows of cotton, 2 rows of groundnut seed are sown. The soWil1g operations are tollowed by interculturing with an implement called 'Edi Kunti'. Inter-culturing operations start about 20 days after the sowing operations are completed. These operations are repeatEd at intervals 0, about 20 days each. After each interculturing operation, weeding is done by employing female labourers. For weeding operations, an implement called 'Kurchigi' is used. The crop starts flowering in the beginning 0f October and between November and March, the picking operations take place. Generally they employ women and children to pick cotton. Picking is done about 6 times at intervals of 12 days each. The general experience is that the yield at the second, fourth and fifth picking is more. The yield for the first picking is about one maund per acre, at the second and fourth picking, it increases to about 3 maunds per acre and at the remaining 3 pickings, it is usually about 2 maunds per acre. Thus on an average, about 13 mallnds of cotton are obtained from an acre of land. In terms of cash, the value or this crop will be about Rs. 160 and the value of the cotton stumps will be about Rs. 15 per acre.
144. The cost of cultivation of cotton in an acre of land is as follows:-
(i) Preparation of land by ploughing, hnrrowing, etc.
(ij) Sowing operations including cost of seed
(iii) Int:r-culturing operations
(iv) Weeding operations
(v) Harvesting operations
TOTAL
Rs. p.
20.00
13.00
15.00
10.00
30.00
88.00
145. The improved varieties of cotton, viz., 'Lakshmi' and 'Jayadhar' have gained much popularity during the last 20 years. The common diseases' of this crop are red leaf roller locally known as' 'Kerumannu Roga' and black jaffid locally known as 'Kare Jigi'. The villagers do not take any plant protection
.29
measures. The cotton is usually disposed of by sale to the local wholesaiers who market them at Gadag, Davangere, Ranebennur or some other places. Though the yield of cotton is generally not so good, the people prefer to raise this crop as it is usually grown as a mixed crop with groundnut.
(c) Groundnut
146. Groundnut is an important kharif or 'Mungan' crop in the village. It is usually raised as a mixed crop with cotton. Tne usual practice is to sow groundnut in a field in which jowar had been raised in the . previous season. In April, the jowar stumps are removed by harrowing the land with an implement called 'Kunt!'. Then about 5 cart loads of farm yard manure are transported to the fields. The lands are ploughed during 'Aswini', 'Revati' and 'Kritika' rains and the sowing operations start with the onset of 'Aridra' or 'Mrigasira' rains in the month of June. The seed rate per acre of land is about 2'5 seers. Sowing is done with an implement called 'Kurigi'. About 20 days after the sowing operations are completed, interculturing \york is undertaken with an implement called 'Edi Kunt!'. In the month of JUly, weeding operations are also undertaken. In about September or in the beginning of October, the crop gets ready for harvesting. The ~rop is generally harvested by hand picking by engaglllg female labourers who are paid at the rate of 75 paise per day or at Re. 1.00 per maund of groundnut harvested. The average yield of groundnut is about 25 maunds per acre. The common diseases are 'Tikka' locally known as 'Chikke Roga' and 'Chandarike Roga'. The villagers do not use any pesticides or insecticides. The groundnut commonly sown in the village is of the erect type.
147. The cost of cultivation of groundnut in one acre is as follows:-
(i) Preparation of land including ploughing, etc.
(ii) Sowing operations including cost of seeds
(iii) Tnterculturing
(iv) Weeding
(v) Harvesting
Rs. p.
20.00
30.00
10.00
5.00
25.00
TOTAL 90.00
T' . l1e mcome of groundnut is about Rs. 200 and the value of the fodder is about Rs. 20.00. Thus on an average, the total value of produce per acre is about Rs. 220.
.10
(d) Navnt
148. The pieparatory tillage for raising Navne is drGost ~ milar to that done for jowar. The land is piO'Jg:1CG and harrowed about 3 times in May and about 5 card loads of manure is applied. The Navne seeds are sown by broadcasting during the 'Punarvasu' and 'Pushya' r,"ins in July and in the beginning of August. The seed rate is about 21 seers of seed per acre. About 20 days after the sowing operations are completed inter-culturing and weeding operations start and c0::tinue till September. The crop gets ready at the tirre of 'chitta' and 'swathi' rains in October and :kovember. The crop is harvested with the help of sickles and it is usually harvested in January. The average yield per acre is about 3 bags. Usually red ancl grc~n gram are raised as mixed crops with Navne.
149. The cost of cultivation of this crop is as
fol!owv: -
Rs. p.
(i) Pr,,;paration of lanu by ploughing, harrowing, etc. 20.00
(ii) M~nure
(iii) Sowing operalions including cost of seed
(il') Weding and inter-culturing operations
(v) H<:rvesting operations .
25.00
3.00
7.00
10.00
TOTAL 65.00
On an average, about 4 pallas of Navne valued at Rs. 160 are obtained from one acre. With the value of fodder, whieh comes to about Rs. 30 added to this, the total produce is worth about Rs. 190. The crop is a very hardy one and is not susceptible to pests and
diseases.
(e) Other Crops
150. Horsegram is another major field crop grown in the village mainly for feeding the livestock. It is usually raised in lands which are considered less fertile. The sowing operations take place during the 'Magha', 'Pubba' and 'Uttari' rains III August and September. In August, the land is ploughed and no manure is applied. Weeding and inter-culturing operations are also not generally undertaken. The average yield of horse gram is about 21 quintals per acre and the crop gets ready for harvest in January.
151. Plantains are gaining in importance as one of the principal cash crops in the irrigated lands. The preparatory operations for raising this crop start in April. During this time, the ground is levelled and
iIOLALU
weeds and shrubs are removed. About 20 cart loads of manure known as 'Kari Gobbara' is transported to the field. The land is ploughed deep with an iron plough in April and this ploughing operations is followed by ploughing with wooden ploughs 3 times in May. Then drains running to a depth of 2 feet are dug in the field. On an average, about 1000 drains are dug in an acre of land. In July, plantains sucker are trans-plated and after this. the crop is irrigated once every five days. Inter-culturing is done with the help of a spade once in a month. Superphosphate and ammonium sulphate (about 25 kgs. in all) are applied once in three months. The plantain suckers start yielding fruit about 12 months after trans-plantation. The crop is usually harvested between August and November. It is estimated that about 900 bunches of plantains are obtained in an acre of land and the value of each hunch is estimated at about Rs. 2 to Rs. 2-50. The fruit is marketed either in the village or in the neighbouring villages. The common variety of plantains raised here is known as 'Gujarati Bale' and the gross income from an acre of land is estimated at about Rs. 1,800 to Rs. 2,000.
152. The cost of cultivation of plantains in an acre of land is as follows:-
Rf>. p. (i) Preparation of land by levelling, remc)'. ing
weeds, etc. 20.00
(ii) Sheep manure . 100.00
(iii) Iron ploughing • 20.00
(iv) Wooden ploughing-3 times 30.00
(v) Digging of trenches 100.00
(vi) Inter-culturing 100.00
(vii) Application of chemical fertilizers 100.00
(riii) Harvesting 50.00
(ix) Irrigation 300.00 -....0 ____________
TOTAL 820.00 ---------
Tools and Equipment
153. The agriculturists in the village continues to use traditional implements. The coman implements in use are as shown below:-
S1. Local name of the Use Cost of No. implement the im-
plement
2 3 4
Rs. P.
1 Ranti Ploughing 8.00
2 Kunti Harrowing 20.00 ----_--_-
ECONOMY
2
3 Edi Kunti
4 Hatti Kunti
5 Kurige (with 3 bills)
6 lion plough
7 Kudchigi
8 Guddali .
9 SaIki
10 KodJi (axe)
12 Ston0 roller
13 Crow bar
14 Bullock C~.rt
3 4
Harrowing 5 . 00
To remove weeds in in cotton fields 5.00
So\Ving jowar, etc. :10 00
Deep ploughing ,iO 00
To remove weeds O. 50
FOI digging pur-poses 6.00
For hoeing purp08e~ 5.00
Cutting purposes 4.00
Do. 2.00
For threshing pur-poses 40.00
For digging purposes 6.00
For transport 500.00
The only improved implement in use in the village is the iron plough. 2 households owning extensive holdings of lands have purchased two tractors with a number of necessary accessaries. At times, these tractors are also used for transporting grains, manure, etc.
Technique
154. The villagers adhere to the age-old techniques. The importance of rotation of crops is understood and followed by many cultivators. Jowar, groundnut and cotton are usually grown by rotation. The use of chemical fertilizers is popular only among the cultivators of irrigated lands. Improved seeds are introduced by cotton growers. Improved varieties of groundnut seed (TMV 2) is also slowly gaining in popularity. About 3 years back, some of the cultivators tried to introduce an improved variety of jowar seed .. but as they did not ohtain good results, none in the village is inclined to use any improved varieties of jowar seed. However of late, persons who can irrigate the lands are trying to raise Hybrid Jowar.
Organisation of Manpower
155. The Jand less and the petty land owners form the important source for supply of labour for agricultural operations. Generally all members of the household actively participate in the field operations and it is only during sowing, weeding and harvesting operations that the household labour is supplemented by employing labourers on wages. In the
31
past, the practice of extending reciprocal aid was very much in vogue, but now-a-days. the tendency is for each individual household to act as an independent unit. The agricultural labourers are usually raid at daily wage rates for harvesting and weeding operations. The weeding work is generally attended to by women and children. Casual agricultural labourers are paid in cash. For work between 10 a.m. and 1-30 p.m., they receive a wage of about 30 paise and for the work, they tum out between 1-30 and 6-30 p.m., they receive 25 paise. During this period, as a large number of labourers are easily a '.'ailable, the wage rate is usually low. For harvesting operations, the wage rate is about a rupee per day. The harvesting operations are usually conducted from morning till sun-set. For cotton picking work, female labourers are usually paid at 75 paise per day. A few households engage attached labourers on annual basis. They are paid Rs. 200 to Rs. 300 per annum besides food and clothing. Young boys engaged on annual basis for tending cattle are paid Rs. 50 besides food and clothing.
Utilisation of Produce
156. Table XXVII presents information regarding production and disposal of crops. These figures relate to the produce in 1961-62. During this year, the agriculturists have sold about 600 quintals of jowar, about 8200 maunds of groundnut and 6582 maunds of cotton. These are the principal commodities which are marketed during the year. The other produce disposed of by them by sale consists of plantains, onions, sugarcane, chillies and vegetables. Jowar and cotton are marketed in the village only. Wholesalers from other places visit the village during the harvesting periods of these crops.
157. Jowar is usually stored in grain pits called 'hagevu'. If the quantity to be stored is not large, it is also kept in gunny bags. Almost all the commodities are usually marketed immediately after harvesting. The village has not been provided with any warehouse facilities with the result that they have to dispose of thoir produce as quickly as possible after the harvest and so do not get a good price.
(B) Practices connected with animal husbandry
158. Reamg of livestock is supplementary to agriculture. The villagers have to maintain cattle in order to conduct all their agricultural operations. The motive power for the ploughs is provided by bullocks.
32
So also bullock carts form the most important mode of transport. So it is quite necessary for the cultivators to rear some livestock. There are no doubt a few households who do not own bullocks or who do not own them in sufficient number. Tn such cases. they usually obtain bullocks on hire. The villagers love their cattle very much. On festivals like Karu Hunnime, Basava Jayanthi, etc., they actually worship, their cattle. The possession of cattle is considered as a symbol of social status in the village, and as such, some of the well-to-do cultivators invest much amount on purchasing livestock.
159. The breeds commonly found in the village are the Jawari and Hallikar. A pair of Hallikar bullocks cost a bout Rs. 500 to Rs. 1000 and if the bullocks are of exceptionally good quality, the cost may go upto even Rs. 2000 or more. The Jawari breed costs abou Rs. 500 per pair. The Jawari breed is of shorter stature. Even then it is considered to be quite good. The cattle are generally purchased at the cattle fairs held at Ritti, Kuruvatti, Ranebennur, Haveri, etc. Cows and she-buffaloes are usually purchased in the neighbouring villages. Cows in milk cost about Rs. 150 to Rs. 200 and she-buffaloes m milk cost about Rs. 300 to Rs. 500. Sheep and goats are generally purchased locally in t he months of March and April.
160. The villagers pay particularly more attention to the maintenance of working hvllocks, cattle in milk and in male calves. During the slack season- -between January and March, the working bullocks are fed on stalks of jowar a'1d Navane, besides small quantities of cotton seed and horse-gram. During the working season, the working bullocks are fed cn horse gram (1 to 2 seers) and cotton seed about ! kilograms. Milch cattle are also fd on cotton seed (l to I! kilograms), groundnut oil cakes mixed with horse gram, etc. The working bullocks are usually stall-fed, whereas other cattle are taken out for grazing to the bunds and the green uncultivated patches. Between September and December, green fodder is available in plenty and during this period, the quantity of CO::1-
centrates is reduced. The cost of maintenance of a p'lir of bullocks ranges between Rs. 300 to Rs. 500. Sheep and goats are never stall-fed. They are always taken out for grazing to the open fields. The absence of some assigned pasture is the greatest difficulty felt by the villagers in the maintenance of livestock. Sheen and goats are also fed on green leaves of tflmarind, babul and neem.
161. The villagers generally sell milk and ghee to the local hotel keepers. In 1960, a Rural Veterinary
HOLALU
Dispensary has been established. This dispensary affords facilities for treatment of common ailments like the foot and mouth disease, diarrhoea, indigestion. wounds a:1d bruises, etc. In case of serious ailments. they have to take their cattle to the veterinary hospital just about 20 miles away. The common cattle diseases are black quarter, small pox and H.S. (Haemorrhagic scepticamia). Whenever epidemics break out, the villagers take some preventive ~easures. The nearest artificial insemination centre is at Hadagalli, but none in the village has taken their cattle to this centre. There is one breeding bull of Hallikar breed in the village. Sheep shearing is done by the Kurubas of the neighbouring villages like MaiIar, Budanur, Raravi, etc., twice a year. None of the sheep rearers in the village is doing weaving of woollen blankets. Though a river flows by the side of the village, none from the village is interested in fishing.
(C) Practices connected with village industries
163. The details about the industries existing in the village are furnished in Table XIV. In all 69, households are engaged in various industries. Out of them, for 52 households, these household industries form the primary occupation and for 14 households, they form the secondary occupation. 16 households are engaged in tailoring and among them 15 belong to Bahusar Kshatriyas for whom tailoring has been a traditional occupation. 5 households of Bahusar Kshatriyas are attending to tailoring besides trading in ready-made clothes. Shoe making is attended to by the Madigas. 10 households of Madigas have this industry as a principal source of income and for 6 households, it forms a subsidiary occupation. Basket making is atter.ded to by 8 households. 5 of them belong to Korachas and 3 to Myadars. Myadars prepare baskets from bamboo <;trips whereas Korachfls prerare them from wild date palm leaves. Date palm trees are found growing near the banks of the river and the streams. The Myadars purchase the bamboos required for their industry at Hadagalli or Hirehadagalli. Both males and females work at basket making and they earn on an average about Re. 1 per head per day. 7 households of Lingayat Kllmbars are engaged in pottery. For 5 households, pottery forms the principal occupation and for others, it forms only a secondary occupation. The clay suitable for pottery is obtained from a nearby place called 'Kumbargundi', but the main problem that the potters face is not about the availability of clay, but is about the availability of fuel for burning the pots they prepare. They are able to collect fuel only in small quantities, from the shrubs and wild plants. In
ECONOMY
fact, the scarcity of fuel has very much reduced their activity. The clayware is sold in the village on shandy days on a large scale. The potters also at times move about in the neighbouring villages for selling their wares. At times, the claywares are also disposed of on barler.
164. There are 6 households of goidsmiths belonging to Viswakarma and Panchala castes. 5 of these households belong to Viswakarmas \'vho have migrated from the North Kanara District. The Gold Control Rules recently introduced have very much 'affected their activity and they are now ·hard hit. It is only during the marriage season that they find some work. On the whole. they find it very difficult to eke out a living from their traditional craft. There are few households which do blacksmithy and carpentry. They manufacture and repair agricultural implements. Usually they are paid in cash for new implements produced and for the implements repaired, they are paid in kind. They also get attached to certain hou~eholds and atte~d to the repairs of all implements belonging to those households. In return, they receive their wages in the form of 'Aya' annyally at the time of harvest of jowar.
165. There are 2 households of Barikas who work on lime. They collect lime stones in the fields and prepare lime out of them by hurning. There is only one Devanga household engaged in weaving some coarse blanket and cotton cloth on handloom. There are 3 flour mills working in the village.
166. There has been no change in the types of tools and implements used for the various industries. None in the village has received any special training from agencies like the industrial training institutes, etc .. and none of them also has received any nnancial or technological help from Government.
(D) Pn;ctices Regarding Trade and Commerce
167. Information regarding the various trading and commercial activities of the village is furnished in Table xv. There are in all 89 households engaged in different types of trade. 16 households are engaged in selli!'g provisions and stationery articles, 11 of them run such trading establishments as the primary occupation and for the remaining :; househo1,ds trauing is only a secondary occupation. There are 12 petty shop keepers dealing in beedies. cigarettes. nuts, etc. There are 7 cloth shops and one cycle shop in the village. The cloth shops generally belong to Bahusar Kshatriyas. 6 households are engagep in
10-6 Census)Mysore/68
33
tobacco trade, 14 in selling vegetables, 4 in selling betel lewes and 24 Lamani households deal in fuel. All these households dealing in fuel do so as a subsidiary occupation. The Lamani women trudge over hnC' distances with heavy loads of fuel on their heads, and move hawking in the village. Besides the Lamanis there is one separate dealer in fuel. For him, this happens to be the principal occupation. 2 households are engaged in selling bangles and 2 in selling sweet meats.
168. Genera:ly. the villagers purchase all their requirements in the village itself. On shandy days, a number of people from the neighbounng villages attend the shandy here. This happens to be a nretty big village in the region and so forms a fairly important trading centre for the villages in the neighbourhood. The shop keepers purchase the various commodities in the markets at Davangere, Ranebennur, Hospet, etc. The shop keepers provide credit facilities to a few well-to-do households in the village. Such credit accounts are settled after the annual harvest. The system of barter is in vogue in provision shops. The agricultural labourers purchase articles on barter system whenever they receive their wages in kind.
Indebtedness
169. Table XXIII presents information regarding indebtedness by income groups. Out of the 800 households in the village, 523 are indebted and the total amount of debt is Rs. 3.88,142. The average indebtedness per household in deht works out to Rs. 742.15, whereas the per capita debt works out to Rs. 83.70. The percentage of households in debt is the highest in the higher income group of Rs. 100 and above. There 76 per cent of the households are in debt and the average indebtedness per household in debt works out to Rs. 1413.15. In the income group of Rs. 25 and below, only 13 out of the 66 households are in debt. In the income group of Rs. 26 to Rs. 50, l88 011t of 303 households are in debt. The figures contained in this table reveal that the percentage of households in debt and the average indebtedness increase with the income. This is because. the creditors readily allow credit facilities to p",rsons in the hicrher income groups who are in a oosition to offer Droner security for the advances they receive. And with the increase in S1Jch faci1ities for obtaining loans, the tendency to obtain loan also increases. Though poorer sections of the pooulat;on have greater need to horrow. their cfl'1::Jcitv to obtain loan is limited as they cannot provide proper security.
34
170. Tab!::: XXIII -A furnishes informatiun about indebtedness by causes. Before discussing the contents of this Table, two points need elucidation. The first point that needs clarification is about the number of households in debt. In Table XXIII. the number of hOllseholds in debt is 523 and in this Table. the number is 638. This Table deals with debt by causes, if any household has obtained loans for more than one purpose, that household will figure more than once in this table. Thus if a :lOusehold gets indebted when p'.lrchasing bullocks and again whe-n sinking a well, it will figure twice in this staternent and this factor accounts for the difference in the number ot. households in debt as shown in the 2 tables.
171. The other point that needs elucidations is about the cause of debt. It is very likely that in seme cases the loans are drawn for one purpose and utilised for quite a different purpose. For example a person obtaining loan for carrying out improvements in his land may utilise the amount for some dome~tic purposes. The information contained in this Table is as returned by the individuals in the course of the enquiry. It ic; seen from th;s tah'e that 158 households have incurred in all a debt of Rs. 89,072 for cultivation purposes. The amount held in debt for this p:Irpose works out to about 22.95 per cent. It cannot be said authoritatively that all this amount has been utilised for cultivation purposes only.
172. Considering the debt incurred for other productive purposes besides cultivation, it is seen that 26 famil;es have obt:lined loans ~mountjng to Rs. 36.275 or 9.35 per cent of the total debt for irrigation pumpsets, 21 families have borrowed Rs. 15,850 or 4.08 per cent of the total debt for purchDse of bullocks, 5 families have borrowed Rs. 9,100 or 2.34 per cent of the total debt for sinking wells, one family has borrowed Rs. 2,000 or 0.52 per cent of the debt for purchase of a tractor, 6 families have borrowed Rs. 2,600 or 0.67 per cent for industrial purposes, one family has borrowed Rs. 200 for bullock cart and one family has borrowed Rs. 14,000 for purchase of a lorry.
173. Among the loans obtained for non-oroductive purposes. the m'trriage expenses account fo ... 19.61 par cent of the total amount in debt. The amount in debt on account of livdihood, cdtivatio~ and C'.:lrriage expenses together constitute 54.61 per cent of the total amount in debt. 51 households have incurred debts to the tune of Rs. 14.280 for domestic expenses. One household has inc~lrred debts even to fight out an election. This shows that whenever credit faciHties are available, tbe villagers have
HOLALU
o~tained loans for both pr?ductive and non-productive purposes.
174. Table XXIII-B gives information about the sources of indebtedness. The 3 important sour\:es of credit are the private money lenders, the co-operative societies, and the Governmental agencies. It would be seen from this table that the private money lenders form the most important source of credit for the \:; 'age. J n fact. 8 i.38 per cent of the total amount held in debt is obtained from private money lenders. The co-operat.ve society is responsible for only 10.34 per cent of the amount in debt. The governmental agencies including the Mysore State Electricity Board are responsible for only 7.40 per cent of the advan2es and the remaining 0.88 per cent are due to relatives and friends. The village money lender continues to be the dominant force in the matter of crdit in the economy of the village. The villagers grumble that it is difficult to obtain credit from either the Government or the co-operative societies and also state that it is generally the well-to-do in the village who benefit from these agencies. The figures in Table XXIJI-B speak for themselves on this issue. 49.55 per cent of the amount in debt is du~ from persons owning 10 acres and more 34.09 per cent is due from persons owning between 3 and 10 acres, 9.29 per cent is due from persons owning less than 3 acres and 7.07 per cent is due from noncuHivators.
Co-operation
175. There is only one co-operat've society in the village. It is a service co-operative society started in 1924 and it covers only this village with its two hamlets. The total membership of this society is 591. The society is managed by a Board of Directors consisting of 9 elected members. Among these 9 members, 8 are Lingayats and one is a Kuruba. 8 of the elected members are cultivators and one is a merchant. During 1962-63, the Board of Directors met 8 times and once a general body meeting was held. The members of the managing committee are elected at the general body meeting every year. For the meetings of the Board of Directors, the average attendance is about 6. The society has a share capital of Rs. 13,372, a reserve fund of Rs. 1,237.93 and the deposits from the members amount to Rs. 8,030. In 1961-62, the society had a membership of 657 with a share capital of Rs. 10,572. Some of the smaller cultivators who could not obtain loans from the society have withdrawn their membership and that accounts for t.he decrease in membership,
BCONOMY
176. This society is mainly a credit society advancing short-term and medium-term loans to its members. In 1960-61, the society advanced short-term loans of Rs. 35,789 and medium-term loans of Rs. 14,650. In 1961-62, the society advanced 8hortterm loans of Rs. 29,300. In 1962-6j, the society has not advanced any loans as its previous adval1ce~ have remained unrecovered. Even though the society was started as long back as in 1924, it is still run in a private rented building. In 1962-63, the society lmdertook the distribution of sugar. The villagers complain that the affairs of the society are 110t being run satisfactorily and the poorer sections grumble that It is very much dominated by a few big cultivators W;1O
also do money lending business privately.
Income
177. Tables XIX and XX furnish data regarding the income among different groups of households. For a study of the income and expenditure pattern, the 800 households in the village have been grouped under the following 5 broad categories, vi~.:-
(1) Households which derive a major portion of therir income from cultivation of owned land.
(2) Households which derive a major portion of their income from the cultivation of land taken on lease.
(3) Households which derive a Ilujor portion of t~~cir iLlcome from agriculturd la ~our.
(4) Households which derive a major portion of their income from household industry.
(5) Households which derive a major portion of their income from sources other than (1) to (4) above.
In category (1), there are 290 households with 2163 persons. Out of the 290 households, 137 come under the income group of Rs. 101 and above per month. In category (2), there are 26 households with a population of 183 and among them, 14 households have an income of Rs. 101 and above each. Of the total 306 households of agricultural labourers with a population of 1350, only 4 households come under the income group of 101 and above per month and 195 households come under the income group of Rs. 26 to Rs. 50. Out of the 55 households which follow household industry as the principal cccupation, only 5 households earn more than Rs. 101 per month and 23 households are in the income group of Rs. 26 to Rs. 50. 124 households are grouped under the last category of 'others', have ~ population of 643 and 35 households from this category earn Rs. 101 and above
35
per month. In all 195 households or 24.4 per cent of the total of the total households earn Rs. 101 and above per month. Only these households can be considered as some-what sound economically. The 369 households or 46 per cent of the total households have an income which is below even the subsistence level.
178. The average annual income per household and per aduit equivalent male in the 5 occupational groups is as follows :-
SI. No. Occupation:; Ave:-;;ge Average annual ;;nnual inco:ne income per per adult houc;c- equ;valent hold male
., 3 4
1. Cultivation of owned land 1,702 74 290.00
2. Cultivation OJ lands taken on lease 1,390.60 241.00
3. Agricultural labour . 487.93 139.00
4. Household industry 809.40 188.00
5. Others 1,0+~. 99 261.00
The above statement clearly shows that the agricultural labourers form the poorest sections in the village community. Both the average annual income per household and the average annual income per equivalent adult male show the lowest figures for agricultural labourers. Cultivators of owned land show the highest average income figures and next to them come the households grouped under 'others'. Among others, are included households in service, trade, etc.
179. It has to be observed at this stage that the income figures shown in these t\yO Tables relate to the gross income and not the net income. Cultivators have to invest a lot of money on production. They have to meet costs of seed, labour, operational expenses, etc., before they derive their income. Then the tenant cultivators have to pay rent to their superior holders bes'des meeting the cost of production. The traders abo have to initially invest on the purchase of commodities in which they deal. So th;;re would be much difference between the gross mcome and the net income for the households in these 3 groups. The households industries in the village are more or less small serv:cing units stations and the industrial workers do not invest much in purchasing the raw material. The raw matenals are usually supplied by the customers. The agricultural labourers are not required to invest anything initially. So the difference
36
between the gross and net incomes in the case of these two categories will not be as much as in the case of the other categories. Sq, if the net income IS considered, the difference in the average incomes among the households in the 5 categories will get narrowed down to some extent.
Expenditure
180. The details with regard to expenditure of households on various items co-related to the primary
HOLALU
sources of income (as classified into 5 categories when discussing the income factor) as also their income range are presented in Table XXI. As Table XXI contains many details regarding the expenditure pattern in the various income groups, the information contained therein is summarised in the statement below wherein the average expenditure per household and per adult equivalent male on the various items of expenditure among the 5 occupational categories are indicated :-
S1. No.
Ite:ll' of e,penliture
Cultivatocs OJ owned land;
Cultivators 01 i.,nus Agricultc:ml Household industry
r--~-...A_---\
Per house- Per ~,iu\t
Others
r--~-_A_-------~
Per house- P~r Adult holJ E-::[uiva-
2
1. Food cereal
2. Non-cereal
3. Beverage~.
4. Fuel and lighting
5. House rent and repairs
6. Clothing
7. Travelling
8. Recreation
3
43· 83
13'30
4'96
1,77
0,45
17'87
0·88
0·25
9. Education 3· 93
10. Miscellaneous Services 1· 95
11. Interest 6·70
12. Rent 6'37
,13. Remittances'
14. Hired labour
15. Purchase for production
16. Others'
TOTAL
0,17
13 ·24
16'22
6·00
137·89
lent male
4
7'47
2'26
0'84
0'30
0'08
3'04
0'15
0·04
0'67
0'33
1·14
1'08
0,03
2'25
2,76
1·02
23'46
taken on lease Iabo\j~ r- -- ~./''-~--~ ,--- -~ -- - ------..
Per hou,e- Pcr adult P::r hou,e- Per adult hold equiva- holu equiva-
5
39'40
10' 63
3'65
1'20
0'17
12'51
0'21
0'02
0'43
0'60
7'06
27·81
6'66
9,82
4· 36
124'53
ient male lent male
6
6'82
l' 84
0'63
0'21
0'03
2'16
0'04
0'07
0'10
1·22
4'81
1'15
1· 70
0·75
21'53
7
23· 30
6·26
1,31
0·85
0·12
7·46
0.12
0.50
(')·93
0'09
0·10
0·11
0·50
2,88
44,53
8
6,66
1'79
0,31
0·24
0·03
2'13
0'03
0'14
0,26
0'02
0,03
0,03
0,14
0'82
12'69
hold eqlllva-
9
29'52
9'61
4·44
1'50
0'41
10'91
0·20
0'07
0·77
0'29
1'20
0'41
0,07
3'51
5'04
67,98
lent male
10
6·86
2·23
1·03
O' 35
0'10
2'54
0,05
0'02
0·18
0'07
0·28
0'10
0'02
0,82
1,17
IS' 82
r-- - - _...A-. _____ ~
Per house- Per adult hold cquiv::'.-
11
31' 86
10·70
5'98
2'67
1'07
12·12
1·80
0'60
2'09
2'45
2'31
o 39
l' 25
0'59
6·69
3'22
85·22
lent mate
12
2'67
1'49
0'66
0'27
3'02
0'45
0·04
0'52
0'61
0'58
0'10
O' 31
0'15
1·69
0'80
21·27
181. The percentage of expenditure on food and other items considered as necessities generally reveal the economic strength of a household. It would be seen from this statement that the proportion of expenditure on food is as high as 66.39 per cent of the total expenditure among agricultural labourers. They are closely followed by those engaged in household industry who have to incur 57.56 per cent of the total expenditure on food alone. These facts clearly indicate that the agricultural labourers and the workers at household industry form the poorer sec-
tions in the village. The average monthly expenditure per adult equivalent male is as follows :-
(1) Owner cultivators
(2) T ('nant cultivators
(3) Agricultural labourers
(4) \Vorkt:rs at ho~.'sehold industries,
(5) Others
Rs. p.
23.46
21·53
12,69
15.82
21,27
ECONOMY
182. The percentage of total eX;Jcnditure on some of the important items by the households in the 5 --------------------------------
31
o('cupational categories are as shown below :--
Cat,':_]",·y I C;_~tGgory 2 Ca:egory 3 C··:,:~,--, -:/4- Catc_;;0ry 5 r--------A.. ---------., ,---- - ____ .. ...A --- ----, ( • _ .• _ _.___......._A_ _____ ------..., r------__.A..--------") ,--___ .~_~ ____ "
Sl. No_
Expc!1di- P~r :':ill7.. _~e E>~;y'n litu;.: r;'f~ Ci1:C.~;:2 LXr;'-'lldi- [,. r...:c;-,tr .. ze E'q~C'nt1i- Pcrcenu:gc Expendi- Ft.. rCl'~lt~.ff L'-.--' r,Cf of cot2.1 '""j ·,)f t~;t.·~~ tur(' (1 I'\~- tClt;!.l 1t~re r:,;r of eXrCr1- !u~-c PCI' c,j' expert-
adl~li Expend:- ~'.du:~ (.'\ liU1 .... 1;- ,: "I, ('-.,:',:;;.(.1'- ~f_7u!t dilUl'C adl'lt c;ilurc equiV,:;C~1t tUfC (;(1' ·\'alc.1: tUft: (': .';-'~:'\;;, L~:(: cqei\a!cr.~ c<1ui\·~'.lcr:~ n1ale , ~. '" rr:'~ 1 c
2 4 ()
1. To. ill ro~:j ') "1' "J ~ 1 ·43 :). '\:J :,-;. 1
2. B:-/",-.: ~;: ~ o '[>-!- j. i;D 0-63 :: ~.j J
3. CIot;l.!:~~ I); 1.'.-9(, , 16 '0 0-1
4. R'1t e 1 :.ll1J 08 .;., 62 . .f. 81 :';'·33
5. Hired t10.)U C l>J:ti\.;,:-tion COOS-So (; ~._:. 2·25 '), (,:) 1 15 5·35
6, Remittances 0·03 O· 12
7. Education o (,7 2'85 0·07 0'34
8, ':'.':;
" -J
-- Ll
(l (·1 '-
0'03
O'OJ (l.JJ
(J
"
,".{) , 31.)
2-94
'G 75
O· 2~)
0'25
(lo 22
(')'27
----------------------<) 10
>(19 :;7- 5"
1-03 (;.j'j
2'51 tG'Of,
O· 10 O-W
0 ,)2 O· It)
() 18 13
--- ~-- _.-----
11 12
10· 58 ,\9'79
1 ·40 7·02
(1.2 14-22 \). 10 0·4(,
() 1:5 0 69
0·31 1'47
0-52 2-45 ---- -----_,--------------------------- -----_------------------ ----.------ ------
The aVerage monthly expenditure on hOi!seholds in different occupations and in different income groups ---_._-------------------Sl. No.
Iten1S
as follows :-
---_----------------------;(s. 25-50 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and
,.bovc - _ .. _--- -----_-- _. --.------ ------------- ----------
1. Cultivators of 0wn,c'J lands
2. TC;U'lt5
3. Agricclitura! iab::lUrers
4. Household I'1Jlbtry
5. Other,;
30'64
51-29
2). 39
24'78
19'10
It would be seen from the above statement tint the expenditure per household exceeds even the income figures of households in some of the categories earning below Rs. 75. Thi;; is particularly noticeahle among cultivators of owned land and tenant-cultivators. This is due to the failure of crops during the two years immediately preceding this survey. Among the cultivators of owned lands, there are three households earning on an average Rs. 25 or bela,;: per month but spending Rs. 30-64 per month. This disparity in expenditure in relation to the income is caused by the fact that one of the three households which has 6 members in it and cultivates 4.00 acres of land earned a meagre sum or Rs. 160 from cultivation during the reference year as against its income from cultivation in a normal year which would be about Rs. 500. During the reference year, the hOilsehold earned a further sum of Rs. HO by s-;1:: of tirewood thus raising its am,nal in,orne to R,. 300. But even the normal maintenance ex!'.:nditure C'l' the D"Li'ehold amounted to Rs. 500 emd It \\:15 forced to borrow Rs. 20G to make goo:: the (1;:iicit. Arnon:' the tenant clllti':aton. there is ·lr.(' hOilschold vh:::h earned only Rs. 225 by cultivating 5.00 acres of lands
34- j 1 ~f-70 105-31 206'29
1D'71 18· +2 87·45 1S7'93 39',)1 66-80 98'65 112- 79
-~6' Sf) 66'23 88'07 187'47
13 '67 67'05 86'64 158'15 --------
taken on lease. Partial failure of crops accounts for Its low income and in fact the household which could not even pay the rent to the landlord borrowed from him for its normal maintenance. It consists of 2 :ldu'ts and 3 children and as cultivation of 5.00 acres would require their whole time care, they were unable to work at any other occupation. Under favourable seasonal conditions the household gets an yield valued roughly at Rs. 800. Similarly the single household falling in the income range of Rs. 25-50, could earn only Rs. 600 though its average income 1il a normal year would be about Rs. 1500. This household owns and cultivates 3 acres of land in addition to 6.00 acres of fertile land taken on lease on an annud rent of Rs. 400. It consists of 2 members and depends partly on hired labour to carry on the cultivation. To make good the difference between the expenditure and the income, the household horrowed Rs. 400 and re:l1ised Rs. 200 by sale of assets. In the income range of Rs. 51-75 a Iso such instances as cited above are responsible for the disparity betvveen the ilverage eX:-Jenditure and the actual income earned during the reference year.
CHAPTER IV
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
L'of>ulation Trends
183. At the time of the present survey conducted in 1963, the population of the village was found to be 4637 consisting of 2338 males and 2299 females. They were distributed in 800 households. According ro 1961 census, the population of the village was 4375 distributed in 776 households. In 1951, the population was 3670 comprising of 1810 males and 1860 females distributed in 714 households. Thus, the average size of a household has increased from 5.14 in 1951 to 5.8 in 1963. Between 1951 and 1963, the popuhtion has recorded an increase by 26.35 per cent and the households have recorded an increase by 12.0: per cent. During 1951-1961 intercensal period, the population has increased by 19.21 per cent and between 1961 and 1963, it has increased by 5.76 per cent. The percentage increase in population is 18.2 for the District and 24.0 for the Bellary District. The density of population at the time of survey works out to 389.66 persons per square mile as against 276 persons per square mile for 'Hadagalli Taluk and 240 persons per square mile for the District of Bellary.
Population by age and sex
184. The distribution of the population 1Il the different age groups is contained in Table II. In the
Year 1951 1952 1953
Births 148 149 163
De,cths 70 85 91
The average number of births p~r annum during 1951-1960 period works out to 166.4 and the average number of deaths for the same period works out to 83.7.
Marital Status
187. Details regarding age and marital status have been presented in Table VI. The population of the village has been distributed into four categories on the basis of their marital status. The 4 categories are (a) never married, (b) married, (c) widowed and (d) divorced or separated. It is seen from this Table that out
broad age group of 0-14 years, there are 1000 males and 1012 females together accounting for 43.39 per cent of the total population of the village. In the next age group of 15-34, there are 726 males and 653 females forming 29.74 per cent of the total population. In the third broad age group of 35-59, there are 481 males and 486 females accounting for 20.85 per cent of the total population. Lastly. there are 131 males and 148 females in the age group of 60 and above accounting for 6.02 per cent of the total population.
185. The sex ratio for the village as a whole works out to 983 females for every 1000 males. For the Taluk, the sex ratio is 976 to 1000 and for the District, it is 960 to 1000. Sex-wise there are 2338 males and 2299 females in the village. In other words, 50.4 per cent of the population consists of males and 49.6 per cent consists of females. In 1951, the sex ratio was 1027 females for every 1000 males and in 1961, it was 959 females for every 1000 males.
Births and Deaths
186: The village officers maintain a record of births and deaths occurring in the village. The vital statistics pertaining to the village, as obtained from the Office of the Inspector of Health, for the years 1951 to 1961 are as follows :-
1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961
151 195 183 189 169 156 161 147
92 90 73 93 75 105 63 79
of the total population of 4637, 2401 or 51.8 per cent are never married; 1776 or 38.3 per cent are married; 436 or 9.4 per cent are widowed; and 24 or 0.5 per cent are divorced or separated. Considering the marital status according to sex, it can be seen that 56.6 per cent of the male population and 46.8 per cent of the female population are never married; 38.8 per cent of the males and 37.7 per cent of the females are married; 4.1 per cent of the males and 14.8 per cent of the females are widowed; and 0.5 per cent of the males and 0.7 per cent of the females.are divorced or separated.
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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
188. There are a few women of marriageable age who are not married. To be exact, there are 24 females aged above 24 years who are never married. Among them, a few lead the life of prostitution. There was formerly a custom of dedicating some girls to the various deities as 'Devdasies'. This custom was prevalent particularly among the Bedas, Barikas and the Madigas. This custom is very much on the wane, though it has not completely disappeared. There are about 56 girls aged between 15 and 24 years who are not married due to poor economic circumstances, nonavailabiHy of suitable aI1ian~es etc. There are 16 girls who are married though aged below 14 years. Though generally post-puberty marriages are common, child marriages have not completely disappeared. There are 9 males and 15 females who live singly because of divorce or separation. Divorces and separations though permitted among many of the castes. take place only rarely due to temperamental incompatibility. extra-marital relationships. etc. Intercaste marriages are practically unknown in the village.
Public health and medical facilities
189. The climate of the village is said to be much cooler than in the other parts of the District. bec;1Use of its higher elevation and also its proximity to the river Tungabhadra. However, between March and May, the day temperature goes beyond very warm. It is during this period that stray cases of cholera are reported. From June to February, the climate is generally pleasant excepting for short spates of heat in October. The village is not noted for any chronic diseases or epidemlics. The Village Panchayat Board looks after the sanitary arrangements in the village. There is practically no underground drainage and as such, the village sanitation requires some improvement. The streets are narrow excepting near the entrance to the village. They get dusty in summer and slushy in the rainy season.
190. The nearest hospital for the village is at Hadagal'i, the Taluk headquarters. For all their minor ailments, the villagers approach the local private medical oractitioners who practise in Ayurvedic and Allopathic medicines. There are three such practitioners in Ayurvedic medicine. It is only in cases of serious ailments that the villagers avail themselves of the medical facilities provided at Hadagalli. In October, 1963, the village has been sanctioned a Primary Health Centre. At the time of the survey. a Compounder and a Midwife were working in this Health Centre. The Health Centre is situated in a private rented building. A site to the west of the
39
Anantasayana Temple, is selected for constructing a building for the primary health centre. At the' time of this survey. the Medical Officer working at Hadagalli Hospital, used to visit the village twice a week. The villagers prefer to have the delivery cases attended at home only by the local 'Dai' and 'Soolgithies'.
191. There is no protected water supply and the villagers usually drink water from a pond called 'honda'. The water in this 'Honda' gets dirty often and particularly during the rainy season and in summer. Some of the villagers also polute the water by bathing in the 'honda'. Water in the other wells is said to be brackish and hard and not suitable for drinking or cooking purposes.
192. The common ailments are fever, diarrhoea, general disability caused by mal-nutrition. etc. It is said thM there are about 10 persons who are suffering from Tuberculosis. Most of them seek the help of the local private medical practitioners. Till about 2 years back D.D.T. spraying was being conducted regularly in the village.
193. The villagers use the nearby fields and gardens for toilet. Only one house in the village is provided with a separate latrine. The Panchayat Board is constructing a few public latrines for the use of the villagers.
Veterinary aid
194. The nearest veterinary hospital is also situated at Hadagalli, the Taluk headquarters. From March, 1960, a Rural Veterinary Dispensary is funotioning in the village. This dispensary has been serving the people well. In 1963. the cattle of the village were inoculated for protection against black quarter and in the same year, the poultry birds were inoculated for protection against 'Raniket'. About 50 heads of livestock are treated every day at this dispensary. The Gramsevak of the village is also provided with a veterinary first aid kit.
Literacy and Education
195. The details regarding literacy and education are furnished in Table VII. In the village. there are 1175 literates consisting of 875 males and 300 females. Thus, the percentage of literacy for the village is 25.53 as against 21.5 per cent for Hadagalli Taluk. and 20.06 per cent for the BeBary District. In 1951, the percentage of literacy in the village was 19.29. So between 1951-1961, the literacy has increased by
40
about 6 per cent. The 25.53 per cent of literates is constituted of 16.83 per cent of literates without any educational standard; 7.63 per cent of literates who have reached the primary or basic school standard: 0.71 per cent of literates reaching the matriculation or higher seco~dary school stand;mJ; 0.04 Der cent of litrrates who have reached the in\'"nnediJt~ or p.ne. standard; 0.06 per cent of graduates and 0.06 per cent of diploma holders. The Diploma Holders hold Diplomas in medicine. 4 persons from among the permanent residents of the village have gradwlted themselves, but they are all staying outside the village. The graduates now found in the vilbge are immigrants employed as Teachers in the local High School Cind one of the graduates is holding a L '\\V degree.
196. CO'1s:dering the position of lite~i1cy according to sex, it is found that 37.43 per cent of tl,e tota1 male population and 13.05 ner cent of the tota1 fer:~:ll~
population are literates. Thus it would be ~een that though the percentage of literacy has increasd cOI~siderably among males, it is not so amonr( females. Excepting for one female, who has reached the m~.tricuJation standard, none among the female liter,~tt's it') the village have crossed the primary stFlf!ard. However, of Jate the villagers are showing some interest in female education also and the villare has got an independent school for girls.
197. Till 1951, there were only 2 schools in the village. At the time of this survey, 4 school~ are functioning. They are (1) the Board Hil!her Elementary Schools for girls, (2) The Board Hip'ler Elementarv S::hools for Boys, (3) the Govfrnp':'nt Primary School and (4) the Vivekananda High School. At the time of this survey_ the students studving in these schools numbered 712 consisting of 459 males ar.d 253 females.
198. The Board Higher Elementary Schools for Boys is the oldest school in the village. This is said to have started functioning nearly 100 years back. The school is run in an old rented hlddin'!. The' accommodation provided for this school is quite ins'!.lfficient and the. school also lacks in sr)ort fields. The total strength of the school is 323. Arrangements are made to provide mid-day n;eals to t1'e s,tudents. The Board Higher Elementary School for <:tir1s was started about 50 years back. It is also housed in a rented building. The school teaches u;>to the primary VII standard and at the time of this survey, 214 girls were studying in it. The Government prim:HY school was started in September. 1960, in the residen-
HOLALU
rial nreZl of the Adikarnatakas. This school was started purticuIarly with the object of imparting education to the Harijan children. The strength of tJoe school is about 100 students and the staff consists of two teachers. About 50 per cent of the students in this school belong to Harijans and the rest belong to the Barikas, Bcdas, Kuruba and Pinjara castes. There is no Lingayat or Brahmin child studying in this school. In July, 1960, the villagers started a private high school called 'Vivekananda High School'. This school is now run in a rented building. At the time of the survey, this school was teaching upto 3 classes and had a stre'1gth of 147 boys with 5 teachers to teach them. With the starting of this school, the boys from the neighbouring villages have also started prosecuting their studies beyond primary school standards. To accommodate such boys, the villagers are nmning an hostel. This bostel run by the Virakta Mutt (Mallikarjunaswamy Mutt), is housed in a private building. Formerly it was housed in a building owned by a cultivator in the village, but now the ViraktCl. Mutt has constructed a row of rooms near the Ananthasayana Temple for this hostel. With the .<tRrting of this hostel, the strength of the school has increased from 147 to 235 and the inmates in the hostel are as many as 166. The hostel has not been able to obtain any grants or assistance from Government so far. All the expenses are met by raising local donations. The boys in the hostel are not charged any boarding fees.
199. For collegiate education, the nearest places are Davangere, Bellary, Hospet Dharwar, Hubli and Haveri. A few boys from the village are studying in the colleges at these places.
Migration
200. There is not much of either immigration or emigration. During the last five years a Boyi family connected with the construction of the hridge across the Tungabhadra River near Havanur, has come and settled down in the village. Another family that has settled down in the village belongs to a Lingayat, who runs a tea shop. This family has come and settled down about 10 years back. The other immigrants to the village are the teachers in the local High School and Government officials em1)loyed in the Veterinary Dispensary, the Primarv Health Centre and the various educational institutions. About 20 persons from the village employed by Government are working elsewhere.
SOCIAL AND CULTURALLIFE
Family structure
201. For a study of the types of family, the various families in the village have been divided into 4 groups, namely, simple family, Intermediate family, Joint family and others. A simple family consists of the husband. wife ad unmarried children. An Intermediate family consists of the husband, wife unmarried children with widowed sisters or brothers. The joint family consists of the husbflnd, wife and married sons or daughters. All families which cannot come under anyone of these three groups have been classed as 'others'. After this grouping, it is found from Table I that 39.9 per cent of the families in the village are of the simple type, 11.6 per cent are of the intermediate type, 8.6 per cent are of the joint type and the remaining 39.9 per cent come under 'others'. In the past, families of the joint type were predominant, but as the families grew in size. the accommodation available was found to be insufficient and so, the tendency to form simple families started showing an increase. Another reason for this break up of ioint families is that individuality in the present generation and the desire for greater freedom from the control of elders. The prevalence of a large number of joint families among Lingayats is due to their possession of large extents of lands which could only be profitably cultivated under ioint family system. Among agricultural labourers. the tendency appears to be more towards the simple type of families.
Size of households
202. Table III presents data regarding the size and composition of households. It is sleen from this Table that majority of the households in the village cosist of 4 to 6 members each.' There are 323 households with 4 to 6 members each as against 143 with 2 to 3 members each, 221 with 7 to 9 members each and 71 with 10 or more members in each.
Infra-family relationship
203. The relationship between the members of the different families is generally cordial. The elders are always resoected and their guidance is sought frequently. The elder members of a family generallv supervise over all the activities both at home and elsewhere. The mother and father occupy a reverential position in the family. The feeling of oneness
. among the members of the family can be seen on various occasions of social, economic, cultural and religious importance.
11-6 Census/Mysore/6B
41
Inheritance of property
204. Patriarchal system of inheritance is in vogue both among Hindus and Muslims. On the death of the father, the sons inherit the property. The property is equally divided among all the sons and at the time of division sOIne provision is made for the marriages of unmarried sons and daughters and also for the maintenance of the widowed mother. The eldest son usually gets an extra share called 'Jyeishta Bhaga' as he has to shoulder some more responsibilities. Out of the 800 persons interviewed, only 22 persons admitted that they were aware of the changes in the Hindu succession laws and only 5 persons said they were aware of the changes in the Hindu Adoption Act. But even those persons who admitted that they were aware of these changes said that they were following only the old customs of sharing the property by only the male heirs. Only one Muslim household stated that a share in their property was also reserved for the daughters.
Leisure and Recreation
205. Majority of the villagers are engaged in agriculture and as such they find sufficient leisure only between January and March. At other times, they are usually engaged in agricultural ooerations like ploughing harrowing, sowing. weeding. inter-culturing, harvesting, etc., and it is only in the evenings that they find some leisure. Most of them spend their leisure hours in gossip. A few listen to the radio broadcasts and some of the literates soend their time in reading newspapers, novels, etc. There are 7 radio receiving sets in the village, of which 5 belong to Lingayats, 1 to a Devanga and 1 to Bahusar Kshatriya. About 20 households in the village ohtain daily newspaners like the 'Samyukta Kamataka' in Kanarese and 'Deccan Herald' in English. A few also obtain Kannada weeklies. fortnightlies and monthlies. Recently an adult education library and a youth club have started functioning in the village. The adult education library is run by the Panchayat Board. The youth club organised in 1962. provides facilities for playing games like volley ball. ball badminton, etc. Playing of cards is also very common.
206. Young children play indegenous games like 'Kabadi.' 'Hu-to-to.' hide and seek. etc. Young girls are often seen playing a game called 'Achhangayi' with 5 small flat stones. On moon lit nights. some youths play 'Kolata'. On festival davs, they also organise some special games. At the time of Ugadi, both young and old playa game called 'Chendata' with
42
a ball made of cotton rags. On the following day, they organise community hunting. The periodical festivals and fairs provide recreation to the people. On such occasions, they organise processions through the main streets. At times they stage mythological dramas. These are usually arranged in summer when agriculturists are free from the work in the fields. They also visit the periodical fairs particularly those arranged in Mailar Kuruvatti and Shakar. On certain festival. days, they organise community singing of Bhajans. Such Bhajan programmes are arranged particularly at the time of Ramanavami, Basavajayanthi, Shivaratri, etc. The folk songs sung by the females have special attraction for the villagers. On National holidays like -the Republic Day, the Independence Day, etc., the public institutions and the educational institutions arrange programmes on an elaborate scale with the co-operation of one and all. The various schools also observe their annual school days. when they arrange special programmes of variety entertainment.
Religious institutions
207. There are a number of religious institutions in the village, the chief of which are the Anantasayana Temple, Veerabhadra Temple, Mailar Linga Temple, Amriteswara Temple, Basavanna Temple, Kalamma Temple, - Durgamma Temple, Anjaneya Temple, Gonibasaveswara Temple, etc.
208. Anantasayana Temple.-This temple is one of the most important religious institutions in the village. This is the chief temple for the Brahmins. It is stated to have been built about 800 years· back under the patronage of the Chola Kings. The temple is situated _ to the south of the village 'goathan' and faces east. The temple proper is about 30' X 15' and is built of stone. The building is a simple one but the image of Anantasayana is a fine piece of architecture. The idol is about 8 feet in length and 4 feet in breadth. It is carved out of black stone and is a fine specimen of our old sculpture. This is attributed to the famous scuptor Jakanacharya. It is said that the idol was prepared for being taken to Hampi during the Vijayanagar rule, but for some reason, this idea was dropped. The villagers said that in about 1953-54, there was another attempt to shift the idol to Hospet and that cranes were actually brought to the village to lift it, but the villagers putforth strong objections and ultimately the idol was not disturbed. This temple has inam lands measuring an area of 27 acres 38 guntas. The temple affairs are administered by a brahmin trustee appointed under the Religious Endowments
HOLALU
Act. The lands of the temple are in the possession of the priest· who offers daily worship. The present building is said to have been renovated twice once about 150 years ago and again about 6 years back. About 6 years back. the renovations including electrification cost about Rs. 3,000. The deity is offered daily worship and in every April a special fair or Jatra is performed. This fair lasts for about 3 days and consists of a car festival, 'Palakki Utsava', etc.
209. Veerabhadraswamy Temple is a minor Muzrai institution. This is also an old temple said to have been built about 900 years ago. This temple is situated near the entrance to the fort area and faces east. The stone pillars of the temple are beautifully carved. The temple has ahout 103 acres of land. The ri?ht to cultivate these lands is annually auctioned out and the amount realised is held in the Taluk Treasury. At the time of survey. the balance in the Taluk Treasury was about Rs. 3,000. A Lingayat priest engaged on a monthly salary of about Rs. 20 offers daily worship at the temple. Annually, a car festival is held in honour of this deity. The temple building IS in need of immediate repairs.
210. Petebasaveswara Temple is said to have been constructed about 200 years back by a Lingayat is situated in the main street of the villa!!e. This temple has stone walls and stone roofing. This was renovated at a cost of about Rs. 2,000 about 6 years back. Daily worship is offered by a Lingayat priest. On Basavaiayanthi day, special poojas are arranged at this institution. The temple has got about 2 acres of land donated by a Lingayat household. These lands are held by the priest.
211. CTonibasaveswara Temple is a minor muzrai institution. This temple is said to be about 300 years old. Gonibasaveswara is the family deity of several households among Lingayats. Kurubas and Batikas. Pooia is perfomled at this temole daily. The tern ole building is in need of immediate reoairs. The temple has about 15 acres of inam land which are leased out annually by auction. The temnle is managed by a committee of trustees appointed under the Religious Endowments Act.
212. There are two temples of Kalamma. One is situated in the heart of the v1llage and the other on its outskirts. Both these temoles are said to have been built more than 200 years back. Pooia is performed daily by a Panch ala priest. Ka1amma is considered as the Grama Devatha of the village. The temple has no lands. Till about 5 years back, they
SOC I A LAN ~D CULT U R ALL 1 F E
used to perform a special festival in honour of this deity every year, at which, animals were offered in sacnfice. '1 he vIllagers have belief that offer of animals in sacrifice to this deity would ward off epidemics like cholera, plague. etc., but now, no animals are sacrificed at this altar. Instead, in Navaratri some special poojas are arranged.
213. Anjaneyaswamy temple is situated near the entrance of the fort. This is also an old temple. A Lingayat priest offers worship to this deity and the affairs of the temple are managed by a Committee of trustees. The t~mple has inam lands of about 17 acres.
214. Sanjeevaraya Temple situated in the fort area, has about 13 acres of land. The lands are in the possession of the priest. About 6 years back, the temple building was renovated at a cost of about Rs. 200. Mostly Brahmins offer worship to this deity.
215. Durgamma temple and Amriteswara Temple are small ones without any arrangement for daily worship.
216. Maradamma temple is located in the area occupied by Madigas. It faces east. The deity is . very much revered by the Madigas. The temple has no lands. The temple building was renovated at a cost of about Rs. 500 about 2 years back. At the time of Navaratri, the Madigas arrange special 'poojas' at this temple and the deity is also taken in procession in their residential area.
217. Dargaraswamy institution is located in the residential area of Pinjaras, a major sub-caste among the Muslims of this village. This institution is said to be about 300 years old. The observe special vows to this deity and in fulfilment of their vows, animal sacrifices are occasionally offered. Several Hindus also observe vows to this deity. There is a separate Muslim mosque in the fort area. It is here that the Muslims offer their Namaz. The mosque is managed by a Kazi.
Festivals
218. Both the Hindus and the Muslims from the village observe a number of festivals. The important Hindu festivals are Ugadi, Ramanavami, Karuhunnime, Nagarpanchami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navaratri, Gowri Hunnime, Sheegihunnime, Deepavali, Makarasankramana, Mahasivaratri, Basava Jayanthi, etc. The important Muslim festivals are Ramzan, Bakrid, Mu-
43
harram, Id-Melad, etc. The various castes in the village extend mutual co-operation to one another in the celebration of these festivals. The Hindus extend all cooperation to the Muslims and in Muharram, several Hindu households actually participate in the celebrations.
219. Ugadi.-It falls on the first day of Chaitra (March-April). It is a new year day for all Hindus. On that day, their houses are white-washed. The celebrations start with an oil bath and wearing of new clothes. They offer worship to their family deities and consume a bitter mixture of neem leaves, neem flowers and jaggery. This is followed by a sumptuous meal. The special dishes for the day consist of Holige, Huggi, etc. In the evening, the caste priest reads the almanac. Young and old also playa ball game called 'Chendata' in which a ball made of pieces of cloth is used. The day following the Ugadi, some of the male folks go out hunting. In short, the day is spent in gaiety and rejoicing. It is usually on this day that the cultivators start their agricultural operations in the fields.
220. Ramanavami.-Following on the 9th day of Chaitra, marks the birth day of Sri Rama. On this day sumptuous meals are prepared at almost every Hindu home and in the evening, community singing of Bhajans is organised.
221. Karuhunnime.-This festival is observed on the full moon day of Jyeista (June). This festival is devoted to the worship of the bullocks. On this day, the bullocks are given a wash and they are also taken out in procession.
222. Nagarpancnami.-This festival falls on the 5th day of the broad half of 'shravana'. On this day, ant hills and clay images of snakes are offered worship. Snake charmers move round in the village with live snakes which are offered sweetened milk. Newly married daughters are invited to their parental homes and given some presents.
222. Ganesha Chaturthi.-This festival falls on the 4th day of Badrapada. Clay images of 'Ganesha' are installed in several households of Lingayats, Brahmins, Panchalas and Bahusara Kshatriyas. Such images are installed in several shops in the village. Worship is offered to these images for 7 or 9 days and on the 7th or 9th day, the images are immersed in a well or pond.
223. Navaratri.-Navaratri is a festival lasting about 10 days. It starts on the first day of Aswija and
44
is chiefly dedicated to the worship of the three goddesses, viz., Lakshmi, Saraswathi and Durga. On the 9th day WhiCh is known as 'Ayudna Pooja' day, worship is oftered to weapons and other implements of labour. On the 10th day, the deities of the various temples are taken out in a procession in the village. A special feature of this day IS the exchange of 'Banni' leaves. These leaves symbohse gold and are exchanged with all cordiality. AU old ammosities are expected to be forgotten with the exchange ot such leaves. During ~avaratri, the various educational instltutions in the village arrange special programmes of vanety entertainment by school children. They also arrange Bhajan programmes.
224. Gowrihunnime.-This festival falls on the full moon day of Aswija. This festival is associated more with the female tolk. Clay images of Gowri are installed in several households.
225. Sheegihunnime.-This festival falling on the 14th and 15th day of Aswija is more or less a ceremony of thanks giving to mother earth. On this day, the villagers have their meals in the fields. They arrange 5 stones symbolising 5 Pandavas on one side and keep another stone separately symbolising 'Kama'. Before taking food, these stones are worshipped.
226. Deepavali.-This festival starting on the 13th day of the dark half of the lunar month of Aswija lasts for about 5 days. This festival of lights is of special importance to the trading classes. It is on the Deepavali day that they open their new accounts after worshipping goddess Lakshmi. Many people in the village believe that gambling on this day is no sin and as such they indulge in gambling with cards all through the night.
227. Makarasankramana.-This festival falls on the 14th day of January. This festival is also known as 'Hellu Beeruva Habba'. On this day, people exchange a mixture of til and jaggery.
228. Mahashivaratri.-This falls on the 14th day of the lark half of Magha. Several people keep awake the whole night listening to 'Shiva Purana'. Special Bhajan programmes are also arranged on this day. Some people observe fast on this day.
229. Basavajayanthi.-On Basavajayanthi day, .the
villagers take out a procession carrying the picture of Basaveswara in a bullock cart. This festival is associated with the birth of Basaveswara, the founder of Veerasaivism. This is considered to be one of the important festivals in the village. On this day, they
HOLAL U
arrange special poojas at Petebasaveswara Temple and take out the idol of this temple in a procession.
230. Ramzan.-Ramzan is considered as a solemn month and several Muslims observe fast during the month. At the end of this period of fast, they gather at the mosque and offer special prayers and distribute alms in the form of cash and clothes to the poor.
231. Bakrid.-Bakrid is a festival celebrated in honour of the sacrifice of saint Abrahim. This is a festival of rejollllllg for all Muslims. On this day, they sacrifice rams and goats.
232. Muharram.-Muharram is a 10 da observance of intense mourning in commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussain. Several Hmdu households also join the Muslims in the celebration of this festival.
Fairs
233. Besides celebrating some fairs ill the village itself, the residents of HolaJu visit many other fairs in the neighbourhood. The important fairs in the village are the Anantasayana Fair performed in every April, Veerabhadraswamy Fair, etc. The Anantasayana fair lasts for 3 days. On the first day, they have a car festival, on the second day, they observe 'vokuli' i.e .• playing in coloured water, and on the third day the 'utsava murthy' is taken out in a procession to the house of the priest. Though all the .. castes from the village participate in this fair. it is considered as of special importance to the Brahmins. About 5,000 people gather at the time of this fair. Some shops and stalls in sweet meats and other articles are also set up. The Veerabhadraswamy Temple fair also lasts for 3 days. On the first day, they observe the car festival which is attended to by a large number of people from the neighbouring villages. People of all castes participate in this fair, but it is of special importance to the Lingayats.
234. The important fairs in the neighbourhood are Ramadevara Car festival at Hadagalli, Mailar Lingageswaraswamy Temple fair at Mailar, Mallikarjuna Car festival at Kuruvatti, etc. Many people from the village attend these fairs.
235. The temple of Ramadeva in Hadagalli is located in the heart of the Town. The car festival of this deity is performed on the 'Poornima' day of Chaitra and lasts for about 3 days. About 10,obo people gather at the time of this fair.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
236. The fair at Mailar is considered to be an important one in this region. The village Mailar is about 2 miles from this village. The temple here is dedicated to Shiva in his form 'Mallari' or 'Mallahari', meaning the defeat of Mana. The legend associated with thIs temple is that Mallasura and his brother by virtue of their penance, obtained an assurance from Brahma that they would never be harmed by a humanbeing. On obtaining this assurance, they began harassing the sages who were performing penance. The sages appealed to God Shiva who came to earth in the form of dog to circumvent the promises given by Brahma and killed both Mallasura and his brother after fighting them for about 10 days. Even to this day, in commemoration of this legend, several devotees called 'goravas' dress themselves in blankets and go out barking and howling like the dogs, at the time of the annual fair. On the occasion of this fair, some predictions regarding the condition of crops, etc., are also made. About 10,000 people gather at this fair.
237. The Mallikarjuna car festival takes place in February-March every year, in the village Kuruvatti, which is about 4 miles away from Holalu. This car festival lasts for about 4 days, and is followed by cattle fair which lasts for about a week. About 2,500 heads of cattle are brought for sale at the time of this festival. This temple elaborately carved in black stone is a fine specimen of Chalukyan architecture. The cattle fair at Kuruvatti has lost some of its old importance' for two reasons. The first reason is because of the quarrel bet-
45
ween the villagers of Chikkuruvatti of Ranebennur Taluk and Hirekuruvatti of Hadagalli Taluk. Each of these villages wanted to hold the cattle fair within its limits. The other reason is because of the starting of a cattle fa:r at Karji in Haveri Taluk. The fair at Karjgi was started about 15 years back.
Matutory Panchayat
238. A statutory panchayat has been functioning in the village from 1950. This Panchayat was reconstituted in 1960 under the provisions of the Mysore Village Panchayat and Local Bodies Act, 1959. The present panchayat has jurisdiction over only 6 villages together with its two hamlets. The panchayat consists of 15 elected members of whom 10 including the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman are Lingayats. Other 5 members are one each from the Bahusar Kshatriya, Kuruba, Lamani. Madiga and Barika castes. 13 of the members are cultivators and the other 2 are traders. The ViceChairman of the Panchayat also happens to be the Chairman of the service co-operative society. None of the members has received education beyond the primary school standard. Office of the present Panchayat Board is housed in a rented building. The staff consists of one Secretary, one Bill Collector, 2 Sweepers and a Peon. The membesr generally meet once a month to transact bus;ness relating to the Panchayat.
239. The income and expenditure of the Panchayat for 1961-62 and 1962-63 are as follows:-
1961-62
Sl.No.
2
3
Receipts
Balance carried over from the previous year
Government grant for constructing new draw wells.
(a) Share of land revenue 30%
(b) Surcharge on stamp duty .
Amount
Rs.
3,205 ·29
2,782'25
1,668'00
651· 82
4 Money realised by disposal of capital assets, pro-perty, etc., Sales of rubbish, etc. 18·24
5 Self-imposed taxes • , 2,025' 11
6 Others 174·14
TOTAL 13,674' 87
Sl. No. Payments
1 Expenditure on staff
Expenditure 011 development activities:
(a) Formation of roads
(b) Repairs to Kunta .
Expenditure on civil and municipal function
Cash in treasury account
Cash on hand
Amount
Rs.
2,440'23
2,081' 90
145'00
3,187'74
4,824'18
995'77
13,614'87
46 HOLALU
1962·63
Sl. No. Receipts Amount SI. No. Payment Amount
Rs.
Balance carried over from the previous year 5,819'95
7,826.12
1,668.00
24.00
2 Government Grant
3 Share of land revenue 30%
4 Money realised by disposal of capital assets property, etc.
5 Self-imposed taxes .
6 Compulsory Taxes .
7 Others
TOTAL
2,178'72
3,024'79
10,702'24
31,248' 82
240. The important developmental activities of the Panchayat after 1960 are as follows:-
SI. No. Nature of work
1 2
1 4 drinking water wells
2 Road construct;on about 2 furlongs
3 6 culverts
4 Lady Teachers Quarters
Estimated Yea: contribu-tion by the Panchayat
3 4
2,500.00 1962
1,700.00 1962
2,600.00 1962-63
500.00 1963
5 Construction of Gramsevak quarters. 1,500.00 1963
These works have already been completed. The works in progress are the construction of drains at a cost of Rs. 5,000 and the construction of a community centre at
• a cost of about Rs. 35,000. For both these works, the Panchayat expects to get a contribution of about 75 per cent of the total expenditure under the National Extension Scheme and the balance is to be met by the Panchayat and popular contribution. The Panchayat has also proposed to provide street lights under the Rural Electrification Scheme and protected water supply under the Rural Water Supply Scheme.
241. There have been some factions in the village and they hamper a· lot the developmental activities. There are said to be two factions based on personal affiliations to two leading personalities in the village. One of these lead~rs happens to be the present President and the other, - its past President. These factions based mainly on personal affiliations have now been given a political colour and one of the parties calls itself as a Praja Socialist Party and the other as Con-
Expenditure on staff .
2 Expenditure on development activities
3 Expenditure on civil and municipal functions
4 Year closing bahnce .
Rs.
2,740'05
12,615.05
3,041.60
12,852.12
31,248' 82
gress. These factions which started only about a couple of years back have gained such deep roots that all the developmental activities in the village are much hampered by them.
Voluntary Organisations
242. There are some caste Panchayats among Kutubas and Madigas. However, these caste Panchayats have lost their previous hold and are not as influential as they were in the past. A few leaders of the village have been doing good work. Their advice is frequently sought by the common man.
243. The voluntary organisations in the village are the Vivekananda High School Committee, Saraswathi Mahila Samaj and the Youth Club. In 1960, the High School Committee collected about Rs. 10,000 and started a High School in the village. This has been a noticeable achievement of this Committee. In 1963, a Youth Club has been started in the village and at the time of this survey, its membership was 60. The members come mainly from the student popUlation. The Youth Club provides sports and games materials like volley-ball, ball badminton kit, foot ball, etc. The club has not activised itself in the field of agriculture. The Mahila Samaj has been started in November, 1963. It has a membership of 30. It is run in a private rented building and is provided with two sewing machines. 4 girls are learning tailoring under the auspices of this Samaj.
National Extension Service
244. The National Extension Service was started in Hadagalli Taluk in October, 1961, and in October, 1962,
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
the Development Block reached Stage I from the preExtension State. After the starting of this National Extension Scheme, several developmental activities have been taken up in the village. An approach road connecting this village with the village Haravi has been constructed at a cost of about Rs. 18,000 under the Rural Communication Scheme. In 1963, a Primary Health Centre has been opened in the village. Under' the Rural Housing Programme, quarters for a lady teacher have been built in the village. Drainage works to improve the sanitation of the village have also been taken up. Loans have been sancti(lned to about 10 persons for sinking irrigation wells. The Block authorities have been trying to introduce improved seeds, chemical fertilisers, improved techniques of cultivation. etc .. into the village.
Reform Measures
245. The villagers in general have no idea about family planning and no attempt appear to have been made by any agencies to educate the people in this matter. About 20 persons have undergone vasectomy
47
operation in December. 1963, when a camp for conducting such operations was organised at Hadagalli, the Taluk Headquarters.
246. The evil of untouchability has not yet completely disappeared. The Madigas and Kahaleyavars are still not received freely in the society. However, it is to be admitted that there is some improvement in the treatment meted out to these castes. Formerly. they could never go near a tea shop, but now, they have access to the hotels and tea shops, but are served in separate vessels set apart for them. The village barber and washerman do not serve them. They do not also get free access to the various institutions. Thus a lot of change in the outlook of the villagers is necessary before this evil can be completely eradicated.
247. The village has been declared as dry, but it is said that illicit distillation still goes on, Ol! the sly. Some people say that a few Lamanis distil iilicit liquor which has got a ready market in the village, but none in the _ village admits this fact readily.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
248. The preceding four chapters have been in the nature of a report based on the investigations made in the course of the survey conducted in Holalu in 1963. They contain facts and figures with description, discussion and analysis of the socio-economic aspects of the village as found then. Before this report could go to the press, the village was visited again in January, 1966. Quite a few changes, particularly in the agricultural and educational fields were then noticed. It is true that such changes are inevitable in a big village like Holalu. But even then it cannot be forgotten that just about a decade or two back, though equally big, it was all steeped in rural sleepiness in one corner of the State. It then formed a remote area of the Madras State, connected only by some bridle paths. With extension of the electrical transmission lines and the starting of a High School, the village has slowly started putting on a new appearance.
249. In the field of agriculture, the demand for irrigation facilities has been on an increase. At the time of the Survey in ]963, there were about 32 wens fixed with electrically operated pumpsets. This number has further increased and there is still much scope and demand for further expansion. In 1966, it was noticed that about 10 more pumpsets have already been fixed and that the irrigated area has also increased by about 40 acres. With the increase in the irrigation facilities, there is also a growing demand for improved varieties of Jowar seeds. In 1965, a few cultivators who could irrigate their lands sowed their lands with Hybrid jowar and one of them was proudly saying that he could get an yield of more than 25 quintals of jowar per acre. A few cultivators were complaining that seeds of hybrid jowar were not available to them and a few were seen trying to convert their dry lands into wet ones. The soil in the village which is considered to be one of the best types 1n the whole of Bel1ary District is also said to be quite suitable for irrigation. So even though by and large, the village is stilI clinging on to the age old methods in the means of production and agriculture, the urge in them to change over' to the improved techniques is quite apparent and it is felt that if they get necessary financial assistance and technical advice, many of them will adopt improved methods. For raising cotton crop. many of them have already introduced improved varieties of seeds. Whenever cotton is grown as a mixed crop with groundnut,
they sow 'Laxm,' cotton during Rohini rains and when it is sown as a single crop, they sow either 'Jaydhar' or No. 881 cotton seed during Magha and Hubha rains.
250. In the field of education, they have taken some big strides during the last 3-4 years. They have started a private High School, which has a strength of about 250 students. To provide facilities for students from the neighbouring villages, they have also been running a Hostel for boys, where the students are provided with free food and shelter. These institutions are largely run by raising private contributions. This fact clearly shows that the villagers appreciate the value of education and also are keen to create a proper atmosphere to import education. As it is, the percentage of literacy in the village is higher than that for the Hadagalli Taluk or the Bellary District. Now that four educational institutions have been functioning in the village, the standard of literacy and education are bound to go still higher. And this presents a pleasing 'picture. However, it has to be admitted that the accommodation provided for the various schools at present is quite insufficient.
251. About public institutions like the statutory panchayat, the co-operative society, the voluntary orga· nisations, it has to be remarked that they are not functioning as well as they should. Many of the activities of these organisations as also several other developmental activities in the vi11ages are hampered by the factions among the village populace. It is these factions which impede the work of sponsoring any development programme that will do good to the village as a whole. The leaders of these factions forget the important role to be played by them in the community and village development. They forget that if they stand united, they can do more things more effectively through organised groups. In their own interest as also in the interest of the village as a whole, they should endeavour to resolve their differences early or at least see that their action in no way harms the village. It is quite necessary for the co-operative society to see that it caters the bona fide needs of all persons who seek its help. The Panchayat has to see that the village development activities are sneeded up. by providing good roads, drains, etc. They have to ~ork together to create an integrated. specially cohesive village society. It would only be then that the village would earn richer dividends.
CONCLUSION
252. As regards Public Health and Hygiene, it has to be observed that much attention is not paid to this aspect. The streets and lanes are not well paved. They are dusty in summer and slushy in the rainy season. They are very narrow at several places, though the main road at the entrance to the village is quite wide. The facilities for providing drinking water are also far from satisfactory. Many of the villagers drink water from the pond called 'Honda'. Sufficient care is also not taken to see that this water does not get polluted. One or two persons were actually seen bathing in this pond. The village has been sanctioned a Primary Health Centre as also a Veterinary Dispensary. But both these institutions have not been provided with sufficient accommodation and are also not staffed properly.
12-6 Census/Mysore/68
49
253. The Harijans continue to suffer all the evils of untouchability. They have their own separate residential area. They do not readily get admittance to any hotels and even where they get, they have to eat and drink in separate vessels meant for them only. The village barber and washerman do not serve them. So they continue to face all the old handicaps in spite of all the legislative and administrative measures undertaken by Government to ameliorate their condition. Even among themselves they observe certain codes of discrimination. The Kahaleyavars consider themselves as superior to the Madigas and so they do not even interdine. It is quite necessary that there should be a change in the outlook of the people and this can be achieved more by education than by mere legislation.
TABLES
TABLE I
Area, Houses and Population
Area in ,-_____ ..A.,_ _____ -, Density
Acres Hectares per ~q mile Number of Number of
houses Households
2 3 4 5
7,615 3,081.71 389.6 981 800
TABLE II
Populationlby Age-groups
,Persons
6
4,637
Population
Males
7
2,338
51
Females
8
2,299
Total of all ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Age not stated
,-____ ~ ______ """'\ ,-.A.-, ,--..A.,,-..A., ,-_..A.,,-~ ,--A..-., ,-~,-~ ,-~,-~,-----"---\
Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
4637 2,338 2,299 368 350 340 368 292 294 184 147 178 180 177 166 187 160 261 216 220 270 231 148 .,
TABLE III
Size and Composition of Households
Size of Households Total No. ,---------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ of House- Single member 2-3 members
holds ,-___ ---A. ,-
800
Households Males Females House- M Holds
2 3 4 5 6
43 15 28 143 183
F
7
184
4-6 members 7-9 members 10 members & above .---___ ..A-, ___ --., ...----A----, ,---..A. ___ --.,
House- M F House- M F House- M F Holds Holds Holds
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
322 786 806 221 887 832 71 467 449
52 HOLALU
TABLE IV
Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes
Religion Caste Sub-Caste Number of Papulation
r- ___A..
households Persons Males Females
2 3 4 5 6 7
Hindu Lingayat Sadar 243 1,59b 807 189
Panchacharya 44 269 136 133
Banjigaru 45 253 121 132
Jangama 30 186 96 90
Kumbara 11 65 38 27
Ganiga 9 70 34 36
Hadapadavaru 4 17 11 6
Kuruba 90 477 235 242
Beda 73 381 175 206
Barika 50 268 135 133
Madiga 38 180 99 81
Lambani Adavi Lambani . 32 182 93 89
Bahusar Kshatriya 19 121 54 67
Panchala or Badagi Chickamani 16 89 46 43
Brahmin Smartha 9 50 22 28
Madhva 6 3 3
Vaishnava
Boyi 7 36 21 15
Agasa 6 26 16 10
Koracha 6 22 12 10
Vishwakanna 5 39 20 19
Devanga 5 23 14 9
Kahaleyavaru 3 16 6 10
Myadara Bandigara 4 13 8 5
Rajput Suryavamsa 1 5 4
Bhajantri 3 2
Sadar 1 1
Muslims Sunni Pinjara 24 102 53 49
Sheik 11 76 40 36
MuIJa 4 29 18 11
, Syed 3 19 12 7
Khaji 4 3
Jains . Jams Swethambara 1 4 2 2
Digambara 2 8 3 5 -----~-------------
TOTAL 800 4,637 2,338 2,299
TABLI:lS
Caste
Madiga
Lambani
Boyi
1
Koracha
Kahaleyavaru
Age-Group
All ages
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60+
Age not stated
S3
TABLE. V
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes . ___ .A. ________ -., , _______ ..A. ___________ -,
TOTAL
No. of Households
2
38
32
7
6
3
86
Total population
,------"----~ Persons Males Females
2 3 4
4,637 2,338 2,299
718 368 350
708 340 368
586 292 294
331 184 147
358 178 180
343 117 166
347 187 160
244 125 119
233 136 97
168 74 '94
193 80 113
129 66 63
279 131 148
Persons Males Females No. of Persons Males Females
3
180
182
36
22
16
436
4
99
93
21
12
6
231
5
81
89
15
10
10
205
TABLE VI
Age and Matrial status
Never married Married
r-----"'----... ,---"------... M F M F
5 6 7 8
1,325 1,076 908 868
368 350
340 368
292 278 16
183 48 98
97 8 81 169
26 5 148 157
5 3 171 126
3 3 118 100
8 4 118 62
2 69 54
4 70 45
2 54 28
3 78 13
households
6 7 8 9
Widowed Divorced or Unspecified separated status
r---_A,.,.,~ ,---"---, ,--A---, M F M F M F
9 10 11 12 13 14
96 340 9 15
1
3
3 3
9 27 2 4
3 13 3
10 29 2
4 37
9 61 3
10 35
51 131 2
54 1:!oLALU
Is § »~ r N ,.d0_ 1-1 ~ ~ N oemi3 »<;::'-"'01 ~'-'" ::s <]e:,ViI~ ;:::l
0' l
r~ 0
-", N oS., ..... _ c.~
'~f-< i~ 0\-0 ....
l oS
00 e r~ 0 0. 6 l~ I"- M
(,,",
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'" \CJ ., rll. -; ::s I "c:l i . oS M N ... II')
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l~ ~~ N .... .,'" M ... 0 ~
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:::s::t:~ .... M .... r/l l ....
r~ 00 II') M ..... C c·~ 0 - \CJ II') ...... ..... ->- = oS'" ~
!l:1 i ,§~ l:::s ~ V') N I"-C.I ......
~ ::I ~o 0'1 M I"- M N N
IXl "CI
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Ill. Oi' ...... 0'1 l"- N I"- 0 \CJ V) 0- \0 V') II')
~;§~ 00 00 ...... M M N M .... ~ O·.zj~ .~:€~§
l:::s 0\ M II') N 00 M N 00 0'1 N ~ 00 00
-..l~.gt;; 0'1 M \0 \CJ l"- I"- .,.., "'" "'" M .,.., l"- V) .,
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$:l
{:
0\ 0 00 "'" I"- 0 \Q 0 0'1 I"- "'" M M 00
0 0\ II') \Q 0'1 "'" 00 \Q \0 .... 0\ 0'1 .... \Q "'" '';: "'" N M M N .... ...... ...... .... .... ...... oS C'l' '3 00 00 0 N "'" 00 l"- I"- .,.., \0 "'" 0 \0 0-
...... 0 M \0 "'" 0\ 00 l"- I"- 00 N M I"- 00 \0 M
~ M M M M N - .... ...... ...... ......
- C'l' g
I"- 00 00 \0 ...... 00 M I"- "'" M 00 M 0'1 0'1 0 M ...... ~ 00 M
.,.., "'" "'" "'" M \0 0\ N l"-f-< l~ N \0 I"- .,.., M M M M N N ...... N
.,;
.....
"0 E ~
<Il ., ... CO
0
-< ::! 0\ "'" 0'1 "'" 0\ ~ 0\ "'" 0\ I:l
"'" 0\ .... N N M M "'" .,.., ";' + .,
0 .;, 0 I 0 .;, 0 .;, ~ .;, 0 ~
< Vl Vl 0 < - .... <'I N M M "'" V') V'> \Q
TABLES 55
TABLE VIII
Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups
Total population Workers Non-workers Age-Group -"------, r-------"'--
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All Ages 4,637 I 2,338 2,299 1,857 1 ,360 497 2,780 978 1,802
0-14 2,012 1,000 1,012 154 113 41 1,858 887 971
15-34 1,379 726 653 924 679 245 455 47 408
35-59 967 481 486 664 469 195 303 12 291
60 & over 279 131 148 115 99 16 164 32 132
TABLE IX
Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-Groups and Occupations
0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above SI. ,--_.A. ,---.A. ,-~ ~ No. Name of Occupation Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
1 Cultivation only 12 262 5 187 4 47
2 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour 2 29 17 4
3 Cultivation and Household Industry 1 2 2
4 Cultivation and Trade 8 8 4
5 Cultivation and Service 5 6
6 Livestock and Cultivation
7 Agricultural Labour only 42 30 226 208 136 149 20 15
8 Agricultural Labour and Livestock 1
9 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 8 8 2 2
10 Agricultural Labour and Household In-dustry 1 2 2
11 Agricultural Labour and Trade 2 2
12 Agricultural Labour and Service
13 Household Industry only 2 45 9 25 7 8
14 Household Industry and Cultivation 2
15 Household Industry and Agricultural Labour . . . . . 3 1
16 Trade only 2 15 17 26 20 6
17 Trade and Agricultural Labour 2
18 Village Industries. 2
19 Herdsmen 42 8 16 5
20 Servants 9 12 1
21 Service 2 33 4 21 5 3
22 Hotel-keeping 6 6
23 General Labour only 5 5 1
24 General Labour and Cultivation 1 2
25 Service and Cultivation . 1
26 Service and Agricultural Labour 1 1
TOTAL 113 41 679 245 469 195 99 16
56 HOLALU
TABLE X
Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-Groups and Industry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the Households
Workers Engaged in ,-----------------"------------ "' Total Workers Household Industry Household Business Household Culti-
Age-Groups vation ,---____;.._-------, ,-___ ...A.. __ --, ,-----A-__ --, ,---A. ,
Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All ages 1,857 1,360 491 95 17 72 42 619 16
0-14 154 - 113 41 2 2 14
15-34 924 679 245 41 9 25 18 314 6
35-59 664 469 195 34 8 36 22 234 10
60 & above 115 99 16 12 10 51
TABLE XI
Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups and Nature of Activities
Age-groups
Activity ,- -------"- ----,
Non-workers 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above , ___ ~__A. ____ ,
r----"------. ,------A-__ , , _ ___.A.----., ,-------"------., Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Students 499 321 178 290 177 31
Dependents 1,495 635 860 597 153 5 3 4 28 29 16
House work 158 158 41 404 260 53
Unemployed 10 10 10
Beggars
Rent receivers 11 11 6 1 1 3 3 3
TOTAL 2,180 918 1,802 887 971 47 408 12 291 32 132
TABLE XII
Households by Number of Rooms and by Number of Persons Occupying
Households Households Households Households Households Households Households with no with one with two with three with four with five with five regular room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms and
Total Total Total No. of room more No. of No. of family ,-_ ___.A.____, r----"------. ,___.A.--, r---A.--, ,~ ,___.A._---, ,--"---,
Households rooms members No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No.
House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family
mem- mem- mem- mem- mem- mem- mem-bers bers bers bers bers bers bers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11
800 152 4,637 166 792 563 3,231 44 380 16 129 8 67 3 38
TABLES
TABLE XIII
Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and Other Occupations
Total Total persons Households engaged in No. of r----~,-----"\
Households Persons Males
Cultivation only
Cultivation and Agricultural Labour
Cultivation and Household Industry
Cultivation and Trade
Cultivation and Service
Cultivation and Village Industry .
Cultivation and Hotel-keeping •
Cultivation, Agricwtural Labour and Trade •
Cultivation, Agricultural Labour and household Industry
Cultivation, Agricultural Labour and Service
Cultivation, Trade and Agricultural Labour
Cultivation, Service and Agricultural Labour
Cultivation, Service and Trade
Livestock only .
Livestock and Cultivation
2
208
50
4
32
11
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
Livestock and Agricultural Labour 3
Agricultural Labour only . 258
Agricultural Labour and Livestock 2
Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 16
Agricultural Labour and Household Industry 7
Agricultural Labour and Trade . 17
Agricultural Labour and Service . 2
Agricultural Labour, Cultivation and Livestock 1
Agricultural Labour, Cultivation and Trade 2
Agricultural Labour, Household Industry and Cultivation 1
Household Industry only . 35
Household Industry and Agricultural Labour, 15
Household Industry and Trade .
Household Industry and General Labour
Household Industry, Cultivation and Agricultural Labour
Household Industry,g Aricultural Labour and Cultivation '
Household Industry, Services and Cultivation
13-6 Consus/Mysore/68
1
1
1
3
1,536
303
39
256
137
5
6
7
7
15
16
8
11
16
9
22
1,077
12
95
39
95
6
8
9
9
186
76
5
2
8
7
14
4
778
160
20
126
71
3
4
5
6
5
7
3
6
8
3
14
515
8
52
24
43
3
5
4
4
93
47
3
3
4
9
Females
5
758
143
19
130
66
2
2
2
1
10
9
5
5
8
8
562
4
43
15
52
3
3
5
5
93
29
2
5
3
5
Number of Gainfully Employed persons
Persons
6
490
141
15
97
39
3
2
4
4
7
8
3
3
6
2
9
585
7
53
27
52
4
4
6
5
59
42
1
2
5
2
5
Males
7
466
98
14
77
,36
3
2
4
4
6
4
1
3
6
2
6
309
6
33
19
26
2
4
3
2
46
27
2
2
6
Females
8
24
43
1
20
3
1
4
2
3
276
1
20
8
26
2
3
3
13
15
3
57
58 HOLALU
TABLE XIII-Conrd.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Village Industry only 3 17 9 8 3 3
Trade only 29 155 69 86 46 40 6
Trade and Cultivation 1 14 8 6 5 5
Trade and Agricultural Labour 3 21 Il 10 9 6 3
Service only 39 183 101 82 48 44 4
Service and Cultivation . 2 13 7 6 7 4 3
Service and Agricultural Labour 6 28 19 9 16 10 6
Service and Household Industry 7 5 2 2 2
General Labour only 2 13 10 3 5 5
General Labour and Cultivation 2 15 8 7 3 3
General Labour and Agricultural Labour 4 21 12 9. 9 6 J
HoteJ..keeping 8 56 24 32 12 12
Non-Workers 16 53 18 35
TOTAL . 800 4,637 2,338 2,299 1,857 1,360 497
TABLE XIV
Type of Industry run by the Households
Total Households having householcl Households having household Industry number of Industry as primary occupation as subsidiary occupation
House- r-, ----.. ~ _______ -----A. ________ -,
Name of Indastry holds Nuinber Persons engaged Total persons Number Persons engaged Total Persons of in Industry in households ' of in Industry in households
House- mentioned in House- mentioned in holds Col. No.3 holds Col. No.8
,-__ ..A.. ___ -, r---..A..--~ r----A.-------., r---A.---,
Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tailoring 16 14 18 38 41 2 5 9 13
SandIe making 16 10 10 30 21 6 6 21 16
Basket making 8 7 11 10 15 11 2 2
Carpentry 7 5 7 11 16 2 6 12 5
Pottery 7 5 6 14 9 2 9 5
Goldsmithy 6 6 9 22 19
Carpentry and Blacksmithy 2 2 2 6 4
Limestone manufacturing 2 2 5 3 10 8
Stitching of dining leaves 3 3
Weaving
Blacksmithy 5 9 5
Stone dressing 1
Photo Frame work 6
TOTAL 69 55 75 16 160 138 14 20 59 42
tABLES 59
TABLE XV
Types of Business Run by the Households
Households having Busin<:ss as prinnry Households having Business as Subsidiary occupation occupation r-- ________ -A-________ "-l ,-_______ __A._ __________ .,
Total No. of Persons engaged Total persons No. of Persons engaged Total persons Name of Business number House- in business in Hhs. men- House- in business in Hhs. men-
of holds tioned in Col. holds tioned in Col. House- NO.3 No.8
holds ,,-----"'----, r-----"---~ r--_....J.-_--_......" ,. __ .A-_-----, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Provision stores 16 11 14 34 39 5 5 25 30
Sale of eatables 2 2 2 4 4
Dealer in vegetables 14 4 2 4 5 12 10 8 34 42
Betel leaf dealer 4 3 4 5 4 3
Dealer in fuel 25 4 4 24 6 25 64 63
Dealer in cloth 7 2 3 7 13 5 6 25 25
Dealer in Tobacco 6 2 2 7 2 4 5 14 13
Dealer in Bangles 2 2 1 5 4
Petty Shop Keeper. 12 8 14 23 24 4 5 16 16
Cycle shop 6 5
TOTAL 89 33 41 7 88 102 56 31 35 194 205 ------
TABLE XVI
Traditional Industry by the Number of Households
Name of Traditional Industries ___,A._ _______________________ -,
b.O b.O '0 b.O t:: .S 1:» t::
>. ~ ~ "'..c:: .;::: ..c:
~ >. C·;:: 83 Total .~ 8 OIl ....
8 c:: 1 .....s 0° <;; ·c ..... C ~'" ..... ..;g
~ ] "';::! '0 .2 .s e-tl at:: 0 t:: ;§ ~ "0 t;; a~ 0 -Jl ~ ~ u ::lS
-----------------------------------------------------------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------------------------- - --- ------------------------------
Number of households in each Traditional
Industry
5 16 13 8 8 7 2 60
60 HOLAL
TABLE XVII
Diet
Total Households taking No. of ,- ..A..
-~-"-------."
Community Households One meal a day Two meals a day Three meals a day More than three in each m<.:alsa day
communitYr---________.A...~ ,----"--------, ,---__"_--~ ,-___ ...A...---.-..... Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lingayat 386 56 41 330 345
Kuruba 90 15 5 75 85
Beda 73 13 9 60 64
Barika 50 10 7 40 ·43
Madiga 38 15 14 23 24
Lambani 32 10 22 32
Bahusarkshatriya 19 9 10 19
Panch ala or Badagi 16 6 10 16
Brahmin 11 8 3 11
Boyi 7 7 7
Agasa 6 6 6
Koracha 6 2 4 5
Viswakarma 5 4 4
Devanga 5 3 2 5
Myadara 4 2 3 2
KahaJeyavaru 3
Rajput
Bhajantri 1
Sadar
Jain 3 3 2
Muslim 43 3 40 43
TOTAL 800 157 83 643 717
TABLES 61
TABLE XV1I!
Staple Diet and Food Habits of Communities
Households taking Community No. of
,...-_______ .A. -, Vcgeta- Non-
house- Jowar Jowar Jowar Rice rian vegeta-holds & Rice Ragi & rian
Rice
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Lingayat 386 325 60 386
Kuruba 90 89 2 88
Beda 73 73 73
Barika 50 49 49
Madiga 38 38 ;8
Lambani 32 32 12
Bahusarkshatriya 19 11 8 2 '-I Panchala or Badagi 16 14
, 16
Brahmin 11 4 7 11
Boyi 7 7 7
Agasa 6 6 6
Koracha 6 6 6
Viswakarma 5 5 5
Devanga 5 4 4
Myadara 4 4 4
Kaltaleyavaru 3 3 3
Rajput 1
Bhaiantri 1 1
Sadar 1
Jain 3 2 3
Muslims 43 43 43
TOTAL SOD 711 87 431 369 -----~.---. --_
62
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Total Number of Households
800
Better irrigational facilities
24
Income-grour
1
Rs. 25 and below
Rs. 26 to 50.
Rs. 51 to 75 .
Rs. 76 to 100
Rs. 100 and. above
Livelihood
Cultivation
Domestic plJrposes
Purchase of land
Marriage purposes
Business
TOTAL
Cause
House construction and repairs
TABLE XXII
Households and Development activities
Secured '--'
Better seeds Better implements
Better Manure Resorted to the
127 10 5
TABLE XXIII
Indebtedness
1 ndebtedness by income Group
use of pest ici1es
HotALtJ
Undertaken Land improvement measures like reclamation, soil conservation and consolida-
tion
.A. _________________ --,
Amount Average Total No. of households
No. of house- Rs. p. Percentage of indebtedness holds indebted Col. 3 to Col. 1 fOT household
in debt Rs. p.
2 3 4 5 6
66 13 2,385'00 20 183 '46
303 188 59,094'00 62 314· 33
158 U8 65,610'00 75 556·02
78 55 50,405'00 71 916·45
195 149 2,10,648'00 76 1,413'15
800 523 3,88,142'00 65 742'15
TABLE XXUI-A
Indebtedness by causes
Amount in debt No. of families in Proportion of debt due to cause to the
debt total amount of debt
2 3 4
46,775 172 12·05
89,072 158 22·95
14,280 51 3·68
19.190 13 4·93
76,100 95 19'61
29,550 34 7·61
6,900 14 1'78
Remarks
5
T A,B LES
TABLE XIII-A-Concld.
2 3 4
Irrigation pump sets 36,275 26 9·35
Education 4,700 7 1'21
Purchase of bullocks 15,850 21 4·08
Sinking a well 9,100 5 2'34
Purchase of house 2,150 4 0·55
Medicine (sickness) 8,300 14 :::·14
Purchase of Tractor 2,000 0·52
Litigation 5,700 3 1·47
Election 1,000 (J-26
Industry 2,600 6 0-67
Funeral Ceremony 450 2 0-11
Temple Construction 500 0,13
Paying rent 1,600 3 0'41
To clear outstanding debts 1,890 5 0,49
Purchase of bullock cart
Purchase of lorry
Sources
TOTAL
200
14,000
3,88,142
TABLE XXlll-B
Sources of credit
Indebtedness of cultivators having lands
0'05
3-61
100-00
r- -----------------~--------.-----.--------- -, 10 acres and above Less than 3 acres 3 to 10 acres
r-----..A.------, ,. .A... ____ -, r- -"--___ -,
Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding
6~
5
Non-Cultivators ,.---"-----~ Amount Amount borrowed outstanding
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Money Lenders
Co-operative Societies
Government
Mysore State Electricity Board
Friends and Relatives
TOTAL
2
34,245
1,600
200
36,045
3 4
34,245 1,26,670
1,600 9,800
1,500
500
200
36,045 1,38,470
5 6
1,22,520 1,37,000
8,250 30,850
1,064 14,600
500 26,850
3,200
1,32,334 2,12,500
7
1,33,400
28,550
5,698
21,475
3,200
1,92,323
8 9
25,900
1,900
25,690
1,750
27,800 27,440
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'0 ilOLALU
TABLE XXIV Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by the Households and their Disposal
Year 1961-1962 ..A.
"' Name of crop Area Unit Number Total Quantity Quantity Paid as Paid as Reserved Balance of production for sold
Jowar
Groundnut
Cotton
Navanc
Horsegram
Chillies
Paddy
Wheat
Benga!gram
Sugarcane
Greengram
Oil seeds
TUf
Onions
Vegetables
Cocoanut
Mangoes
Plantains
Sajje
Betal1elf
Tobac;;o
Castorseeds
Lime
Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
1'10 land
2
rent Interest for left over House- domestic seeds holds consump-
tion
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2,371'05 Pallas 305 4,635'00 3,5W'25 627·50 358·50 13'00 86'75 39'00
903·40 Maunds 271 10,164'00 201·00 8,201·00 777·00 24·00 961'00
768'70 224 7,219'00 93·00 6,582'00 505'00 39·00
312·95 Pallas 186 430·15 386·90 16·00 26'75 0'50
200·25 104 245·25 233·75 4·00 7·00 0'50
23·95 Maunds 24 109·50 39·50 70·00
3·85 Pallas 4 19·50 7·00 8·25 4'00
4·00 " 2 2'50 2·50
8·20 ,. 8 10·50 10'50
9'30 Maunds 21 1,047'00 290·00 757·00
0·30 Seers 1 25·00 25·00
3·00 Pallas 5·00 5·00
7·20 .. 9 8-70 7·70 1·00
6·85 Rupees 18 2,780-00 40·00 2,740-00
9·16 .. 19 4,095'00 195 3,900'00
1·20 " 3 2,200-00 2,220·00
1'20 " 2 200.00 200·00
27·19 " 33 32,450·00 32,450'00
1·00 Pallas 2·00 2'00
5·40 Rupees 8 4,045·00 4,045·00
H)() Maunds 50-00 50·00
1·00 Pallas H)O 1·00
2·10
TABLE XXV
Households Owning or Possessing Land or have given out Land to others for Cultivation
Nature Number of Households and extent of land of inte- ,--_____________ .A......- ---------.-----
rest on No. 50 No. 51-100 No. 1 to 2-49 No.2-50 to 4-99 No. S"()() to 10.00 No. 10 acr~ land * of Cents & of Cents of Acres of Acres of Acres of and
Hhs. below Hhs. Hhs. Hhs_ Hhs. Hhs above
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
66 A 1
2
0'S8
1'30
12
15
1
21'14
25'88
2·40
13
29
49'05 21
32
3
2
12
148'54
206'08
21'35
13·22
90,36
67'68
60·32
78 2,256'05
12 219'08 B
C
·A+B
A+C
9 A
B
3
9
2
5'00 6
16·68 24
104'69
4·20
8·87
4'64
21'56
80·41
10
9
4 66·02
7 513'02
72 1,686'56
9
1
150·29
12·59
* NOTE-A = Land owned and cultivated. B = Land owned but given for lease. C = Lands taken on lease.
TABLES 71
TABLE XXV-Contd.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A+C 2 17·06 8 139·49
Beda 15 A 2 3·50 3 12·19 4 28·75 3 42·61
B 0·92 16 26·16 17 58·28 4 23·18 14·30
A+C 3 21·78 4 82·04
Barika 17 A 2 2.06 2 6.85 3 20.11 4 66.36
B 0.50 4 6.08 5 17.36 2 11.00
C 6.00 2 22.00
A+B 9.81
A+C 4 28.50 2 30.00
Madiga 23 A 4.00 7.27
B 4 2.00 7 10.00 3.00 8.00
Lam~ani 7 A 2.00 8 31.06 8 58.58 5 100.26 B 2.00 2 7.75
Bahusar Kshatriya 4 A 4.50 1 16.10
B 4 23.36 3 15.00 5 56.74
A+C 1 11.50
;>anchala 4 A 15.30
B 2 2.56 3 9.91 5. 32.01 24.05
Brahmin 4 A 5.00 2 79.79
B 4.00 2 10.78
A+C 16.50
Boyi 3 A 3 17.50
B 3.50
Agasa 4 A 1.50 6.09
Koracha 4 B 2.00 1 9.00
Viswakarma 4 B 3.35
Devanga 2 B 2.30 2 15.77
Myadara . 3 B 3.00
Kahaleyavaru 2 B 6.59
Rajput 1 .. Bhajantri 1 .. Sadar .. A 18.00
Jain 3
Muslim 7 A 2.00 5 17.81 5 34.90 3 55.90
B 7 10.00 5 17.92 3 22.81 2 26.00
C 16.00
A+C 4 54.27
TOTAL 183 5 2.50 4 3.10 86 143.26 137 491.26 148 1,012.26 237 5,811.6
r I ~ ~ ~2
1 o:l
lto~ 1 0:: 1 I",
I~ 1 0'- <Ii Izo.c: 1 0:: 1
10'1
]l~ '- ro
I~ I~ I
r.....
o .....
0'1
00
r-
N
0'1 00
0'1 or;
.... ..... '"
\0 N
o r-o r<'l
N o 0'1 <'l
r-
or; 0'1
o r-
N \D
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- .... _ 00
<'l
N
0'1 r-0'1 '<t
ro 0'1 <'l
r-
..... N
00 or;
00 r-N '<t
N
00 or;
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N
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00 N
0'1 or;
o ""
00 or;
or;
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..... 00
00
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N
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r-
or; 0 \D r-..... o -N .....
00 00
or;
0'1 r-0'1 r-
N
00 r-
~
N
N r.....
o or;
r-0'1 o ..c,
o or;
:5
rr-OO
:5 r-
00
.s ~
HOLALU
N
rr-o or;
r-
o .....
N .....
00
o or;
\D 0'1 \0
00 .....
..... or;
\D 0'1
..... -
..... <'l
o 0'1 ..... vS
TABLES
15-6 CensfMysoref68
10 N
8 -
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 S ~ 8 ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ tt') N N............. ~
~ ~ ~ ~ 8 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... ...... ~ ...... ~ 00 00 ~ ® ~ 00 II"l 10 N ~ .....
~ ~ ~ (6 8 8 o 0 II"l II"l
tt') ...... ...... ~ 0 ..; tt') ....... ('f") ......
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ON...... M ...... M
.....
.....
8 -
....
~ .....
10 N
Ct\
10
..... Ct\
Ct\ .....
i ~ I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I
..... ~
10 ..... ..... II"l II"l
N N
~ ..... II"l
II"l 00
II"l ..... .....
10 ~
~ ~ .....
II"l 00
00 o N .....
00
o 00
00 Ct\ ..... ..;
73
74
o o a..
g N
g $
g
o -~
8
o -
8 N
.-<
8 N --
g N
HOLALU
8 00
IN ~ I ~ 1~
M 1M
8 .....
M
V\ o
~
TAnLES
....
8 o -
'"
8
.~
o ~
8
18 I;:; II ,
8
8 ~ -
1-
75
8 o -....
76 ltOLAt,U
I
I ( I I I I
I I
I I I
I I=.:; f ~ !:j 8 8 led ed ....i ..c: (1) <'l I led a I 1a i ~ I I ~ I en
I
I ~ l~ .... I ~ I I ~ 0 18 Ili:I ~I (~ - 8 == ij1cd 1il 00 I . ;>
~I~~~ - I~ ~ I ;S !l I ~ . I
~ ~ .~ I I ~ 0\ - I -= I .... 'g l~ I;:! .:J I 8 cd = ~I:::I~ I 0 00 8 8 -= ..8lca il u ~ 00 00
I
~ ~ I ~ 1 tJ > ~I~I~ >:: 0 ~ -= 'S1~11l t-- .... =
18
loLl Ili:I ] I l~ ....:l ~ ~ ~
~ I ~ I ~ \0 8 <C ;9 I . E--~
.;. I"'" = "OIP-~~
1-.~ § 1$ Q ~ !.= vi ~ ~I~ I..c: ..... ~ ! I l~ :a ~ ;S I I ~ 't
0 0 8 'SI~ ~ 00
(1)lcdl~ 00 e IIH cd ~ I Z en
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8 8 led ...
..;. ..;. ~Iu
led < ~i . .... -IQlll
I 1 ::e L l
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~ ;>, ~ ·s cd ::I .~ E .... .... E cd :::I
~ cd ... 0
E cd u > ~ °2 cd I:: cd ... gt cd cd °C
~ cd t' cd gt ca Os ~ ..;c ... "E E ;>, ,!:J cd cd cd ....
b'L :::I ..;c :a ,D '" ..c: cd cd § ca "t:l ::I cd ... ~ cd e _g u ~ 0;;" '" ~ cd P- Ot;' cd ... ·c cd .... > ~ .S "" :::I "t:l cd ~ e 0 CO ~ '" (1) cd ;>,
~ 'i ~ ;.:s ~ (1) cd
~ cd ed P!. :> Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...l ~ I:Q ~ < [I)
Total No. of Households
800
Caste/Tribe or Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Rajaput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jain
Muslim
TOTAL
11
TABLE XXVI
General
Number of Households ---,.....___ ------,
Reading daily newspaper
Member or Mem- Member or members bers of which work of which take active
Members or members of which have joined Co-operative Socie
ties. for social uplift part in politics
2 3 4 5
55 Nil 244
TABLE 1
Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family
Total No. Types of families living in the Households of House- r- .A.___ -, Remarks
holds Simple Intermediate Joint Others
2 3 4 5 6 7
386 153 49 39 145
90 41 12 8 29
73 15 6 2 50
50 22 2 3 23
38 21 2 14
32 16 4 11
19 9 3 7
16 3 2 2 9
11 5 4
7 3 2 2
6 1 4
6 4 2
5 3
5 1 3
4. 3
3 1
1
1 1
3 1 2
43 18 5' 7 13
800 319 93 69 319
78 iIOLAt,U
TABLE 2
Association of Deity and Special Object of Worship
d >.
°C Deity/Special objects of worship .....
~ oS ..c: oS '" t<I
~ ~ § ~
~ °2 ... oS o@ ~ 0:1 ~ '" !il !a
~ t<I
0; oS t<I ] oS -5 ~ > ... .5 b'b
~ .c '" o~ 0 oS' ~ Cd ~ ~ t<I o~ '1j e ::l u ..c: 0;;:' '"0 t<I t<I ~ ...
C- o; '"0 ~ 0 ...
~ ..c: 0Cij' .{g 0 ~
oS r: t<I 0 '" >. 0Cij' 0= ::l ~
oS j oS 0 '" ..c: ~ ~ ::E ~ ~ ~ ~ ::E ~ 0 ;>' ::g ~ ~ ~ ~ oS ::g ,_,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Mylaralinga 32 79 7 16 2 8 2 4 2 3
Basavanna 76
Honnathavva 33 39 7
Kuruvatti Basappa 50
Goni Basaopa 16 3 8 7 4
Veerappa 18 2
Siddeswara 4 4
Hanumanthe Devaru 3 8
Lingappa 34 7
Honnathappa 3 2
Kottureswara 6 2
Yellangma 3 15
Belagavi Basappa 4
Kotlur Mallappa 4
Shakaralekkavva 31
Kotraiah 6
Magadichanna Basappa 3
Veerabhadreswara 37 4
Mugappa
Harihara Lingappa
Mailikarjunaswamy
Kabodi Siddappa 1
Mallappa 6
Channaveeraswamy 1
Venkateswara 5 2 9 4 3 1 . 1
Baramappa 2
Sangameswara 2
TABLES
Siddalingadevaru
Kotturappa
Virupakshappa
Dyamavva
Huchangavva
Sankavva
Lakkamma
Goniswamy
Bombadavva
Huligamma
Hosooravva
Basappa
Gonappa
Sajjeveeraiah
Raradappa
Galamma
Galappa
Maradamma
Durgavva
Amba Bhavani
Varavimura
Sankavva
Nanjundeshawra
Padmavathamma
Rcvanasiddappa
Brahmudevaru
Daragaswamy
Jammalaswamy
Darbasavva
Madarswamy
79
TABLE 2-Contd.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
5
3 6 5 ]0
2 2
15
2
2
2
27
2
2
38
2
2
80
Caste/Tribe
1
Caste
LingaYllt
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar KshatriYll
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Rajaput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jain
Muslim
TABLE 3
Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act
TOTAL
No. of persons interviewed
2
386
90
73
50
38
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
43
800
TABLE 4
No. of persons aware of prohibition of untouchabi
lity under Law
3
237
61
38
27
15
28
15
8
11
5
4
4
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
3
31
502
Contravention of Marriage Rules
HOLALU
Remarks
4
Np. of marriages in Frequencies of each type of contravention contravention of r---------------. .A.....------------. ., Remarks
Caste/Tribe Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Nil
TABLES 81
TABLE 4-A
Permissibility of Inter-caste Marriages
No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form marital ties with Remarks including running note on back
,----------.----..A..-----------------.ground of the persons No. of persons giving affirmative re-
Caste/Tribe interviewed Caste/Tribe I Caste/Tribe II Caste/Tribe III Caste/Tribe IV ply (educated young Name Name Name Name man Panchayat Mem-
2 3 4 5 6
In the village None considers it permissible to marry outside his or her own caste.
TABLE 5
Awareness of Changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption
Caste/Tribe/Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi.
Agasa
Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Rajaput
Bhajantri .
Sadar
Jain
Muslim
16--6 Cens/Mysore/68
TOTAL
Number of persons interviewed
386
90
73
50
38
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
1
, 3
43
800
No. aware that there have been changes in Hindu
Succession Act
16
2
1
3
22
No. aware that there have been changes in Hindu
Adoption Act
3
1
5
ber)
7
Remarks
82
Caste/Tribe/Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda~
Barika
Madiga
Lam~ani
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panhcala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Madivala (Agasa)
Koracha
Devanga
Viswakarma
Myadara
Kahaleyavau
Bhajantri
Sadar
RaJput
Jain
Muslim
TOTAL
Community
Lingayat
.Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
HOLALU
TABLE 5-A
Inheritance of property as in practice
No. of persons
inter-viewed
386
90
73
50
38
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
43
800
Number indicating that Ielations of the following categories are entitled to inherit property in their respective Caste/Tribe
r------------------___________ __A_____ ________________________ --,
Sons
386
90
73
50
38
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
42
799
Sons and Daughters
TABLE 5B
Wife Mother Sister's Brother's Others
Brother son son
Share of property for different categories of relatives
Number indicating that sons inherit No. of persons property in the following manner
interviewed ., All sons Daughters get equal gets 1/3 of the
share property
2 3 4
386 386
90 90
73 73
50 50
38 38
ABLES
Lambani
Bahusarkshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Madivala
Koracha
Devanga
Viswakarma
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Bhajantri
Sadar
Rajput
Jain
Muslim
Caste/Tribe/Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusarkshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
TABLE 5~B.-Contd.
2
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
1
3
43
TOTAL 800
TABLE 6
Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices
No. of Households practising agricul
ture
2
230
38
9
21
2
2
3
4
3
No. of households that take help of
neighbours at the time of sowing
or harvesting
3
21
4
5
3
32
19
16
11
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
1
1
3
42
799
No. of Households that assist neighbours and receive help at the time of cultivation in the shape of
manual labour
4
8S
4
Remarks
84 HOLALU
TABLE 6-Contd.
2 3 4
Agasa 2 Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara
Khahaleyavaru
Rajput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jain
Muslim 19
TOTAL' 335 30
TABLE 7
Livestock Statistics including Fishery
Cows in Cows Adult Bulls Working Other adult Young Young milk in dry females not bullocks males Stock Stock
cowed (Males) (Females) Caste/Tribe/Community .----"----;r---~----"----, r--~ .----"---v----"---..r----"-----..,----'---..
No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Lingayat 115 138 119 211 4 8 179 468 16 21 66 87 36 51
Kuruba 7 7 17 22 35 74 3 3 7 7
Beda 7 7 11 14 11 22 1 2 2 7 7
Barika 6 6 7 10 14 32 3 4 3 3
Madiga 1 6 7 2 5 3 5 1
Lambani 7 10 9 18 21 50 7 12 2 4
Bahusar Khatriya 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 3 1
Panchala or Badagi 3 3 4 8 3 1 1
Brahmin 4 4 4 7 2 6 2 3 2 2
Boyi 1 1 2 4 1 2
Agasa 2 2 1 2 2
Koracha
Viswakarrna 2 2 1
Devanga 2 2
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru :
Rajput no
Bhajantri j
Sadar
Jain
Muslim 5 7 12 15 15 30 6 6 4 5
TOTAL 158 186 198 321 5 9 286 702 22 29 98 128 63 81
TABLES ljS
TABLE 7-Contd.
He- She- She- Young Sheep Goats Pigs Horses, buffaloes buffaloes buffaloes stock ponies & (Adult) in milk dry (buffaloes) mules
Caste ~ ,----"---, ,---.A__-, ,---.A__-, r--'_.A.__~ r--...A..-~ ,----A..-""l ,---..A.--, No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.
1 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Lingayat 4 6 108 127 93 130 8S 101 2 2 2 7 1
Kuruba 5 5 12 26 5 5 22 729 10 43
Beda 5 7 4 5 6 8 6 107 12 52
Barika 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 57
Madiga 3 3 5 1
Lambani 5 8 7 16 4 7 2 23
Babusar Kshatriya 2 2 4 7 2 2
Panchala or Badagi 3 3 2 2
Brahmin 1 1 3 3 2 4
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Rajput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jain
Muslim 2 2 7 8 5 5 2 6 2 5
TOTAL 5 7 141 165 144 209 121 144 33 849 36 189
Donkeys Cocks Hens Chicken Ducks Others Any other animals Fisheries or birds
Caste ,---..A... __ -, ,---"---, ,---"---, ,----"---, ,--..A...--, ,...---..A..._--..., ,---.A__-, ,--..A...-----., No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda 2 10, 3 31
Barika 6 25 3 15 10
Madiga
86 HOLALD
TABLE 7-Concld.
34- 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Lambani 3 8 3 4
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panchala or Badagi , , .. Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha 2 3 2
Viswakarma
Devanga
Myadara 4
Kahaleyavaru
Rajput .. ,
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jains
Muslims 3 6 3 11
TOTAL 3 7 14 49 13 63 1 10
TABLES 87
ro~ ICl -I~ I~ .:
V) 01 > 0 0 .: Os
-.t ..s:: -~ ~
01 M N N
'Q) ~ o~ ~
2 ,01 '" 018 ('I. V) V)
..1! ~ ... -",01
€ >..1<1 ....
::t ~ - r- .... "0 - 00
~ !>II ..... a "0 :.:i '0 ..s:: ' 0
T~ - -.t ICl
g ~ S ::t: 01 ~ -o~ '"
"0 -5 M V)
o ~
:3 !>II 01 b'b p..
~ &l ~ 1 ~ "0 00 M M
01 ~ »
1 -5 ~ 00 '" 01
::t -5 ~ 0 V) on ::t: 01 r-
...:t ~ .... .... 0 I=Q :s 0 ~ < E-< !i 0 '" Z !>II ICl ICl
] :a - ICl
I~ Q,l tIJ)
05 GI V) = U; .... ::3 ;;.-~
I"'''' ~'2 -.t V) V)
..s::<;;:; -l..a~ l~~ C;b~~ ICl ICl 00 r- r- ICl N N - '" ..... 0::3 "0 M ICl 0'00-f-<z::t:..8
'" ~ !l~
on 1:: 01 5~ ,::s 8 '" .: 00
U 0 80 OJ ... , c , ..s:: E 00 ... ..!:! OJ .a 011 ...l
:3 0 0 8 02 "0 ... 0 0."0 '" C. :3 « 0 <1S ..s:: 8", ~ ~ 8 :.:i c 8 0 00 £-<
... t.:J rIl a .:: ..... :a ..... ... a 0
c. ..... t: .... ..s:: 0 Os f-< .... "0 001 0 iZi ~ 0 ....
~ OJ -5 '- 0 ~ -5 0 0 ... U'" ... 01
'" E..I<I~ ... "0 E 00 btl E 00 ... 0)
!>II 01 ~ 05 ~ a '" '" 05 ~ 05", E :.a .£ d) "3g.g ~ O1!l -a!1 ... c:: "3!J 0 01 -5> .8 ..s::o 01
.~ "0 00 ..I< ·~:;.5 .ll "O~ oSl c:: fr .~ ;3 "'C:: (5
Z c~ '" (5 ~E 60 0 .1:: ~ (5 :'=0
<ll ~o~ 01 <>~~ <8 ... Vj- <>8 0'" ..s:: ~ p.., p.. U p..'" p..
.!. ::t b8 »
~ ti c:: '" .;::. tE:! ;,1;1 ..I<i
'" ...
::3 ... ~ ::3 01 0 "0 01 c:: 8 ~ c:: OJ 00 "0 ..s ...., ~ c:: 8 '"
00 00
'- (5 ;,1;1, c:: u » 05 o§ 0 >. 01 OJ > ..s:: '" ..8 «I » ..s:: i:' c:: a$ '" OJ 00 ~ ... o'§ 0 .!:l 00 o'§ ~ 01
8 c:: ... 1:: >. d» -:;; c:: "0 <l:: 01
0;:: 0 ..... e] 00 0> '" Z .9 ..s:: OJ 0 ... '" 19 05 ..I<i 0 0
<;;:; ..I< C. .s "0
~ u ~ ....
°ttl '" ... (5 '0 ~
~ 0 0
OJ 01 01 0 ~'" is ... f f-< ..J ~ U Po. rIl
88
Community
~::::t J~ Beda I Brahmin
,--
TABLE 9
Land Reclamation and Development
No. of Households benefited by the land Reclamation and develop
ment
32
TABLE 10
Co-operative society
Number of members belonging to
HOLALU
Brief description of land reclamation and development
60 acres of land brought under lift irrigation by electric pump sets.
Name of Cooperative Society
Linga- Kuruba Beda yat
Barika Lambani
Bhahusar Pancha- Brah- Boyi Viswa- Devanga Mya-Kshatriya laor Badagi min karma dara
, Muslims
1. Service Co-opera-tive Society, Holalu
2. Rural Industrial co-operative Society, Hadagalli
3. N.G.O. Society Bellary
4. Land mortgage Bank, Hadagalli
5. Service Co-opera-tive Society, Budanur
169
5
Caste/Tribe/Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Batika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya
14 9 13 3 9 3 8 2 2 2 6
2 2
TABLE 11
Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income
No. of Households taking sugar with No. of Households not taking sugar with monthly monthly income of income of ,--__________ --A.. __________ :_, ,--______ ---"-
Rs.25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
63 46 31 37 18 2 14 21 16 39 79 20
4 3 3 3 4 4 14 51 3
5 2 3 5 9 34 11
4 5 3 3 4 6 18 6
2 5 24 5
2 18 '7
2 2 2 5 8
TABLES
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Devanga
Viswakarma
Myadara
Kahaleyavaru
Bajantri
Sadar
Rajput
Jain
Muslim
TOTAL
89
TABLE l1-Concld.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2 3 2 4 2
2 3 2
2 4
2 2 1
5 1
2
1
2
8 4 3 9 13 2
76 65 45 69 48 4 22 32 33 89 254 62
TABLE ll-A
Habit of Taking Tea/Coffee as Correlated to Income
No. of Households taking tea with monthly income of
No. of Households not taking tea with monthly income of
. Caste/Tribe/Community ,-------------"--------.,
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Devanga
Viswakarma
17-6 Census/Mysoref68
Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 25 Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less
2
74
5
2
3
3
55
4
4
2
2
4
34
·2
3
5
49
3
3
5
4
3
6
27
4
4
2
7
5
2
7
2
8
3
3
9
12
4
2
3
2
10 11 12 13
13 27 70 20
4 14 50 3
9 35 11
4 6 19 6
2 5 24 5
2 18 7
2
2 4
2 2
5 1
90
Mydara
Kahaleyavaru
Bhajantri
Sadar
Rajput
Jain
Muslim
TOTAL
·Caste/Tribe/Community
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya .
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koracha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Kahaleyavaru
Myadara
Rajput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jain
Muslim
TOTAL
TABLE ll-A-Concld.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
7 4
90 72 47 78 59 4 8 25
TABLE 12
Material Culture-Possession of Furniture
rAlmirah
2
4
4
9
Cots
3
13
14
Chair
4
29
3
2
39
No. of households possessing -_._--"--------
Table Sofa Bench
5 6 7
15 2 9
3
22 2 12
10
3
31
Easy chair
8
3
3
11
10
81
Desk
9
HOLALU
12
13
243
13
2
2
62
Wallshelf
10
TABLES 91
TABLE 12-A
Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods
No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community r----~---~---------------A-_~ ______________________ ___.
Wrist Petro- Battery Kerosene Bicycle Radio Time- Clock Motor Electric
Lingayat
Kuruba
Beda
Barika
Madiga
Lambani
Bahusar Kshatriya
Panchala or Badagi
Brahmin
Boyi
Agasa
Koraeha
Viswakarma
Devanga
Kahaleyavaru
Myadara
Rajaput
Bhajantri
Sadar
Jains
Muslim
TOTAL
watch max torch stove set piece cycle fan light
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
18 6 11 3 9 5 6 2
2
3
2
2 2
-------------------------------------------31 8 17 5 13 7 2 9 2
92 HOLALU
TABLE 12-B
Material Culture - Habits
- No. of Households No. of Households that No. of Households that that use mosquito do not use mosquito cur- use toilet soap,'washing
curtain having tain having monthly soap having monthly in-monthly income of income of come of
Caste/Tribe/Community ,.-___ ..A.. __ ---.,
,-------"-------, ,-___ ..A.. ____ ---,
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 101- 51- 50 or above 150 100 less above 150 100 less above 150 100 less
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Lingayat 8 69 67 122 119 44 23 35 14
Kuruba 3 8 22 57 1 2
Beda 6 3 14 SO 2
Barika 7 16 27 6
Madiga 8 29
Lambani 2 2 3 25
Bahusar Kshtriya 2 2 7 8 2 2 4 4
Panchala or Badagi 2 5 8
Brahmin 2 5 3 3 5 3
Boyi 3 4 1
Agasa 3 3
Koracha 6
Devanga 3 1
VisYlukarma 2 1 2
Myadara 2
Kahaleyararu 1 2
Bajantri
Sadar 0 0
Rajput
Jain 3 2
Muslim 2 21 19 2 2
TOTAL 10 88 97 236 368 55 37 53 29
TABLES 93
TABLE 12-B
Material Culture - Habits
No. of Households that No. of Households that No. of Households that do not use toilet/washing send clothes to washer- do not send clothes to soap having monthly in- man having monthly in- washerman having
come of come of monthly income of Caste/tribe/community ~-------~------~ r-------_,.A_------~
,--______ ...A-______ ~
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or above 150 100 less above 150 100 less above 150 100 less
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Lingayat 33 44 88 105 73 55 72 26 4 12 51 93
Kuruba 3 7 21 55 2 3 5 22 56
Beda 4 3 13 50 4 2 2 13 49
Barika 16 26 7 2 15 25
Madiga 8 29 8 29
Lambani 2 2 3 25 2 2 3 25
Bahusar Kshatriya 3 4 2 3 4 1 4 4
Panchala or Badagi . 5 7 4 3 1 5
Brahmin 3 5 2
Boyi 2 4 3 4
Agasa 3 3 3 3
Koracha 6 6
Devanga 3 3
Viswakarma 2 1
Medaru 2 0 2
Kahaleyavalu 2 2
Bajantri
Sadar
Rajput 1
Jain 2
Muslim 19 17 2 20 19
----------------------------------------------TOTAL 43 60 184 339 85 71 90 40 13 26 147 328
94 HOLALU'
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I 01 ..0 ;a ..0 '" '5 01 § "0 ..0 01 ... ;:s :.:: OIl
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01 .; c:: 01 01 ... :>
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U ;.:J ~ iJ:I ...:I iJ:I iJ:I iJ:I < ~ 0 iJ:I 00 ~ ....
TABLES 95
TABLE 13-B
House Type - wall
Number of Households with r- .A. ---""""\
Caste/T ribejCommunity Total Stone Mud Jowar Mud & Thatch- Bamboo Mud & Zinc Mud & Wood No. straw stone ing wood Jowar Hhs. grass straw
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lingayat 386 294 71 2 15 2
Kuruba 90 53 29 5
Beda 73 45 26 2
Brika 50 28 19 2
Madiga 38 7 27 3
Lambani 32 7 20 5
Bahusar Kshatriya 19 13 6
Panchala or Badagi 16 11 4
Brahmin H 7 4
Boyi 7 2 3 2 . Agasa 6 3 3
Koracha 6 3 2
Devanga 5 5
Viswakarma 5 4
Myadaru 4 4
Khahaleyavaru 3 3
Bhajantri
Sadar
Rajput
Jain 3 2
Muslim 43 28 11 2
TOTAL 800 521 227 10 23 7 5 4 1 1
MGIPCBE-S3-6 Census/Mysorc/68-22-9-70-750 ..
