Date post: | 29-Jan-2023 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | khangminh22 |
View: | 0 times |
Download: | 0 times |
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS:
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITIES
Humanitarian Symposium Proceedings
October 31, 2005
World Meteorological Organization
Geneva, Switzerland
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS:
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITIES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OPENING COMMENTS
Steven M. Hilton, President, CEO and Chairman, Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Ralph Begleiter, Distinguished Journalist in Residence, University of Delaware;
former CNN World Affairs Correspondent—Symposium Moderator
Martine Brunschwig Graf, President of the State Council of the Republic and
Canton of Geneva
SYMPOSIUM KEYNOTE ADDRESS
“International Cooperation in 2005: Half Full or Half Empty Glass?”
Ernesto Zedillo, Ph.D., former President of Mexico and Director, Center for
the Study of Globalization and Professor in the Field of International Economics
and Politics at Yale University
Q & A
MORNING SESSION: DELIVERING A FUTURE THROUGH THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
“Gender and the Millennium Development Goals”
Mayra Buvinic, Sector Director, Gender, Development, Poverty; World Bank
“Reaching the MDGs for Water and Sanitation: Targeting the Poorest
and Most Vulnerable”
Vanessa Tobin, Chief of Water, Environment/Sanitation Section; UNICEF
“Injecting pace and rhythm to the Millennium Development Goals”
Jim Yong Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Director, HIV/AIDS Department, World
Health Organization
Q & A
LIVE VIDEOCONFERENCE
Jeffrey D. Sachs, Ph.D., Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University and
Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals
Q & A
“The Millennium Challenge Account and the Millennium Development Goals”
Richard Morford, Managing Director, Millennium Challenge Corporation
“Harnessing the Positive Potential of the Private Sector”
Ambassador John Maresca, President, Business Humanitarian Forum
Q & A
7
14
15
17
18
22
24
26
28
31
34
40
42
45
49
AFTERNOON SESSION – OPENING COMMENTS
Pierre Muller, Administrative Councillor and member of the Executive Council,
City of Geneva.
AFTERNOON SESSION – ASSURING A FUTURE FOR THREATENED POPULATIONS
“Responsibility to Protect: The End of Ambiguity?”
Louise Arbour, LL.L., United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
“When Theory Meets the Janjaweed”
Colin Thomas-Jensen, International Crisis Group, Africa Program
“From Rwanda to Darfur: The Past Repeating the Present?”
Paul Rusesabagina, Founder, Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation
“Sudan — A Nation in Turbulence in Search of Itself”
Francis M. Deng, Ph.D., J.S.D., Former UN Representative on Internally Displaced
Persons; Former Ambassador from Sudan to U.S., Canada and Scandinavian Countries
“Why is Gender still not on the Peace and Security Agenda in Africa?”
Bineta Diop, Executive Director, Femmes Africa Solidarité
“Ending Wars Against Children”
Olara Otunnu, Former UN Special Representative for Children & Armed Confl ict;
Former UN Ambassador from Uganda
“North Korea: An Unseen, but Vulnerable Population”
Melvin L. Cheatham, M.D., FACS, Samaritan’s Purse
Q & A
CONRAD N. HILTON HUMANITARIAN PRIZE PRESENTATION
Welcoming Remarks
Walter Fust, Director-General, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Keynote Address
Paul Rusesabagina, Founder, Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation
Acceptance Speech
Dr. Paul Farmer, Founding Director, Partners In Health
LIST OF SYMPOSIUM ATTENDEES
53
54
56
59
61
64
66
70
73
81
83
84
91
95
Vulnerable Populations:
International Community Responsibilities
Executive Summary of the Symposium
“…I identify myself with those who propose that international cooperation, while certainly important for
ethical, altruistic, and humanitarian reasons, is also critical for attaining the strict self-interest of the
parties that happen to be more on the giving side of the cooperation equation. Any person whose own
well-being is connected in one way or another to the well-being of people in other countries, close or far
away, will fi nd that cooperation to address common challenges is in his or her own best interest. This has
been the case for a long time, but never to the extent that it is now. Whether we like it or not — and I believe
it’s a very good thing — interdependence among the peoples and the countries of the world has reached
an unprecedented degree in human history….We must accept that war, confl ict and terrorism; extreme
poverty and social polarization; fi nancial instability and trade wars; global pandemics; and abrupt
climate change are risks to all, and therefore collective action to address them is indispensable.”
—Ernesto Zedillo, Ph.D., Former President of Mexico and Director, Center for the Study of
Globalization and Professor in the Field of International Economics and Politics at Yale University
This international symposium in Geneva was hosted by the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation in conjunction with
the tenth annual presentation of the Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize. The 2005 Hilton Prize was awarded
to Partners In Health at a dinner following the day-long gathering. Paul Rusesabagina, former manager of
the Mille Collines hotel in Kigali, Rwanda, whose heroic story was featured in the movie, Hotel Rwanda, was
the keynote speaker at the Prize ceremony. Partners In Health is an American-based organization dedicated to
providing high quality medical services to impoverished people and communities throughout the world. For 25
years it has been providing health care and training to the poorest members of society, from Haiti to Peru, Russia
and Rwanda, while transforming beliefs and practices of the world’s health care establishment.
“Vulnerable Populations: International Community Responsibilities” brought together 193 participants — leaders,
policymakers and activists in the fi elds of humanitarianism and human rights. They represented governments,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foundations, corporations, multilateral institutions, and the media.
Ernesto Zedillo set the theme for the day in his keynote address “International Cooperation in 2005,” responding
to his own question: Is the glass half full or half empty?
The year 2005 was a critical one for measuring accomplishments in peace and security, development and trade,
Zedillo said. As planned, the world’s heads of state came together at the United Nations in a summit to assess the
fi ve-year progress of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted in 2000; the Hong Kong Ministerial
Meeting was scheduled for December to attempt to move the mostly failed Doha Round of trade talks further; the
conference for the Parties to the Climate Change Convention was also scheduled for December in Montreal; the
UN was grappling with a serious reform agenda that included taking on the restructuring of the Security Council.
To those challenging scheduled events, as was noted throughout the day, came the natural catastrophes of the
Asian tsunami, the Kashmir earthquake, and the unnatural, ungodly events of Darfur, terrorist acts and ongoing
confl icts. Heading toward the end of 2005, a year full of so much promise, Zedillo declared the glass one-third
full, two-thirds empty—saying success in Hong Kong and Montreal could raise it to one-half.
The symposium was divided into two sessions, with the Millennium Development Goals providing the framework
for the morning discussion; followed by a closer look at situations involving vulnerable populations, specifi cally
minorities, women, and children who suffer from abuse by their oppressors—often their countrymen—and
inadequate protection from the international community.
7
The sessions included the following topics:
MORNING SESSION –DELIVERING A FUTURE THROUGH THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• Gender and the Millennium Development Goals
• Reaching the MDGs for Water and Sanitation: Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable
• Injecting Pace and Rhythm to the Millennium Development Goals
• Millennium Challenge Account and the Millennium Development Goals
• Harnessing the Positive Potential of the Private Sector
VIDEOCONFERENCE
• Jeffrey Sachs, Special Advisor to UN Secretary-General on Millennium Development Goals
AFTERNOON SESSION – ASSURING A FUTURE FOR THREATENED POPULATIONS
• Responsibility to Protect: The End of Ambiguity
• When Theory Meets the Janjaweed
• From Rwanda to Darfur: The Past Repeating the Present?
• Sudan – A Nation in Turbulence in Search of Itself.
• Why is Gender Still Not on the Peace and Security Agenda in Africa?
• Ending Wars Against Children
• North Korea: An Unseen, but Vulnerable Population
Steve Hilton welcomed participants, wishing them a productive day and reiterating the day’s focus: “Today
we discuss vulnerable populations, those threatened by extreme poverty, disease, violence, war and confl ict,
discrimination and oppression. But we focus not so much on their plight as on their resilience—what we can and
must do to help them claim their future. We have a set of goals to guide our actions and our discussion today—the
Millennium Development Goals. In 2000 the United Nations adopted a set of eight practical goals to be reached
by 2015. They are attainable if only we will all—governments, organizations, agencies, individuals—make the
commitment and work together.”
It had been seven years since The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation held its fi rst humanitarian symposium on the eve
of the Millennium and looked toward it with the theme “Humanitarian Aid: Challenges in the New Millennium,”
aware already that the post-Cold War era was shaping itself into something different. By 2000, the Foundation
came to Geneva, the city of humanitarianism and internationalism, to host “From Confl ict: to Peace, Justice and
Reconciliation.” By then, people acknowledged that increasing globalization did not mean increasing similarity,
but increasing diversity, divisions, clashes and needs. There was also increasing awareness, and this presented
both challenges and opportunities.
The foundation returned to Geneva to mark the 10th anniversary of the Prize in 2005. If anything was clear, it is that
we are decidedly on the other side of the Millennium now. We are living in a world that has seen such cataclysmic
events in the past few years that at times the receding memory of the 20th century seems rosy by comparison—this
for the century that coined the word “genocide” and then saw it repeated in the Balkans and yet again in Rwanda.
There was no humanitarian symposium in 2001, scheduled for September in New York and cancelled by terrorism.
The threat, and frequent realization of terrorism is now our constant companion, especially to those who engage
in humanitarian work. And now come natural disasters of a magnitude that seems more properly the domain of
blockbuster movies but are all too real. At the same time, of course, we have brought the problems of the 20th
Century with us into this new world, and genocide, the threat of nuclear annihilation, poverty and the widening gap
between rich and poor, are all of part of our shrinking, interdependent world and time.
If the Hilton gatherings are any indicator, the humanitarian community is a resilient one. The very globalization
and technology that have brought us so uncomfortably close and interdependent provide us a way out. It will cost,
8
but the international community has the means and the ability to do it. If we will rise to the occasion, summon
our political will, commit our resources, and use our common sense, we can achieve the millennium goals, and
go beyond them. The symposium participants have been rising to the occasion and if anything they left seeming
renewed in their resolve.
The symposium speakers covered a wide range of issues, but in their presentations and the remarks of participants
in the audience, several themes kept emerging:
The debate about sovereignty versus international responsibility is over, but the resistance to it is not, and
the reluctance to follow through continues. Just a few years ago, whether or not the international community
had responsibilities to vulnerable communities was a subject of debate—especially since a growing number
of situations involved abuses of a population within sovereign countries. Just as the argument that domestic
violence is a family matter has been dismissed, so has the claim that the international community has no business
intervening in a sovereign state when violations of vulnerable groups are occurring. Yet many sovereign states
resist, even reject, this concept and fi ght its application elsewhere lest it be used later against their state’s actions
in the future. And many in the international community, especially other states, are reluctant to acknowledge
severe abuses are occurring in other states, because it would require a response on their part. Olara Otunnu
described this reluctance in situations of genocide: “We have said before, “Never again” after the Holocaust in
Europe, and “Never again” after massacres of children and women in the Balkans, and “Never again” after the
genocide in Rwanda, but each time this has been after the fact.”
The lines between pragmatism and altruism are blurring. Perhaps because of globalization and the pace of
events, people are coming to regard humanitarian action as a pragmatic response to crises brought on by confl ict
and nature and conditions bred by poverty and injustice. Moral responses are not discounted or rejected, but lofty
ideals of justice and compassion are being overshadowed by an international community increasingly acting out
of a sense that its own survival is at stake. The shift refl ects an urgent, healthy awareness that one must act out of
self-interest. Not to act invites real peril that will reach us sooner rather than later. No one expressed this more
directly than keynote speaker, Ernesto Zedillo: “For people in the rich world, elementary self-interest is at stake.
In the global village, someone else’s poverty very soon becomes one’s own problem.”
The goals of the MDGs are achievable and we probably won’t achieve them. Several speakers criticized the
goals for their limitations, especially the lack of specifi c targets and dates. Yet all considered them important,
not only for their ultimate value but for the light they shed on problems, and the impetus they can give nations
and the international community to mobilize and plan. Progress has been made along the way, but not of a
scale necessary to reach the goals by 2015, and not universally. What is missing is political will, commitment,
resources and innovation.
The world has the means to go much further than the Millennium Development Goals. For all of the
frustration and doubt expressed in reaching the goals, the participants clearly believed the international
community, governments, donors, and practitioners, could do much more. Jeffrey Sachs put it most forcefully:
“The Millennium Development Goals are but a halfway station to the goals that we really should have. Our
generation, if we put our mind to it, can banish extreme poverty entirely. We have 20 years in which we could
put an end to the killer conditions of famine, of chronic hunger, massive under-nutrition, killer disease pandemics
that continue to ravage our planet. It is within our means, with the modest effort of less than one percent of the
income of the rich world, to rid the world of extreme poverty, and to make it secure for us all.”
9
MORNING SESSION SUMMARY – DELIVERING A FUTURE THROUGH THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Millennium Development Goals
One: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Two: Achieve universal primary education
Three: Promote gender equality and empower women
Four: Reduce child mortality
Five: Improve maternal health
Six: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Seven: Ensure environmental sustainability
Eight: Develop a global partnership for development
In 2000, the member states of the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals as a set of shared
international objectives whose achievement they determined to be both important and feasible. In September
2005, a UN World Summit of heads of state assessed progress towards their achievement by 2015, or ever. As
did the world leaders in September, the panelists at the Hilton symposium in Geneva agreed none of the goals
were likely to be met within the time frame set, and in some cases, at least parts of the world were falling behind.
Nevertheless, all of the goals could be met, but it will take political will and commitment, investment of resources,
a setting of interim targets and dates, a resetting of overall target dates, and some new innovative approaches to
get the job done. The consensus was that the international community of organizations and the general public
must create the demand and political pressure necessary. Also, the global partnership for development that is
envisioned must include the private sector—its expertise and resources, especially its capital, are needed to create
the economic growth that will eradicate poverty on a sustaining basis rather than charitable infusions of cash.
Overview of the Millennium Development Goals
Jeffrey Sachs, Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, and Director of the United Nations Millennium Project
The MDGs are the only shared international objectives we have concerning extreme poverty, disease and hunger.
They are achievable, but the necessary follow-through is lacking. We need careful diagnoses of the conditions
that are preventing people from escaping poverty and its consequences and that are impeding progress in some
parts of the world. The stereotypes are getting it wrong: It can’t be globalization per se; trade per se; corruption
per se; mismanagement per se. The rich and powerful often blame the poor themselves; the poor and their
champions often blame the IMF, the World Bank, and other monetary policies. The evidence rejects all of these
explanations. The correlations are not there. One explanation for the relative progress in Asia and stagnation in
Africa is the Green Revolution of superior technology for growing grains that increased yields, freed people from
famine, allowed for agricultural diversifi cation and non-agricultural activity in Asia. Only recently has similar
technology been developed to suit African seed varieties. Africa has also been impeded by its dependence on rain-
fed agriculture rather than irrigation, and lack of infrastructure to support transportation to and from the interior.
Rural, sub-tropical sub-Saharan Africa needs its Green Revolution. It needs both government and the private sector
to make the right, practical investments. The know-how and technology are there to make it happen. Suffi cient
money is not yet there. It is time to mobilize whatever kind of help—public, private, individual, foundation—it
will take. And time to stop blaming the poor and start working with them.
(Note: Jeffrey Sachs spoke from New York via a two-way videoconference)
Gender and the Millennium Development Goals. In pursuit of Goal Three, countries agreed, in 2000, to set of
target of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and at all leve1s by 2015. The
goal is important in and of itself, but also is of instrumental value to the success of the other goals. Educated
women are empowered and have a positive impact on health, leading to reduction of child mortality and improved
10
maternal health. Their empowerment also serves as a deterrent to the spread of HIV/AIDS, enabling them to
better negotiate their sexual relationships. They also are in a better position to contribute to the economy and
help reduce poverty. While there has been progress in education, with some countries achieving parity in primary
education, in general achieving parity in education is unlikely, as are prospects for the health goals and poverty
reduction.
Reaching the MDGs for Water and Sanitation: Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable. One of the targets of
Goal Seven is to reduce by one-half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.
While it is true that 82% of developing countries have improved access, only 42% of the people have access to a
household tap. In many countries, success is defi ned as access within one kilometer. The statistics for sanitation
are worse. And yet, WHO estimates that more than 80% of diseases in the developing world are caused by
contaminated water and poor sanitation. All this at a time when water is becoming scarce worldwide. And rural to
urban migration continues, demanding that the pace increase in the next few “make-or-break” years.” In addition
to resources, innovative and collaborative approaches will be needed.
Injecting Pace and Rhythm to the Millennium Development Goals. If the goals are to be met, it is necessary to
inject pace and rhythm into our response. Targets need to be set, not just for the long range, but for next week,
next month. At WHO a target was set for Goal Six: reach three million people for HIV/AIDS treatment by 2005.
WHO took a risk. The goal will not be met, but it is likely that it will be met by the end of 2006—an extraordinary
achievement. More than 50 countries followed WHO’s lead and set targets. Against great odds, the targets are
transforming the morale of health workers, giving them hope; transforming the attitude of the public; increasing
willingness to be tested; and to some extent, changing behavior. Targets are critical but they must be time-limited
and provide vision, focus, pace and rhythm, so that they change the way things are done next week. Set bold
targets and do what it takes to reach them.
Millennium Challenge Account and the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Challenge Corporation
(MCC) is funded by the U.S. Congress to eliminate poverty and promote economic growth through long-term
economic development. It was not set up to provide a humanitarian response to emergencies; it does not help
fragile, failed states; and it was not established to support the Millennium Development Goals. Nevertheless, if
the MCA is about anything, it is about poverty reduction, the number one MDG. The MCC seeks to work with
countries that fi t three criteria—in governance, in willingness to invest in their people in terms of health and
education, and in creating conditions that lead to economic freedom. Such countries are invited to take the lead
by submitting proposals for funding that are assessed on three questions: Does it reduce poverty? Does it increase
growth? Is it broadly supported in the country? Directly or indirectly, invariably the proposals work toward the
Millennium Development Goals.
Harnessing the Positive Potential of the Private Sector. The MDGs cannot be achieved without the engagement of
the private sector—there is not enough international assistance funding available without it. The private sector has
vast resources and it can be engaged, but it cannot be engaged against its interests. Its interests are in the direction
of the MDGs. With the proper strategies the business community can be engaged to help local entrepreneurs
who need equity partners and the know-how to fi nd them. They need help in writing a business plan, presenting
their businesses, dealing with fi nancial institutions. Local entrepreneurs need fi nancing beyond micro-fi nance.
To grow their businesses they need loans in the $100,000 to $1 million range. It is time for the donor community
to get rid of their lingering hostility and suspicion of the business community and offer fi nancial incentives to
private equity investors when they go to risky places where their investments are needed.
11
AFTERNOON SESSION SUMMARY – ASSURING A FUTURE FOR THREATENED POPULATIONS
In the post-Cold War era, the regional and civil confl icts have been numerous, savage and have transformed the nature
of war to one of war against civilians where terror, torture, humiliation and abuse are weapons of choice. The world
has come a long way in confronting this new reality—on paper—redefi ning responsibilities, criminalizing abuses,
establishing institutions, structures, laws and protocols to deal with them. Theory and reality have yet to come together
however. The crucial test, implementing these agreements and taking action, is yet to come. It will take constant
demand, pressure, monitoring and interaction on the part of the international community and the media on member
states and international bodies to make it happen.
Responsibility to Protect: The End of Ambiguity. The UN World Summit in 2005 produced an Outcome Document
that may prove to be the roots of a legal revolution with repercussions in international law, politics and practice. The
nations of the world agreed that it is the responsibility of states to protect their populations from genocide, crimes against
humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes. This means they agreed to prevent such crimes including their incitement.
If a nation fails to do so, it is the responsibility of the international community, through the United Nations, to intervene
by using all peaceful means to protect the vulnerable group, and failing that, to be prepared to take collective action
through the Security Council or other bodies. How this will be carried out is unknown, but that 191 nations agreed to the
responsibility to protect and intervene signals a new era.
When Theory meets the Janjaweed. The World Summit Outcome Document of 2005 turned the concept of state
sovereignty on its head, but theory and reality are not the same—Darfur in Sudan being a case in point. The government
of Sudan does not protect and in theory it is the responsibility of the international community to do something about it.
In fact, the atrocities continue. The veto structure of the Security Council and the necessity to build consensus, is one
reason. The weakness of other likely respondents such as regional organizations—in this case the African Union—is
another. And a third is the lack of political will. The international community passed the responsibility for Darfur to
the African Union, overlooking the fact that it lacks the capacity to do the job, a fact that African policymakers refuse
to admit. NATO assistance to the African Union could help, but, to date, all concerned are deaf to the suggestion.
Possible remedies include a Code of Conduct to guide the Security Council; the international community and regional
organizations must agree to work together, and political constituencies must hold policymakers accountable to act.
From Rwanda to Darfur: The Past Repeating the Present? In 1994 in Rwanda one million people, about 15 percent of
the population, were slaughtered by their fellow citizens, at the rate of about 10,000 a day for 100 days. The whole word
stood by, watched and did nothing. After the fact, several months later, the world, meeting at the Untied Nations, called
it a genocide. In the upheavals and confl icts that followed and spilled over into the Congo region, another four million
have been killed. And now there is Darfur. Two million displaced; militias armed by the government killing thousands
and committing other atrocities. It is time to go beyond the governments to the people. African dictators depend on the
support of the Western powers that support and maneuver them. Remove the support and the governments, factions,
and people will be forced to come to the table and deal with each other for a real peace.
Sudan—A Nation in Turbulence in Search of Itself. Sudan is undergoing an acute crisis in identity—a common
thread between the war that has concluded in the south, often considered to be the African south against the Arab-
Islamic north, the current turmoil in Darfur, and the occasional outbursts in Nubia in the east. These wars are all about
marginalization. Historically the north was assimilated into the Arab-Islamic world, and people began identifying
themselves as Arabs, enjoying the status and privilege that being part of the ruling group gave them, regardless of their
actual ethnicity. The south remained African, as did parts of the north under Arab-Islamic infl uence. The British came
and ruled the south and north as one. In the tumultuous years that followed British departure, the idea of “secession”
by the African south has given way to “transformation” to a country where there will be no more marginalization but
unity. This is a clear case of state sovereignty, with the state bearing the responsibility to protect all its citizens.
12
Why is Gender Still Not on the Peace and Security Agenda in Africa? Confl icts in Africa now increasingly target
civilians. Psychological warfare aimed at humiliating and terrorizing includes amputations, rape, torture and slavery,
with women suffering in distinct ways because of their position in society. Women are even more vulnerable when
they are internally displaced or refugees. Regardless of their victimization, women are needed in the peace processes
in Africa, yet peace negotiations still seem to include just the ones holding the guns. Men become the negotiators and
facilitators, and in the transitional government, it is the elites that share the power, leaving women out again. African
women, seeking to change this, targeted the Organization of African Unity which later became the African Union. They
succeeded in gaining gender parity on the commission, with fi ve men and fi ve women. A woman heads the Pan-Africa
Parliament and a Protocol on Women’s Rights has been adopted. Now it is the African women’s struggle to bring the
changes happening at the top level down to the grassroots level.
Ending Wars Against Children. The United Nations has succeeded in putting the protection of children in situations of
confl ict onto the world’s agenda in a set of protocols, conventions and standards that apply to confl ict, and post-confl ict
reconstruction, healing and rebuilding. But the gap between the formal agreements and their application is huge. To
address this, the Security Council in July 2005 has endorsed a historic resolution identifying, naming and shaming—
publicly and offi cially—offending parties who are abusing children; establishing a system of monitoring and reporting
the conduct of parties of confl ict; from the community level to the national level. Time bound action plans will
be required to address the violations and a standing committee of the Security Council will assure implementation.
Without outside pressure on member states, none of this is assured. At the same time that these remedial systems are
being put in place, genocide has been unfolding unimpeded in northern Uganda for 20 years. It is the worst place in the
world to be a child. It is happening with the full knowledge of the international community, and it will be the fi rst test
of the seriousness of that community to take on the newly defi ned “responsibility to protect.”
North Korea: An Unseen, but Vulnerable Population. The entire population of 22 million is vulnerable to the whims,
neglect and abuse of a totalitarian regime. This secretive, isolated, closed society is home to people who are unseen and
unheard to the outside world and whose suffering is usually unknown. A country of monuments, palaces and people in
poverty, it is a place where the construction of show-off displays of pomp continued in the mid ’90s—a time when two
million citizens were allowed to starve to death. Only when the crisis continued to worsen did it drop its façade just
enough to let in humanitarian food aid. North Korea continues to be a great threat—of nuclear weapons, of massive
migration of people fl eeing starvation, of continued dictatorship. It is a challenge to the good will and common sense
of the international community which must continue constant diplomatic and humanitarian efforts.
13
Symposium Opening Comments
Steven M. Hilton, President, CEO and Chairman, Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Steven Hilton has worked in the fi eld of philanthropy for more than 20 years and was
appointed Chief Executive Offi cer of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation in 2005. The
grandson of hotel entrepreneur and founder, Conrad N. Hilton, he joined the foundation in
1983 and was named vice president in charge of programs in 1989. In this capacity, Hilton
directed the foundation’s grantmaking activities and had primary oversight of programs for
the multi-handicapped blind, mentally ill homeless, international water development, and
early childhood development. Prior to joining the foundation, Hilton worked for fi ve years
in hotel management in Alabama, Georgia and California with Hilton Hotels Corporation
and was involved in aquaculture (fi sh farming) businesses. A graduate of the University of
California at Santa Barbara, Hilton earned his Masters of Business Administration (MBA)
degree from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Hilton serves on the
boards of both the foundation and the Conrad N. Hilton Fund. In addition, Hilton is a
board member of St. Joseph Center and Southern California Grantmakers.
It is a pleasure to welcome you today as we discuss “Vulnerable Populations: International Community
Responsibilities.” And we hope to see you again this evening as we honor this year’s recipient of the Conrad N.
Hilton Humanitarian Prize, Partners In Health.
We welcome you and, at the same time, thank the government of Switzerland, and the Canton and City of Geneva,
for welcoming us back. On this, the tenth anniversary of the Hilton Humanitarian Prize, we have returned to this
beautiful international city, a symbol of humanitarianism and globalization at its best.
Although the Hilton Foundation is an American-based organization, our mission is worldwide, as is the
community of people, organizations and agencies represented here today. My grandfather, Conrad Hilton, would
have been proud of this event and pleased to see it taking place in Geneva. He too was a humanitarian and an
internationalist. Long before most Americans were even allowing themselves to dream of a trip abroad, my
grandfather was building his hotels in Istanbul and Cairo. In this regard, he was a visionary. He took a leadership
role in advocating for U.S. participation in the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and was a strong
supporter of the United Nation’s goals of world peace and economic prosperity.
“World Peace through International Trade and Travel” was more than a motto for his hotels. It was his fi rm belief.
He was convinced that increased contact would bring increased understanding among peoples, ultimately leading
to peace. At his death in 1979, he left virtually his entire fortune to the foundation he created in 1944 with the
mandate that grants should be international as well as domestic since his fortune came from a worldwide hotel
empire. Honoring his wishes, one-half of Hilton Foundation grants today support international programs without
regard to territory, religion or ethnicity. Likewise, recipients of the Hilton Humanitarian Prize are headquartered
in seven countries and serve all races, cultures and religions in every corner of the world.
The Hilton Foundation was founded to alleviate human suffering. At today’s symposium we discuss vulnerable
populations, those threatened by extreme poverty, disease, violence, war and confl ict, discrimination and
oppression. But we focus not so much on their plight as on their resilience—what we can and must do to help
them claim their future. We have a set of goals to guide our actions and our discussion today—the Millennium
Development Goals. In 2000 the United Nations adopted a set of eight practical goals to be reached by 2015.
They are attainable if only we all—governments, organizations, agencies, individuals—make the commitment
and work together. Hopefully, by coming together today, we can sharpen our focus and strengthen our resolve. It
is a privilege to have you with us.
14
Ralph Begleiter, Distinguished Journalist in Residence, University of Delaware, and former CNN World
Affairs Correspondent
Ralph Begleiter brings more than 30 years of broadcast journalism experience to
his appointment at the University of Delaware, where he teaches communication,
journalism, and political science. During his two decades with CNN, Begleiter was
the network’s most widely traveled correspondent (having visited some 91 countries)
and covered the U.S. State Department, hosted a global public affairs show, and co-
anchored CNN’s prestigious “International Hour,” aired daily on CNN International.
In 1998, Begleiter wrote and anchored a 24-part series on the Cold War. He covered
many historic events of the 1980s and 1990s, including virtually every high-level
Soviet/Russian-American meeting; the Persian Gulf Crisis in 1990 to 1991; the Dayton
Bosnia Accords; Middle East peace efforts; and the aftermath of the assassination of
Israeli Prime Minister Rabin. He has received numerous press awards including, in
1994, the Weintal Prize from Georgetown University’s Graduate School of Foreign
Service, one of diplomatic reporting’s highest honors. Begleiter has moderated each
of the previous Hilton humanitarian symposia.
Welcome to all of you. We’re in a wonderful location—not only the city, but also the building, which is wonderful.
It’s really a pleasure to be back with all of you again this year and a real pleasure to return to Geneva itself. This
year I think, more than any other since the Hilton Prize Foundation began holding these symposia, events around
the world have unfolded coincidentally so close to our theme, which is “Vulnerable Populations: International
Community Responsibilities.”
Humanitarian issues generally, and vulnerable populations in particular, erupted to the worldwide forefront of
attention in 2005. In a few cases they were predictable; in other cases they were completely unpredictable. In
Niger, crop failures last year were perfectly apparent to anyone who was paying attention, but when the United
Nations fi rst asked for help late last year, almost no one responded. The crop failures and the food shortages there
developed rapidly, and the UN cried out again last spring. Not a single pledge of aid was received. The G-8
did nothing about it at their summit in Europe. Suddenly, when the food crisis began appearing on international
television in June and July, pledges of about 10 billion dollars emerged. In Sudan, the human rights crisis
continues—the United States calls it genocide. It’s not a new problem: the UN is engaged, but hundreds of
thousands of people have died and none of the world’s major powers is involved.
Some of the vulnerable population crises of 2005 were completely unexpected, but not unpredictable. These
were natural disasters, which in some cases exacerbated already festering problems on the political side. And
what a crop of them we had in the past year, beginning with the terrible tsunami spawned in the Indian Ocean
last December, which wiped out low-lying areas around Indonesia. That disaster was so sudden and so awful
that television caught on almost immediately, unlike the other situations I mentioned. The world sped to the
rescue immediately. Just in the last couple of months, we’ve seen the ravages of the marriage of Katrina and
Pontchartrain, a marriage which—embarrassingly—exposed not only the failure to heed the predicted fl ood and
collapse of fl ood control systems, but also exposed the well-known vulnerable populations of the Gulf Coast in
the United States to the rest of the world. Everyone in this room, I suspect, has experienced the warm glow of
television lights which called attention to the populations of Aceh and New Orleans and helped generate mass
relief operations in both cases. More recently even, the same phenomenon drew attention to the biblical scale of
the earthquake disaster in Kashmir. But Kashmir is also an example of something else that everyone in this room
is well aware of—how cold it gets when the TV lights swing around someplace else. Last week, the UN was once
again reduced to pleading with the world not to turn away from Kashmir so quickly. Winter snows are upon the
vulnerable populations caught in the political crossfi re between India and Pakistan, even as the earth continues to
rattle beneath those people, and we all have an international responsibility.
15
Last year at this time, we were anticipating the results of the U.S. presidential election and soon after the Hilton
symposium, the U.S. president was boasting about all the political capital he would be spending following the
election. Today…well, let’s just say a lot can change in a year. It would be wrong, I think, not to take note of the
successful series of steps toward democracy achieved in Iraq—the painful birth of a democratic-style constitution,
including a democratic referendum that narrowly endorsed that document. But still uncertain in Iraq, very uncertain,
are humanitarian questions about the future of Iraq’s ethnically and religiously divided people.
Tonight, we will celebrate the winner of the Hilton Humanitarian Prize, an uplifting moment that reminds us of
the accomplishments of you, the humanitarian community. And we’ll hear from a man whose personal initiative
turned him, somewhat by surprise, into an overnight, true humanitarian hero during the darkest moments of the
genocide in Rwanda. But fi rst today, we’ve got an extraordinarily full day of exploration of the challenges of
the world’s most vulnerable populations. This morning, as Steve mentioned, we’ll begin with overarching goals,
those set by the United Nations for the world community. This afternoon, we’ll focus on a few key places—
Sudan, Rwanda, North Korea—and a few key issues—children, women, and justice.
Five years ago, we convened here in Geneva for the fi rst time and it’s a great pleasure to be back. As Steve
mentioned, this city has been known worldwide as a humanitarian headquarters, for decades. The UN and many
other organizations have offi ces here and with very good reason. Without further ado, please welcome Madame
Martine Brunschwig Graf, President of the State Council of the Republic and Canton of Geneva, one of our hosts,
here in Geneva this year. Madame Brunschwig Graf is head of the Departments of Finance and Military Affairs.
16
Madame Martine Brunschwig Graf, President of the State Council of the Republic and Canton of Geneva
Mr. President of the foundation, dear members of the foundation board and jury, dear
guests, ladies and gentlemen. We are very pleased that the Conrad Hilton Foundation
chose to hold its symposium and the tenth Hilton Prize ceremony in our city. The concern
of the foundation for the alleviation of human suffering all over the world is your concern
and ours. The Hilton Foundation has been very generous and active in this fi eld since its
creation more than 60 years ago. Millions have been distributed by the Foundation for
charitable projects throughout the world. This is because alleviating the suffering of the
world’s most disadvantaged is more than a huge task, as you very well know. Nowadays,
there is a consensus regarding the necessity of achieving this objective.
The Millennium Declaration was adopted fi ve years ago, and the recent world summit
held in New York has been an opportunity to renew the commitment of governments to
achieve the Millennium Goals. The continuous renewals of commitment to reaching
these goals are a source of hope and offer the best perspective of a better future for those who suffer, as we will
discuss today. For now, the goals are supposed to be attained within a decade. There’s still a long way to go, and not
an easy one. Some countries on the African continent are, unfortunately, far from achieving these goals, and many
actions still have to be undertaken. Therefore, we want to encourage and congratulate you for all of your work and
dedication. I will take this opportunity to single out Paul Rusesabagina, in particular, for his work in the Rwandan
confl ict and to applaud his courage, which saved hundreds of lives.
As you know, Geneva has maintained a humanitarian tradition in promoting ideals which are essential to freedom,
peace, democracy, development and alleviation of human suffering. Geneva is proud to continue to deliver its
contribution as an international forum which offers opportunities for dialogue and fruitful meetings in these fi elds.
Geneva is very keen to be one of the places where these challenges are addressed with the aim of preparing a better
future for new generations. The name of Geneva and Switzerland is known all over the world. It is a name to
which a feeling of peace, hope, and action is attached. May this feeling inspire your work. I want to conclude by
renewing my thanks on behalf of the Government of Geneva for your humanitarian concern and wish you a very
fruitful symposium.
Begleiter. Thank you, Madame Brunschwig Graf. We are all delighted to be back in your city. We begin our work
this morning at the macro level of humanitarian issues with a progress update on the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals—you will hear them referred to frequently today as the MDGs. I am pleased to introduce
Ernesto Zedillo, former President of Mexico who now leads Yale University’s Center for the Study of Globalization.
After President Zedillo’s six-year term in offi ce, he chaired a UN panel on fi nancing for development. He’s well
equipped to survey the scene with us, because he served just last month as Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s special
envoy for the UN Summit on the Millennium Development Goals that was held in New York.
17
Symposium Keynote Address
Ernesto Zedillo, Ph.D., Director, Center for the Study of Globalization, Yale University
Ernesto Zedillo is the Director of the Center for the Study of Globalization and professor
in the Field of International Economics and Politics at Yale University. He was President
of Mexico from December 1994 to December 2000. He earned his undergraduate degree
at the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico and his master and doctoral degrees at Yale
University. After leaving offi ce, Mr. Zedillo became Chairman of the UN High Level Panel
on Financing for Development and was a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the London
School of Economics. He served as Co-coordinator of the UN Millennium Project Task
Force on Trade and was Co-chairman of the UN Commission on the Private Sector and
Development along with Prime Minister Paul Martin of Canada. He is currently Chair
of the Global Development Network and Co-chairman of the International Task Force on
Global Public Goods. In April he was appointed by the UN Secretary-General to serve
as his Envoy for the September 2005 Summit in which heads of state and government
reviewed implementation of the Millennium Declaration. Mr. Zedillo is a member of the
Trilateral Commission, serves on the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Board
of Directors of the Institute for International Economics, and is a trustee of the World Economic Forum.
International Cooperation in 2005: Half Full or Half Empty Glass?
Madame President, Steve, ladies and gentlemen. Let me fi rst congratulate the Conrad Hilton Foundation for
organizing this very interesting and timely symposium on a crucial aspect of international cooperation: the protection
of vulnerable populations.
Other than my own work for the Mexican government, I am not an expert on this specifi c topic, but I am a deep believer
in international cooperation. In fact, I identify myself with those who propose that international cooperation, while
certainly important for ethical, altruistic, and humanitarian reasons, is also critical for attaining the strict self-interest of
the parties that happen to be more on the giving side of the cooperation equation.
Any person whose own well-being is connected, in one way or another, to the well-being of people in other countries,
close or far away, will fi nd that cooperation to address common challenges is in his or her own best interest. This has
been the case for a long time, but never to the extent that it is now. Whether we like it or not—and I believe it is a very
good thing—interdependence among the peoples and the countries of the world has reached an unprecedented degree
in human history.
I have never tired of repeating what we said in the High-Level Panel on Financing for Development Report delivered
to the UN Secretary-General in June of 2001. I quote myself: “For people in the rich world, elementary self-interest is
at stake. In the global village, someone else’s poverty very soon becomes one’s own problem: lack of markets for one’s
products, illegal immigration, pollution, contagious disease, insecurity, fanaticism, terrorism.”
More recently, the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change could not have said it better. “In the 21st
century, more than ever before, no state can stand wholly alone. Collective strategies, collective institutions, and a sense
of collective responsibility are indispensable. Today’s threats recognize no national boundaries, are connected, and
must be addressed at the global and regional, as well as the national levels. No state, no matter how powerful, can, by
its own efforts alone, make itself invulnerable to today’s threats. And it cannot be assumed that every state will always
be able or willing to meet its responsibility to protect its own peoples and not harm its neighbors.” We must accept
that war, confl ict and terrorism; extreme poverty and social polarization; fi nancial instability and trade wars; global
pandemics; and abrupt climate change are risks to all, and therefore collective action to address them is indispensable.
18
Those of us who believe that international cooperation is a win-win situation wanted 2005 to be a year of great strides
in the three key aspects of peace and security, development, and trade. Our ideal 2005 would have been one in which
the now thick catalogue of good ideas to improve the system and the long journeys of negotiation and diplomacy
endured in the previous months could have crystallized in a September World Summit that would have delivered
serious agreements by world leaders to address Mr. Annan’s “In Larger Freedom” agenda — an agenda that I don’t
have to repeat here because I am sure all of you are quite aware of it.
Needless to say, believers in international cooperation were also hopeful that great progress would be made to
honor the commitments established in the Doha Declaration of 2001, with the aim of achieving a successful WTO
ministerial conference in Hong Kong this December as a defi nite step to conclude a truly development-oriented Doha
Round next year.
Well, the year is not over, but it is already possible, when speaking about international cooperation, to assess how
close the real 2005 is proving to be to the ideal 2005 that I think we all wanted. Let me make a very brief review of
how we are doing.
On aid for development, there is good but also bad news. The good news is the G-8 decision for 100% debt cancellation
to highly indebted poor countries, while ensuring that the fi nancial capacity of the international fi nancial institutions
is fully preserved. Also good news is the European Union’s commitment to reach a little more than 0.5 percent of its
gross national income (GNI) in aid by 2010, with a view to achieving 0.7 percent of GNI by 2015, as stipulated at the
Monterey Conference of 2002.
The bad news is that the biggest donor countries in absolute terms but the smallest in terms of their national income—
the U.S. and Japan—have failed to commit additional aid resources, with the result that a large aid shortfall to
fi nance the Millennium Development Goals remains. As I am sure my friend Jeffrey Sachs will tell you later in the
day, there is a very serious risk that most poor countries will continue to be off-track in achieving their Millennium
Development Goals.
Disappointment is also to be found on the United Nations reform front. If not a total failure, the September summit did
not deliver the needed results. Embracement of the responsibility-to-protect principle, which will be commented upon
and discussed here later in the day, and the decision to create a Peace-Building Commission were the only two clear
points on the score card. The agreement to create a Human Rights Council is still too shallow to make it real news.
On terrorism, non-proliferation, and Security Council reform, it is better to acknowledge failure now rather than later,
and open the space to start anew.
Frankly speaking, the United Nations has been left again without the proper means to perform the mission that its
members mandate it to execute. The Security Council, for one thing, will continue to be the Gordian Knot that
impedes the functioning of the international system in its most sensitive aspect: that of peace and security. Admittedly,
the options on the table for Security Council reform, by solely focusing on the issues of enlargement, were inattentive
to the problem of its effi ciency. Unfortunately, this was never the issue throughout negotiations. Sheer parochialism
and a lack of visionary leadership from the key UN players were the real causes of failure.
Enlargement by itself would not have overcome the unpleasant verdict given by bargaining theory: veto gives high
power; no veto gives nil, or very little, power. Whenever statesmanship fi nally prevails, reform must be attempted
urgently simply on the grounds that the present arrangement is unsustainable.
I just hope that when the opportunity for real Security Council reform arrives, the possibility of deeper reform will not
be dismissed again too soon. Enlargement alone will not bring together the Council’s resolutions, and, without better
resolutions and their enforcement, the Security Council will not prove effective, and, without effectiveness, whatever
legitimacy is provided at fi rst by enlargement will eventually be lost.
19
On trade, it is fair to say that the Doha negotiations have been a tale of failure to reach agreement on most issues on the
agenda. It seems that countries came to these talks with the aim of creating loopholes to avoid obligations, rather than
undertaking serious trade liberalization.
Regarding agriculture, the major stumbling block all along and a critical issue to support the aspirations of developing
countries, trade negotiators have deadlocked on issues such as products to be exempted from reform, formulas to avoid
effectively lowering tariffs, and opaque schemes to preserve subsidies. With rich countries unwilling to deliver farm
reform, and developing countries remaining reluctant to open up their own markets, it is no surprise that progress is
practically nil on the other topics under discussion.
Except for a few rare moments, the leadership needed to move the route forward has been absent. One of those rare
moments occurred on October 10, when the United States fi nally broke apart from what I have called “the Alliance for
Perpetual Agricultural Protectionism,” which the U.S. had sealed with the European Union (EU) in August of 2003. If
not fl awless—for it contains a number of escape routes which could still allow for huge agricultural protection—the
proposal for agricultural reform put forward by the United States Trade Representative did inject some life into the
until-recently-practically-defunct Doha talks, and this has happened, unfortunately, just a few weeks before the Hong
Kong Ministerial Meeting.
The jury is still out on whether this move by the U.S. government will not prove to have arrived too late to save, fi rst
the Ministerial in Hong Kong, and next the whole Round. But at least it has led the EU representatives to recognize,
albeit implicitly, what some of us have argued since the announcement of the Common Agricultural Policy reform
and the publication of the EU-U.S. farm proposal in 2003. What we have been saying is that the European proposals
were designed to avoid signifi cant changes in relative prices, production levels, and effective support to its most
protected and distorted agricultural products. The 2003 European offers were, in climate change terminology, pure
hot air. With the U.S. initiative, and now the proposal tabled by the European commissioners just last Friday, the
talks just got where they should have been well before the Cancun meeting of 2003, had the original Doha work
program been punctually observed.
The task to be completed before the Hong Kong meeting—due to take place in December—if the Ministerial is going to
succeed, is truly Herculean. Now that the U.S. and the EU proposals are fi nally on the table, the real negotiations must
begin. Other countries interested in farm trade reform must now step strongly into the negotiations. The American and
European offers must fi rst have their “hot air” defl ated. It is technically possible, and I say this as a trade economist,
that a combination of the American and European proposals could result in a regime which could still leave world
trade in farm products highly distorted for a long time, and deny agriculturally competitive countries the access they
rightly demand to reach other countries’ markets. We would also have to take into account the Japanese and other rich
countries like Switzerland’s pretense of keeping their barriers on what they call “sensitive” products untouched. I think
this would be disastrous for developing countries.
Of course, a good agreement on agriculture alone, if possible at all, will not in itself provide a happy ending. Poor
developing countries—which are yet to acquire a capacity to export agricultural products, and that could have their trade
preferences and fi scal revenues eroded as a result of the Round—must be brought on board. A good Doha outcome
requires that poor countries be supported in generating the sources of revenue needed to compensate for losses incurred
as a result of lowering import duties, building the human and physical infrastructure they need to benefi t from increased
market opportunities and adjusting to erosions of existing trade preferences that result from multilateral negotiations.
As argued in the Trade for Development Report of the Millennium Project, greatly increased international technical
and fi nancial support for reform and adjustment by developing countries is needed to ensure achievement of the trade
liberalization targets. A temporary “aid for trade” fund commensurate with the size of the task, or signifi cantly ramped-
up contributions through existing channels are needed to support countries in addressing adjustment costs associated
with the implementation of a Doha reform agenda.
20
Once the rich countries get really serious about opening their farm markets and agree to support poor countries in
doing likewise, developing countries will have to become more ambitious reformers at the Doha Round. It would be
very unfortunate if the defensive position exhibited by developing countries so far were to prevail through the end
of the Round, considering that in most cases the biggest gains from trade liberalization come from a country’s own
trade liberalization.
Tariff reductions primarily benefi t the country undertaking them. The costs of protection are paid for by the domestic
economy—by its households which pay more for the goods and services they consume, and by its fi rms which pay
more for the protected goods they use (consume) as inputs. Protection creates a bias against exports by raising the
costs of inputs; that is, protection on imports reduces the competitiveness of exports. It distorts the allocation of
resources in the domestic economy, encouraging investment in the most protected sectors—not the most potentially
effi cient ones. In sum, protection creates an unfriendly environment for implementing development and poverty
reduction strategies.
While trade in goods, and particularly agriculture, commands the most attention on the Doha agenda, the potential
gains from successful services liberalization may be much larger—by a factor of fi ve by some estimates. Signifi cant
barriers remain, particularly in areas of great interest to developing countries, such as the movement of natural persons
to supply services under Mode 4 of the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services).
Developing countries must not ignore, on the other hand, that services are fundamental for development, in terms of
both the effi ciency and growth potential of the economy as a whole, as well as access to basic services to improve
the lives of the poor. Done right, services negotiations offer developing countries an opportunity to act in their own
economic interest and get paid for it.
Dear friends, ladies and gentlemen, we can now say with all confi dence that 2005 was not the “dream year” of
international cooperation that would have resulted if only the country members of the international community,
particularly the rich and powerful, would have acted as I have argued in their own enlightened, long-term interests.
Various precious opportunities to make a leap forward have been wasted.
Nevertheless, can we speak of an empty 2005? Not really. As of today I would suggest that the glass is one-third
full and two-thirds empty. A good Hong Kong outcome that would put the Doha Round on track for a successful
conclusion would lead me to speak without hesitation about a glass half-full, which is not that bad after all, considering
all the animosity and bashing that the multilateral system—particularly the United Nations organization—has endured
in recent times. But whatever happens in Hong Kong—and actually also in Montreal at the end of November when the
Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention takes place—must not lead us to retreat in our demands
for stronger international cooperation. 2006 will be another good long year to keep pushing. Thank you very much.
21
Symposium Keynote—Question and Answer Session
Begleiter. We have a few minutes for questions for President Zedillo. I’m going to ask you one fi rst to get
started. You had a litany of the glass being two-thirds empty, and Europeans being full of hot air—Americans too
full of hot air—you said the September Summit was not a total failure, which is a slightly veiled way of saying
it was pretty close to a total failure. But look at the rich and powerful nations you referred to in their current
political situations and give us a thumbnail of whether you think that Japan and the United States, particularly,
are in positions to make the kinds of commitments in 2006 that you think are necessary. Are they in a political
position to be able to do that?
Zedillo. If rich countries act in their own self-interest, not only in 2006 but in any year, they should be willing
to enhance their participation in the international system. I know that in the U.S., in Europe, and in other rich
countries, local politics tend to dominate national and international politics and this is very unfortunate, because it
runs against the interests of those countries when a local constituency, a small constituency—like the cotton lobby
in the U.S. or the sugar lobby in Europe—dominates, overwhelms the interests of the majority of the population.
The question will always be whether political leadership will have the stature and the statesmanship to overcome
these circumstances. I don’t know whether it will happen, but we are on this side of the table and I think our
obligation is to keep putting pressure.
Q. Daly Belgasmi, World Food Program. Thank you, Mr. President. During your excellent presentation you
referred to the Doha agenda. This is also an opportunity to remind all the participants that food aid has been
and is still in negotiations, under which traders are looking to discuss new disciplines, hopefully in favor of the
implementation of one of the most important MDG goals: to halve chronic malnutrition by 2015. In the last fi ve
years, food aid has dropped from around $11 million to $7.4 million. 852 million people are suffering today from
chronic malnutrition, 24,000 die per day and traders are talking about life and death without taking into account
one of the most important millennium goals: to halve chronic malnutrition. Thank you very much.
Zedillo. Maybe you were not very explicit about your concern, which is very legitimate: countries are demanding
a stop to the dumping of agricultural products in world markets and this might have, in some cases, an unintended
consequence on the availability of some food aid provided by countries like the United States. Some people have
said you have to be clever enough to meet the two objectives. On the one hand, I think it is highly desirable to
stop this dumping of agricultural products that is creating great damage, particularly in poor countries, which have
lost their capacity to produce agricultural products because of the effect, among other things, of this protectionism
and this dumping of agricultural products. And on the other hand, you have to continue support for food aid, and
what has been said is that it should be given in the form of economic resources and not through this agricultural
dumping. So yes, we have a dilemma and a solution must be found, but I think it is important that dumping of
agricultural products is not allowed.
Q. Susan Crowley, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Inc. I’d like to respectfully pose a question to President Zedillo
regarding his observation about commitments to overseas development assistance by the U.S. versus other
rich nations. I would suggest that offi cial overseas development assistance is not a full measure of a nation’s
generosity, and, in the case of the U.S., private overseas giving—by entities such as the Hilton Foundation and
my own company, the Merck company’s foundation, and other forms of private remittances abroad—actually
accounts for more than our offi cial overseas development assistance. That is often not taken into account, and it
is really the measure that should be looked at. Thank you.
Zedillo. I think private contributions are very important, very useful. They do make an enormous difference in the
world, but when countries and governments speak about these issues they are speaking about offi cial development
assistance (ODA). When the Millennium Development Goals were fi rst offi cially discussed and agreed upon at
22
the Millennium Summit in September 2000, and then further specifi cs were proposed at the Monterey Conference,
it was agreed that in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, ODA would eventually have to reach
0.7 percent of the Gross National Income (GNI). I think the two issues have to be separated. Nobody is saying
that the United States as a nation is not generous, because we have these important private contributions. What is
being discussed is the government—the contributions that are channeled through government. Despite signifi cant
increases that have been provided since 2002, the U.S. is still, relatively speaking, the smallest contributor to
offi cial development assistance. That is a fact, and I don’t think the consequences of this fact should be tempered
by another fact, which is that there are very important and very generous private contributions coming from
American citizens, which is also the case in Europe where there is a huge amount of resources being channeled
through civil society organizations.
Begleiter. You are now teaching in the United States. Presumably now, and you’ve probably known this for a
long time, you’ve discovered that if you ask most Americans about American aid abroad, their perception of what
American aid is abroad is exaggerated by comparison with actual U.S. contributions abroad. What can you do
or what do you think should be done to try to educate the citizens of the U.S. to recognize the actual percentage
of its contributions?
Zedillo. When we published the Financing for Development report, one of the proposals was to create a sort of
awareness campaign in the U.S. and in other rich countries about two aspects. One, the importance of giving aid
from a strictly self-interested position, which we believe is the case, and second, how little, relative to the national
wealth and income, is now given away. However, we stipulated that this campaign could not be an offi cial
campaign. Some people asked why we did not have the United Nations leading this campaign, but that would not
have credibility. What we would like to see is altruistic organizations getting together and spearheading this kind
of campaign, so this gives me a great opportunity to express that wish. Perhaps organizations like the Conrad
Hilton Foundation, linked to other altruistic organizations, could spearhead a campaign like this, to explain to the
American people—speaking of the U.S.—why ODA is not just a nice thing to do for altruistic reasons, but that it
is also in the national strategic interests of the United States to be more engaged in supporting the development
of other countries. I wish this idea could one day crystallize.
Begleiter. There is your fi rst recommendation from the fi rst panelist of this group. Now we are going to take a
closer look at three specifi c areas of the Millennium Development Goals: women, water, and HIV/AIDS.
23
MORNING SESSION SUMMARY – DELIVERING A FUTURE THROUGH THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Mayra Buvinic, Sector Director for Gender and Development, World Bank
Mayra Buvinic is Sector Director for Gender and Development, PREM Network
(Poverty Reduction Economic Management), World Bank. Between 1996 and 2004
she was Division Chief for Social Development at the Inter-American Development
Bank (IDB), where she oversaw work on the social sectors, including health, urban
development, labor markets, early childhood development, social inclusion and
violence prevention, and both the Women in Development Unit and the Indigenous
Peoples Unit. Prior to working at the IDB, Ms. Buvinic was a founding member and
President of the International Center for Research on Women (1978-2004). She is past
President of the Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) and member
of a number of non-profi t boards, including the International Water Management
Institute, Sri Lanka, and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria.
A Chilean national, her published works are in the areas of gender, poverty and
development; health and reproductive health; violence prevention; social inclusion
and social cohesion; and project and program evaluations.
Gender and the Millennium Development Goals
First let me tell you what a great pleasure it is to be here in the city of Geneva with the Hilton Foundation and
honoring Partners In Health. I’m going to talk about Goal Three of the MDGs, and for those of you not familiar
with the MDGs, you have a booklet and it has a list of the eight goals. Goal Three is to “promote gender equality
and empower women,” and the target for this goal, which all the countries agreed to in 2000, is to eliminate gender
disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and at all levels at least by 2015. First, I will talk briefl y about
why this goal is important to our future; second, where we are in achieving it; and third, what else needs to be done.
First: why is it important? Goal Three has intrinsic importance—it is good, obviously, for everybody to empower
women—but it also has instrumental value, and this I want to expand. The fate of most of the other goals actually
depends on achieving Goal Three. Two hundred thousand children under fi ve die of disease, and 10,000 women die
giving birth every week in developing countries. Educating and empowering women, Goal Three, leads to educated
and empowered women who do not die giving birth, or die less often in childbirth. As you will see, Goal Five is
improving maternal health, so Goal Three is directly related to Goal Five. Further, educated and empowered women
have children who do not die, and, in fact, another goal—Goal Four—is reducing childhood mortality.
Further, educated and empowered women and adolescent girls tend not to contract HIV/AIDS, and HIV/AIDS is
another of the Millennium Development Goals. Nowadays, 68% of those infected with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan
Africa in the 15 to 24 age group are female. It used to be the case that everybody thought that HIV/AIDS was a
male disease. Many of us in the women’s movement already in the early 1990s were telling the health community
that this was not the case, and to exercise caution. Well, as you know, they did not, and today the HIV/AIDS
epidemic is becoming feminized, to a large measure because of the powerlessness that women and adolescents have
in negotiating sexual relationships.
The other and less obvious instrumental reason for empowering women is that empowering women and educating
women is central to economic growth and poverty reduction. Poverty reduction is Goal Number One and the most
important goal. You must all know by now that growth is a principal deterrent of poverty. We can do a lot, but if
countries do not grow, it is very hard to cut back on poverty. In fact, and this is something that few people know,
women are critical to promoting shared growth. There is emerging evidence from studies sponsored by the World
Bank that shows, for instance, that in India, states with greater gender equality, in terms of women’s participation
in the labor force, are also the fastest growing states in India, and those where growth is more effective in reducing
24
poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, if you give women farmers the same access to agricultural inputs and agricultural
machinery that men farmers have, agricultural output would increase by 20%. In Latin America and the Caribbean,
a study that we carried out when I was at the Inter-American Development Bank shows that the impact of domestic
violence on women’s earnings translates into a reduction in GDP growth in two countries of around one to two
percent In the region where this study was carried out, the GDP average growth of these countries was one or two
percent per year, so if they really had cut back on domestic violence, this would have had a signifi cant impact on
these countries’ GDP growth. So, the instrumental argument is that investing in women is really investing in the
Millennium Development Goals.
Now, the second question: where are we in terms of achieving the gender equality Millennium Development Goal?
There has been progress, and the gender gap in primary education rates has gone from an 18% difference between
girls and boys in 1990 to a 10% difference in 2003. Some countries, notably in Africa, have doubled the number
of girls in primary school in this period. For instance, Guinea, Benin and also Bangladesh, Morocco, Nepal, and
Yemen have all achieved that. However, overall, gender parity has not been achieved by 2005—and the goal was to
achieve gender parity in primary and secondary schooling by 2005. That goal was not achieved, and the prospects
for achieving this goal for all levels of education, particularly tertiary education, by 2015 are bleak. In fact, by 2015
if we go at the pace we’re going now, only 10% of developing countries will have parity between girls and boys in
tertiary education. Furthermore, it is very unlikely that the health goals in this declaration will be achieved by 2015.
And third: even if some of the Millennium Development Goals are achieved, that does not mean that all women
will benefi t. The Millennium Development Goals are average goals, and achieving parity in averages may still leave
many, many women behind. This is particularly a problem in the middle-income countries, like Latin American and
other middle-income countries, when in fact you can have reached the goal but you will have poor women, minority
women, ethnic women, black women that are still going to be far behind.
So now what do we need to do? What will it take to empower women, to expand their ability to make informed
choices? We really know what needs to be done and we have to scale up all the things we are doing. The Millennium
Development Goals had a task force on women, which determined seven strategic priorities. I’m not going to name
all of them, but just let me name two important ones. One is property and inheritance; the other one is employment.
President Zedillo was talking of trade and liberalizing services; this should be an important avenue to increase
women’s employment. We need two things to scale up implementation. First we need high-level leadership and
political commitment. Without high-level leadership and political commitment in the international community,
scaling up will not happen. The United Nations, furthermore, should set a new date for the failed target of gender
parity in 2005 and move it to 2007 or 2008 and, hopefully, through rational arguments, if not persuasion and shame,
convince countries that they really need to invest in women to meet the MDGs.
The second and last thing that I will say is that aside from leadership and commitment, we need fi nancial resources.
We were talking here today about offi cial development assistance. Actually, offi cial development assistance in
2003 in total U.S. dollars was $69 billion. Of this $69 billion, roughly only $2.3 billion went to women and girls,
so we are talking about only 3.6 percent of all offi cial development assistance. I have just come from a meeting in
Bangkok where a study was presented—a recent survey of foundations and private-sector organizations giving to
women—and the proportion of money going to girls and women from foundations and private-sector organizations
is 7% of all funds available, and women’s organizations are reporting that in the last fi ve years these amounts of
money have been substantially cut back.
So, dedicated fi nancial resources are needed to fulfi ll the Millennium Development Goals, and they are important,
because under-investment in women is under-investment in the future of all of us. Thank you.
25
Vanessa J. Tobin, Chief of Water, Environment and Sanitation Section, UNICEF
Chief of the Water, Environment and Sanitation (WES) Section of UNICEF since
May 2001, Vanessa Tobin has enjoyed 25 years of successful service and visionary
leadership in international development. A national of the United Kingdom, Ms.
Tobin obtained a BSc. in civil engineering from Birmingham University in the UK
and a M.Sc. in Public Health from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine. She earned a Master of Public Administration degree from Harvard
University in 1999. In her seventeen years of service to UNICEF, Ms. Tobin has
been stationed in Nepal, Pakistan, Egypt and New York. Prior to her appointment
as Chief of the WES Section, Ms. Tobin served two years as Senior Adviser for
the Health Section in New York. Before joining UNICEF, Ms. Tobin was a civil
engineer for the British Government, working as a sanitary engineer in the UK and
in Nepal; served as a consultant for the NGO ACORD in Southern Sudan and as a
Technical Cooperation Offi cer for the British Government (DfID) in Lesotho.
Reaching the MDGs for Water and Sanitation: Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable
I would like to thank the Conrad Hilton Foundation for inviting me here today to talk regarding an area which is a
focus for the foundation itself. I would like to touch on three areas with regard to water supply and sanitation: fi rst, a
quick snapshot of the situation with respect to the Millennium Development Goals; second, a look at emerging trends
that will make the task more diffi cult but must be addressed if we are to reach the goals; and third, a few guiding
principles in going forward to take this challenge up in a sustainable way.
The Millennium Declaration, as very well described this morning, commits governments around the world to a
clear agenda for combating poverty, hunger, illiteracy, disease, discrimination against women and environmental
degradation. However, we are now a third of the way to reaching the end year of 2015 and many of the goals are
not on target to be achieved. Target 10 of Goal Seven is to reduce by one-half the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. A recent assessment of progress towards the MDGs
produced mixed results.
Approximately 1.1 billion people do not have access to any type of approved drinking water facility. Coverage trends
indicate that the world is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal for water, except for sub-Saharan
Africa unless a concerted effort is made. And let us not forget that although 83% of the developing countries have
access to an improved drinking water source, only 42% of fortunate people have access to a household connection or
a yard tap. In many countries, the defi nition of access is an improved water source within a distance of one kilometer,
with a quantity of 20 liters per person per day. And we still have the challenge of ensuring that the water provided is
safe, since in many developing countries there is still insuffi cient attention given to regular water quality monitoring
and improvement measures. Most probably, there are an additional one billion people who lack access to safe water,
free from both microbial and chemical contamination.
There are 2.6 billion people, nearly half the world’s population, without access to sanitation. With 10 years to go
when the proportion of people in the world not served with basic sanitation is supposed to have been halved, the
world is still lagging far behind the progress needed to reach the MDG. Even if the MDGs are met in full by 2015,
we still have 850 million people without water and 1.85 billion without sanitation.
Such basic and essential services are obviously of integral importance for the survival and development of children.
Every 15 seconds, a child dies from a disease related to unclean water and lack of sanitation. There are billions of
cases of diarrheal diseases, and that burden, both physically and economically, upon children and upon mothers is
enormous. More than 80% of diseases in the developing world, according to WHO, are caused by contaminated
26
water and poor sanitation, and millions more children are suffering from parasitic worm infections, which obviously
impacts on malnutrition and anemia and ability to learn. A recent cost benefi t by WHO showed that with every dollar
spent on water, we can save between three and 34 dollars in terms of the energy, time savings, and the economic
benefi ts that will accrue. Total offi cial development assistance to the sector is approximately $3 billion per year—less
than half what is required, with the bulk going to Middle Eastern countries, while only 12% goes to those countries in
which less than 60% of people have access to improved water sources. Obviously, the focus on sub-Saharan Africa
is not on track in terms of achievement of either water supply or sanitation. A clean environment at home and in
schools will support the battle on HIV and AIDS. In Africa, the lack of access to basic water and sanitation services
is the norm, and poor basic personal and food hygiene practices exacerbate the situation. Home water treatment
using simple technologies is a cost-effective way of reducing water-related diseases for HIV-affected households and
can be adopted immediately in the homes of poor families. Poor families also need water for a range of small-scale
productive activities—for livestock, vegetable gardens and various small businesses.
So what are the critical trends and what do we have to consider in order to go forward? We obviously have to
consider the growing scarcity of water. While we are planning for water supply and sanitation services, we must
consider the ever-increasing competition for water that affects the poor the most—scarcity at local levels, which
causes confl ict within households, within communities and between water-scarce countries. Obviously, any plan
in terms of water supply and sanitation has to take into account the broader perspective in terms of water resources
management. Emergencies are becoming increasingly complex. There’s been a fi ve-fold increase in emergencies
in the past fi ve years. Now one in four children in the world are living within a confl ict situation and, as we can see
in the South Asian earthquake, this demonstrates the growing importance of a more rapid response and improved
coordination on behalf of the donor community and all partners involved in relief efforts.
Lastly, the rural to urban migration obviously has to be considered: by 2025, urban populations in developing countries
will have doubled over today’s fi gures. This means that six out of every 10 children will live in urban areas, and
sanitation and water programs have to gear up to keep pace with these shifting and growing populations. In terms
of guiding principles that can help us in moving forward on behalf of the United Nations, my own agency UNICEF,
and the donor community in general, we have to go beyond rhetoric if we are really going to take these goals more
seriously, and the next fi ve years are the “make-or-break” years in terms of their achievement. Talking about a rights-
based approach in programming really means nothing if we’re just considering the right to life, but not the right to
develop it; the right to an adequate standard of living; and the right to health, which supports the decentralization
processes to achieve these goals.
My colleague talked about bridging the gender divide. Women should not simply be participating, but have to be
involved in the decision-making processes if we are really going to take it forward and do something about the
statistics that were just quoted a few minutes ago. The pro-poor approaches—meeting the rights of the poor to
basic services— are at the heart of the mission. Advocacy for the rights of the poor; the development of approved
poverty-specifi c approaches; improved monitoring and mapping to identify where the populations that we need to
target are located to ensure that the programs are designed using the best available information and knowledge, and
that advocacy is based on rigorously analyzed evidence. And, lastly, working closely with partners, innovation is still
exceptionally important. We have to promote moving forward on innovation and leveraging resources to approaches
that are proven to work. But we cannot stagnate merely in terms of the status quo, in terms of the approaches that
we know, that we’ve tried and tested—we have to go forward on innovation. Obviously my own agency works with
a number of agencies, foundations, development banks, civil society organizations. The complexity of working
within water and sanitation is that integrating those interventions with health and other interventions needs strategic
program approaches. Working alone is not an option. The decade of Water for Life was launched by the UN in
New York in March. The decade calls for a commitment to action in order to halve the goal. However, this present
decade will repeat the mistakes of the past if development aid is not restructured, targeting populations most in need
in a way that decreases dependency, builds capacity and continuously interacts with communities to support their
development efforts to better themselves. Thank you.
27
Jim Yong Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Director, HIV/AIDS Department, World Health Organization
Jim Yong Kim, Director of the HIV/AIDS Department of the World Health Organization
(WHO), is a physician-anthropologist and Founding Trustee of Partners In Health
(PIH), a Harvard University-affi liated non-profi t organization that supports health
projects in poor communities in Peru, Mexico, Guatemala, Haiti, Russia, and the
U.S. Dr. Kim is on leave from his position as Associate Professor of Medicine and
Medical Anthropology and Director of the Program in Infectious Disease and Social
Change at Harvard Medical School. He has also served as Chief of the Division
of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston prior to joining WHO. He was the founding chairperson of the Green Light
Committee for second-line tuberculosis drugs and also served as chairperson of the
WHO Working Group on DOTS-plus for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. His edited
volume, “Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor,” examines
the socioeconomic forces that impact health outcomes of the poor throughout the world. Dr. Kim was a recipient
of the 2003 MacArthur “genius” fellowship and was a contributing editor for the World Health Report 2003 and
the World Health Report 2004.
Injecting Pace and Rhythm to the Millennium Development Goals
Thank you very much. I just want to make some very simple points so that we can get on with what is surely to
be an outstanding discussion. I’m sure you’ve heard it again and again: are we on track to reach the Millennium
Development Goals? Clearly, we’re not. And for six of the eight Millennium Development Goals—reduction
of poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality, child and infant mortality, maternal health
improvements and combating AIDS and other diseases—the pandemic of HIV/AIDS has a moderate or large
negative impact. Quite simply, we will never reach at least six of the eight Millennium Development Goals
unless we dramatically scale up our response to the epidemic.
What does “scaling up our response to the epidemic” mean? We’ve learned a lot here at WHO in the last
three years. For much of the 1990s and up, until about 2002-2003, the debate raged on: “Should we focus on
prevention or should we think about providing treatment? Should we do one or the other?” Be careful about
treatment, it was said, because it will take attention away from prevention. I’m a physician, an infectious diseases
physician, but I’m also an anthropologist. Let me tell you what I’ve learned in my anthropological study of our
AIDS response since coming to WHO. The notion that talking about treatment will take away from prevention
was in fact incorrect; incorrect on two counts. First, in making that statement, one got the feeling that prevention
was moving forward at a great pace and we were preventing infections left and right. In fact, that’s not the case.
There was no, what I would call, pace and rhythm in the response. In fact there was no target, and we still have
no target for prevention.
PMTCT—preventing mother to child transmission—must be one of the most clear moral imperatives we could
ever imagine. And yet, less than eight percent who need PMTCT have access to it, while in the First World we
give triple therapy and whatever else is necessary to these women early on, before they deliver. We do have an
intervention, a single pill that can be delivered very easily and will effectively prevent transmission from mothers
to children. Why is it that only eight percent of the women in the world are getting it? When I came to WHO,
what I tried to do was in some way inject pace and rhythm into our response to HIV/AIDS. We didn’t have a target
for prevention; we didn’t have a target for treatment when we got here other than President Bush’s extraordinary
commitment to treat two million people in 15 developing countries by 2008. The rest of the world didn’t have a
target. In thinking about what to do, I spoke with a hero and mentor of mine, Don Berwick, who is the master of
quality improvement in First World healthcare systems. The fi rst thing he said to me was: “What is the target?” If
you do not have an aim, how can you know where you are going and what you are going to do? The key is that not
28
only do you want to know what you are going to do this week, but what you are going to do next week, next
month, and next year. He leaves every meeting asking, “So based on this meeting, what are you going to
do differently by next Tuesday?” We did not have a next Tuesday, we did not have a next Tuesday of next
month. There was no pace, there was no rhythm, there was no urgency in the response. We talked about
it a lot. We got it on the agenda of high-level meetings and higher-level meetings and really high-level
meetings. Leaders from all over the world declared their commitment to it, but commitment to what? We
felt that the world needed to do something and do something quickly, so we announced the target to reach:
three million people on treatment by 2005.
I think the history of public health will show that there has probably never been a more criticized target
than the “3 by 5” target. Most people said it is unrealistic, it is impossible; forget about it, countries do not
want to do it. You talk to ministries of health and they tell you they do not have the infrastructure; they do
not want to treat. In fact, what we have seen is that although we are not going to reach the three million
by the end of 2005—in fact we’ll be somewhere between 1.5 million and 2 million—we are hopeful that
we will reach it sometime before the end of 2006, in which case we will call it “3 by 5 and-a-half.” I think
that we will look back historically and see that there are few targets that missed by a year or so—most of
them we missed by decades. What did we learn from this “3 by 5” target? I personally learned how one is
supposed to announce these targets in polite circles, as opposed to the way we did it. The more we talk to
people, what we hear is, “you should have done a consultation.” How long do consultations take in setting
global targets? About two years, which would have taken us all the way to 2005 and we still would not
have had a target. So one of the things I learned is that, once in a while, you just have to take a risk, and
in this case we did.
In December of 2003, there were three countries that had a target at all for anti-retroviral treatment. There
were four countries that had a plan for anti-retroviral treatment. Today there are more than 50 with a target
and a plan—52 countries have more than doubled the number of people on treatment in the last 18 months.
Countries that we would never have guessed would respond, have responded. Malawi—which has been
called the “perfect storm” of development disasters—now has upwards of 40,000 people on treatment,
starting from almost none in 2003. What are these countries telling us? They are telling us it is diffi cult.
The infrastructure problems and human resources problems are severe, but in place after place that I visit,
what I see is a complete transformation in the morale among health workers. Think about what they were
doing prior to “3 by 5.” They were basically standing by and sending people home to die, watching their
hospital rooms fi ll up with people dying from HIV/AIDS. Now there’s hope.
Of the other things that we are seeing, are fantastic increases in the willingness to be tested. Counseling
and testing is not everything, but it is a great start. We are really excited about a recent trip to Lesotho,
where we spoke with the Minister of Health who committed to offering every single citizen in Lesotho a
voluntary test for HIV—every citizen in Lesotho. What might that mean, to have every single person in the
country know their HIV status? It has got to be voluntary; we have got to protect human rights, but what
could a testing program like that mean? Well, our hope is that there will be some group of those people
who will change their behavior, and that behavior change will have an impact on others. Have we had
targets for voluntary counseling and testing? Sure, the targets were, “Let’s test more people.” Everyone
know your status. But when you have a target like that, how do you know how to go backwards from the
target and be specifi c in your planning? How do you know how to budget? So for the fi rst time in history,
on the continent of Africa, our team at WHO is now working in Lesotho with the Ministry of Health to set
a concrete plan to offer a voluntary HIV test to every person in Lesotho—2.2 million people. If you look
at the numbers in terms of all the people who have received VCT [voluntary counseling and testing] for
HIV in the last 18 months: 50% of those tests are positive. This country, along with Swaziland, Botswana
and others, are countries that are at risk of dying of HIV. We have to do something bold, and we cannot do
it without pace and rhythm.
29
Let me, then, leave you with three points. I missed one point earlier. The point about the testing and counseling
is that we now have to bring the same kind of momentum, vision, focus, and especially pace and rhythm, to
prevention that “3 by 5” did for treatment. We know that targets can have that impact. Any industry in the world
will tell you that a clear target that is time-limited is vital. What if Ford were to say, “We are really going to
focus and put making a new car at the top of our agenda.” What does that mean? The Hilton Corporation, I’m
sure, does not run their hotels in that way. Facing the worst pandemic in history, how can we think it’s OK to
work in that manner?
So, three points. Targets are critical, but the targets must provide vision, focus, pace and rhythm. And I would
argue that the Millennium Development Goals right now do not do that. They are too vague, there are no interim
targets, and they do not change the way we work by next Tuesday. I think that is an important test. Secondly, if
we are going to meet the MDGs, and I think we can, we have to begin acting like we are serious about reaching
them, and let me just say, we are not even close to being there. Finally, one of the things Mr. Begleiter didn’t
mention is that I am one of the early converts to the Partners In Health mission, and I congratulate the Hilton
Foundation for giving this award to Partners In Health. What I have just told you, I learned at the feet of Paul
Farmer and Ophelia Dahl at Partners In Health, and the method is very simple. Set a goal that will serve you for
eternity. The goal of Partners In Health is absolute global health equity. You don’t want a goal that will serve you
until 2015; you want an overarching goal that will serve you for eternity. They have a goal that will serve them
for eternity. The method is to set bold targets toward that goal, and to do whatever it takes to get there. Finally,
the last part of the method is that they avoid the niceties of “global development speak” and tell the truth while
bearing moral witness to the suffering of the poor. We do not often get enough of that, and they do that better
than any group I know.
I have said some very negative things about the Millennium Development Goals, but let me end with a quote
from the Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci talked about a pessimism of the intellect but an optimism
of the spirit. Often what you get with development experts is a pessimism of the spirit. If we go forward as
leaders in development with a pessimism of the spirit and say, “It cannot be done; it is not possible; there is
no infrastructure,” then surely that will be the case. An optimism of the spirit is our moral duty, and it is what
Partners In Health represents more than any other group I know. Thank you.
30
Panel One—Question and Answer Session
Begleiter. Jim, fi rst I’m going to put you on the spot. You were not here when President Zedillo spoke, but I’m
sure you’ve heard speeches like his in the past. He lit into the nations of the United Nations for propounding a lot
of hot air on the MDGs and not really meeting the targets they had set, and so on. You’re at the other end of the
spectrum, saying not only are the MDGs—that these governments have not met—not specifi c enough, but you
think they have to be even more targeted and more specifi c, more specifi cally paced, etc. That’s a nice goal and
sounds great, but we are living in a world in which politicians have to negotiate these things, not one in which
scientists and doctors and do-gooders who are all in this room say, “Here’s what we’re going to do and we’re
going to do it by next Tuesday.” How do you reconcile your demand, really justifi able demand for a specifi c
action by a specifi c time, with the realities of the politics in a world in which specifi c nations have elections or do
not have elections, or do not change governments and do not change their minds very quickly?
Kim. We have had some really interesting experiences in the HIV response, and let me put it this way: it
became very popular for a while among donor countries to give money to the Global Fund; its popularity has
waned a bit, which is of great concern, but why were they doing that? My own experience is that, especially with
President Bush’s declaration that he is going to give $15 billion and save two million lives, and with the explosion
of interest in the Global Fund, what the donors kept asking in various forms was, “How many lives will we save
with this money?” And in my mind, my response would be, “How many lives do you need to save?” What the
donors seem to be saying is, “We are facing a set of political realities at home and we want to maintain, basically,
pace and rhythm in our ability to raise money for this kind of endeavor.” What I realized was that among those
of us in HIV and global development, I didn’t detect a really enlightened conversation about how to service the
donors. What do they need? In this case, what they needed was a clear sense that they are saving lives.
We learned from the tsunami that in response to disasters and under the banner of saving lives, there are literally
billions of dollars ready to fall out of people’s pockets in very short order. I think what we haven’t done well
enough in the development world is to understand that advocacy; really understand what makes donors tick. In
this case, politicians are in offi ce for a very short time and need to be able to give a compelling picture of what
they’re doing with ODA (offi cial development assistance). I do not think we provide that. So the AIDS response
is a very instructive one, the fact that activists were willing to show up at Al Gore’s political rallies, for example;
the fact that they were willing to show up at the doors of parliamentarians in the UK and, literally, their homes,
and make noise, has altered the equation. But we cannot do that all the time. There has to be a multi-pronged
approach, working on many fronts at once, applying pressure with advocates but also showing that we are doing
something; something quite revolutionary that is transforming the lives of people. The companies understand this.
Look at the drug industry and how many fronts they work on at once in order to push forward their interests—all
the way from lobbying to commercials to everything else that they do. If we are serious about development, we
will have an industry that is at least as sophisticated as that, and we are not there yet.
Q. Anthony Whitehouse, Maitland Group, Geneva. A lot of what you are talking about was true in the United
Kingdom a hundred years ago, with the exception of AIDS. You had child labor, you had corruption, you had an
infected legal system. One of the things that forced the development of the English political system in society
was the fact that people could not leave—or very few of them could. Surely part of the problem today is that in
a lot of Third World countries the people with talent simply leave rather than staying behind and assisting with
their own country’s development. Isn’t that a problem that we have to address?
Buvinic. Actually, and I’m sure that President Zedillo here can add a bit more, today this is not really so much
a problem as a solution. It is not only that talented people migrate, but migration these days, international
migration, is of all people, not only of talented people. Remittances are dwarfi ng anything that is ODA. These
days, remittances that labor migrants send back to their countries, to countries all around the world, are substantial
and signifi cant enough to improve the livelihoods of poor families. This is something that is beginning to be
31
recognized. The World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank and the international fi nancial institutions
are starting to study how much money labor migrants are returning to their home countries and what the
development impact is, and it’s huge.
Questioner. Isn’t the problem that money does not solve the problem? It is political will and development as
a society that solves the problem.
Kim. Let me just give you a very concrete example of what we are talking about. Lesotho has 150 doctors in
the public sector. Of those 150, ten are natives of Lesotho. So, facing a clinical crisis of epic proportions, trying
to treat all these people with HIV in Lesotho, there are very few doctors who speak the language in Lesotho.
And yet, as of today, there are 100 medical students in school, paid entirely by the government of Lesotho,
studying in South Africa. The government of Lesotho thinks that they will be very lucky if over the next fi ve
years more than a handful come back to serve in their country. So, what is the nature of the problem? It’s a
very complicated one. What she talked about in terms of remittances, it’s true — that’s part of the issue. The
other part is that people would rather live in South Africa, in this case. So this is not brain drain from Lesotho
to Manchester — that is another issue, where it is said that there are more Malawian physicians in Manchester in
the UK than in Malawi. What do we do about this? Some people argue that on a very basic level, South Africa
should repay Lesotho for paying for the education of all the people who then serve the South African health
service. There is a group right now in the midst of studying this and there are many ways of approaching the
problem. It seems unrealistic to say that we are going to take all these physicians and force them to come back
to these areas. I think what we need to do is build health systems with some sort of opportunity for intellectual
advancement so that the people of Lesotho will want to come back to something that will be meaningful to them.
That is one of many possible solutions. The problem is that we have done a great analysis of the problem, we
have done a great assessment of what can be done, but very few are really taking action. As far as I know, we
do not yet have any targets for solving the human resource crisis. How are we going to get things moving to fi x
the problem? We still have not answered that question. One thing that I would like to add though is that money
can be very helpful in solving this particular problem, by increasing the salaries of physicians and other health
personnel in the poorest countries.
Q. Dr. Andrew Seim, Health and Development International. First an observation, and then a question.
The observation is to Dr. Kim. I think that this is wonderful. One of the things that is wonderful is that it is
introducing at a much higher level than most of us can manage to do, the observation that disease eradication
programs or even disease elimination programs, like river blindness in Africa, for pittances — less than a dollar
per person per year — have a huge impact. Seventeen million people able to be fed from the land reclaimed, six
million children no longer blind. And there are lots of these very focused initiatives, and they have all got one
thing in common — which you have termed pace and rhythm. The question is to Mayra Buvinic. One of the
fascinating things that came out of some study in the United States was that one of the most effective ways to
stop racism is when white people stop tolerating jokes and comments in their social circles — at family parties
and picnics and wherever else. You are asking for leadership and for commitment. With all respect and all the
need for leadership and commitment of bright, well-educated committed women, perhaps one could use that
same experience about racism to deal with anti-women issues. Would it be easier to get some key well-respected
men to no longer tolerate negative things about women, which tend to be tolerated in lots of settings?
Buvinic. That is very interesting and I think it would be worthwhile trying, but in terms of the international
development community, which I think is the fi rst group of people that really have to take up a lot more
leadership on this, I have always believed that rational arguments are the things that work — showing that
empowering women is not only good for women, but good for societies. Hopefully, that argument should do
it — it has not done it yet, but there is always hope. As more evidence is presented, I think empirical evidence
can convince people.
32
Q. Kristine Pearson, Freeplay Foundation. My name is Kristine Pearson and I have spent the better part of the
last seven years in some pretty deep and isolated rural areas across sub-Saharan Africa. I agree with Dr. Kim that
there has been an astonishing transformation of the approach and the reach of the attitude around HIV/AIDS and the
actual presence of anti-retrovirals in some areas where you just wouldn’t expect it. I run an organization and one
of the things we do is distribute self-powered radios to child-headed households across Africa. These are children
that have been orphaned by disease or confl ict and the numbers vary, but it’s probably about 40 million across sub-
Saharan Africa. Let me use Rwanda as an example. There are between 65 and 70 thousand child-headed households
in Rwanda—75 to 80% are headed by teenage girls. When you ask these girls, when you ask these children, what
they want to listen to on the radio, it is very different from teenage children you and I would be familiar with. They
say, “the news”. They want to feel connected. The second thing they talk about is HIV and AIDS. They say things
like, “I want to learn how to behave better.” What they’re really talking about is rape. They are raped at an alarming
rate. I spoke to a group of about 60 child-headed households last week, and the fi rst fi ve I spoke to had been raped.
One had had a child. They are petrifi ed of getting AIDS and don’t know what to do. I think, in a coordinated
response, one of the areas that I see is woefully under-catered is the area of rape—the protection of girls and making
anti-retrovirals available to young girls. I think of it almost as a black hole in the development community. We
think of education as a basic human right, but surely access to critical information has to be as well.
Kim. If there is any problem that will batter your will to optimism, it is the area of rape and exploitation of women
and girls. But in taking this issue on, I will go back to pace and rhythm. Are there any examples anywhere where an
intervention has actually reduced the incidence of rape? Let me give you a really exciting program that I just visited
a few months ago. In one of the toughest squatter settlements in the Cape Town area, they noticed huge numbers of
rapes of young people, and a conviction rate of between 10 and 20%. In other words, a conviction rate that didn’t
really dampen the incidence of rape. So what they came up with is, in several of the clinics they put together 24-
hour rape crisis centers. I looked through these places with great care. They have doctors on call 24 hours. I asked
them, “How do you know they’re going to stay? Don’t they leave the premises to do other jobs?” The director of the
clinic had a very clear algorithm how she keeps them on the job. She watches them, and the pay is commensurate so
that they actually do the work. Doctors are there 24 hours a day, with nurses there to provide care. There are places
where they can sit and have a cup of tea and sort of calm down a bit. And then, a room where the woman can sit
and speak with a policeman, and in that room every single form that the policeman needs is already stocked so that
not having a form cannot be an excuse for not fi ling a report. When I was there they had measured their conviction
rate and it was over 90%. So, in that particular community, that worked, and they saw rapes going down. It’s not
the answer for every community at all, but it’s a pretty decent answer. Now what they are trying to do is to scale up
that particular intervention…but you need to have a clinic and you need to have doctors, you need to have all kinds
of things. All I’m saying is that you need to fi nd those things that we can intervene with, and then we have to hold
ourselves to a very high standard of getting those things in place as quickly and as effectively as possible.
Q. Kristine Pearson. Dr. Kim. I am South African, I live in Cape Town and I know exactly what you mean
about the Kailicha clinic. It is great for an area where you have resources to combat this, but what do you do for
the millions of girls living in rural areas that are vulnerable? Information could come across via radio, but not
everyone is going to hear because they do not have money to buy batteries; certainly children do not. There has
to be a coordinated response around this, because of the knock-on effect…you know, it is nothing if it operates in
isolation. So that is one good example, but it does not really account for the majority of places where these children
live across the continent.
Kim. I simply say we have to redouble our efforts to fi nd something that might work, because people would have
said before that there’s nothing you can do in these urban areas, and here we have something that certainly seems
quite surprisingly effective.
33
Jeffrey D. Sachs, Ph.D., Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University and Director of the United
Nations Millennium Project
Jeffrey D. Sachs is the director of The Earth Institute, Quetelet Professor of Sustainable
Development, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia
University, and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
He is also special advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on a
group of poverty alleviation initiatives called the Millennium Development Goals.
Prior to joining Columbia, Sachs spent more than twenty years at Harvard University,
most recently as director of the Center for International Development. Sachs became
internationally known in the ’80s for his work advising governments in Latin America,
Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Asia, and Africa on economic reforms. He
is co-chairman of the advisory board of The Global Competitiveness Report, and has
been a consultant to the IMF, the World Bank, the OECD, and the United Nations
Development Programme. During 2000-2001, he was chairman of the Commission
on Macroeconomics and Health of the World Health Organization, and from September 1999 through March
2000 he served as a member of the International Financial Institutions Advisory Commission established by
the U.S. Congress. He is author or co-author of more than two hundred scholarly articles, and has written, co-
written, or edited over 25 books. A native of Detroit, Michigan, Sachs received his bachelor of arts, master of arts,
and doctorate degrees at Harvard University, all in International Economics.
(Two-way videoconference with a Question & Answer session)
Let me thank the Hilton Foundation for the opportunity to join this important conference. I am especially
delighted to join because the Hilton Foundation is honoring Partners In Health, which to me exemplifi es how
the Millennium Development Goals can actually be achieved. Partners In Health is a remarkable organization,
both in concept and in practice, and I want to say a few words about why it is the point of truth to achieving the
Millennium Development Goals. I will come back to that in a moment.
I do want to start though, by picking up on something Ambassador Maresca said a moment ago because I think
it bears clarifi cation; it is important. The Millennium Development Goals are not the United Nations Goals.
They were not set by the United Nations; they were set by the member governments of the United Nations.
They are goals of the world, they are not goals of an organization, and they were reconfi rmed by the member
governments of the United Nations, by civil society that participated at the UN, by companies. They are goals
that are internationally promulgated and internationally shared. President Bush, when he opened the General
Assembly just a few weeks ago at the World Summit, said the United States is committed to the Millennium
Development Goals. So did 160 other world leaders who spoke. This is important because these are the shared
international objectives, not technical goals, but the only shared international objectives that we have with respect
to extreme poverty, disease and hunger.
Now these goals are utterly achievable, but they are not being achieved right now. That is another point, and
that is because on the one side it is easy to state goals, I suppose, and that is what world leaders do, but it’s
quite another thing to make those goals operational and actually to put them into practice. The fact that the
Millennium Development Goals are not being achieved in dozens of countries is in no way a demonstration that
they are beyond achievement. What it is, is a demonstration of the lack of follow-through, even fi ve years after
these goals were fi rst adopted by the world’s governments in September 2000. They are a demonstration only
of the fact that we have not taken the practical steps both to diagnose the issues and to follow through on their
achievement — more Partners In Health, fewer words, more achievement of the Millennium Development Goals,
to put it very succinctly.
34
I think that the starting point for operationalizing any objective has to be a diagnosis. One has to ask the question:
what is leading to a blockade of extremely poor people in the world not able to escape from their poverty? We
have claims galore about this, but we do not have many careful diagnoses. I am delighted and was very honored
that I was asked to help coordinate a worldwide team of scientists, over 360 development practitioners working
in all parts of the world over a three-year period to understand in depth what is impeding some progress in
some parts of the world, seemingly in a paradoxical way, when other parts of the world are surging ahead more
dramatically than ever. After all, one cannot say that globalization per se or world markets or trade per se are the
barriers to achievement of economic progress in the poorest parts of the world when we see the kinds of dramatic
progress being made in India and China, just to give two remarkable examples. We have throughout Asia half of
the world’s population achieving dramatic economic progress, but at the same time we have seen 750 million very
poor people in Africa fall farther behind during the past generation. We have seen other parts of the world—the
Andean region in the Americas—fall further behind while Asia surges. This requires a diagnosis, it requires
careful thinking if we are going to have an approach that makes sense in response.
I believe what is usually said about these issues, my colleagues and I—the scientists, the agronomists, the public
health specialists who work together on this diagnosis for the world community in the Millennium Project—we
believe that the usual stereotypes that are propounded about this duality of rapid progress in some places, and
further decline in other places has gotten it, to an important extent, wrong. Let me explain why, very briefl y. As I
heard from many governments, including my own repeatedly, the problem is obviously within the poorest regions
themselves: they are not governing properly, there is so much corruption and mismanagement in Africa. If Africa
would just do what Asia has done, for example, the escape from poverty would be straightforward. The problem
must lie in the problems of the poor themselves. They are acting in a manner that is not conducive to attracting
private investment; they are acting in a manner that is not conducive to proper management of resources, this is
the tragedy, supposedly, and this is what needs to be fi xed. This view that the problems of the extreme poor lie
mainly with the extreme poor themselves is a quite popular view. I would say it is taken as the norm, in fact, in
most rich and powerful places in the world. It is a vision or a diagnosis on the poorest of the poor themselves.
There is an alternative, perhaps one could say at the opposite end of the spectrum, that I think is equally mistaken
and that is the view that the poorest of the poor are poor because the world’s system prevents them from developing,
that it is globalization which blocks the progress of impoverished places in sub-Saharan Africa or in the Andes or
in Central Asia. After all it’s a ranked trading system or unfair fi nancial practices or the IMF or the World Bank
that keep the poorest of the poor in their tethers. Actually, both of these views we have found overwhelmingly
miss the essential points. It simply is not true, for example, that African governments are systematically more
corrupt or more failing in governance than their counterparts in low income countries in Asia. A list was just
published by Transparency International, again for 2005, on perceptions of corruption. A large number of slow-
growing African countries ranked much better on that list than a large number of rapidly growing Asian countries.
You would have to look in an awfully distorted way to see from that list any correlation of economic performance
and the perception of corruption levels. The fact of the matter is the Asian countries almost uniformly are growing
rapidly, the African countries, whether well-governed or not—and I am certainly in favor of good governance,
don’t misunderstand me—are growing much less rapidly and in many cases, many well-governed countries have
been trapped in stagnation for years, indeed for decades. We need something deeper than just assigning blame,
whether it is blaming the poor themselves, or their governments, or the rich. We need to understand economic
development a little bit more substantively and thoroughly to see the point.
Let me give my understanding, which is maybe the wrong way to put it; let me give the understanding of this
group of participating scientists, agronomists, hydrologists, public health offi cials, who through their experience
and their on-the-ground knowledge, their close interaction with each other in recent years, saw something rather
distinct from this ping-pong battle of “your blame, our blame, your blame” played in recent years. I will be brief.
The story actually starts 50 years ago, with Asia itself seemingly trapped in extreme poverty. It wasn’t so long
ago that the things that are said about sub-Saharan Africa today were said about India. I indeed remember in my
35
early days of studying economic development, in my fi rst books as a student, the question was whether India
could ever feed itself. Could it ever escape from the cycles of famine, despair and confl ict, and the answer
by many was felt to be no, that India was absolutely condemned to an ongoing struggle of famine. That was
India’s fate—it was called the Hindu growth rate from time immemorial. And now of course we have one of
the booming economies of the world, still poor, but decisively climbing out of any kind of trap of poverty.
Similarly, China was in upheaval and had faced mass famine during the Great Leap Forward and was certainly
nobody’s candidate for a dramatic and dynamic breakthrough to the fastest growth rates in history. What is not
remembered adequately right now, but what absolutely is at the center of that liftoff, was the Green Revolution.
Regions which had struggled with famine and deep, pervasive, chronic hunger starting in the 1960s and
1970s escaped on the basis of the mass diffusion of a package of superior technologies for growing food, and
ultimately for many undertakings in agriculture. Until the 1960s, Asian farmers were getting one ton or even
less of grain for each hectare of arable land. By the 1980s, they were getting three tons per hectare. That
technical difference was the difference of extreme poverty and hunger on the one side, and a farm family that
could not only feed itself and bring grain to market, but have a margin for diversifi cation into milk products,
dairy cooperatives, into tree crops or into non-agricultural activities altogether. The Green Revolution was
the fi rst booster that enabled a freeing-up of Asia’s vast populations for the second part of Asia’s economic
revolution, the revolution of manufacturing and service sector international competitiveness, the revolution
that Asia and the world are living through right now, and which makes possible seven or eight or nine percent
per year growth and the doubling of living standards every decade. Green Revolution, manufacturing and
service sector revolution, almost like two boosters of the jet that has put the Asian economy into orbit.
Now let’s go back to Africa. The stunning reality of Africa, until today, is that farmers are getting one ton or
less per hectare in their grain production, just as Asia was 50 years ago. Why is that? Complex reasons, but
extremely important to understand. First, the improved genetic varieties of plants that came to Asia were not
available to Africa for 20 years after the start of the Asian Green Revolution. The science had not been done.
The science had been done largely for wheat and rice and a few other strains coming from the U.S. and Japan
into Asia, but they were not appropriate yet for African conditions. It took 20 more years, but it has been done
now: there are improved seed varieties that make sense for Africa. Second, Asia had a huge natural advantage
that is recognized very infrequently, even though it remains important today. Africa has predominantly rain-fed
agriculture in areas subject to the risks of drought. Asian agriculture, by contrast, is overwhelmingly irrigation
and monsoon-based, with typically ample rainfall and water control potential through irrigation or other water
storage means. So African farmers have a much more diffi cult time managing basic water, and when the rains
fail, as they have in Rwanda, in Malawi, in Niger, in Mali and other places, there is famine.
Now the third point is that Asia had a much more developed, articulated transport system than Africa at the
end of the colonial period. The British Empire had built one of the great railways networks in India, but in
Africa there are fewer spurs of rail built by imperial powers than any place in the world. So when Africa
became independent, with most of Africa’s population living in the interior of the continent, and most of Asia’s
population living on coasts and near railways and roads, the conditions could not have been more different.
Africa’s rural areas were isolated, facing huge transport costs. Asia’s populations were near navigable
riverways, on coastlines or in rail service access such as the Punjab in India. Norman Borlaug, the father of
the Green Revolution of India, together with his colleague M.S. Swaminathan, says that the decisive advantage
for the Punjab in the Green Revolution was the rail service which brought the fertilizer in and brought the
crops out to the rest of India. Africa, in short, lacked three conditions—seed, water and transport—to make
its Green Revolution at the time that India did. This resulted in rural populations that continued to live in
poverty, populations that continued to expand, populations that lived in economic isolation where no private
investor could fi nd a motivation for going in. Impoverished countries were being blamed for all of this rather
than being helped.
36
One can say the same thing about disease burden, which is intimately linked to the success or failure of the food
revolution. Africa has by far the highest infectious disease burden in the world. Part of it is the result of chronic
food insuffi ciency; part of it is the result of intrinsic ecological factors such as the mosquito vectors, temperatures,
and breeding sites of Africa, which make it uniquely vulnerable to the killer pandemic disease of malaria. Part of
the disease burden, of course, is the result of poverty itself, because the weight of poverty means that impoverished
countries are simply unable to fi eld a most basic health service to address massive killer diseases that cannot be
overcome without at least a modicum of resources.
Let me go back, therefore, to the Millennium Development Goals. What does all of this mean? All of this
means that if we are to take a serious approach, not a slogan approach, not a casual approach, not an amateurish
approach, but a serious approach to overcoming the mass death and suffering of impoverished places such as
rural, tropical, sub-Saharan Africa, we had better be able to mobilize the right kind of diagnosis, the right kind of
responses, and the right kind of leadership to get the job done. It requires a mix of commitment and expertise.
I am coming close to Partners In Health, because no other organization I know mixes the commitment and the
expertise to get the job done like Partners In Health.
What Africa desperately needs is its Green Revolution. The things that have held back its Green Revolution
until today are all potentially solvable at low cost if we just care to mobilize expertise and human commitment
to get the job done. Africa’s farmers could triple their yields. They could, like Asia’s farmers, diversify from
subsistence into commercial agronomic activities. African economies could diversify from agriculture per se
into manufacturing and services, but it requires knowing what to do, and it requires making the investments to do
it. Despite the sloganeering, Asia’s Green Revolution was carried heavily by government. It was a package of
technology—high-yield variety seeds, small-scale irrigation, and transport—to a large extent publicly subsidized
and provided to small farmers for many years until those farmers could stand on their own. It was not the
rhetoric that markets are going to solve all the problems; it was the rhetoric that well-directed technologies
appropriate to local circumstances, and helped by public investments in seed, in water management and in
transport, could enable impoverished people to make it out of extreme poverty and thereby afterwards to join
the market economy. But the idea was not that the poorest of the poor had to pay their own ticket, and that the
only problem of the poorest of the poor was getting government out of the way, or moving the private sector
in, because it was properly understood that the private sector activity was complementary to the investments in
the public sector which could make good on meeting basic needs, raising farm productivity, fi ghting disease,
spurring education, achieving a voluntary reduction in fertility rates, and thereby making the transition from
extreme poverty into economic development.
We need an investment strategy. This is the practical point of achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
We need to help the poorest people in the world to become empowered, to grow more food, to fi ght disease, to
have their children in school, to fi ght gender inequality, and to live in an environmentally sustainable manner.
The beautiful thing, ladies and gentlemen, is that the practical investments that are needed are known. In a world
that often recoils from expertise, that expertise is vital here. The agronomic community, the Consultative Group
for International Agricultural Research, the research institute that brought the Green Revolution to Asia, has
identifi ed the kinds of seeds, the kind of farming system strategies, the kind of small-scale water management,
and the kinds of improved transport networks that could triple Africa’s food production, but who listens to
expertise now? We have slogans and lectures about how the poor are to blame rather than how the poor can be
helped. The public health community has said repeatedly what can be achieved. They point out that 10 million
children die every year of diseases that are largely preventable, sometimes entirely treatable, but they die because
the public health system lacks even the most rudimentary resources to fi ght these killer diseases. Take the case
of malaria, for example. It will kill up to three million children this year. Three million, and yet this disease is
largely preventable and it is 100% treatable, but the public health community has not been listened to. What the
public health community has said is, distribute insecticide-treated bed nets into the villages of Africa on a mass
basis for free and make available improved fi rst-line medicines, and the malaria burden can be brought down by
37
70 or 80% through those two means alone. What do we have instead? We have our aid agencies trying to sell bed
nets. We have micro-fi nance trying to sell bed nets to people who have no money whatsoever, and every time I’m
in the clinics and the villages, I see children dying before my eyes for the most ludicrous reason—that they have
not been availed of the bed nets that would last fi ve years, that would sleep two children, and that would cost $7.
That means 70 cents per child per year, and we have not been able to organize from the rich country side the mass
distribution of this most basic technology.
Now let me fi nally turn to Partners In Health, the recipient of this wonderful award. Partners In Health is based
on precisely the combination of commitment and expert delivery of real services that actually turns the tide.
Partners In Health did not say, when it moved to Haiti, “We are going to make a business.” Partners In Health
said, “We are going to provide a service,” and as an economist I would say, “Provide an investment in the
future,” because health is not only a wonderful, life-defi ning condition, it’s also an investment in basic economic
development in every dimension. Partners In Health did not say, “We are going to recover our cost from user
fees.” Partners In Health did not say that the poorest of the poor should pick themselves up and get on with it,
because Partners In Health saw the reality both through the heart and through the head. What Paul Farmer and
Jim Kim and Ophelia Dahl and others in Partners In Health knew is that the poorest of the poor were too poor to
be able to afford basic health services in the central plateau of Haiti, but also that there were practical, low-cost
investments that we could afford that could save lives. Partners In Health took an absolutely radical idea — it
is the most radical idea on the planet — Jesus and many others enunciated it. It’s that the poor deserve their life
and their dignity as well as the rich, whether you can afford to pay or not. And so Partners In Health took the
basic philosophical stance that the poor deserve to live, to earn a living, to change this world, and that this can
be provided with the right knowledge.
What I love about Partners In Health is that it did not ask for permission; it did not go to the donor governments
and say, “Can we please do this?” It just used its commitment, its heart and the great minds that it embodies to
get the job done. This has been the stunning breakthrough—just do it, because the proof of what you can do can
then spread throughout the world. A lot of the revolution that we’re living through today and that we need to
foment around the world—a revolution of heart, commitment and brains—started in Haiti in the central plateau,
by just doing it. Of course, the story is legendary and that’s why Partners In Health is receiving today this most
remarkable honor from the Hilton Foundation. It started to treat those with TB, discovered that many of them
had multi-drug resistant TB, did not ask for permission, just scrambled anew to bring proper, life-sustaining, and
disease-curing treatment to those who needed it, even if the conditions were harder. And then when the AIDS
pandemic reached Haiti in the middle of the 1990s, Partners In Health did not read the journals and did not listen
to the speeches in Washington and elsewhere which said, “It’s too hard to treat the poor for AIDS.”
Partners In Health took the basic radical position that the poor deserve to stay alive just as the rich do, and began
scrambling like mad, begging, borrowing and stealing—and I think, literally, all three as I understand it—to
get those AIDS medicines, to keep people in the community alive. By doing so, Partners In Health proved for
the world this critical point: the anti-retroviral medicines that hitherto had been available only in rich societies
could work beautifully, indeed in some ways even better, in the poorest of the poor settings of the world. The
poorest of the poor could adhere, utterly, to the treatment regimens even when there were many pills many times
a day, and of course when there is one pill in the morning and one pill in the evening as is the case today. And
that revolution, facing what needs to be done, understanding how to do it technically, and proceeding to do it by
mobilizing whatever kind of help—public or private, individual or foundation; help from AIDS sufferers in the
United States giving their medicines to AIDS sufferers in Haiti or in other impoverished regions—is the point of
getting the practical job done. Do not blame the poor. Understand their condition, work alongside them, and take
practical steps until the ghastly burden of killer poverty is lifted.
The Millennium Development Goals have ten years remaining. There is no excuse and not a single serious
analysis which shows that these goals are not utterly achievable if we put even modest effort toward achieving
38
them. The United States and others have signed on to these goals. We have pledged both offi cially and within
our private sectors to be partners in this effort. George Bush in Monterrey, Mexico pledged together with other
world leaders that the United States, and I quote, “would make concrete efforts toward the target of 0.7% of
gross national product as offi cial development assistance.” Europe is honoring that pledge. Europe has set a
timetable of 2015 to meet the 0.7 goal. If the United States were to do the same, we would have another extra
$60 billion per year available for Africa’s Green Revolution, for its disease control, for getting basic transport
and infrastructure. This is what would make the United States and the developed world truly safe in a dangerous
and crowded world.
I want to leave with one fi nal thought. The Millennium Development Goals are but a halfway station to the goals
that we really should have. Our generation, if we put our mind to it, can banish extreme poverty entirely. We have
20 years in which we could put an end to the killer conditions of famine, of chronic hunger, massive under-nutrition,
and killer disease pandemics that continue to ravage our planet. It is within our means, with the modest effort of
less than one percent of the income of the rich world, to rid the world of extreme poverty, and to make it secure
for us all. Let me congratulate Partners In Health, and let me thank the Hilton Foundation for choosing such a
remarkable honoree for your most remarkable award, and I thank you for allowing me to join you today.
39
Jeffrey Sachs — Question and Answer Session
Begleiter. I think we have time to take two questions. Are there two questions in the hall for Jeffrey Sachs?
Q. Amina Wali, Webster University. Basically, they say Africa has a lot of corruption and bad governance, but
with aid coming late to Niger, and aid coming very fast to the tsunami, and the rich countries saying to Africa,
“Come up with development strategies, we’ll help you.” And then when they get the money, they say, “We
don’t know where it’s going to account.” Basically, what I want to ask you, is what faith does Africa have in the
international community? What can we as individuals expect from the international community?
Sachs. Should we take the two questions and then I will give the responses?
Begleiter. OK, that’s fi ne. Second question?
Q. Musimbi Kanyoro, World YWCA. I am from Africa and I want to thank you for articulating many things
that some of us who come from that continent would like to see articulated, but really hear it, say it in those
words, because what you have said inspires hope of what can be done. My question is: why is it that although
we know that the cost of doing what needs to be done in Africa is not very expensive, that it is not possible for
us to make it a priority in the Millennium Development Goals and focus on this problem, because the African
continent has all of the issues that have been mentioned—and this morning all of the examples of where the
problems that need solutions are have come from Africa—why is it not possible to focus? Why did we not have
the buildup on what Prime Minister Blair was doing? Why is it that there are so many players and everybody
is planting their small mushrooms, doing small things, and when they are reporting in these kinds of forums,
they only report about what is wrong and not what is working? So there is really nothing to build on? Can
you make some comments on that?
Sachs. During the Millennium Project for the UN, I often said that Africa was two-thirds of the Project. The
Project and the Millennium Development Goals are worldwide, but Africa as a priority is absolutely clear,
because Africa is the region of the world uniquely trapped in extreme poverty—both stuck with massive
burdens of hunger, disease and poverty, and not seeing the light of day right now because the conditions are
getting worse. And yet, the practical solutions exist.
The world has let Africa down tremendously. Let me speak about my own country just for a moment. The
United States’ aid to all of Africa runs to about $3.5 billion a year. Let me put that in perspective. Over one
billion of that is emergency food aid—that is American grain at very high transport costs being shipped, too
late and too little anyway, to famine-ridden areas. This does not help African farmers to grow the food, it
simply sends them American grain. Half the cost of that $1 billion food aid is transport costs. It is shocking.
Another billion dollars plus is actually American consultants’ salaries. It is called aid, but it is American
consultants that are going on the bill of USAID and others, to Africa to give speeches, run workshops and
so forth. What is actually given to Africa to help make practical investments in growing more food, in anti-
malaria bed nets and so forth is well under $500 million a year in recent years. This means less than one penny
out of every hundred dollars of U.S. national income—let me say it again, because it’s hard to imagine—less
than one penny of every hundred dollars of U.S. national income has been directed toward enabling Africa to
make practical investments in growing food, fi ghting disease, digging bore holes, getting safe drinking water,
building sanitation systems, paving roads, and extending electricity to rural areas. And then we blame Africa,
despite commitments we have made. We have promised to give 70 cents—that is to make concrete efforts
toward 0.7 percent; that’s 70 cents out of every hundred dollars—for development aid, but for Africa it is less
than one penny out of every hundred dollars that is going to the practical investments that could enable Africa
to escape from poverty.
40
And then we are told that aid does not work, that it is down the drain, that it is stolen. This is nonsense, because
when aid is actually delivered, when it’s delivered to fi ght specifi c diseases like river blindness or trachoma or
leprosy, in each of these specifi c cases when a disease has been attacked, when Rotary has taken on polio, there
has been a tremendous success, just as there was more than 30 years ago with the eradication of small pox. This
could be done, but the scale of our effort is so shockingly small. So the problem is that we have not tried, not
that we have tried and failed as in the public’s mind, and this misunderstanding persists because our politicians
never speak of it. They never help the public understand what it is we do, and even much more important, what
it is we’re not doing.
I want to give you just one example, because some of you will be interested. If you do practical things, like
Partners In Health in the central plateau of Haiti — take any place in Africa and do practical things — the results
are startling. In our Millennium Project we have a project called the Millennium Villages to bring the practical
investments down to the village level. This year I went to the harvest festival in a village in western Kenya,
where in one growing season the village produced four times more food than in the past—actually 3.96 times
more food—because the farmers, with a tiny bit of help, were enabled to plant with improved seed varieties and
with fertilizer. All it took to enable this village to escape from chronic, massive undernutrition, was a little bit of
investment, and this village now has enough to eat, school meals for all its children, a local clinic that’s operating,
children sleeping under the bed nets, and malaria coming down, all because of a tiny amount of practically
undertaken investment. So all these big slogans, or this idea that the private sector is somehow going to solve the
problem without this complementary investment, has been holding us back.
Now the fi rst question was: what can Africa expect? Africa needs to state clearly, “You promised, you told us, you
said you would follow through. We are prepared, as are so many parts of Africa, to govern properly, decisively,
in a timely way, but we need your real help.” Fortunately, the European Union did step forward. There was
good leadership this past year from Prime Minister Tony Blair and UK Chancellor Gordon Brown and Secretary
of State for International Development Hilary Benn, who together decided to put the United Kingdom and the
European Union on the side of Africa. Now they have promised that the EU will double aid to Africa by 2010.
The G-8, basically with the EU commitment, said that overall aid to Africa would double by the year 2010.
We need everybody involved, fi rst to keep our own governments honest and directed, second to insist that this
aid not be only our consultants’ salaries, not be expensive workshops, but rather the practical investments—the
seed, the water, the soil nutrient replenishment, the road grading, the clinics, the medicines, the bed nets—that can
make the defi nitive difference. This is what Africa deserves. This is what the world has promised. This is the
agreement that the Millennium Development Goals represent. Goal Eight is the goal on global partnership—that
the private sector, civil society and government step forward, recognizing that this is something utterly within
our reach and utterly necessary if we are ever to have a safe and secure planet. This is our choice, and it’s our
time to do it. We are running out of time, and time I want to insist, ladies and gentlemen, is not merely a matter
of convenience. If we fail the Millennium Development Goals, we will be a world without goals. We are close
enough to that already. This world can be—and I hate to say it—tragically even more dangerous than it already
is if we fail to act on our highest aspirations.
And fi nally, delay is not a mere loss of time. Time is money, we say in the rich world. But in the poor world,
time is death. Every delay means thousands and thousands of children dying every day, for reasons that are
fundamentally absurd and fundamentally threatening to us all. It is utterly within our grasp to end extreme hunger
and pandemic disease. It is a matter of our choice and it is the kind of commitment of the Hilton Foundation and
of Partners In Health that can make all the difference. So I thank you very much.
41
Richard A. Morford, Managing Director, Donor and Multilateral Relations, Millennium Challenge Corporation
Mr. Morford is Managing Director for Donor and Multilateral Relations at the
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). Since September 2002, he has been
active in the effort to develop and realize the Millennium Challenge Account, an
innovative U.S. foreign assistance initiative. Prior to joining MCC, Mr. Morford
was a member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service with the State Department. He
served as Deputy Permanent Representative at the U.S. Mission to the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris, Economic Minister Counselor
in Seoul; Principal Offi cer in Fukuoka; Petroleum Offi cer in Jakarta; Trade Center
Director in Osaka, and Political/Economic Reporting Offi cer in Singapore. He has
held various positions in the State Department, including Director of the Offi ce of
European Union and Regional Affairs, Senior Advisor for Economics on the Policy
Planning Staff, Senior Advisor for Asia in the Economic Bureau, Deputy Director
of the Japan Desk, Deputy Director of the Offi ce of Business Practices, and Trade Policy Offi cer for the East
Asia Bureau. Mr. Morford graduated from Wabash College in 1971 with a degree in economics and received a
Masters in Public Administration from Harvard University in 1978. He attended the State Department’s Senior
Seminar during the 1994-95 academic year. Mr. Morford is a native of Indianapolis, Indiana and currently
resides in Vienna, Virginia. He is married and has two children.
Millennium Challenge Account and the Millennium Development Goals
Thank you very much. It is a pleasure to be here and I would like to thank the Hilton Foundation for this
opportunity. I represent a relatively new organization. We were founded in January of last year, so we are
about 20 months old. Before I go further, let me give you some disclaimers. First, the Millennium Challenge
Corporation is a corporation, but it is a government corporation, so indeed we are the federal government; our
money comes from the U.S. Congress. Second, despite the term “millennium”—it is the same word in both the
Millennium Development Goals and the Millennium Challenge Corporation—we were not set up just to address
the Millennium Development Goals. We go a little bit beyond that, looking at long-term development.
Third is the challenge part. Our challenge is, as I said, not humanitarian response to emergencies. In fact, we
were set up to have only one mission. We are not supposed to help fragile, failed states. We are not supposed
to deal with tsunami victims. We are not supposed to deal with emergencies of health care. We are supposed
to be dealing with long-term economic development. In fact, our mission is elimination of extreme poverty and
promotion of economic growth. We have put that all down into a single phrase. We talk of “reducing poverty
through growth.” What that really means is we are after sustainable poverty reduction. We want people to do
better on their own, so they do not need a continuing infl ux of money.
Let me talk a little about the MCC and the Millennium Challenge Account and then talk a little bit about our
relationship with the Millennium Development Goals. As President Zedillo said earlier, the Financing for
Development Conference is really where the idea for the MCA, the Millennium Challenge Account was born. The
idea was to provide greater resources for countries that are taking greater responsibility for their own development;
and to do that we decided to have a new aid instrument, the Millennium Challenge Account, which would be in
addition to everything else that the United States was doing. The U.S. is doing a lot to address the Millennium
Development Goals. You have heard about the HIV/AIDS fund and many other things. This is a separate extra
fund aimed at reducing poverty through growth.
As we thought about what we would do with this new fund, we decided that we did not just want to give more
money; we wanted to accomplish a few more things. So one of the things we looked for was how to do this in a
way in which we really get the incentives right so that countries want to adopt policies that support growth and
42
poverty reduction. How do we get it so that they will adopt pro-growth policies? Second, how are we going to
do this in a way where we give the country the lead — not just the government — how do we give the country the
lead? And third, how do we do it in a way that we can measure the results? We want to take something to the
American taxpayers and say, “See, it’s working.” Of course, that is if it is working, because it is still early — we
do not know how this experiment will turn out, but if it is working we want to be able to show that. So how do
we go about doing this?
First we decided on three areas important to development. The fi rst is governance, which we call “ruling justly,”
and that is both government effectiveness—no corruption, rule of law, that type of thing—but also the question
of the participatory nature of the governance; the democratic nature of the government and their support for
human rights. Second, for development you really do need a government that invests in its people, mainly in
health and education. So that is the second set of measures we used. And third, we think it is very important that
there is “economic freedom”— does the government create conditions so that everybody has the opportunity to
get ahead, for themselves and their families? So it is economic opportunity. Then we went and looked for the
best indicators that we could fi nd that are not issued by the U.S. government. They came from the World Bank
Institute, Freedom House, WHO, all kinds of places, and we put them together in a package. If you go on our
website — www.mcc.gov — you can fi nd a list of the 82 poorest countries in the world. Each has a sheet which
has 16 different measures. We do not measure them against us, or against Denmark, we measure them against
each other. If you are above the median, it is green; if you are below the median, it is red; and if you are above the
median on half or more, then you are a good candidate to be an MCA country. That’s why we came up with that
measurement: a) We wanted to work with countries that have relatively good policies, because that is where our
aid would be most effective. b) We wanted to reward the countries that are doing relatively well. c) We wanted
to create an incentive so that the countries that do not qualify will have an incentive to change their policies so
they can qualify in the future.
So that’s the fi rst part — selecting good partners. The second part of what we do is going to the countries and
saying, “Congratulations, you have qualifi ed for the MCA. You have won the opportunity to get recognized
and you have the opportunity to give us a proposal. It is your proposal, not ours. Tell us when you have one.”
We do not give any assistance on this, and we tell our ambassadors they should not get involved. We tell our
aid missions not to get involved. We do not tell the countries what to do. We tell them to look at their biggest
obstacles to development, to look at where their poorest people are and what they can do, and then get back to
us. We give them really a blank slate to write on. We have 17 different countries that have qualifi ed; we have
proposals from them all. Some of them are very, very good; some of them are not so good. They can keep
working on them.
We say we will assess them on three things and three things only: a) Does it reduce poverty? b) Does it increase
growth? c) Is it broadly supported in your country? And the latter means that they have to talk to people; they
have to talk to the people who will be affected, to the opposition, to civil society, to the business sector. They
have to talk. That is the second part of how we operate.
Once we actually have a program that we think meets those three tests, then we are authorized to go out and
work with them. We can do feasibility studies, we conduct due diligence, and when we get to the point where we
have a fully developed program, and we have such programs now with fi ve countries, we sign a compact. The
compact includes not only how much money we are going to give, but it has very specifi c targets, the kinds of
things that Dr. Kim was talking about earlier. Very specifi c targets, such as outcome goals, for example, a fi ve
percent increase in agricultural productivity in these four areas, an increase in school graduation rates by x or
an increase in attainment test levels. These are the ultimate aims of the program, but we also have very specifi c
steps along the way to meet them. These measures are in the compact, and that’s how we make sure it’s the
results we’re measuring and not just how much money we are spending.
43
Where are we now? As I said earlier, we have fi ve compacts. The compacts are with Madagascar—which was our
fi rst compact—Cape Verde, Georgia, Honduras and Nicaragua. There are 12 more countries that we are working
with. We expect to have maybe another three compacts by the end of the year and then it will keep going forward.
We also have a threshold program with another 13 countries, the idea being that some countries came close to
qualifying but just missed by one or two indicators, and if they come in with a proposal to address where they fell
short, we will give them some money to help them out. That program is being administered with USAID.
I said we both have the term “millennium” in our names, so how do we relate to the Millennium Development
Goals? First of all, if you are going to halve the number of people with incomes under $1 per day by 2015, you
are going to need economic growth unless you just transfer a whole bunch of money. Our focused mission of
reducing poverty through growth in the poorest countries in the world addresses that fi rst MDG directly, but
actually growth is really needed for all of the other MDGs.
We provide an incentive also in our indicators for some of the MDGs directly. For example, one of our indicators
is girls’ completion rates for primary school. This gets to the discussion we had earlier about gender, and also to
the goal about universal education. We challenge countries to do better than the median on this indicator, and in
that way we push countries to make progress. We also ended up helping in our threshold program in Burkina Faso
with $13 million because they fell short on girls’ education rates from primary school, so we have a $13 million
program in Burkina Faso to make the schools girl-friendly and to address some of the reasons why they are not
able to go to school.
Some countries are using MCA money directly to address MDGs. For example, in our compact with Madagascar,
it has a land-titling element. Roughly half of our proposals have had land-titling elements that the countries have
given us. What this means is, instead of running down the land until you cannot use it anymore, and then going
out and slashing and burning, they actually will invest in their own land. Thus we are addressing Goal Seven on
the environment in the MDGs. Mozambique has given us a proposal for developing water and sanitation in 23
towns in the northern four provinces, which is the poorest part of Mozambique. Again, that is Goal Seven, and
obviously if you look at water and sanitation you’re also addressing some of the health goals—child mortality, etc.
Finally, with regard to a lot of our investment, we found when we asked countries what they wanted to do with this
extremely fl exible, untied, grant fi nancing, that they have come back to us and proposed a lot of work in the rural
areas on poverty reduction. A lot of the proposals we are seeing are on infrastructure, particularly things like rural
roads that will not only let crops get to market but will also improve the access of rural people to health care and
education. So, there are a lot of direct and indirect ways in which we work toward the Millennium Development
Goals. But we do not insist that each of the proposals deal directly with a Millennium Development Goal. That
would undercut the country’s ownership and, frankly, we believe countries should know what they need better
than we or world bodies do.
In the end, we believe that what our partners do is key to reducing poverty — what they do in terms of their policies
and their institutions, in terms of the priorities that they identify, in terms of the programs they develop, in terms of
how they implement their MCA program. We are now working in 30 countries with about 400 million people—
we anticipate that will grow. Our board — we do have a board, as we are a corporation — will meet November 8
and select additional countries. We do not know how many, but that is something to look into. There will probably
always be humanitarian crises and a need for humanitarian assistance. Our goal is to make our aid effective so that
some day we may not have a need for this type of aid. We want to reduce poverty and improve lives and help move
toward the day when extreme poverty no longer exists and countries no longer need our assistance. Thank you.
44
John J. Maresca, President, Business Humanitarian Forum
John Maresca was a career American diplomat, and Ambassador to several
multilateral organizations and negotiations, as well as a confl ict mediator in
the Caucasus and Mediterranean regions. He negotiated a number of landmark
international agreements, including the Helsinki Final Act and the Charter of Paris
for a New Europe, and was sent as Special Envoy to open U.S. relations with the
newly independent states from the former USSR. Maresca served as an Assistant
Secretary of Defense, and was chief of staff for two Secretary Generals of NATO. After
leaving the Diplomatic Service, Maresca was Vice President of a major worldwide
energy company and President of an international research institute. He is currently
President of the Business Humanitarian Forum (www.bhforum.org), an international
non-profi t association based in Geneva, Switzerland, which brings business support
to humanitarian work and facilitates private sector investment in post-confl ict and
developing regions. Ambassador Maresca has published widely on issues of international relations, confl ict
prevention, economic development and corporate social responsibility. He is a frequent visiting lecturer and has
been a featured speaker in more than thirty countries. Maresca was born in Italy and educated at Yale University
and the London School of Economics.
Harnessing the Positive Potential of the Private Sector
Any discussion of the Millennium Development Goals should start with recognition that the UN has done all of
us a great service in establishing these goals. I think we are fortunate to have a world organization which can
identify the collective goals of the human race. This is true whether or not we are able to reach them, by the way.
It is good to have goals, so one has to recognize the achievement of the UN in establishing these goals for us.
I would add that it’s a humbling experience to discuss these goals. They are enormous, and the means we have for
achieving them are so limited, really very limited. Furthermore, each of us in this room is like the blind man and
the elephant. We are touching this huge challenge, each of us in a different place, and there are very few people
who can put together all aspects of the challenge and see it as a whole. Much of what we do is just this sort of
touching of the elephant.
I am going to talk about the ways in which my own organization is touching this elephant, and it may seem a
narrow view. It is a narrow view. We do not provide emergency assistance, nor food aid or education. We have
deliberately set out to work with entrepreneurs, to set up individual, locally-owned enterprises, usually in post-
confl ict environments and in the poorest countries of the world. Some people ask me, how do you do this? And
I say we do it one by one. It is the only way; business is like that. So ours is a very micro approach; it’s not a
macro approach at all. It is tough work, by the way. There are very few existing organizations that are prepared
to really help with this type of work; I mean national or international organizations or fi nancial institutions. Very
few organizations are really prepared to help.
What about the private sector? As I told the UN General Assembly last June, the MDGs cannot be achieved
without the active and positive engagement of the private sector. There just is not enough international assistance
funding available to bring about such dramatic changes. To get anywhere near these world goals, we need a new
strategy, new methods, and signifi cant additional resources. The private sector has vast resources. More than half
of the world’s 100 biggest economies are companies. These are not countries at all, they are companies. The
private sector is the world’s greatest employer, its greatest wealth producer and, therefore, its greatest poverty
reducer. It has very effective methods and is very effi cient in doing its work. The private sector must be engaged
in helping to meet the MDGs, but it cannot be engaged against its interests. It has to be engaged in ways that it
sees as positive for its own interests.
45
But the interests of the private sector largely parallel the goals of the MDGs. Vulnerable populations need
sustainable jobs, and these can only be provided by the expansion of the private sector. If heads of families,
whether male or female, have jobs, they can overcome many, even most, of their problems. But jobs are not
being created where they are needed most because investors are not normally attracted to business in such risky
areas. This is the aspect of the situation where new structural approaches are needed to encourage investment
and development of local entrepreneurship.
I am not proposing a simplistic, magical solution here, nor even a one-size-fi ts-all solution. Obviously, business
investment works better in some situations than it does in others. For example, it’s diffi cult to create businesses
where most people are living as subsistence farmers. What I am arguing is that the private sector has a lot to
contribute, and it has not been used well up to now. The international community has not found creative and
effective ways to engage the private sector. It is all very well to say that the private sector is signed up to the
Millennium Development Goals or the Global Compact, but companies will sign up to anything that gives
them a good reputation. That is not the point. The point is to engage them in ways that help the development
process in the places where it is needed most. Those are the places where businesses, on their own, are not
inclined to go.
So creativity is needed in fi nding ways to attract businesses to help in places where they are not inclined to
go. And if we are going to do that, we have to do it in such a way that it attracts them; they cannot be forced.
Businesses will not do things that are against their interests. But there are ways to engage businesses, and that is
what my organization has set out to do. What I am talking about here today is based on our direct experience.
Just to give you an example, we are in the process of building a generic medicines production plant just outside
of Kabul. It is about a $4 million project and will be an Afghan-owned production facility which will produce
medicines directly for the Afghan market. We are doing this with very little help from any offi cial organization,
but rather with help from several private sector business entities.
What I have learned, and what I am arguing here, is that we need new strategies to help local entrepreneurs, by
supporting them with technical and advisory services and assistance so that they can make their businesses more
attractive to equity partners, because most of these entrepreneurs, at some point, need some funds. The only way
that is open to them now is to go to a bank for a commercial loan, which will very likely put them out of business
early on because of the high interest payments. So what they really need are equity partners of some kind, and
they are not fi nding them because they do not know how to present their businesses. They do not always know
how to write a business plan, for example. They did not go to Harvard Business School. If they can fi nd help
in writing a business plan, that will take them a huge step forward. There are many international agencies in the
fi eld who can write business plans, whose employees did go to business schools. All they need to do is to sit
down with these local entrepreneurs and help them, but that is not happening.
In our experience, the international business community is generally ready to help. We get donations from big
companies to help local entrepreneurs. But on their side, UN agencies, fi nancial institutions and NGOs need
to encourage private sector business development much more actively than they do now. There is a kind of
lingering hostility, a kind of suspicion or disdain toward the business community which has no place in these
areas if what you are doing is trying to help local societies develop. Helping local entrepreneurs so that they can
offer people jobs must be a part of that effort. In the short term this can be done through what I call the three
“Fs”—facilitation, fl exibility, and fi nancing. Let me take them one by one.
Facilitation means help in writing business plans and other documentation that is needed by local entrepreneurs
in order to be able to present their projects to local banks, to equity partners, wherever they need to present
it. These are clever business people, but they do not have the experience of dealing with fi nancial institutions.
International organizations can help.
46
Flexibility means that international organizations and lenders should work with the ideas that these people have
and not try to impose their own. Lots of times, these local entrepreneurs know better than anyone else what will
work in their societies, and they certainly know what they can do well. So it pays to listen to what they would like
to do rather than having a list of priorities of what the country needs which is imposed from outside.
And fi nancing — fi nancing on a scale between $100,000 and a million dollars is what local entrepreneurs typically
need — not micro fi nance. Micro fi nance has become very popular but it is smaller, it is necessity fi nance and not
opportunity fi nance, and it is not of the scale needed to start a business. Business fi nancing currently has to be found,
basically, through commercial lending. Sad to say, international fi nancing for local entrepreneurs is like something
from another planet in most of the poor countries of this world. They just cannot fi nd it; they do not know where to
go to get it. So new fi nancial vehicles are needed, with imaginative criteria and active marketing. Banks typically
do not market their products, but in these societies they need to be marketed so that local entrepreneurs will know
that it’s possible to go to some fi nancing organ in order to get someone to fi nance their business.
In the longer term, we need a new strategy that includes the private sector, not one that separates the private
sector, but includes it. This kind of a strategy should be designed to encourage and help local entrepreneurs.
Local entrepreneurs are the ones who offer jobs in their cities and towns. This does not mean that foreign direct
investment is bad, because foreign direct investment will also provide jobs that stimulate economic activity. But
the local entrepreneurs are the ones that need help.
We should also offer fi nancial incentives to private equity investors if they go into places where their investments are
needed. Right now, that is not happening, so most equity investors will not go into the risky areas, and that is exactly
where they are needed. They are needed now; they are not needed 10 years from now, for job creation reasons.
And we should open up our markets. This is an obvious point, one made by economists all the time, but it is
also something that is not happening. To pick up on a point that Jeffrey Sachs was making, too often national aid
programs are directed specifi cally to individuals and companies from that country, so that if you are a company
from country X, you have access to the assistance programs from that country. That is not what we really need.
What we really need is assistance programs that are open to local entrepreneurs, and not just to those from the
country that is sponsoring the aid program. For such a strategy to work it needs high-level leadership, and this
is where the integration and cooperation between international organizations, national aid programs, the private
sector and leading NGOs is needed. If the private sector is not included, it cannot play a positive role.
I will conclude with a story from my own experience in the private sector, trying to work with the public sector. A
company I was working with was about to build a two-and-a-half, to three billion dollar project in a country. As
many companies do when they go into a very poor country, they like to surround such an investment project with all
kinds of good works, just to get the good will of the people. They build clinics or add to the schools and typically
have an aid program of their own, in order to surround their investment with benefi cial works. In our case, we had
allotted about four or fi ve million dollars for such works, and since we had an aid program of four to fi ve million
dollars we were at the same scale as many of the countries that had offi cial aid programs in that country.
So I called up the chairman of the donor group of aid-giving countries and asked if we could sit in on their meetings
as an observer, just to understand what the priorities were, and what programs were already being done, since
we did not want to duplicate things. We wanted to be in step, basically, with the international community and its
priorities for that country. The chairman of the donor group said he would check around, and he later called me
back and said no, we could not participate because we were a company. And I just thought that was dumb, really
dumb. We were as big an aid program as any of the donor countries, and yet we were artifi cially excluded from
knowing what the priorities of the international community were for that country. That kind of dumbness doesn’t
help when you’re trying to address problems of the scale of those that are set up in the MDGs.
47
Often, when I come to conferences like this one, the private sector is somehow considered an alien group among
the organizations and NGOs that are represented. That is why we started the Business Humanitarian Forum: so
there could be a better dialogue and better cooperation between humanitarian organizations and members of the
private sector. So I welcome this opportunity to explain my views. Thank you very much.
48
Panel Two—Question and Answer Session
Begleiter. Thanks very much. I want to take your questions, but I’d like to give both panelists the opportunity
to respond to something that Jeffrey Sachs said. John, you touched on it just now but I would like to put it more
starkly, and I think, Dick, you would like to respond as well. The accusation is that when American businesses,
particularly American businesses, but I think this is true for some other countries as well, get involved in these
types of projects, a lot of the money that is publicly portrayed as being offered to the recipients actually ends up
in the pockets of companies that originate in the countries that are giving the aid. He portrayed this as a very
dramatic problem. I do not think he put quite enough emphasis on the public education aspect of this, and I would
like you to comment. Do we really understand the extent of this problem or do you think it is not as big a problem
as he portrayed it?
Maresca. It is true, that is the way aid programs work. If you go to any country and start looking at the
regulations for a project, almost inevitably, you will fi nd something about companies from that country. Even if
it is not written down, it is easier for companies from that country. Let’s talk about the so-called beltway bandits
around Washington. Beltway bandits, for those who are not used to this Washington jargon, are companies that
seek aid contracts or government contracts in general, and operate in the Washington beltway because their targets
are U.S. government agencies that have contracts to offer. It is just easier for them. They are credible to the
agencies they go to see, they’re often ex-employees of those agencies so they know exactly who to go to. They
may have been the previous boss of the offi cial that they go to see, and all of that helps. And that’s true of just
about any country, whether it be…well, I won’t name countries. It is not totally bad. In some cases it works quite
well because of the fact that there is an easy coordination and easy understanding between the two. But it is very
true also, as Jeffrey said, that the way this works in the fi eld is that you have consultants who are under contract
and being paid higher wages than locals, who are often not as well qualifi ed as some locals, and who are there
pontifi cating about what should be done, and not really participating in the hard work. So that happens too.
Morford. Yes…it is true that a lot of U.S. aid is tied—not all, but a lot. The U.S. gave $19 billion in aid last
year and $3.2 billion of it went to Africa, which was three times what was given to Africa in 2000, and the amount
given all around the world in 2000 from the United States was roughly $10 billion, so we’re up roughly 90% in
roughly four years. That number will increase because it does not include anything from the Millennium Challenge
Account yet. We just began disbursing this year; we are new. It does not include much of what was in the AIDS
account, some, but not up to the amount that is going to be distributed through the HIV/AIDS program at the State
Department. So the U.S. numbers will grow. Regarding tied aid, Congress gave us some really lovely things. Why
they wouldn’t give it to USAID or the State Department or a lot of other agencies, you would have to ask them. I
cannot speak for Congress, but they were nice to us. They gave us untied money. They gave us no-year money,
which means at the end of September, the end of the fi scal year, we don’t give back the money if we do not spend
it. Thus, they gave us a billion dollars the fi rst half-year, a billion-and-a-half the second year. We have not reached
our targets for this coming year, but that whole two-and-a-half billion dollars is in the Treasury in our bank account.
We have now committed roughly a billion of that to the countries that we are working with. They also gave us one
more thing, and we did not even talk about this, but this is the “earmarks” that are in so much legislation. We are
“un-earmarked,” so we can actually go to countries and say, “What is it that you really need”?
How will the procurement be done for our Account? Procurement will happen in the country. Does that mean
that American companies cannot compete? Well, we will certainly give them every opportunity to compete, but
all procurement will be done on international tenders so that the whole world will be able to compete for these
contracts. In this sense, we are actually doing what we said. I hope that all of you will support this approach
because I would hate for it to be taken away from us. It really does allow us to operate in this new way.
Begleiter. No political limits on spending?
49
Morford. There are no political limits; there are some things that we cannot do. We cannot give money to
militaries. We cannot do things that will endanger people’s lives or the environment, and we do have the famous
Mexico City language regarding reproduction. That is it.
Q. Joe Riverson, World Vision. I want to thank Ambassador Maresca for his very positive comments about the
role of the private sector. My name is Joe Riverson from World Vision and I come from the country of Ghana.
I thought that it is important for the political environment in a particular country to be attractive, welcoming
and encouraging to the private sector in order to encourage local and private entrepreneurs to do their bit in
helping develop the country. I come from a country where, for nearly 50 years the head of state looked on
private entrepreneurs and private businesspeople as opponents of his government and therefore did not give them
virtually any leeway in doing anything. We have a government now that is encouraging the private sector to be
part of the development of our country, and fortunately my country is one of those that have benefi ted from debt
relief and debt cancellation, and together with the private sector in Ghana they are doing a lot to try to improve
the lot of the people. Thank you.
Begleiter. Do you want to comment?
Maresca. Just a brief comment. You know, there’s a Russian joke that goes like this: a businessman is someone
who is temporarily out of jail. Actually, in Russia these days they tend to be in jail more than out, but this
represents the views of many people in this world. And it is not always incorrect. There are many unscrupulous
business people. But there are unscrupulous people everywhere. There are unscrupulous people in universities,
in religious institutions, in the UN, and so forth, so it is not unusual that there are also unscrupulous people in
business. By and large, the business community is useful. In any case, it has to be used, because it is the only
way we have of generating real jobs and all of the other things that come with business development.
Begleiter. Dick, did you want to comment?
Morford. No, except to say that Ghana—just recognition where recognition is deserved—is one of the MCA
countries I had a chance to visit recently, and they are working very hard on their MCA proposal, which is quite
an ambitious one, actually.
Questioner. Thank you. All three of you have made very positive contributions but I was quite struck by the
tone and the power of what Jeffrey Sachs said, and the question I have to the panelists and maybe even later in
the afternoon to some of us who participate, is that given this clear message, given his [Sachs] own position in the
country—which means that he is heard by many, including policymakers—and I am sure he is not the only one,
what are the obstacles to heeding that message and acting upon it?
Begleiter. I guess the simple answer to that is that he has not been elected to anything. Would you care to comment?
Maresca. Jeffrey is heard. I think he has a lot of infl uence. Even people who criticize his comments and some
of his phrases, nevertheless respect his views, and I think he has had a lot of infl uence. I would respond to you in
this way: the Millennium Development Goals are so huge that I do not think anybody really understood what was
being taken on, and I would suggest to you that 10 years from now, or starting even about fi ve years from now,
politicians will be scrambling to try to identify why these things are not going to happen, because they are going
to be held accountable. People will start saying, “Why did we not reach these goals?” and there will be analyses.
Professors will be writing books about why this goal was not reached, or why that goal was not reached, and the
real answer is that they are simply very hard to reach. How do you deal with some of these problems? Nobody
really has a magical answer; these are huge problems and the world has faced them for a long time. There is no
reason to think that suddenly, during these 15 years in particular, we will make huge steps forward toward reaching
them. Actually, the amount of money that is available for humanitarian aid is going down in real terms. By one
50
statistic I read, it is going down in real terms by about 12% per year. In any case, it is not going up, whereas the
problems are getting bigger and bigger. The amount of water is the same size, but the populations are growing,
so the problems get bigger and bigger, and yet the resources we have available to deal with them are getting
smaller and smaller. That is why we have people like me, looking around and wondering if there is something
else we can use here. Maybe the private sector can help, maybe something else will help. Everybody needs to
fi nd new ways of achieving these goals, because the old ways visibly are not getting us there.
Morford. I would like to take us back, in a sense, to what the international community agreed to in Monterrey
when the question came up of how do you reach these MDGs? They really came up with a three-part solution
and the fi rst part was each country has primary responsibility for its own development through good governance,
sound policies and the rule of law. It is tough to make progress without those things. You can make some
progress but it is tough to make it over the long term. Secondly, that all resources need to be tapped to fi nance
development, particular domestic resources, sustainable debt fi nancing, investment and trade. When you look
at how much money is out there—two trillion dollars in domestic savings in developing countries, over nine
trillion dollars, according to Hernando de Soto and the report from President Zedillo, in unrecognized—in
other words out of the legal system—assets in developing countries. You realize there’s a lot of money out
there. You also realize very quickly that what happens in trade and investment just dwarfs anything that is
happening as far as foreign assistance. The third leg of it, though, was that aid is an essential complement. Aid
is really a catalyst; it can allow all these other things to happen sometimes. It is very important. It’s not that
it is unimportant because it is smaller; it is very important. But how we use it is critical, and that is where, I
think, some people wonder whether Mr. Sachs has got it all right. There is a certain amount of let’s do it all,
let’s do all right now and there are concerns. There are concerns about the capacity on the ground. Wouldn’t
it be better to step it up over time so that you actually have the capacity?
Failure is not a very good option, obviously, because then all of the excitement, all of the additional resources
will disappear. Aid is actually going up, and it is going up very fast, and it should be going up considerably
more over the next fi ve years—you’re going to see fairly large volumes of aid. How we spend it is going
to be critical. If we spend it wrong, then where are we going to be 10 years from now? People are going to
be back saying, wasn’t that a waste? We do not want that to happen, we want it to be used well and that is
really critical. So I think the question people have is, yes more aid is necessary, but how do we do it in a way
where we mobilize the resources, where we have the kind of governance where the aid will be used well,
and where we end up with the result that is sustained over time and not one of these up and down kinds of
periodic excitement—try hard, not reach, disappointment, and aid levels go down like they did at the end of
the 1990s—that is not what we want.
Begleiter. The last question, please.
Q. Liv Ullmann, founder, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. Mr. Morford, you told
us about the three limitations you had and one was the reproduction issue, and you said, “That’s it.” For me,
that is very diffi cult to understand, that you said “That’s it” like it is just a minor thing that your limitation has
to do with the reproduction issue.
Morford. When I said, “Yes, that’s it,” that was a response to someone from the audience. It is not little; but
it is not large in the totality of what is needed. I am not going to say anything about it, particularly, because
it is forced upon us by our Congress. These are things that are in our legislation just as they are in USAID’s
legislation. However, if you look at the number of earmarks that USAID has, which is more than 270, we have
very little in our legislation that restricts the ability of a country to come to us and say what they would like to
do, and that includes all kinds of health issues, including reproductive health issues that do not go beyond that
line. But that is the restriction we are stuck with. We would prefer to have none at all.
51
Q. Susan Wyly, Partners In Health. I just wanted to clarify. Are you saying that it is a restriction imposed
by Congress, or that it is a restriction imposed by this President?
Morford. It is in our law. It is in our law, in the founding legislation we have.
Q. Susan Wyly. Reinstated by President Bush.
Morford. I can read you the law, I can show it to you later and you can see what it is. The Bush Administration
did not have it in our original bill.
52
AFTERNOON SESSION – OPENING COMMENTS
Pierre Muller, Administrative Councillor and member of the Executive Council, City of Geneva.
Madame High Commissioner for Human Rights, your Excellencies,
distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. First, I think I will introduce this
gentleman beside me, because I am sure you are wondering what I am doing
with this colorful guy standing beside me. These are the colors of the Geneva
fl ag and when we go out on offi cial visits, we are always accompanied. I
do not know how to translate the term — in America you wear a sash, but
here in Geneva you get a gentleman, who is far better to talk to than a sash.
I am truly honored to welcome this prestigious gallery of guests and speakers who
represent the intellectual and practical work force of the humanitarian world. As
the cradle of humanitarian world, the City of Geneva is particularly pleased that on this occasion — on the 10th anniversary
of its Humanitarian Prize — the Conrad Hilton Foundation has chosen our city to hold its symposium and ceremony.
Our world is at the crossroads of a complex web of evils, when natural disasters and geo-politics mix. In their midst, a
great number of humanitarian organizations are often caught between states and dollars and the need to assist vulnerable
populations. Indeed, it takes the skills of a diplomat, the competencies of a doctor and the dexterity of a carpenter to
unravel the intricacies of international humanitarian assistance today. Our country, Switzerland, is politically committed
to the applications of instruments that protect civilian populations, in particular women, children, the elderly and the
handicapped. As you very well know, Switzerland works through diplomatic intervention and public appeals to advocate
for respect for international humanitarian law, human rights and international refugee law, and works actively to further
develop these areas and their many aspects. Concomitantly, the Swiss government is actively involved in the pursuit of
the Millennium Development Goals, which of course includes the protection of the vulnerable. You must have certainly
discussed the Swiss government’s position on this matter this morning, and so I will refrain from going further.
The City of Geneva participated in the recent Millennium Campaign at the Millennium Summit in New York. As a
member of the organization United Cities and Local Governments, we put up our banner in front of the city hall to
show our commitment to the MDGs. The banner iterated each MDG and was accompanied by the slogan, “2015 — No
Excuse, the World Must Be a Better Place.” In 2000, the City of Geneva passed a regulation incorporating humanitarian
assistance and human rights that particularly deals with governance, participation, and sustainable development. The
measures needed to implement this regulation can take different forms, such as the logistical support in the City’s
fi eld of competence, investment in the infrastructure, reconstruction and subsidies. All these actions seek not only to
save human life when it is threatened and to alleviate suffering, in particular in populations that are victims of confl ict
and natural disasters. These are also meant to give local communities the means to develop themselves in the most
peaceful and effi cient way, incorporating common projects while exchanging very specifi c universal experiences.
More specifi cally, the City of Geneva regularly supports the Swiss Red Cross in its humanitarian missions. For
example, we have provided fi nancial support to the lifesaving effort during the earthquakes in Iran and Morocco,
and to sustaining emergency humanitarian projects to protect Sudanese refugees in Chad, as well as the vulnerable
population in Darfur. More recently, our Executive Council approved an emergency fund for the victims of natural
disasters in Kashmir, Honduras and El Salvador.
I salute Partners In Health, the 2005 Hilton Humanitarian Prize recipient. Allow me to pay a vibrant tribute to your
work and unswerving dedication and untiring effort under, most certainly, diffi cult conditions, to alleviate suffering
and to bring back the dignity of countless human lives. I am sure that the fi nancial part of the award will further
immensely the work that you started in 1987. Let me say to the organizers of this conference that I wish them a
lively and fruitful discussion with the participants. Ladies and gentlemen, you can count on the steadfast support of
the City of Geneva in all your undertakings. A most pleasant day to all of you. Thank you.
53
AFTERNOON SESSION – ASSURING A FUTURE FOR THREATENED POPULATIONS
Louise Arbour, LL.L., United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights
Louise Arbour was appointed UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2004.
Ms. Arbour, a Canadian national, began a distinguished academic career in 1970,
culminating in the positions of Associate Professor and Associate Dean at the
Osgood Hall Law School of York University in Toronto, Canada. In 1987, she was
appointed to the Supreme Court of Ontario (High Court of Justice) and in 1990
she was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario. In 1995, Ms. Arbour was
appointed by Order-in-Council as single Commissioner to conduct an inquiry into
certain events at the Prisons for Women in Kingston, Ontario. In 1996, she was
appointed by the Security Council of the United Nations as Chief Prosecutor for the
International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. After
three years as Prosecutor, she resigned to take up an appointment to the Supreme
Court of Canada. Ms. Arbour completed an LL.L (with distinction) from the Faculty
of Law, University of Montreal in 1970. Following the Quebec Bar Admission Course, she was called to the
Quebec Bar in 1971 and the Ontario Bar in 1977. Ms. Arbour has received honorary doctorates from twenty-
seven universities and numerous medals and awards. She has published extensively on criminal law and given
innumerable addresses on both national and international criminal law.
Responsibility to Protect: The End of Ambiguity
Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. What I would like to address at the opening of this very distinguished panel
is what I believe may be the roots of a small, legal revolution—or at least, the beginning of the end of ambiguity.
I refer to the fact that the fundamental concept of the responsibility of states to protect their populations has now
been enshrined in the Outcome Document of the World Summit that was held in New York in September. I would
like to just take a few minutes to tell you why I believe that this could actually signal the beginning of a genuine
revolution, if not in international law, at least I hope in international politics and in international practice.
This responsibility to protect is actually worded in the Outcome Document of the Summit as containing three
parts. The fi rst one is the unambiguous assertion that each individual state has the responsibility to protect its
populations from genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, and war crimes. This responsibility, it says,
entails the prevention of such crimes including their incitement, and 191 member states of the United Nations,
162 of which were represented in New York by their heads of states and governments, stated unequivocally, “We
accept the responsibility and will act in accordance with it.” Now that is the fi rst component of this responsibility
to protect, and I believe that this is actually almost nothing short of a revolutionary commitment, if we take it to
what I hope will be, eventually, its extension.
The second part of that assertion in the Outcome Document of the Summit is that the international community,
through the United Nations, also has the responsibility to use all peaceful means to protect populations from these
crimes. So if states fail in discharging this responsibility, the document asserts that the international community
has the responsibility to use all peaceful means. And I can assure you that I run an offi ce that disposes of a lot of
peaceful means, and we intend to live up to, and to take full advantage of this broad scope of action for us.
Finally, and it may be the most critical part, the document provides that, if there is failure by a state to meet
these responsibilities in a timely and decisive manner, the international community is prepared to take collective
action through the Security Council in accordance with the UN Charter, in particular Chapter Seven: “Should
peaceful means be inadequate or national authorities manifestly fail to protect their populations from such
crimes.” Protection by peaceful means; protection of very vulnerable populations from genocide, crimes against
54
humanity, war crimes, ethnic cleansing — up to now, I think the most visible peaceful means has been recourse
to international criminal justice — personal criminal responsibility of offenders. This is an area that I am very
familiar with, having been associated with it, but historically it contained its own limitations. I believe it is in
the process of fi nding its full scope of action. The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and
similar ones in Sierra Leone, one also about to be launched in Cambodia, a serious war crimes unit in Timor—all
these were essentially after-the-fact specifi c forms of intervention. The creation of the International Criminal
Court is obviously a major step in the right direction. I understand that the 100th ratifi cation was deposited in New
York, I believe by Mexico just last week, so it has a very broad base of international support despite not just a
hesitance, but a hostility, of the United States against this institution. I am also a very big fan of the extension of
the concept of international jurisdictions in national states, whereby crimes of this order of magnitude committed
anywhere in the world can be prosecuted if the offender is found on the territory. We have seen it happen in Spain,
Belgium, and now Canada has recently activated these provisions. I think it is a very welcome development,
to use peaceful means to enforce the international community’s responsibility to protect when states fail. Less
peaceful means range from sanctions to military intervention, and that is basically for the Security Council.
Traditionally, I think we can anticipate three forms of action. The best one is the Security Council, because it is
vested very explicitly in the UN charter with these powers of intervention. If the Security Council is unwilling
or unable to act either by use or threat of use of the veto, or lack of consensus, the question is whether unilateral
action or coalitions of the willing are an appropriate alternative. That carries a lot of diffi culty. What I would
like to propose, for those jurists in the room who are interested in this question, is the suggestion in background
documents on the responsibility to protect of reactivating the role of the General Assembly of the United Nations
if the Security Council is unwilling to discharge its responsibility. There is a 1950s resolution called the Uniting
for Peace resolution, which permits the General Assembly to deal with matters of threats to international peace
and security when the Security Council is unwilling or unable to act. I hope that we will see in the future maybe
a renewed recourse to that United Nations-based collective action that I think would be a much more appropriate
substitute than unilateral action or the forming of coalitions.
Allow me to make two points to conclude my remarks. The fi rst one is that the Outcome Document of the
Summit also provides for the expansion of the scope of intervention. The genocide convention, which invites the
responsibility to prevent and to punish genocide, is of course limited to the crime of genocide, and we all know
it has led to a lot of reluctance on the part of member states to label a situation a genocide, so as not to trigger
this particular responsibility. The Outcome Document now imposes or acknowledges the same responsibility
for crimes against humanity, so the somewhat odious debate is still taking place as to whether or not the events
in Darfur amount to genocide or mere crimes against humanity—and that is offensive enough, to refer to crimes
against humanity as “mere” crimes — in a sense, that debate is over. The responsibility to protect, to intervene,
should be equally triggered whether it is actually genocide—technically, legally defi ned genocide—or whether we
are witnessing ethnic cleansing, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. That is a very welcome development.
Finally, if I am correct, these are the roots of a revolution. I believe that, in maybe fi ve or ten years, rather than
merely assert a responsibility to protect civil and political rights, which is what we are currently doing, we will
then also see an expansion of acknowledging states’ responsibilities to protect their populations in the fi eld of
economic, social, and cultural rights. It seems to me that we should exert exactly the same responsibility to protect
populations from genocide and war crimes. We should exert the same responsibility to protect populations from
starvation, disease, and uphold other social and economic rights, where states cannot be allowed to be willfully
blind or in fact, to be complicit in predatory practices against their own populations on this basis. We are not
there yet, but I believe that the erosion of the concept of state sovereignty as a shield against responsibility and
accountability has now been extremely well expressed in that document, and I think we can only see progress in
the legal infrastructure and the political climate that will permit us to assert with more confi dence that this will
never happen again, at least not on our watch. Thank you.
55
Colin S. Thomas-Jensen, Advocacy and Research Offi cer for Africa, International Crisis Group
Mr. Thomas-Jensen is based in the International Crisis Group’s offi ce in Washington
DC, where he has a roving brief of advocacy and research responsibilities
across Africa. He joined International Crisis Group from the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID), where he was an information offi cer
on the humanitarian response team for Darfur. Earlier, he served as a Peace
Corps volunteer in Ethiopia (1998-1999) and Mozambique (1999-2001). He has
traveled extensively in East and Southern Africa. Colin received his Master’s
Degree in African Studies at the University of London’s School of Oriental and
African Studies (SOAS) in 2003, with a concentration in the history of Islam
in Africa, African politics, and Islamic family law. He graduated from Pomona
College (California) in 1997. Mr. Thomas-Jensen has authored commentaries in
the Boston Globe, Business Day (SA), the East African, and elsewhere.
When Theory Meets the Janjaweed
Thank you very much, Ralph, and thanks to the Conrad Hilton Foundation for hosting this event. I have been asked
to talk about Sudan, and with Francis Deng sitting so close to me, it is a bit intimidating, but hopefully I can say a few
words to spark some debate.
The fi rst time I visited Darfur was just about this time last year when I was part of the U.S. government’s disaster
assistance response team. My job was to make sure that the right information from the fi eld was getting back to
policymakers in Washington. I spent most of my time in and around Geneina, which is the capital of West Darfur, and
if you look on a map of Africa, it is almost exactly the center of the continent. A United Nations security offi cer, who
was South African, briefed me upon my arrival in Geneina. He summed up the situation there quite succinctly, and I
quote, “This is a sorry, depressing place, mate,” and proceeded to tell me about all the places I could not go.
But there were places I could go; security was safe enough and I was able to travel south. My driver Ibrahim and I spent
a lot of time on the road south of Darfur—and “road” in Darfur is a loose term, for anyone who has been there. Roads
are anywhere you can get the car through. We traveled south; we saw burned villages; we saw livestock roaming freely
on abandoned farms; and every so often we saw a guy with an assault rifl e on a camel. For the fi rst time, I had seen the
notorious Janjaweed militias that I had heard so much about. And it was, as I had been forewarned, pretty depressing.
Ibrahim and I went to a town called Habilah, where thousands of displaced Darfuris sought refuge in late 2003 and set
up shelter outside of town. In the center of Habilah there is a large tree, and under the tree, when we drove into town in
our clearly marked U.S. government vehicle, there were about 25 men with assault rifl es and their camels, just milling
about and going about their business. The fear and anger in that town were palpable. One woman I spoke with told me
that she did not think she was ever going to be able to go home.
So the time I spent in Darfur taught me a lot about responsibility; it made me do a lot of thinking. When these types of
crimes occur—when governments turn against their own citizens—who is responsible for protecting the victims? It
says a good deal about where we are, that one of the few things that was not controversial at this year’s World Summit
was the idea that Judge Arbour so eloquently outlined of the responsibility to protect. This is basically a concept that
turns the debate over humanitarian intervention, and indeed the whole notion of state sovereignty, on its head. In a
remarkably short time—the report that put this idea out there was fi rst published in 2001—this concept has gone from
the “good idea” stage to what is really now a broadly accepted, normative framework for responding to these types of
crimes. In theory, it paves the way for the international community to respond collectively to genocide and atrocity
crimes while they are occurring. However, as we are all aware, theory and practice are rarely harmonious, and in
Darfur, theory has run into a brick wall.
56
A brief outline, for those of you who are not familiar with the situation. Civilians in Darfur have been under
direct attack since early 2003, and I think many researchers and people who know the area would say that they
had been under attack for a great deal longer than that. The situation since the 1980s has been described by one
French analyst as “ethnic cleansing on the installment plan.” The government of Sudan’s gloomily predictable
security clique in Khartoum has orchestrated a counter insurgency campaign that targets the civilian populations it
accuses of supporting the rebellion. Government forces and their proxy militias—the aforementioned Janjaweed—
attack civilians with impunity. Their atrocities are well documented by the United Nations, individual member
states, human rights groups and humanitarian NGOs. To put it mildly, the government of Sudan is failing in its
responsibility to protect, and in theory this responsibility has now fallen to the international community. Why then,
are the atrocities continuing, and in fact, over the past month getting a lot worse, more than two-and-a-half years
since these crimes have come to light? I’m going to propose three reasons.
One is simply the structure of the Security Council and the veto. Two is the capacity of regional organizations to
respond to these types of crises when the Security Council cannot. And three is that ever-important question of
political will, and that is obviously the toughest.
So, what is wrong with the Security Council? Well, the theory says that the United Nations, through the Security
Council, should take action to protect Darfuri civilians; it is quite clear. In practice, the permanent fi ve have the
veto, and building a consensus for intervention, military or otherwise, that infringes on Sudanese sovereignty has
met with stiff resistance from some members, perhaps most notably, China. The Chinese are keen to protect
their substantial oil interests in Sudan, obtained through deals with members of the Sudanese government who are
currently responsible for these crimes and accused of these atrocities. The Chinese shield their business partners
from trouble to keep the oil fl owing, and a cynic like myself—don’t let my age fool you here—might also suggest
that the Chinese are not only indifferent to Darfur’s agony but also benefi t from it. Sudan’s continued pariah status
in the West makes doing business there unattractive for Western companies, and currently, for U.S. companies,
impossible because of U.S. sanctions against Sudan, thus shielding China from unwanted competition.
I have singled out China here because I am speaking about Darfur, but other states with the veto can and do protect
their own interests, and shirk their responsibilities with that veto at the expense of human lives. One country’s
intransigence makes it easy for other states to cry foul, when in reality a united Security Council could just as easily
fail to act. In the absence of strong Security Council action, the theory suggests that regional organizations, acting
within their own region—and the obvious choice here would be the African Union—can and should intervene
where atrocity crimes are occurring, yet, both practical problems and political ones have prevented the African
Union from fulfi lling our collective responsibility. The African Union should certainly be commended for their
efforts and their sacrifi ce in Darfur—they recently lost four troops who were killed in an attack—but we also need
to be honest about this organization’s current capacity to respond to crises of this magnitude. Even with NATO
and the European Union providing some assistance, the simple facts on the ground are that the African Union force
lacks the mandate, the troop strength and the operational capacity to do the job. And I think here, Khartoum’s rather
half-hearted objections to African Union intervention are an indication of how good their prospects were from the
beginning. In fact, I think the African Union efforts to date have a lot in common with our responsibility to protect
as a whole—well-intentioned but completely inadequate.
If the international community has failed Darfur by passing the buck to the embryonic African Union, then African
policymakers have also failed by refusing to acknowledge the African Union’s defi ciencies. For the most part,
African policymakers have argued that Darfur is an African problem demanding an African solution, dismissing
suggestions of increased non-African involvement as meddling in the continent’s affairs and thereby providing
the international community with a convenient excuse to do nothing. Regrettably for many of the two-and-a-half
million displaced and vulnerable Africans in Darfur, this African solution looks like a death sentence, and the African
Union’s failure could very well hurt the organization’s credibility in peace support operations in the future.
57
What about non-African, non-Security Council intervention, leaving aside whether or not Africa would accept it? Well,
the theory says that if the Security Council fails to discharge its responsibility in conscience-shocking situations like
Darfur, then concerned states, a coalition of the willing, can intervene to stop the slaughter. In practice, hundreds of
thousands of African lives in the balance is simply not enough to generate the necessary political will.
What makes this lack of intellectual courage and political fortitude so disturbing in Darfur is that there are policy
responses available. My organization, the International Crisis Group, is in the business of coming up with reasonable
and realistic policy responses. We published a report in July, after much deliberation, in which we argued that a
NATO bridging force could assist the African Union in meeting Darfur’s civilian protection needs. The responses in
Washington and in European and African capitals to this proposal were tepid. Of course, there are elected offi cials and
civil servants around the world who are committed to preventing the types of atrocities taking place in Darfur, but even
speaking collectively, those voices cannot match the deafening silence, and indeed the active opposition of others. The
international community is a bit like the alcoholic who always says he’s going to quit tomorrow. We have identifi ed
what is unacceptable, we have a framework for response, but we have not taken appropriate actions to protect vulnerable
populations in Darfur, and we have got a lot of work to do if we are going to take it from theory to practice.
So what are the next steps? I have three. First, the permanent fi ve Security Council states must agree to a Code of
Conduct to prevent Security Council action designed to stop or avert a humanitarian crisis like Darfur, and the Code
of Conduct is pretty simple—you just do not use the veto to prevent a response to a humanitarian crisis. Second,
the international community must use the diplomatic and the military capacities of regional organizations like the
African Union to respond to these crises in their back yard, and at the same time, regional organizations must accept
the necessary assistance from the wider international community when that capacity is lacking. Third, and I think
most important, policymakers must have the political will to respond, and they must be held accountable when they
do not by political constituencies that will not tolerate acts of barbarism by any government against its citizens. This
of course is the toughest one to attain, and I think that building this constituency at the grassroots level will be a long
and frustrating process.
To conclude, the last I heard, Habilah, the little town I visited, is completely cut off from humanitarian assistance right
now because of relentless Janjaweed attacks in that area. The Janjaweed are responsible for some of the worst atrocities
in a decade. These guys do not read theory, they do not attend UN summits, and as long as we fail to respond to their
crimes, they and others like them will continue to go about their business, operating with impunity in that gaping divide
between international norms and meaningful action. Thank you.
58
Paul Rusesabagina, Founder, Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation
Paul Rusesabagina, the former manager of the Mille Collines hotel in Kigali, Rwanda,
was born in 1954 at Murama-Gitarama in the Central-South of the country. After
fi nishing school, he was employed by Sabena as a front offi ce manager in their new
Hotel Akagera in a national park, where he discovered the tourism and hotel industry.
In 1980, he pursued this fi eld at the Kenya Utalii College in Nairobi, where he studied
hotel management until his graduation in 1984 in Switzerland. Upon his return to
Rwanda, he joined Sabena again, as assistant general manager in the Mille Collines
in Kigali until 1993, when he was promoted to general manager at the Diplomate
hotel. When the Rwandan genocide began, he returned to the Mille Collines and
remained there for almost the entire span of the 100-day genocide. He took over as
general manager after many of the hotel’s staff had fl ed, opting instead to shelter over
1,200 people threatened by the Hutu-led Interhamwe militias who were slaughtering
the Tutsi population. Rusesabagina, a Hutu, chose to stay with his wife, a Tutsi, and their children, using his
position and ingenuity to shelter orphans and refugees in the hotel. In 1996, he and his family went to Belgium as
refugees and have lived there since. In 2004, his story was adapted for the big screen and was released as “Hotel
Rwanda.” He recently set up the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation to help survivors of the Rwandan
genocide. In June 2005, he was awarded the United Nations World Refugee Day Humanitarian Award.
From Rwanda to Darfur: The Past Repeating the Present?
Good afternoon, everybody. Once again it is a pleasure to fi nd myself in Geneva for this special opportunity,
for the Conrad Hilton Foundation’s Humanitarian Award. Today, I’m going to talk about the Rwanda issue and
compare it with Darfur.
In 1990, a war broke out from the eastern side of Rwanda and that war immediately started the killing of civilians.
As the rebels were advancing, civilians started fl eeing the occupied zones. Within the country, many political
parties opposing the regime came up, frightened by both the rebels and the opposition. The then-president
created a militia, but the militia also started killing civilians—Hutus and Tutsis together, all of us threatened, all
of us scared. Many people decided to leave the country and went away as refugees, but a peace agreement was
brokered by the United Nations and the United States. That was on August 4, 1993. To make it more reliable,
to implement the peace agreement, the United Nations came in to protect us and assure our security. All those
people who had decided to leave the country came back, gathered in schools in churches. When things became
very tough, when both presidents were killed, the United Nations ran away. They simply closed their eyes and
ears, turned their backs, and left us—a whole nation—to thugs, to thieves, to gangsters.
The result was the genocide of about a million people. After the genocide of a million people in one hundred
days ended in July 1994, that is when that same international community sat down in New York in November
and called the genocide by its name. I do not know where it came from, but maybe people sat somewhere and
said, “What was happening was a genocide.” And yet a million people out of 7.5 million—that was about 15
percent of the whole population—were killed in a hundred days. An average of 10,000 people were killed each
and every day. The whole world stood by, looked, watched and never said anything. We saw churches, all the
churches together, keeping quiet and their silence was complicity. After that, did we have peace? Had we learned
from the past? No. That is why, more than two years later, most of us had to go away as refugees. As we were
leaving the country, another war broke out in the Congo. Since that time—1996 up to 2005—many millions of
innocent people—the United Nations talks about four million people—have been killed. What have we done?
Have we been talking about it? Have the media been talking about it? In Rwanda, I had seen people, a million
people displaced within their own country, without food, without water, without shelter, without clothes, without
any goals, without objectives, without schools for their children—for four years.
59
A few months ago, I went to Darfur. When I arrived in Darfur I saw that about two million people were displaced
within Darfur. Many people had been killed. A gang of militia armed by the government was killing people,
who were fl eeing completely burnt villages destroyed by government helicopters. There are so many ghost cities.
When we were crossing the border, there was a small city which used to have 48,000 people…when we were
there, there were only 200 people left. What shall we call that? Is it really a city, a ghost city? How can we
qualify that? One of the few people who had made it was sleeping again in the Sahara sun, without food, without
shelter, without any hope for future generations. What made us very angry were the children. When they saw us,
about 2,000 kids gathered in about 15 minutes. They had a big blackboard on which they had written, “Welcome
to our guests, but we need education.”
Ladies and gentlemen, today I am telling you that children and women are almost always the victims. They
need an education. Thank you to those of you who provide education to those who need it, but how long shall
we keep on providing people with food? How long shall we keep on helping people to eat? How long shall we
bring fi sh to people? Are we ready to show people how to fi sh? What Africans need, I believe, is also to learn
how to fi sh. How to learn how to fi sh is not to turn to European super powers, but to tell them the truth so that
you can sit around the table. What we need in African countries is a round table, and to get all of us around
that table to talk. We should not support the Khartoum government or the Kigali government or the Kampala
government. We need to support all the Ugandans, all the Rwandans, all the Sudanese, the Darfurians with the
Khartoum government…sit around the table and come up with the real decisions. I know that in the West you
can do it; you can help us do it, because behind each and every African dictatorship, there is always a Western
superpower maneuvering everything. Until all of us, as humanitarians, join our voices and tell all our leaders in
the West to please leave those dictatorships alone, we will be forced to come around the table and deal, if no one
supports us. Thank you.
60
Francis M. Deng, Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Kluge Center of the U.S. Library of Congress
Francis Mading Deng is a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Kluge Center of the
Library of Congress and Research Professor of International Politics, Law and Society
and the Director of the Center for Displacement Studies at the Johns Hopkins University
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C. From
1992-2004, Dr. Deng served as Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General
on Internally Displaced Persons and was concurrently a Senior Fellow of the United
States Institute of Peace during 2002-03. He also has served as Human Rights Offi cer
in the United Nations Secretariat, as Ambassador of Sudan to Canada, the Scandinavian
countries and the United States, and as Sudan’s Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. Dr.
Deng co-founded the Brookings (now Brookings-SAIS) Project on Internal Displacement
and was a Distinguished Professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New
York. He has authored or edited more than 20 books and two novels. He holds an LL.B
(Honours) from Khartoum University and an LL.M. and J.S.D. from Yale University.
Sudan — A Nation in Turbulence in Search of Itself
Thank you very much. Colin spoke of being intimidated, but I must say I’m the one intimidated by the insights
they have already given, and by the powerful speeches of our distinguished guests here.
I want to say that Sudan is a country of paradoxes. At the moment, we have just witnessed what we hope will be
lasting peace in the southern part of the country, while at the same time, as we have just heard, Darfur continues
in turmoil. Other regions of the Sudan, eastern Sudan, and even possibly Nubia up in the North, are organizing
opposition to the central government. I want to say that these issues should not be seen in isolation. These
crises are all part of a chain of what the country is going through, and that chain of what the country is going
through is what I call a nation in turbulent search of itself. I want to ask three questions. What was the war in
the south—and now the wars we see going on in other parts of Sudan—about? How has the agreement in the
south addressed what were the underlying causes of the confl ict? And what are the prospects for Sudan actually
achieving a comprehensive peace?
Sudan is a country that has been experiencing an acute crisis of national identity. Now, if you ask people what the
wars are all about, one word is very prominent, and that is “marginalization.” Marginalization was initially thought
to be against the African south by the Arab-Islamic north, and as a matter of fact, it is the result of a long history
in which the north was assimilated into the Arab-Islamic mold where people identifi ed themselves as Arabs. If
you became a Muslim and you were Arabic-speaking, culturally Arabized, and you imagined you had Arab blood
in you, you were elevated to a very high level of dignity. But if you were black and a heathen, you were not only
denigrated, you were a potential slave. You were a legitimate target for slavery. What the north did, what the
Arab-Islamic system did, was to allow people to pass so that—with these elements that I mentioned—you began
to imagine yourself and see yourself as Arab, whatever your color of skin, whatever the factual realities evident
on you. The south, on the other hand, became the hunting ground and the area of resistance. The British found
this country and ruled it as two parts in one, and our assumption was that the country was divided in two—the
Arab-Muslim north and the African south. The thing is, the north was not entirely Arabized. There were pockets
of the north that remained African but were subsumed under the Arab-Islamic mold. And so you see the Nuba
Mountains, the southern Blue Nile, Darfur, the Beja in the east, even Nubia in the extreme north, were all assumed
to be part of the north that was considered to be Arab and Islamic. The south was kept as African, and Christianity
was introduced to it; all the elements of today’s Africa were in the south.
When the British left, having developed the north more than the south, they decided to leave the country as a unit.
That’s when the war started, because southern Sudanese began to fear that the whole situation of slavery was
61
going to return, and it did indeed return eventually. So the fi rst war, for 17 years, was a war of southerners not
only resisting the north, but wanting to secede. In the end, that war was compromised by autonomy for the south.
The agreement that gave the south autonomy was abrogated ten years later and the war resumed, but this time,
instead of the southerners fi ghting to secede, they wanted to fi ght to transform the country on the assumption that
the identity of the country that was discriminating against the non-Arabs, non-Muslims, was a distortion of the
realities of the country. Even the so-called Arabs were actually an integration of Arab and African. Not only were
the northern Sudanese not all Muslims, but even those who were Muslims had a religion that is like any other
African Islamic religion on the continent, where there is a great deal of tolerance of other elements of different
religions—that is true of most parts of the north. And yet, the central core, which is the core that calls itself Arab
with orthodox Islam, wanted to impose their identity on the whole nation and become a basis for discriminating
against others, and essentially against a signifi cant aspect of their own identity.
So the idea from the south was, “We are not seceding, we are not separating from the north. We are transforming
the country to let Sudan become what it really is, not what it has been distorted to be.” That message was heeded
by some people in the north by the people of southern Blue Nile and the Nuba Mountains. They joined the war in
the mid 1980s. When other areas of the north also began to heed the message—in 1991 and 1992 the Darfurians
rose up to join the south in transforming the country—they were crushed. Ten years later, they rose up again
and that is the war we hear about now. The terrible reaction of the government is that this whole thing is just
dragging on and on. The black groups of the country are rising up against what is, in effect, a minority that has
been dominating the country. And so what you see is that terrible reaction against Darfur, as was indeed the case
against the south. I would argue that the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Sudan is at least in signifi cant part,
a defensive aggressiveness by a group of people who have been dominating the country, who see themselves as
the image of the country, but who are now being challenged that the country is not what they think it is. Beyond
the south, the Nuba Mountains and Darfur, the east is also bubbling and could explode any time. The Nubians
in the extreme north are returning to pride in their ancient Nubian identity, and not what they have been made to
believe—that they are Arabs.
How has the agreement addressed the issue? It has given the south the right of self-determination to be exercised
after a six year interim period, including the right to secede. But within the six years, there is an arrangement
where the south is virtually independent, has its own government, its own army, its own resource base. The hope
is that peace will be made attractive and that unity will be made attractive, so that when southerners come to vote
they will vote for the unity of the country. Now, many people think that they will vote for secession. I think it can
be argued that what is going on in the country, what is going on in Darfur, what has already gone on in southern
Blue Nile, is going to tell the southern Sudanese that they are indeed succeeding in changing the character of the
country. And the country that is emerging, the New Sudan, is not a country that will marginalize them. It is a
country where they will have the sense of belonging on equal terms with northerners. With this argument, there
is a chance that they will vote for unity. But what has this agreement done to those areas of the north that are
marginalized also? It has given the people of Nuba Mountains and Southern Blue Nile autonomy and a degree of
self-determination within the framework of unity—internal self-determination, in other words. It has also been
stipulated that the principles of the agreement in the south and these adjacent areas should also apply to Darfur
and other marginalized areas of the north, even though not necessarily amounting to secession.
Let me end by saying that what has happened in the Sudan, although it is extreme, and you can say that Sudan
is exceptional in many ways, is not unique. In my experience as Representative of the Secretary-General, going
around the world, marginalization is the key—crises of identity where some people belong as dignifi ed citizens
with all the rights of citizenship, others are so marginalized and excluded to the point of statelessness. I resonate
very much with what the High Commissioner for Human Rights said about the responsibility to protect. In my
Brookings Project on Africa, we developed, focusing on Africa, the notion of sovereignty as a responsibility; I
used that concept in my dialogue with governments and the international community. I would go to a country,
give the leadership the sense that I come with respect as Representative of the Secretary-General for IDPs for
62
their sovereignty, but that I regard sovereignty not as a barricade against international solidarity and involvement,
but as a positive concept of state responsibility to protect its citizens.
My message to them was: If you need help, call on the international community to assist you, but if you lack the
will and capacity and try to shield yourself from the international community in this day and age, when human
rights and humanitarian values motivate the international community to get involved in internal affairs, nobody is
going to be left alone to mistreat its people. The world will not see them suffering and dying, and yet do nothing.
So the subtext, with a degree of comfort in the communication, would be: it is in your interest, it is the best way
to protect your sovereignty, that you demonstrate your responsibility to protect your citizens. This concept has
been reinforced by the Canadian-sponsored Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, whose report the
Responsibility to Protect has been widely disseminated and positively received, albeit with controversy. It has been
reinforced by what we just heard today and by many other statements from leaders around the world, particularly
within the UN system. We have to go beyond that to tell governments that they must create frameworks where
citizens generally belong, and where they deserve the dignity and respect of citizenship. Citizenship is not a
paper value; it is the rights that accrue from being a citizen, and that is the message that should go along with
the responsibility to protect—defi ning human rights, as the High Commissioner said, holistically, so that every
citizen will feel a sense of belonging with the dignity of citizenship. Thank you.
63
Bineta Diop, Executive Director and founder of Femmes Africa Solidarité
Bineta Diop of Senegal began her career in human rights 27 years ago as Program
Coordinator of the International Commission of Jurists, where she obtained extensive
experience in human rights issues in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Ms. Diop has
led Femmes Africa Solidarité in numerous peace-building programs, including the
creation of a strong West African women’s movement, the Mano River Women’s Peace
Network (MARWOPNET). In 2003, the General Assembly awarded MARWOPNET
the UN Prize in the fi eld of Human Rights. Ms. Diop has observed elections in post-
confl ict areas and facilitated peace talks, particularly for Burundian and Congolese
women. In 1999, she was appointed General Rapporteur to the UNESCO Pan-African
Women’s Conference on a Culture of Peace. As a member of the African Women’s
Committee for Peace and Development (AWCPD), Ms. Diop played an instrumental
role in achieving gender parity within the African Union Commission in 2003. These
efforts culminated in July of 2004 as the African Union adopted the “Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in
Africa.” In 2005, FAS organized the African Gender Forum which promotes South-South dialogue between African
and Arab women leaders. Furthermore, Ms. Diop chairs the United Nations Working Group on Peace in Geneva,
which is part of the NGO Committee on the Status of Women. In this capacity, she will monitor the implementation
of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. Ms. Diop also serves as a member of the
Group of International Advisors to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Why is Gender Still Not on the Peace and Security Agenda in Africa?
Thank you, I am very happy to be with you today. I remember fi ve years ago in this same room, I did ask the question
why gender was not mainstream in peace and security. I think we still ask that same question, even though I congratulate
the Hilton Foundation for taking this issue very seriously. I see the number of women present, I see the panelists, I see
the gender issues in the humanitarian issues that we are discussing.
Today, we are focusing on vulnerable populations and the role and responsibility of the international community. I
will briefl y discuss gender in the peace and security agenda in Africa. I am not here today to go back to what Francis
Deng has said about the root causes of our confl icts. I think, for Africa, there is no time to lament. What we have
observed is the changing nature of confl ict in Africa. In the ’90s, we can say it was transformed from the way it has
been traditionally fought with an increasing predominance of civilians among the casualties. Right now what do we
see? The number of confl icts has been decreasing—40% less in 2005 than in 1992—and there are fewer casualties
right now, but this has not resulted in a decrease in human suffering.
It can even be said that human suffering and the lack of human security in Africa has increased, as is the case in Darfur.
This is due to the fact that psychological warfare is practiced more and more, and this has resulted in the increase of
psychological weapons against innocent civilians. For example, some of you have seen in Sierra Leone the amputee
camp where you fi nd children and babies amputated. Women continue to suffer in distinct ways, not because of any
intrinsic weakness, but because of their position in society. Rape, which has been mentioned several times today, is a
very strong and powerful psychological weapon used by combatants to terrify and humiliate people and communities.
For example, 5,000 cases of rape, corresponding to an average of 40 a day, were recorded in one area of the DRC
[Democratic Republic of Congo] by women’s associations in 2003. Women are even more vulnerable to gender-based
violence when they are internally displaced or refugees. For example, in Sierra Leone, 94% of the displaced households
have experienced sexual assaults, including torture and slavery. However, it is unfair to relegate all the women to the
status of victims. Their experiences are needed in the process of fi nding solutions for Africa.
Women advocates are demanding not to be only benefi ciaries, but active actors. One of the responses has been UN
Secretary Council Resolution 1325 that some of you have heard, which has created three provisions—the three Ps, as
64
we say—prevention, protection and participation. Protection of women during armed confl icts by calling an end to
impunity for gender-based abuses; integration of a gender perspective in peacemaking and peacekeeping; participation
of women at all levels of decision-making. It calls for action from a large number of stakeholders—governments, civil
society, UN Security Council, UN Secretary-General and all parties in confl ict. Five years after its negotiation, we can
see that the international community has failed to implement this resolution.
Why is it that in peace negotiations we only recognize those holding the guns? I remember when the women of
Somalia came to the peace negotiations, they explained that Somalia is divided into fi ve clans and they are all men, and
these are the people that we are inviting to negotiate. The women have formed a sixth clan. It was a way to come to the
negotiating table. Why is it that in peace mediation only men are appointed as peace facilitators, peace negotiators?
Why is it that in transitional governments the sharing of power is simply between the elite, but excludes women? The
Mano River Women’s Peace Network was in Accra, negotiating. They even signed the peace agreement of Liberia,
and yet they were not recognized in the transitional government. Why is it that in peacekeeping operations, soldiers are
not trained in gender issues to change their behavior? Why is it that violence against women has not been recognized
as a crime against humanity in war tribunals? When the Rwanda Tribunal was set up, some of us were trying to bring
up the issue of victims of rape. It took time before it was recognized. Why is it that in the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission, women who make complaints about rape are not protected? Why are we not increasing the number of
women as investigators in such settings? Why is it in disarmament and demobilization reintegration, male combatants
are the main focus and women are not recognized? Why is that in post-confl ict reconstruction, there is a tendency to
rebuild the roads and infrastructure and we do not address women’s specifi c needs? Trauma healing, support services,
capacity building and economic empowerment are the last issues to go to the table.
We have a collective responsibility, as stipulated in the discussion today, in the MDGs. We—my organization, Femmes
Africa Solidarité included—the feminist movement in Africa, have targeted some specifi c institutions. The Organization
of African Unity, which has transformed into the African Union, used to be masculine in culture and practice. We try to
put pressure on our leaders who created a new program, which is called the New Partnership for Africa’s Development
(NEPAD). There is a little bit of light in our struggle, and we have to recognize it. We have gained gender parity in
the commission of the African Union. We now have fi ve women and fi ve men serving as commissioners, leading the
program of the African Union. We have been able to sit the heads of state of 53 countries around the table to discuss
gender issues two years back in Addis Ababa. We have a woman heading the Pan-African Parliament, a woman
heading the peer review mechanism. We had a woman, Wangari Maathai, heading ECOSOCC [Economic, Social,
and Cultural Council of the African Union]. It is growing fast, and we are applying pressure continually. We have just
recently seen the Protocol on Women’s Rights, which is specifi c to women of Africa, addressing our needs, which has
been adopted and is going to enter into force in a month. This is African women’s struggle. The challenge to all of
us is really to bring these changes that we have been talking about at the top level to the grassroots level. This is our
collective responsibility: to ensure that human security transforms ordinary people’s lives.
I really thank the Hilton Foundation today for allowing me to share my experiences, but also I want to congratulate
you for the resources that you are allocating to women in vulnerable populations. I am sure you will continue to target
women’s groups as your partners in Africa. After all, gender is the center issue in peace and development in Africa, as
my colleague from the World Bank said this morning. I thank you very much.
65
Olara A. Otunnu, Former United Nations Under-Secretary-General, Special Representative of the Secretary-
General for Children and Armed Confl ict
In 1997, Olara A. Otunnu was appointed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan as
his Special Representative to advocate and promote standards for the protection of
children in times of war and confl ict. Before the conclusion of his appointment in
2005, the UN Security Council passed a historic unanimous resolution establishing
a series of groundbreaking measures to ensure the protection of children exposed
to armed confl ict. Included is the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring
and reporting mechanism which will name all offending parties, both insurgents
and governments. An outspoken advocate for millions of children, Otunnu is also
widely recognized for his contributions to international peace and security, confl ict
prevention, reform of multilateral institutions, human rights, and the future of Africa.
In the 1970s, Otunnu played a leading role in the resistance against the regime of
Idi Amin in Uganda. In 1979, he was elected a member of the interim administration
in the post-Amin period. From 1980 to 1985, he served as Uganda’s Permanent Representative to the United
Nations. During his tenure, he played a very active role, serving as President of the Security Council; Chairman
of the Commission on Human Rights; Vice-President of the General Assembly; and Facilitator of Global
Negotiations. Otunnu served as Minister for Foreign Affairs of Uganda from 1985 to 1986. He returned to the
world of academia before being appointed to the UN. From 1987 to 1989, he was affi liated with the Institut
Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI) as a Visiting Fellow, and with the American University in Paris as
a Visiting Professor. From 1990 to the beginning of his mandate as Special Representative, Olara Otunnu was
President of the International Peace Academy (IPA). He currently serves on the boards of several organizations,
including the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Aspen Institute, Carnegie Corporation of New
York, the International Selection Commission of the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, Aspen France, and the Jury for
the Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize. Otunnu has received several major awards, including the German
Africa Prize (2002) and the prestigious Sydney Peace Prize in November 2005.
Ending Wars Against Children
It is wonderful to share this platform this afternoon with such good friends and colleagues. Much has already
been said on the topic for this afternoon, so I will focus my remarks on two especially vulnerable categories of
populations: on the one hand, children who are being destroyed in situations of war and, on the other, populations
exposed to genocide.
The efforts within the United Nations over the last several years to put in place a more effective protection
for children exposed to armed confl ict culminated in a historic resolution — Security Council Resolution 1612,
adopted on July 26, 2005; this is a development of great consequence. Leading up to that, we proceeded to
develop this in phases — four phases to be precise. The fi rst phase of our collective efforts — and there are many
organizations in this room that contributed to the efforts, laying the foundation — consisted of defi ning and framing
the “Children Affected by Armed Confl ict” (CAAC) agenda, gaining acceptance and legitimacy for the new
agenda, establishing a network of stakeholders within and outside the UN, and laying the groundwork for broader
awareness-raising and advocacy. In the second phase, I led initiatives and efforts (involving in particular UN
entities, governments, NGOs and regional organizations) to develop concrete responses and actions — visiting on
the ground and bearing witness to what children are experiencing, and telling the world about that and raising the
issue on the ground as well.
We took the protection of children from being a peripheral issue to becoming an integral part of the international
peace-and-security agenda, and therefore part of the Security Council agenda and also regional organizations.
We have put in place the most comprehensive set of standards, conventions, protocols, resolutions relative to
66
the protection of children in situations of confl ict, ensuring that, more and more, in post-confl ict dispensation—for
reconstruction, healing and rebuilding—that children become a particular priority. Ensuring that institutions within
and beyond the United Nations seriously mainstream the protection of war-affected children within their programs,
for example, we now have Child Protection Advisors placed in peacekeeping missions. And, with appropriate support
and encouragement, war-affected children are coming into their own, through their active participation in rebuilding
peace and “Voice of Children” programs. These efforts and initiatives created strong momentum.
These and other examples represent signifi cant gains at the formal and international levels. Yet in spite of these
impressive gains, I remained deeply preoccupied by one phenomenon. Something became very clear, which is not
unique to this sector; it’s a perennial problem in the efforts of the United Nations: the gap between the normative body
of standards, international initiatives, and what is actually happening to children on the ground. On the one hand, we
had now developed these clear and strong standards for protection and important concrete initiatives, particularly at
the international level. On the other hand, atrocities and impunity against children continued on the ground. This is
not unique to this sector. Words on paper are very important. We begin with words on paper. But words on paper
alone do not protect children and women in danger. In effect, the international community and the children were now
faced with a cruel dichotomy. Thus, I pushed for us to embark on a campaign for the “era of application”: how to
ensure that these norms and initiatives are translated into a protective regime on the ground for children—that is what
really matters. And resolution 1612 brings together all the necessary elements to ensure the “era of application.”
The third phase was to institute a “naming and shaming’ list” This also became the fi rst concrete step in the ‘era of
application’ campaign. The purpose of the “naming and shaming list” was to institute a practice to identify, name,
and publicly list offending parties for grave abuses against children. This would underscore accountability and exact
public pressure on the offending parties. The idea was not only to publish the list but to submit it offi cially to the
Security Council.
The fourth and last stage in our campaign was the task of developing a full-fl edged compliance regime. Two years ago,
I embarked on an intensive process of designing, drafting and holding extensive consultations with all stakeholders,
particularly, governments, UN agencies, regional organizations, and NGOs. Last January, I put forward a detailed
action plan, proposing a structure and a series of measures necessary for a formal compliance regime.
It took six months of intensive and protracted negotiations within the Security Council and with other delegations
before the Security Council, in a major and groundbreaking development, unanimously adopted Resolution 1612 on
July 26, endorsing the structure and the series of far-reaching measures contained in the action plan. This marks
a turning point of great consequence. For the fi rst time, the UN has established a formal, structured and detailed
compliance regime of this kind.
The compliance regime breaks new ground in several respects. In that resolution, fi ve main things were decided upon
and endorsed by the Security Council. First, the practice of identifying, naming, and shaming offi cially and publicly
all offending parties that violate children. All offending parties, governments as well as insurgents, will continue to
be identifi ed publicly, in what has been called the “naming and shaming” list, which I have prepared and submitted
annually to the Security Council since 2003. As we meet here, there are 54 such parties before the Security Council
and in the public domain, named with a listing of the violations for which they have been cited.
Second, unless we have in place a very systematic, structured, organized, detailed system for monitoring and reporting
the conduct of parties in confl ict, the norms are not of great consequence. So the Security Council approved a very
detailed, formal, structured monitoring and reporting mechanism so that we can tell, chapter and verse, who is doing
what to children where, beginning at the community level—the theater of confl ict—to the national level with a task
force, to the Security Council level. And when the Security Council receives a monitoring report, it is supposed to
serve as a trigger for action. It is not for debate and fi ling, but a trigger for action. So that is the second element of
this compliance regime.
67
The third element has been the Security Council ordering the named parties to work with UN country teams and
come up with time-bound, specifi c action plans indicating exactly what measures have been taken to end the
violations for which they have been cited. Fourth, where parties fail to stop their violations against children,
the Security Council will consider targeted measures against those parties and their leaders, such as travel
restrictions and denial of visas, imposition of arms embargoes and bans on military assistance, and restriction on
the fl ow of fi nancial resources. And then, fi nally, the Security Council has agreed and now constituted in fact,
a standing committee of the Council as a whole devoted to following up on these measures and assuring that
they are being implemented. These fi ve elements together constitute what I call the compliance regime for the
protection of children who are being destroyed in situations of war. This means that we have now embarked
on the “era of application.”
Where do you come in, you as humanitarians? This is a historic development of great consequence—the fi rst
time ever the Security Council of the UN has done this. We need your support and your pressure for the
implementation of this regime of compliance; your pressure on the offending parties, most of whom are sensitive
to public opinion; your pressure on the United Nations agencies to do the tasks assigned to them at the ground
level—to gather and vet information and transmit it to the Security Council—and your pressure on member states
that compose the Security Council, so that when they receive these reports, they will take action, crossing off the
list those who have complied with the action plans, and taking more radical and targeted measures against those
who remain recalcitrant. So in order for this to succeed—we have everything now in place—but now you must
be engaged, you must be involved. That is my appeal to you.
My second big issue concerns populations exposed to genocide. If there is one issue that should immediately
drive humanitarians, the United Nations, the Security Council into decisive action, it is the specter of genocide
unfolding anywhere in the world. We have said before: “Never again” after the Holocaust in Europe, and “Never
again” after massacres of children and women in the Balkans, and “Never again” after the genocide in Rwanda.
But each time this has been after the fact. We have said, “Not on my watch,” but that was looking at somebody
else’s watch. As we meet here, on our watch, a particularly horrendous humanitarian and human rights catastrophe
is unfolding in northern Uganda. I know of no recent situation where all the elements of genocide provided in
the genocide convention of 1948 have been brought together in such a diabolically comprehensive manner as in
what is unfolding today in northern Uganda. This is on our watch, but nothing is being done about it.
Consider the following. The situation in northern Uganda has now gone on for 20 years non-stop; I mean 20 years
non-stop. The past ten years have particularly defi ned the genocide: about two million people have been forcibly
removed from their homes and land and herded into concentration camps—some 200 camps. 95% of the Acoli
population is in these camps. Many of you saw and were horrifi ed by the scenes in the Superdome in New Orleans
in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. You couldn’t bear to watch such utter and complete vulnerability. Well, in
northern Uganda, the government has warehoused two million people in 200 Superdomes; this has been going on
for 10 years with the world fully aware of what is going on. As one relief offi cial put it, “People are living like
animals. They do not have the bare minimum.” Or, as Gulu NGO Forum reported, “The camp population is not
coping anymore, but only slowly, gradually dying.”
We have a situation in which by the most conservative estimate, a thousand people are dying, in excess of normal
mortality rates, each week in these camps. Northern Uganda is the worst place in the world, by far, to be a child
today. The infant mortality rate is the worst in the world. Over 20,000 children, unprotected, have been abducted
over the last years. 40,000 children walk some 10 kilometers each evening to come and sleep in the open air, in
what goes for safe areas, and then march back the following morning— the so-called “night commuters.” And for
20 years, children have been deprived of any schooling and education, as a matter of government policy. These
children have now been deliberately condemned to a life of darkness and ignorance, as a matter of policy. The
livelihood of this population has been taken away; fi rst, their livestock was simply taken away en masse, literally,
and then they were removed from their land and not allowed to cultivate their lands, as a matter of policy. The
68
sanitation conditions in these camps are abominable, and health care is non-existent. And that is why people are
dying at staggering rates.
People are exposed to atrocities by the rebel side and by the government side; they are in the middle. Not a
single one of these atrocities over 20 years has ever been independently investigated, including situations where
300 to 500 people have been massacred in a single incident—none has been investigated. In Uganda, HIV/
AIDS is being used as a deliberate tool of genocide. The soldiers that are screened and found to be HIV positive
are then especially deployed in the north with the clear understanding to wreak the maximum havoc on the local
girls and women. And a place which barely had any HIV cases has now gone to staggering levels of 30%-50%
compared to national infection rate of 5%. But this is happening on our watch, with the full knowledge of the
international community.
I would like to say that, regarding the doctrine of “Responsibility to Protect,” that my good friend Louise Arbour
spoke about, northern Uganda must be the fi rst test of the seriousness of the international community to live up
to this commitment. If the international community is not able to apply this new doctrine objectively, based
on the facts on the ground, as opposed to based on politics, then once again we shall have reason to despair,
to lose credibility and to make populations in distress cynical of our efforts. This genocide is the fi rst test of
“Responsibility to Protect.” You have a role. We have a role because this is happening on our watch. We can join
in the reigning conspiracy of silence or we can say, “No, not on our watch, we will not accept this,” and mount a
campaign to break the silence and end the genocide unfolding in northern Uganda. I thank you very much.
69
Melvin L. Cheatham, M.D., FACS, Samaritan’s Purse
Melvin L. Cheatham is a neurosurgeon and a member of the Board of Directors of
Samaritan’s Purse and of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Dr. Cheatham
gave up his very successful neurosurgical practice to devote his full energies to medical
relief work in developing countries and in areas of war and confl ict. He and his wife
volunteer their time doing relief work around the world through World Medical
Mission, the medical arm of Samaritan’s Purse. Dr. Cheatham is a Clinical Professor
of Neurosurgery at the University of California (Los Angeles) Medical Center. He is
past President of the California State Neurosurgical Society and a past President of
the Western Neurosurgical Society, an organization of the top neurosurgeons from the
Western United States and Canada. He is co-editor of an internationally renowned
surgical textbook and has received prestigious awards from both the American and
California Associations of Neurological Surgeons. Dr. Cheatham speaks nationally
and internationally on humanitarian relief work, and is a special assistant to Dr. Franklin Graham, President of
Samaritan’s Purse. He is the author of three books: “Come Walk With Me,” “Living A Life That Counts,” and
“Make A Difference,” each book focusing upon our need to bring humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations
of the world. Because of Dr. Cheatham’s work, he has received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.
North Korea: An Unseen, but Vulnerable Population
I want to thank Steven Hilton, Judy Miller and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation for holding this excellent
international humanitarian conference and for extending this opportunity to me to speak concerning North Korea.
North Korea is a secretive, severely isolated and rigidly closed country and its twenty-two-and-a-half million people
constitute a vulnerable population. It is a population that is almost completely unseen and unheard. The challenges
that are presented by North Korea require an understanding of who the late, Great Leader Kim Il Sung was and, in
fact, who he continues to be. Even though he died in July of 1994, he is still president of the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea (DPRK) for eternity and he is viewed by the people in that hermit kingdom as their deity. His
importance is obvious upon arrival at Pyongyang International Airport on the only aircraft arriving and the only
one that will be leaving on that day as part of the twice-weekly fl ights to and from Beijing.
A large photograph of Kim Il Sung is positioned on top of the airport terminal, and as visitors are driven into
the city of Pyongyang, large mosaics and paintings of his likeness appear at frequent intervals. There are very
few cars, in part due to the limited availability of petrol, and it is said that “in the DPRK petrol is more precious
than blood.” Many people can be seen walking alongside the roads, many in military uniform. Once inside the
city, Russian-style apartment buildings are seen lining the wide boulevards. Massive government buildings and
monuments fi ll the city, and towering above everything is a tall pyramid building, unfi nished and with a rusting
crane on its top. Kim Il Sung had envisioned this building to be the tallest hotel in the world, but it now stands as
a rusting, decaying, unfi nished symbol of North Korea’s failed economy.
Passing under the huge marble arch, visitors see the 80-foot tall bronze statue of the Great Leader Kim Il Sung, at one
time reportedly covered in gold. It was built at a cost of over sixty million dollars in the mid-1990s, at a time when
two million North Korean people apparently starved because of a lack of food. Many scavenged for grass to eat
and for roots to be dug from the ground in an attempt to satisfy their hunger. Along the banks of the river in the city,
stands the tall Juche tower, built as the dream of the present Great Leader, Kim Jung Il. “Juche” is the philosophy
espoused by Kim Il Sung and means “self-reliance,” but it is painfully obvious that North Korea is not self-reliant.
Outside the city, large numbers of people work in the rice paddies; men and women who labor from long before
sunrise in the morning to far past sunset in the evening. As they work, mobile vehicles with large bullhorn
70
speakers mounted front and back play martial music and blare the party line. At night, those who do have access
to radio or television can tune in only to broadcasts extolling the government system. Living conditions for
people in the DPRK, especially those living in the countryside, are very basic, with most homes lacking indoor
plumbing, and with no supply of safe water to drink.
Since the death of Kim Il Sung in 1994, North Korea has been ruled by his son, General Secretary Kim Jung Il.
In this country, with large government buildings and monuments, and with a reported 28 or more palaces for the
Great Leader, living conditions for most people appear to be poor. Hard currency is directed toward building
structures for show in Pyongyang, as well as to support the third largest military force in the world, to build
intercontinental ballistic rockets, and for development of nuclear weapons.
With a crumbling infrastructure many believe to be far beyond repair, North Korea is a country where mind
control is exercised over its people from infancy and continued throughout their lifetimes, and where total
discipline of mind, body and spirit is rigidly harnessed in order to bring praise and glory to only one person, and
that is the Great Leader. In 1992, and again in 1994, the former Great Leader, General Kim Il Sung, invited Dr.
Billy Graham to visit Pyongyang, North Korea. Dr. Graham accepted his invitation and, as a result of meetings
between these two very different men, the Great Leader proclaimed that Dr. Billy Graham and the Billy Graham
family were part of his family. This moved this very unusual relationship to a very high level in the eyes of the
people of North Korea.
During the humanitarian crisis in the DPRK that developed in the mid-1990s, the doors of this secretive society
were opened enough to allow critically needed food and humanitarian aid to be brought in by the United Nations,
various governments and numerous humanitarian organizations. In 1997, I was asked to go to North Korea to
represent Dr. Billy Graham and Reverend Franklin Graham in responding to the tuberculosis epidemic in that
country, a disease infecting two million or more people there. Through Samaritan’s Purse, headed by Reverend
Franklin Graham, a TB diagnostic and treatment program was begun and re-equipping of several TB hospitals
was carried out. In addition, a dental program was started utilizing a mobile dental vehicle for bringing dental
care to people in the countryside.
Since the mid-1990s, large quantities of food and humanitarian aid have fl owed into North Korea, but the North
Korean leadership recently announced that all international aid agency staff are to leave the country by December
2005, and that the UN food program is to be halted. Fortunately, North Korean offi cials have reversed somewhat
the government’s position in this regard by agreeing to accept assistance that can be classifi ed as “development
work” rather than as humanitarian aid.
Like most of you, I have stood face to face with the suffering of humanity in Bosnia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Somalia,
and the Congo, as well as in the Middle East, the Sudan and Iraq. The horror of human suffering we have seen
in these countries and regions, as described by the speakers today, has been intensifi ed by the terrible suffering
and the death in our time brought by HIV/AIDS. The vulnerable populations of our time can usually be easily
identifi ed, easily seen, and their cries for help can be easily heard, but the vulnerable population that lives in the
DPRK is largely unseen and unheard, and their suffering is essentially unknown.
Based upon the ten visits to North Korea I have made since 1997 on behalf of Samaritan’s Purse and the humanitarian
assistance work being done there, I want to suggest fi ve major concerns for your consideration. These are concerns
that I believe face us as a world community and as humanitarians, and they are concerns that have the potential to
impact carrying out the UN Millennium Development Goals that have been addressed today.
First is the prospect of millions of North Korean people creating a humanitarian catastrophe by fl eeing across
the borders of their country in search of food. Second, the possibility that with reunifi cation of North and South
Korea, problems will occur that might impact peace and the ability to carry out humanitarian work in the rest
71
of the world. Third, the threat posed by North Korea’s nuclear weapons and missile programs, and the ongoing
military tensions along the 38th Parallel. Fourth, the likelihood that North Korea will remain incapable of feeding
and caring for the needs of its people. Fifth, the fear that Kim Jung Il’s continued rule and the lack of a designated
heir has the potential to lead to even greater diffi culties for the world community in the future. These fi ve major
concerns give us pause and cause us to search for possible answers.
The prospect of masses of North Korean people fl eeing across the borders of the DPRK in search of food makes
it imperative that we do everything we can as an international community to provide food for the people who
suffer from hunger there. As regards possible monumental problems should reunifi cation of the Koreas occur,
careful diplomatic planning seems imperative. The only answer to the threat posed by North Korea’s nuclear
weapons program appears to rest with the diplomatic process being pursued through the six-party talks in Beijing.
With no likelihood of an imminent change in the current North Korean leadership or in its repressive system of
government, the need for humanitarian assistance for the people in that country appears likely to continue. The
fears that exist with the present leadership and political system in the DPRK and the fears of what might happen
with a change in leadership both call for the best of efforts in diplomacy and humanitarian assistance.
Perhaps one fi nal question facing the international community is this: Why help North Korea? Why try to provide
help to this isolated society with a leadership not open to change? Why even try to provide help for twenty-two-
and-a-half million people who do not have a clue about what exists outside the borders of their country? The
answer, I believe, is that bringing help to people in need is the right thing to do, and this should apply to North
Korea just as it does to other countries. I thank you very much.
72
Afternoon Session — Question and Answer Session
Begleiter. I want to thank our entire panel, which is a long panel, but as you can see there is a lot of expertise
here, and I am sure some of you have questions. So many of the panelists addressed comments or questions to
High Commissioner Arbour that I would like to ask her to respond to a couple of them. You were challenged
on the question of Uganda. Is it going to be your fi rst target of opportunity to exercise the new philosophy you
expressed in your remarks? You were asked why women are not recognized in international war crime tribunals
or truth and reconciliation commissions and so on. At the risk of extending your list too much, you also talked
about using the General Assembly as a mechanism, should the Security Council become disabled, shall we say by
political means, from acting. How would you implement Chapter Seven and the use of force in the UN under the
authority of the General Assembly? How do you imagine that working without UN Security Council approval?
So those are just a few small details for you to elaborate.
Arbour. Thank you very much. I will not take very much time because I am sure there may also be issues that
others want to address. I think that a lot of the issues you have raised, certainly the fi rst two, would bring me fi rst
to make a general remark, which is that even though there is a huge amount of work that remains to be done ahead
of us, I think it is important not to understate some of the accomplishments fi rst of all by civil society, and frankly
also by international organizations, and to be quite rigorous when we condemn the acts of others, or even when
we include ourselves in this self-criticism. For instance, I am always very wary after hearing the description of
some horrendous event, that we do nothing. Well, wait a minute. It depends what we mean by “we.” If we
mean the United Nations, it is even unfair to characterize the United Nations as the United Nations. Decisions
made by the Security Council certainly do not refl ect, I think, the views that members of the Secretariat and the
various agencies, funds and programs would want to take and very often are taking within the ambit of their
competence. So I think it is important to be very precise in calling to account those who are not doing enough, but
also in recognizing the immense efforts of the many who are doing quite a bit in the face of, frankly, sometimes
insurmountable odds and challenges.
Let me come back to Northern Uganda. Maybe that is a way of illustrating what I have in mind. Northern
Uganda is very often referred to as the forgotten or hidden confl ict, the one that doesn’t make it to international
news, but it is not true that nothing is being done. In fact, there are many NGOs that have been engaged for many
years in trying to alleviate the suffering. But again, even if we elevate it to what is being done institutionally, I
do not want to suggest for a minute that it is enough, but let us not forget that northern Uganda is the very fi rst
case ever brought before the ICC. In fact, it is the very fi rst case in which the International Criminal Court has
issued fi ve indictments. Some will say they are all against the same side, the LRA; it is not even-handed. My
point is simply that there is a form of engagement in northern Uganda. My own offi ce has now opened a small
fi eld presence. The International Crisis Group has been trying to call attention to the IDPs. If it is known for
anything, it is known for the exploitation of child soldiers and the terrible predicament of the plight of children in
armed confl ict. I think Uganda will probably remain forever the epitome of this terrible form of abuse, but I just
want to stress that when we embark on this kind of analysis, it is important to be extremely prudent.
The same thing is true in Darfur. Again, we are not doing nothing. There are thousands of NGOs, humanitarian
workers that are engaged on the ground. I would like to see a lot more, but that is not the point. I think at the
same time we have to recognize this, otherwise it cheapens and diminishes the efforts that so many are deploying
because they cannot bring it to the level that we would all want to see.
As for the question of the treatment of women in armed confl ict generally, again I think it is important to recognize
that even though we have a huge distance still to go, we have made incredible progress — fi rst, Resolution 1325
in the Security Council, just like the resolution now on children in armed confl ict. Five years ago, a High
Commissioner for Human Rights would have never appeared before the Security Council, period, or would have
never been invited. It would not have been forthcoming. I appear regularly now before the Security Council. The
73
Security Council is talking now about children and women in armed confl ict, at a time when they are examining
threats to international peace and security. We have come some distance. Are they doing enough? No way. But
have we made some progress? Huge progress.
The two international tribunals have rendered groundbreaking decisions regarding sexual violence, in particular
the fi rst one in the Rwanda tribunal—rape and sexual violence is recognized as a crime against humanity. What
was problematic was whether rape could be viewed as an act of genocide. Subsequently, the International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has explicitly provided for that. Does that mean there
are a suffi cient number of prosecutions for gender violence? No. When I was trying to do that work in these
two tribunals, investigators would say, “We have hundreds of thousands of cases of extermination and murder,
why do you insist that we also prosecute rape and sexual violence?” I believe that we had to because it was so
important to make progress, and because of the prevalence of these predatory practices during war and confl ict
against particularly vulnerable populations such as women and children. But again, we have to understand on the
one hand, I think, how much remains to be done but at the same time, celebrate to some extent that, both through
legal means and through a certain openness in the political process, we are moving in the right direction—not fast
enough, but in the right direction.
The question of the role of the General Assembly is really a long shot. The General Assembly does not have
Chapter Seven. It has no coercive powers, but between a Security Council totally paralyzed because of the
anticipated use of a veto on the one hand and a totally unilateral, small group of powerful countries—in that I
would include NATO—going along, as was the case in Kosovo on the other, at least a case could be made that
a GA resolution triggered by a majority of members asking for an emergency session that has to be held within
24 hours getting a 2/3 majority—that is hard. It is a high threshold. But this would legitimize and validate
multilateral initiatives short of the Security Council. It cannot order, but it could legitimize and validate regional
efforts or coalitions that might not succeed because of a veto. So I recognize, once again, that there are limitations
to that initiative but the Commission on Intervention that produced the concept of the responsibility to protect
targeted that as one particular initiative we would want to encourage. Thank you.
Begleiter. OK, thank you very much. It is the audience’s turn and we have a bit of time here this afternoon to
take some questions.
Q. Shazia Rafi a, Parliamentarians for Global Action. Good afternoon. I work for Parliamentarians for Global
Action. We are a network of more than a thousand parliamentarians working on the campaign for ICC, and the
reason why I am particularly happy to hear from Judge Arbour is that we try to make the link and to tell key
parliamentarians in Latin America why it is important for them to ratify the ICC and how their ratifi cation is
important for Uganda, for Sudan and for the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this respect, I have a question
based on the proposition of Judge Arbour, but I guess it is also addressed to all the panelists who are somehow
involved in confl ict resolution mechanisms in the countries they come from.
Judge Arbour explains how this revolution is starting through three steps. First, the prevention of the crimes
and then the use of all means, and then if there is failure, we will have intervention. I want to ask your view, is
the International Criminal Court or any other judicial means part of the second step that says “use of all means
peaceful” or is it a form of intervention that should be the last resort? This is both in theory and in practice, in
these complex situations where you have judicial proceedings and indictments going on in the midst of confl ict.
Begleiter. I’m going to just declare unilaterally here that we are not going to have all seven or eight panelists
here answer every question, so who would like to respond?
Rusesabagina. When it comes to justice, it is a very sensitive issue and especially when it is done by the United
Nations. We have an international court for Rwanda. That court was put up in 1995 and its main objective was
74
to try the leaders of the Rwandan genocide. So far, they have not tried any since 1995. There is one, who used to be
our Prime Minister, who was nominated as Prime Minister in April 1994 when the genocide started. That tribunal,
since 1995, has consumed many billions of dollars and since that time, in the last 10 years, I have met the prosecutor
of that tribunal in Washington, DC on June 16 this year and they had convicted 25 people in the last 10 years. The
same international community is the one that put up a tribunal for the Jewish Holocaust in Nuremberg, 1945. In less
than three years, Hitler and his lieutenants were convicted and the whole world gathered $250 billion because justice
was done. Today in Africa, justice is completely stopped. Justice is not working. The Rwandan issue is a very good
example. The last 10 years, have been spent consuming, spending billions of dollars and convicting only 25 people.
Here I say 25, not 200, just 25 and not the “big fi sh,” as you say.
Begleiter. OK, is there another panelist who would like to comment on this particular question?
Arbour. I think I need to come in on this issue, an issue plaguing the international community, the question of
whether justice is too expensive, too slow, or worth the effort. It probably will be the case that when we have the
luxury of historical review, we will have a lot to say about the Yugoslav and Rwandan tribunals. These were the fi rst
created. I think that if the Security Council, which created the tribunals, had anticipated at the time what it would cost
and how long it would take, frankly I believe they would not have moved forward. Having said that, I am very happy
that they did. I think the reason we have an International Criminal Court today is largely based on the experiment
of these tribunals. What will not change is that the ICC will never have the capacity to do much more than what the
Rwanda tribunal will produce by the time it is over. It was never anticipated that it would convict large numbers—if
it reaches 100, it will be viewed as a great success. It was meant to target the leadership of the Rwandan genocide.
When I was the prosecutor for the Rwanda tribunal, we had at that time maybe 40 people incarcerated; there were
130,000 incarcerated in Rwanda on genocide-related charges. Now the 40 we had, mind you, I suspect the Rwandan
government would never have been able to arrest them, and they were the leaders. They were all arrested outside
Rwanda, in countries with which Rwanda had no extradition treaty, so the reach of international criminal justice can
go way beyond the capacity of a single state. Now, if some of them could be prosecuted in Belgium as they have
been, in France as they have been, under national laws at no cost to the international community, I think that is great
too. But the ICC will be an infrastructure that will be, in a sense, a default jurisdiction when everything else fails.
Is it an all-peaceful means or is it a form of aggressive intervention? I believe justice is non-coercive fundamentally,
and it is a peaceful form of intervention. It’s coercive against those who are the subject of an arrest warrant, but it is
essentially the same as in our domestic jurisdiction. Criminal justice is a forum in which we reaffi rm our shared values
and our denunciation of infringement of those values. I believe it is fundamentally a peaceful means of intervention
and should be promoted despite its current shortcomings.
Q. Susannah Sirkin, Physicians for Human Rights. Just a quick observation and then a question about an
area of vulnerable populations. It is strange and sad, I think, that we actually have to call women and children
“populations.” They are the population and it’s just something I think we all ought to be aware of. It is very sad that
we have to segment off more than half, two-thirds—maybe more, in many countries, three-quarters—as a vulnerable
group. So it’s just an observation.
The question that I have for any of the panelists is how we think about—as many of us in this room are from Western
Europe and North America—the vulnerable within our own societies. I think this panel absolutely touched on the
most important categories, but there is one that we have not touched: there are many categories, but at home we
have the issue of a group we might call the “politically despised,” or maybe that is too strong a word. We also have
a retrenchment on the rights of asylum seekers, immigrants and so forth, especially in the United States since 9/11.
A very large vulnerable group includes those people in countries where the war on terror has been used as a pretext
to clamp down—including the use of torture on those groups. I am just wondering whether those of you who are
working on vulnerable groups think about the obligations of those of us to protect the vulnerable groups within our
midst, or where our own powerful countries may have some obligations to protect?
75
Begleiter. OK. Would anybody like to tackle that one? This is pretty much directly targeted at the U.S., I guess.
Rusesabagina. Let me touch on it; not exactly the way it was phrased, but in the whole notion of whether efforts
should be made to protect people, assisting them within their countries, or whether we should encourage people
to become refugees who want to be refugees, and then to receive them as vulnerable people in their refuge. There
are some people who have argued that efforts to protect the internally displaced, in a sense undermine the refugee
convention and the right to fl ee. I am of the opinion that there is a general assumption in the West that people in
developing countries are all eager to leave their countries and to go abroad, and that anything we do to help them
remain at home is impeding their desire to leave. I do not think so. Whatever the motive of Western countries to
help vulnerable peoples within their own countries, I don’t care. What people normally want is to be protected
and assisted within their own countries, and if we are able to do that so there is no desire to leave, all the better.
Once they come abroad, you know, things do happen, and the mere fact that you are a refugee—despite all the
help you can get—is a disability; being a foreigner who is fl eeing without the capacity or the resources or the
ability to cope in this new situation. So you become inherently vulnerable. All the more reason, I think, for us to
do all we can to help people remain.
Begleiter. Olara, do you want to come in on your other point?
Olara Otunnu. Thank you very much, Ralph. Let me be clear and explicit. In 2004, in his Easter message,
Emmanuel Cardinal Wamala, Archbishop of Kampala warned, “There will be genocide in the north if the
international community does not intervene to end the war.” In an anguished plea, Bishop Macleord Baker
Ochola II, retired Anglican Bishop of Kitgum Diocese in northern Uganda, recently said “All these cries from the
people of Uganda show very clearly that a slow, but sure genocide has been taking place in northern Uganda
while the world is looking on, as was the case in the Rwandan genocide.” A Catholic missionary based in
northern Uganda, Father Carlos Rodriguez, wrote an article which started with the sentence:, “Everything Acoli
is dying.” MSF has reported, “The extent of suffering is overwhelming…according to international benchmarks
this constitutes an emergency out of control.”
If one is facing a situation of genocide, that defi nes the kind of response that the international community should
give. You do not respond to genocide by providing some water here, a little bit of food there, maybe a few
latrines here and there—even though those are important as relief efforts. First order of business when faced
with genocide is to recognize it and move to stop it. That is the fi rst order of business. That is what should have
been done in Rwanda. That is what should have been done in the Balkans. This is what is not being done in
northern Uganda today.
The second point is the reason why nothing is being done in northern Uganda. Again, we have to be very honest
here: political considerations have trumped the “responsibility to protect.” It is not lack of knowledge, it is
about political considerations, and I think nobody in this room can plead that they do not know this. And this
has led to a scandalous double standard; let me again be quite specifi c. For example in 1996—the government
of Burundi tried exactly the same project which the government of Uganda has carried out in northern Uganda.
They went and forced rural populations, saying, “We want to put you in camps—‘camps de regroupement’—in
order to protect you from rebels.” We all (i.e., the international community) protested vigorously and said, “No
way; you cannot do this; it’s a road that leads to genocide.” The Burundi government was forced to dismantle the
camps within months. At that same time, concentration camps were being established in northern Uganda—in
1996—and for 10 years, there has been no similar outrage, no similar protest from the international community.
Another example: in recent years there have been investigations of massacres and atrocities in DRC and Burundi.
In Uganda, for 20 years, all manner of atrocities have been committed with impunity, and we cannot cite a single
example of an independent investigation that has taken place to say who is responsible or who is not responsible
for these atrocities. And the reason at the bottom of this is political; it is double standards.
76
Finally, let me say that it is important how we choose to frame the narrative. If we frame the narrative in terms
of a humanitarian crisis, some humanitarian crisis in Rwanda or northern Uganda, the response is accordingly
determined. If we say that in northern Uganda the problem is simply some crazy group called LRA, who
are committing atrocities and doing terrible things, which is true, the responsibility is attributed accordingly.
According to this narrative, once you deal with the LRA you have solved the problem. In fact, the theater of
genocide I am referring to is the camps, some 200 concentration camps with about two million people in them.
This is the responsibility of the government; these camps were established and are controlled by the government.
That is where there are 1,000 excess deaths every week. That is where the infant mortality rate is out of control.
That is where suicide and depression have galloped beyond anything imagined before. These grim realities are
not being addressed because of a received and carefully scripted narrative that is highly distorted for political
reasons. This is what the people of northern Uganda have been facing. I hope that all of us in this room will
face up to our responsibility in this regard.
Q. Cornelio Sommaruga, Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. I would like fi rst of
all to say how much I was touched by the report on Rwanda, on the Rwandan genocide. As president of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, I visited Rwanda at the end of 1993 and again in 1995, and I would
like to express my admiration for Paul Rusesabagina for what he did in his hotel.
Now, the point that is of particular interest to me is the responsibility to protect. I was a member of this panel of
the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) and co-drafter of the report on the
responsibility to protect. I think that one of the major problems that remains, despite the fact that I am so satisfi ed
with what the summit has said, is that the only concrete result of the summit was the responsibility to protect. Despite
that, there is remaining the problem of the veto of the big fi ve, which is not completely solved. We had proposed
the Code of Conduct and we had in the proposal that one should only use the veto in a situation of vital interest. We
were not able to defi ne the vital interest. But I would like to know if there is any progress on this question in New
York, in the United Nations discussions. And I would like to conclude by saying that, fi nally, the discussion we have
had here on the possible blockade of the Security Council because of the veto ride and the invoking of the General
Assembly with a resolution of those united for peace is something that we had proposed because we thought that a
resolution, united for peace, would give a sort of legitimacy for an intervention that would be made by a regional or
sub-regional organization, despite the fact that there was no resolution before the Security Council.
Begleiter. Let’s hone it down to the simple question of whether any progress has been made toward defi ning the
target or the defi nition of how one might respond if the Security Council is blockaded.
Arbour. As I understood, Mr. Sommaruga’s question on that particular point was whether or not there was
any appetite by the veto holders to self-impose a curtailment on their use of the veto. I am sure it will come
as no surprise to you that I see no sign of anybody yielding, for instance making the commitment as they were
called upon, that they would never use the veto to prevent intervention in the case of genocide or crimes against
humanity—there has been no such undertaking forthcoming—or that they would voluntarily curtail the exercise
of this power. Frankly, I cannot see much hope in the near future for this.
Q. Tom Arnold, Concern Worldwide. The panel’s excellent contributions, I think, give a combination of hope
and pessimism this afternoon. Hope in the sense that clearly there is some progress being made in the legal
framework for protecting human rights and also taking account of Louise Arbour’s listing of achievements. And
then we are faced with some deeply complex and intractable problems like Sudan and Darfur, northern Uganda
and Congo. The way we seem to be saying these can be dealt with is a combination of change at the domestic
political level, but also the international community somehow or other mobilizing itself. Now the international
community, in terms of its possibilities to act, consists of, in African context, the African Union, the UN and
NATO. The African Union is very weak and it will continue to be weak, I think, for the foreseeable future in
terms of its capacity. The UN and NATO are deeply over-stretched. Now, the question is, given the so much
77
improved legal framework that is there in practical political terms, what are the priorities over the next couple of
years to improve the capacity of the international community to act and make a difference?
Begleiter. Who would like to tackle that?
Thomas-Jensen. Well, I think in terms of looking at intervention and capacity within the African Union, the
problem is that simply they do not have it right now to respond to a crisis as large as Darfur, which is not to say
that they are not doing a good job where they are deployed. When you speak to people in Darfur, the people that
the African Union is there to serve, they are not satisfi ed. In fact you hear them say, “We want NATO, we want
Western troops, the AU is not getting it done.”
What can the international community do to build capacity? Well I think it must move beyond its antipathy for
providing military assistance for African countries. I am not talking about providing them with weapons; I am
talking about training and building capacity within African militaries to respond in these types of missions.
In speaking with people at various U.S. embassies, in a country like Nigeria—which has a large military and
is providing troops to the African Union mission—there is a defense liaison offi cer at the U.S. embassy who
works with the AU, goes out there, looks at the troops who have been offered up to work the mission, and
decides whether they are or are not fi t to do the job. On a couple of occasions, the U.S. government has decided
that no, in fact the troops that Nigeria has identifi ed to work in Darfur are simply not up for it. The question is,
whether or not countries—and this is across the board from South Africa to Nigeria to other countries that are
contributing—have, at this point, the numbers of troops with the skills needed in this type of mission—troops
with the experience, logistical capacity, and intelligence capacity to get the job done. So I would say, assistance
to African militaries of the capacity-building type, not the weapon-providing type.
Otunnu. I would like to add to that. First, in an area such as the protection of children exposed to war, where
now we have a very detailed, structured, formal compliance system, which has been offi cially established, the
priority there should be to ensure that that compliance regime is implemented—it is all in place; it should now be
implemented. And that means, as I said earlier, support and pressure by the people who are gathered here. But
at a more political level, whereas I agree that the issue of building capacity at the sub-regional level, the regional
level, African Union, and the UN level is important, I think it is equally important for us to face up to the political
gridlock, the political problems that make it diffi cult to use even the capacity which may be in place. And by that
I mean two things. First, if any of the standards we are referring to are applied within the context of a double
standard, they are dead. It is as simple as that: they are dead. If people see that the international community springs
to action because you belong to this or that side of a political divide, you are not the friends of this or that group,
then none of the things we are discussing here will go anywhere; then our discourse will only engender cynicism.
So we must bring pressure to ensure that these standards and doctrines are applied objectively and consistently,
informed by the facts on the ground, not by political considerations—this is a political project for all of us.
Secondly, in many of the situations that are being described here, certainly in situations of genocide where the
government itself may be the instrument of that genocide, the only way of stopping the genocide is international
pressure, because by defi nition that government is contemptuous of its own people and local public opinion.
International pressure is what will get them to stop and respond. Fortunately, most of those governments are also
heavily dependent on the international community, and therefore international pressure can modify their conduct.
So, whereas capacity is very important, I do not want that to short-change the political project that is involved in
realizing what we are discussing here.
Begleiter. Paul, would you like to comment on this?
Rusesabagina. Yes. I believe that as long as the United Nations peacekeeping mission is not redefi ned it will
not be very easy to protect all those vulnerable people. One, the United Nations has no army and before their
intervention, they have to go to donor countries, start asking for soldiers here and there. That in itself takes a lot
78
of time. They start activating the people who have never trained together, who do not know each other, who do
not speak the same language and who are not really willing to protect the victims. Who are the UN soldiers? The
most powerful countries, the super powers, are never involved in the peacekeeping process, so the peacekeeping
process is becoming a kind of joke where people go to improve their per diem. I’m sorry for this language, but this
is what I have noticed. You have seen people who in their mission are just observers, who come and watch people
killing people and do not even defend civilians. That is a weakness; each and every person agrees with that.
The United Nations can never sit down with the Security Council and come up with a decision within a week or
a day. They always decide on a consensus basis. As long as people only decide on a consensus basis, they will
never come up with a solution. That is the United Nations. But when it comes to the African Union, the African
Union is very weak and has no means. Besides, most of the African leaderships are dictatorships. How in the
world could we see one dictator fi ghting another dictator in the name of democracy? Have we ever seen that?
I doubt it. Again, to make it worse, they do not even make themselves respected. I saw it in Darfur. When we
were in Darfur in January, the Sudanese government shot down an African Union airplane. Have you ever heard
of that? What happened? Nothing. So the peacekeeping process, the whole system, as long as it is not reformed,
can never provide hope of any protection for all of those vulnerable people.
Begleiter. Thank you, Paul. We are going to give the last word of the day to Francis Deng.
Deng. My word, that is quite a responsibility. Let me just say that we should try to learn something from the
Sudanese experience. First of all, what you see happening in Darfur has been happening in southern Sudan for
decades. And yet, let me say, Olara, the world did not rise up against the government of the Sudan. What actually
happened is, the tenth anniversary of Rwanda raised the level of consciousness about Darfur. It means that maybe
we are making progress. Next time we will feel even guiltier. Therefore, to some extent, norms are being set to
help us raise the level of awareness and, in retrospect, the level of guilt might help us to act next time.
What made the difference in the Sudan is that the countries of the sub-regional organization, the Inter-Governmental
Authority for Development (IGAD) decided to act. The way they acted was the soft way, not the hard way, by
saying to the Sudan government, which was then an ally against Mengistu, if you want us to help, we will help
you, but let us address the root causes of the problem. And they said, your problem is that the people of the
south have never exercised the right of self-determination and they should have it. But we want the Sudan
to remain united; so let’s work together to create conditions where Sudan can remain united voluntarily. And
then they stalled because of differences among themselves until the international partners, the IGAD partners—
mostly Western countries and, later on, Italy, the U.S., Norway and the UK—came in to help. And their active
involvement came at a time of the war against terror. And I do believe that Sudan benefi ted from the war against
terror because Khartoum was already targeted and labeled, and wanted to be on the right side of the ideological
divide in the war against terror, and in particular to gain favor with the United States. So they bent over backwards
to cooperate with the United States.
The rebel movement, the SPLM/A, also did not want to be labeled as a terrorist organization, so they too bent over
backwards. That, combined with the strong support from these other countries, made the Sudan peace process
move forward. I am one of those who, when I visited Darfur, in my report to the Commission on Human Rights,
strongly felt that the powerful countries of the West should not, and in any case would not, send in their troops. If
they did, Darfur would be in an even greater mess. Therefore, the AU was a way out, a face-saving device for the
Sudan government if it were helped to have the requisite capacity. I think we have to take more of a soft approach,
but one that is more practical. I was going to ask Olara, if I were not being given the last word, why aren’t we
getting IGAD involved in Uganda the same way we got them involved in the Sudan? And then, let’s mobilize the
moral and political support, material too, to help this sub-region solve its problems, because they do have a vested
interest. Refugees overfl ow across the borders into these countries, and whatever happens within one country
affects them all. So there is a mutual interest in our fi nding regional solutions. We are doing it in the Sudan and
in Somalia, why not in Uganda?
79
Conrad N. Hilton
Humanitarian Prize Dinner Ceremony
Bâtiment des Forces Motrices (BFM)
Geneva, Switzerland
Welcome from Ambassador Walter Fust, Director-General, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
It is an honor for the Swiss government to welcome the
Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize to the city of Geneva,
for the second time. Distinguished board members of the
Conrad Hilton Foundation, I am particularly honored that you
have chosen to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Hilton
Humanitarian Prize in Geneva. This Humanitarian Prize
awarded each year is greatly encouraging to the efforts and
work of all humanitarian organizations. What better place
to award the Prize than the city of Geneva, the humanitarian
capital of the world?
More than a century ago, Henry Dunant, founder of the Red
Cross and honorary citizen of Geneva, received the fi rst Nobel
Prize ever, for his lifelong commitment to war victims. Later, the International Committee of the Red Cross
and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees were also awarded the same prize. The establishment
of international rules aimed at protecting victims of confl ict and refugees is also closely linked to Geneva. The
Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is here in this city, and it plays a crucial and overarching role
in protecting persecuted and destitute people. If I make this comparison between the Nobel Prize and the Hilton
Prize, it is not because of the sum of money, but because of the targeted recipients who made such outstanding
commitments and who served the international community so outstandingly.
The recipient of this year’s Hilton Humanitarian Prize, Partners In Health, is a humanitarian organization
contributing daily to saving lives, alleviating suffering, and preserving human dignity. This place, the “building
of motive power,” as we call it, used to be the main source of energy for the city of Geneva, transforming the
power of water into electricity for the benefi t of all the citizens of Geneva and its surrounding areas. In much the
same way, the commitment and dedication of all humanitarian international organizations and NGOs serve as
a source of energy and hope for the poor, the ill, the outcasts and the victims of wars and natural disasters. Let
us, therefore, pay a special tribute to the many humanitarian workers whose organizations are represented here
tonight, demonstrating dedication, love and courage in their work. I thank you so much.
83
Dinner Keynote Address
PAUL RUSESABAGINA, Founder, Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation
Paul Rusesabagina, former manager of the Mille Collines hotel in Kigali, Rwanda,
was born in 1954 at Murama-Gitarama in the Central-South of the country. After
fi nishing school, he was employed by Sabena as a front offi ce manager in their
new Hotel Akagera in a national park, where he discovered the tourism and hotel
industry. In 1980, he pursued this fi eld at the Kenya Utalii College in Nairobi, where
he studied Hotel Management until his graduation in 1984 in Switzerland. Upon
his return to Rwanda, he joined Sabena again, as assistant general manager in the
Mille Collines in Kigali until 1993, when he was promoted to general manager at
the Diplomate hotel. When the genocide began, he returned to the Mille Collines
and remained there for almost the entire span of the 100-day genocide. He took
over as general manager after many of the hotel’s staff had fl ed, opting instead
to shelter over 1,200 people threatened by the Hutu-led Interhamwe militias who
were slaughtering the Tutsi population. Rusesabagina, a Hutu, chose to stay with
his wife, a Tutsi, and their children, using his position and ingenuity to shelter
orphans and refugees in the hotel. In 1996, he and his family went to Belgium as refugees and have lived there
since. In 2004, his story was adapted for the big screen and was released as “Hotel Rwanda”. He recently set up
the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation to help survivors of the Rwandan genocide. In June 2005, he was
awarded the United Nations World Refugee Day Humanitarian Award.
Good evening, everybody. I am very grateful to the Hilton family who have made it possible tonight for all of us
to meet again. Congratulations to Partners In Health, who have made it all the way from America to Russia and
Haiti and now Africa. There are so many heroes in this world, but I am especially grateful to Partners In Health
who have managed to move mountains.
Tonight, I would like to tell you a little bit about the real life behind the movie “Hotel Rwanda,” which all of you
have seen on the screen. Behind that movie, there is a long story. Each and every minute, each and every second,
each and every day had its own story.
When the President of Rwanda was killed, I was having dinner with my brother-in-law— the father of these two
lovely girls present tonight—and his wife at the Diplomat Hotel. The Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were
both killed when their plane was shot down. My wife telephoned to tell me I should rush home, because she had
heard something she had never heard before; something scary. I immediately took my car and, for the last time,
I shook the hands of my brother-in-law and his wife.
I went home and was stuck there for many days. The very fi rst morning, my son—as seen onscreen—woke up very
early and went to visit the son of a neighbor; a boy his own age. He was not a baby; he was a 14-year-old boy. When
he arrived at our neighbor’s house, he saw the boy had been killed along with his mother, his six sisters and two
other neighbors. Some of them were not yet completely dead. Our boy came running home, completely out of his
senses, unable to understand the situation. He stayed in his room, traumatized for quite a long time, unable to talk.
That very same morning, we heard the Prime Minister—a lady, a moderate Hutu—describing how the soldiers
were killing her bodyguards who were Belgian soldiers. She also said that after killing them, they were going to
kill her. A few minutes later, she was also dead.
I saw our neighbors in military uniforms, in militia uniforms—carrying guns, machetes, spears, clubs, and
anything else they could think of. These were men I used to consider as gentlemen, as wise men, as best friends;
84
85
the men I used to take as honorable. Those who were not able to join them came to my house. When they came to
my house, I had no alternative but to accept them. Why my house? I cannot tell you; only God knows. We were
stuck together for about three days, until April 9. At midday I saw soldiers climbing my gate. When I saw them
climbing my gate, one of my guests, who was actually a stranger, told me, “Listen, Paul, these guys have come to
kill me, they know I have three sons fi ghting on the rebels’ side. They know I’m here. Before they come in here
and kill all of you, please let me turn myself in. At least your family and these people here will be safe.”
I told him, “Listen my friend, whoever comes to my house is not looking for you, but rather for me. Open the
door, and show them in.” They entered the house. When I saw them, their leader came to me and asked me, “Sir,
are you the manager of the Diplomat Hotel?” I said yes. “If you are the manager of the Diplomat, you should
know that a new interim government has been set up. They have sent us to pick you up and bring you to the hotel,
because we need you.” I accepted.
At that time, I told the soldiers I could not leave my family behind. The leader told me to bring everyone—my
family consisted of six people: four children and two parents. We went to the car, piled everybody into my car, the
hotel van, and into our neighbor’s car. We piled people just like sacks of beans or potatoes. A mile away—not at
the hotel compound as you have seen on the screen—the same people stopped us. They came up to me and said,
“Sir, you are a traitor; you are lucky we don’t kill you today.” He handed me a Russian-made gun, and told me to
go and kill all of the people in the cars. “You are lucky we did not kill you today because we need you.”
I knew he was not joking. All along the streets were many dead people. I stayed speechless for about fi ve
minutes. After fi ve minutes, I looked at him and told him, “Listen, my friend, I do not know how to use a gun, but
even if I knew, I don’t see any good reason why I should kill these people.” I looked at him and told him, “You are
a young man, about 25 years old. Do you see yourself moving throughout your life with these people’s lives on
your conscience?” There were 32 people in those two cars. I told him I understood that they were hungry, thirsty,
and stressed by the war, but that we could deal with this problem in other ways. We could fi nd another solution,
which we did. We negotiated until we came to a compromise; then they drove us up to the Diplomat Hotel, and
I immediately went to the safe and fulfi lled my promises.
That was only the beginning. Three days later, I joined the government convoy leaving the hotel. We went up to
the Mille Collines Hotel. When we arrived there, the militia had already set up a roadblock at the main entrance.
There was no security at the hotel at all. The main objective of setting up a roadblock was to prevent people from
coming in, and to prevent others from escaping. The two things I had to do were to get my address book and then
to phone all of the generals I knew, all over the country. At the end of the day, the roadblock was removed. The
Mille Collines Hotel had its own troubles, each and every day.
We saw the whole international community closing their ears and eyes, turning their backs, running away, and
leaving us on our own. That is when we started taking responsibilities, which were not supposed to be ours, but
rather the responsibility of the government and the international community. We had no alternative. With my
own eyes I saw the last journalist—a Newsweek journalist—also being evacuated. We saw soldiers, the so-called
“peacekeepers”, who had come to keep peace and who had inspired confi dence and trust in us; we saw them also
being evacuated. We saw people killing other people; piling them on the road to make roadblocks; sitting on them
and drinking beers. We saw a lot of things.
In the meantime, daily life was becoming more diffi cult. Water was cut off. Electricity was cut off. Generators
had broken down. Without food, without anything, we still survived. At this point, I would like to say thank you
to a good friend of mine, Philippe Gaillard, who was working for the Red Cross, who used to supply me with
some food, and who also sometimes was able to give me a satellite telephone. One day, mine broke down and he
brought me his. You can imagine how bad the situation was and how some people can still be good.
On April 22, I went to sleep very late, at 4:00 a.m. Imagine a situation where you have cats and mice in the same
cage. You have to take care of both, because both are supposed to belong to you. I went to sleep at 4:00 and I
86
was woken up at 6:00 by men with guns. At gunpoint, I was given the order to get all the people out of the hotel
within half an hour. I negotiated a new deadline—an extra half hour to get up, have a shower, dress, and do what
they wanted me to do. In that half hour, I noticed that the whole building was surrounded by militiamen, half of
them in military uniforms and the others in militia uniforms. It was unbelievable: they had every weapon one can
think of and, to make it worse, they also had traditional weapons. I immediately went downstairs, but it was too
late. I went to my room and started phoning—at that time the phones were still working. It was too late to phone
the United States—it was midnight in Washington, D.C. It was 6:00 a.m. in Paris and Brussels. Again, I had to
rely on my local relations. I had to call my friends, the generals. Before my deadline, before my 30 minutes were
up, I saw the Assistant General Chief of Staff come into the hotel himself, removing one of those guys. That was
one of the worst days.
Three days later, one of the journalists in the hotel—Thomas Kamilindi, who is now at Michigan University—
took the hotel phone and started describing how the rebels were advancing, winning, and how the army was
losing; and yet we were on the army’s side. Immediately, I saw a colonel in the main entrance of the hotel, telling
me, “Listen, Paul, I have come to pick up that dog.” I showed him into my offi ce and we sat down. Once again,
we talked and dealt for many hours. After many hours, he left without Kamilindi.
The hotel switchboard immediately went dead, but, fortunately, thank God, the person who did it never knew that
we had a separate line, our lifeline, which was a fax line. We installed it late, when we were installing the fi rst fax
machine in the hotel. Now it was our lifeline, but no more accessible to each and every person. I was the only
person using that line from that day onwards.
To be brief, on May 2, the United Nations’ few soldiers who had remained in Rwanda—260 soldiers in total—sat
down with the army and the rebels and came to a conclusion: to exchange the Mille Collines refugees for refugees
in the national cities. Lists were drawn up, and the whole of my family was included. At that time, I had to
make the toughest decision I have ever made in my life. I was supposed to be evacuated with the others on May
3. I spent that afternoon doing lots of things, but also making a decision. That decision was not to be evacuated
with my wife and children. When I went to our room, I told them that I was not going to be evacuated. Can you
imagine? Try to put yourself in my wife’s position, in my children’s position, and just imagine their reaction
that night. The following day, I escorted my wife and children to the trucks—fortunately, when doing “Hotel
Rwanda” I saw that evacuation. I had made a decision not to be evacuated without knowing where my wife and
children were going. But I escorted them, helped them to climb into the trucks and saw them off without knowing
where they were going, without any hope of seeing them anymore, without any hope that they were going to
survive, without any hope that I myself was going to survive.
They were beaten. Luckily, when they started shooting at the passengers, a militiaman—when he shot for the
fi rst time—killed a soldier. Then the soldiers and militiamen started fi ghting among themselves, the soldiers said
the militiamen were trying to kill them. That is when the United Nations soldiers—the few, without even a knife
to defend themselves—started pulling the passengers up, throwing them into the trucks, bringing them back to
the hotel. By the time my wife came back, she was not as she appeared on the big screen. She was lying fl at, in
the back of the truck. Someone went to get her from the truck and carried her to bed, where she stayed for many
weeks without even being able to move in bed. Life became so complicated; life became so long. A day was
almost a century; it was unbearable.
On May 27 and 28, many people were evacuated. At that time we had made a different decision, so we were
not evacuated at all. We remained until June 17, when, very early in the morning, I learned through my own
“network” that militiamen were killing civilians and refugees in the compound in front of the church about
500 meters from the hotel. You could see what was going on; you could see what was going on in that church
compound from the hotel windows. I saw that the militias were killing refugees at the church. Fortunately, I met
the mayor and told him I needed soldiers to come and protect these people, to reinforce the existing protection.
He looked at me and said, “Listen, Paul, I don’t have soldiers. All the soldiers are fi ghting; all the policemen are
protecting offi cial buildings.” Protecting buildings. I looked at him and told him, “Listen my friend, all of this will
come to an end one day. If that day was to be today and suddenly you and I were facing history, are you sure that
the answer you’re giving me today is the answer you’d give to history?”
I had offended him. He left. I had an appointment with his boss, General Bizimungu, at the Diplomat Hotel at
midday, at noon. I went to meet him, and we were standing together in the Diplomat cellars when I was informed
that after killing 150 people in the church, the militiamen came running to the General and told him to go down
to the Mille Collines. He immediately came down to the hotel, where militiamen had broken many doors, and
had already taken many people downstairs by the swimming pool—innocent civilians, kneeling down, hands up,
ready to be slaughtered. The General told one of his bodyguards to go up and tell the militiamen at this hotel that,
“Whoever kills someone, I’m going to kill him. Whoever beats someone, I’m going to kill him.” He got them all
out although they were already in the rooms.
Immediately, the soldiers and rebels sat down and urgently decided to evacuate the hotel without any conditions
this time, but again they made the decision at a late hour. I told them, “Let’s learn from the past. On May 3, we had
a very bad experience; we evacuated people and they met an ambush. This time, why can’t we reinforce security
around the hotel and wait until tomorrow, and then evacuate these people tomorrow?” And this is what we did
on June 18: all the Mille Collines refugees were evacuated and all of them brought to a place of their own choice.
Everybody was evacuated. Fortunately, the Mille Collines had a maximum of 1,268 people, and all of them were
evacuated. Nobody was killed in the hotel, and nobody was even taken outside to be killed or tortured outside.
Nobody was even beaten from the beginning to the end.
We went to the rebel side thinking that life might be better. When we arrived there, all the men were being invited
to meetings. With irony, we say that those who went to the meetings are still waiting for the meeting to fi nish.
Those meetings will never end. We know those people have been killed and will never come back. Many young
men were invited to join the rebels as soldiers. Those who were invited were killed and never found. Many people,
even myself, were invited to go and train for what they called local defense. Some who went never came back.
Myself, I say that I made a different decision. I have decided never to fi ght with a gun; that is my choice, so I do
not need to learn how to shoot. I did not train. I came back and started cleaning again. I did not go to Tanzania,
as you have seen on the big screen. I came back to town and started cleaning both hotels.
At that time, it was July 7. On July 12, my wife, a friend, and I decided to drive south to see what remained of our
homeland. On the way—all along the way, all along the road—the whole country smelled of death. There was
nothing else moving. You could not see a human being. There were no animals. There were only dead bodies
and dogs. The only noise we heard was dogs’ barking, fi ghting for those dead bodies. We drove up to my home.
By the time we arrived, I saw that my elder brother was there. When he saw me, he was very much concerned to
see me there. But I did not have an idea of what was going on. I started to ask him where our neighbors were.
He told me, “Those ones have been killed by the militia; others have been killed by the rebels; others have been
burned by the rebels in the houses you see burning there.” At a certain point, he looked at me and told me, “My
dear brother, please do me a favor and leave this place, because those trees and those woods have ears and eyes;
they can see and understand.”
I had decoded his message. I drove down south to my mother-in-law’s. When we arrived, we noticed that her
house had been destroyed. She had been killed with her daughter-in-law, six grandchildren, and many other
people. All of them were thrown into a mass grave in a pit where we used to throw bananas to make banana juice
and banana beans. We sat down and all of us cried just like kids; we could not understand. Had we learned nothing
from history? All along the way, many houses were burning and people were being burned inside those houses.
Today at lunchtime, I was talking to some friends about the “good guys” and the “bad guys.” That is when I went
back in my memory and remembered history. I remembered that, before 1959, the international community, as
87
colonizers, supported Tutsis against Hutus, and helped them to oppress Hutus. In 1959, when the whole country
was left to Hutus, who were not trained, who had no experience in administration, Tutsis were forced outside.
Hutu power at that time had the backing of that same international community. In 1994, I again saw this kind
of in-fi ghting: people occupying other people’s plantations; people breaking down other people’s doors, getting
into their houses, remaining almost forever. Whoever showed up was killed for that. People breaking into other
people’s shops, just jumping to the other side of the counter, stealing what they never bought. And this, again,
backed by the international community.
Ladies and gentlemen, what I will tell you in my limited time is that, as human beings, we always look and
never see; we always hear and never understand; we never learn from the past to plan a better future for future
generations. I know this, because what I saw in Rwanda, I still see all over the world. I still see it in Darfur.
We heard about it in Uganda where 1,800,000 people were displaced at gunpoint from their own houses and
brought to refugee camps. We have seen a government send its own helicopters to destroy refugee camps, to kill
them. All of this we have seen in Rwanda, where a government circled a refugee camp and killed 8,500 innocent
civilians. Some of them had committed crimes, but even if they had, no one had convicted them. They were
assumed to be innocent.
Ladies and Gentlemen, today we live in a world where people carry out their own justice. It is up to us humanitarians
to fi ght against this. It is you, politicians and decision-makers to sit down and think about it and help Africa and
the Third World. Thank you.
88
They opened for business in the early ’80s in a rural Haitian squatter settlement where life was a
stupefying cycle of poverty and disease.
Perfect. They could try their ideas: That modern medical care can prevail where nothing else is
modern. That untreatable disease shouldn’t be confused with untreated disease. That clean water,
shelter and nutrition are powerful medicines. And that the two most prominent carriers of infectious
disease are poverty and injustice.
Providing free antiretroviral AIDS treatment, training (and paying) the villagers—including
recent patients—they created an amazingly responsive health care delivery system.
Soon, using the same strategies, they were treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Peruvian
slums, HIV/AIDS and TB in Russian prisons. And now, Rwanda.
Their successes have helped to change some long held medical and governmental notions about
what is possible and reconfirmed an old truth.
Margaret Mead said it: “Never underestimate the ability of a small group of committed individuals
to change the world. Indeed, they’re the only ones who ever have.”
The $1,500,000
Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize
for 2005 is awarded to
Partners in Health
Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize, 10100 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 1000
Los Angeles, California, USA 90067-4011 Telephone:(310) 556-8178 Facsimile: (310) 556-8130
e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.hiltonfoundation.org
Paul E. Farmer, M.D., Founding Director, Partners In Health
Paul Farmer, a medical anthropologist and physician, has dedicated his life to
treating some of the world’s poorest populations and in the process has helped
to raise the standard of health care in underdeveloped areas around the world.
Dr. Farmer is Presley Professor of Medical Anthropology at Harvard Medical
School, an attending physician in infectious disease and chief of the Division of
Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and
co-founder of Partners In Health. He has written extensively about health and
human rights and the role of social inequalities in the distribution and outcome
of disease. Dr. Farmer is the subject of Pulitzer Prize-winner Tracy Kidder’s
“Mountains Beyond Mountains”. He received his undergraduate degree at Duke
University and his M.D. and Ph.D. at Harvard University.
It’s my great privilege, tonight, to thank you on behalf of Partners In Health and the people we serve. In fact,
my only job tonight is to convey two messages. First, to say thank you. Second, to introduce you to some of
those you’ve chosen to honor. Ten minutes, two messages. It’s hard for a teacher-doctor-activist to refrain from
preaching or exhorting, but I won’t dull our evening with a superfl uous lecture.
So fi rst, the inevitable and wholly appropriate gratitude. Thank you to the Hilton Foundation and to the Hilton family.
The last will and testament of Conrad Hilton says a great deal about the notion of hospitality, a trait associated, in
my country and around the world, with this family’s name. It has been instructive to learn more about Mr. Hilton
and his family, and about what they have done with his injunction, to go forth and do good. This commitment to
hospitality is mirrored in the work of the Foundation, which we’ve come to know well over the years.
We wouldn’t be here to accept this prize if not for the jurors. It’s diffi cult to know how best to thank the jurors for
displaying their good taste by choosing us! Since it will appear self-important to thank them for their discernment,
I will start by saying, or even bragging, that we’ve been nominated for this prize six times and concluded, a couple
of years ago and incorrectly, that we’d be ever the bridesmaid, never the bride. We’ve been under the Hilton
magnifying glass for more than half a decade, and every year it felt like a privilege to be included on the short list
of organizations deemed worthy of the world’s largest humanitarian prize. We know how much is invested, every
year, in assessing the huge number of nominations received. We will try our best to do you proud in the future,
even though, as Steve Hilton noted earlier today, the Prize is bestowed in recognition of our past efforts.
I’d also like to thank the staff of the Foundation. The fact that you all spend so much time vetting the work means
so much to us all. If there were a Hilton Prize for efforts made to award the Hilton Prize, we’d bestow it on the
Foundation staff for your due diligence. We’re especially grateful to those of you who’ve visited us in our fi eld
sites and have spent so much time scrutinizing our work and describing it to the jurors. I’d also like to note with
pride that, although we did not win the Prize until 2005, we did win several PIH supporters. Several of you in
this room, both Foundation staff and friends we’ve met through the staff, are important donors to PIH. This vote
of confi dence means the world to us.
We’re extremely proud to join the other Prize winners because we respect, deeply respect, what they and this
Prize stand for. What a great thing it is to constitute a family of organizations seeking to change the world! We’ve
been scheming, already, about creating a coalition of awardees in order to do work that we could not do alone.
It’s especially meaningful to receive the 10th Anniversary Hilton Prize, and not entirely, I confess, for sentimental
reasons. There’s been one change in the Prize: a 50% bump in the size of the purse. So perhaps it was a good
thing that PIH was a bridesmaid, rather than a bride, until 2005. Patience has its rewards!
91
Finally, we’re grateful to return to Geneva, a hospitable city we all know well. In fact, Jim Kim has been living
here for the past two years, and all of us are in and out of Geneva often. I was surprised to learn, sitting next to the
former mayor, that this beautiful building, which has the charming name of Forces Motrices, or “motor forces,”
was not erected in our honor. Since we’ve spent two decades trying to serve as the “motor force” of a movement
for health and social justice, we quite naturally concluded that the mayor and other city fathers here tonight had
decided to build it in honor of the Hilton Prize.
So I’m done now with saying thanks, not because of a lack of gratitude but because I hope it’s obvious how
grateful we are. We’ve had a wonderful day of talks and symposia, and I’m not going to add another. Instead I
want to tell you a little bit about what it is like to work in an organization like Partners In Health, and part two of
my comments will introduce you to some “PIHers” here tonight.
In the video you’ve just seen, you met Ophelia, Jim, Tom White, and me. But it’s no exaggeration to say that
we accept this award on behalf of hundreds of co-workers and also, of course, on behalf of more than a million
patients. When we say we’re all grateful, we want you to know that the “we” in question stands at almost 2500
PIHers, to use our own jargon, and counting.
Most of us cannot be here tonight. You’re able to meet those of us who have passports and can travel to Geneva.
But many who constitute Partners In Health have never seen, much less been on, an airplane; most have never
left their own countries. When I speak of 2500 PIHers, it’s important to add that the great majority don’t often
travel farther than their feet can take them. That said, some of them are surely listening tonight. We’re told that
the awards ceremony is being broadcast on the web, and part of what PIH does is to share the fruits of science
and technology with the poor. It makes sense, then, that we would link all of our sites through the Internet. So
before mentioning the PIHers gathered here tonight, I want fi rst to thank those who cannot attend. In Haiti alone,
we have 936 accompagnateurs, community health workers who visit their sick neighbors every day, thereby
embodying a solidarity much discussed but too seldom seen. Without their efforts, PIH would not be effective.
We are proud of the PIHers gathered here tonight and could speak volumes about each of them. You’ve already
heard about Jim, Ophelia, and Tom White. Let me introduce you to others here without using their names. I’ll
start by speaking about my close friend and co-worker, a Peruvian physician who has spent the last 11 years of
his life working for the poor of his country. This doctor has built up what is probably Peru’s largest health-related
NGO, not by only building our sister organization but by supporting the public health system. The example of our
Peruvian team will be felt not only in Peru but across Latin America, where Socios En Salud has been active in
sharing our model of comprehensive, community-based care. He has been a quiet and steadfast advocate for health
and social justice for over a decade.
I could tell you about the woman who heads Partners In Health – Russia. She’s a cosmopolitan Muscovite who
could have done anything she wanted with her life. She could have been a brilliant research scientist, which
would have been, given her training and her gifts, the path of least resistance. Instead, we met her in the middle
of a crowded prison in Siberia (and, no, she was not a prisoner). She’s spent the last several years fi ghting for
the rights of people who are not warmly regarded in Russia or elsewhere — people who have committed crimes
and now fi nd themselves in prison and sick. She decided that people go to prison as punishment rather than for
punishment, and that getting tuberculosis as part of one’s sentence is not acceptable. She and her co-workers
inspire all of us as they fi ght for the basic rights of those who many would prefer to forget.
I could talk about the director of our huge Haiti project, a woman who at 18 years of age survived a massacre
inside her church during Mass. Instead of becoming a cynical and embittered refugee, she became the leader
of an effort to deliver health care services in her country. Imagine that: a lifetime of thankless service to the
poor as a response to an unspeakable aggression. For me, she is the epitome of a partner in health.
92
Less dramatically but no less signifi cantly, I could tell you about an American woman here tonight. To make a
long story short, she raises money for Partners In Health. In comparison to our Haitian and Peruvian and Russian
colleagues, she’s new to our organization, so it was only recently that I had a really good conversation with her
and discovered she’s a historian and did her doctoral research at Harvard on slavery in the United States. After
graduate school, she decided she didn’t want to be a full-time academic, but wanted instead to serve the destitute
sick. So she joined Partners In Health and has brought our work with foundations up to speed.
I could speak about a French lawyer who would give even De Gaulle a run for his money in terms of organizing and
who, after raising a family of her own, decided that she wanted to help in Haiti. She’s since become a passionate
activist on behalf of food security and primary education for the most destitute. She is here tonight, too.
I could talk about a person who joins us from Rwanda, another American actually, who was a very successful
businesswoman in Hollywood and then New York. She one day found herself walking through a supermarket and
thinking about the genocide in Rwanda. She said to herself, “This cannot be true, this cannot have happened.”
She decided right then to leave what she was doing, letting go of fi nancial security, and traveled to Sudan as
a volunteer. Inevitably, she ended up in Rwanda, where she is working on behalf of people with AIDS in that
country, the site of our newest project. She too is here tonight.
I could talk about the people we meet, like an American nurse who, as a young widow, found herself with a great
deal of wealth. She had to decide how to raise a large family of her own children, but also how to be involved
with the rest of the world, and ended up working on projects to bring basic health care to the African poor. She is
here tonight as well as are other friends, some of them from Los Angeles and introduced to us by the Foundation.
Thank you all for traveling across all of these time zones to be with us tonight.
I could talk about friends and supporters from the World Health Organization, based here in Geneva. One, an
anthropologist, worked for years between Haiti and Harvard before deciding that he wanted to do something
more than academic work as conventionally defi ned. He wanted to understand how poverty and inequality
promote illness, and what we could do to study and understand that synergy. He is here tonight.
Yet another PIHer with us here was a professor of religion at an affl uent American college. He decided, after
having volunteered with us in Boston for many years, that he would accompany Jim Kim to Geneva to promote
the right to treatment for AIDS.
And then there are the folks listening in our Boston headquarters. They work on procuring medications; on
answering letters and the phone; on making sure that our partners in Haiti, Peru, Siberia, and Rwanda have the
tools they need to do the work. Boston-based staff also conduct research and help us to teach medical students and
to train physicians to serve the destitute sick more effectively. We’d like to offer special thanks to Howard Hiatt,
who has done so much to help a public charity feel at home in one of the world’s largest research universities.
You’ve already met some of the founders of Partners In Health. They do not want me to talk about them, and
that does not surprise me. Many of you heard Jim Kim talk today. Whenever we hear Jim talk and see his
mind in action, we feel hope and see a way forward. I still do, after having worked with him for 20 years.
Another founder is today the selfl ess director of Partners In Health. For 20-something years—Ophelia likes to
change the dates — she has been working to promote the right to health care in Haiti and, indeed, in all of the
sites in which we work. Finally, there is Tom White, now 86 years old. He is the only person we know who
has followed through on his promise to share his once-considerable wealth — all of it — with the world’s poor.
Without Tom and Lois and their family, we would not be standing here before you. It’s not just their generosity
we salute, it’s also their vision.
Together, this group of people has fought back against poverty and inequality, which are, as we know, not
God-given or created by nature. Just like the violence in Rwanda in 1994, these problems are created by us
93
humans. We know this; it has been pointed out by the other award winners and certainly comes through in the
presentations today and in the materials gathered for tonight’s award. The good news about understanding the
social origins of poverty and inequality is, of course, that as the authors of these problems we can reasonably
hope to fi x them. Fixing the ills of the world is a tall order, but it’s been the mission of all of those involved in
humanitarian work. When Judy introduced this evening’s program, she mentioned that there has never been a
greater need for humanitarian work. She was echoed by Steve Hilton. Of course this is an enormous problem:
if there is greater demand for humanitarian work it means that our world remains marred by social inequalities,
poverty, and violence.
Only a vision inspired by social justice will permit us to heal our broken world. For Partners In Health to receive
the Hilton Prize means a great deal not simply because it is such a generous award, but also because in order to
advance social justice, which involves disrupting the way the world is today, we’re going to need all the help we
can get. We’re going to need the support of people who, like you and me, are privileged — people who can board
a plane and go to Geneva. People who have decided that they’re not satisfi ed with the world the way it is. People
who have decided that we can and must address these social ills together. We are very proud to be part of this
larger family of Hilton Prize winners and count on you all for your ongoing support.
Thank you so much for honoring Partners In Health.
94
Princess Salimah Aga Khan
International Children’s Ambassador
SOS Children’s Villages
The Honorable Susanna Agnelli
Fondazione Il Faro, Italy
Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize Juror
Dr. Frances M. Alguire
President Emeritus
World Methodist Council
Ms. Louise Arbour (SPEAKER)
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations Offi ce of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, Geneva
Mr. Tom Arnold
CEO
Concern Worldwide, US
Ms. Bilge O. Bassani
Chief Executive Offi cer
Association Francois-Xavier Bagnoud
Mr. Sham Bathija
Coordinator for Central Asia & ECO Region
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Jaime N. Bayona, M.D.
Director, Socios En Salud
Partners in Health, Peru
Mr. Ralph Begleiter (MODERATOR)
Distinguished Journalist in Residence
University of Delaware
Mr. Daly Belgasmi
Director
United Nations World Food Programme, Geneva
Mr. Olaf S. Bonde
Former Senior Vice President, Hilton Hotels International,
Europe and Eastern Mediteranean
Mr. Gerard Bradford, III
Director
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management
and Humanitarian Assistance
Ms. Ingunn Brandvoll
Director, Communications
SOS Kinderdorf International
Mr. Greg Brown
Program Offi cer
International Rescue Committee, Geneva
Harry S. Brown, M.D.
Founder and Chairman
SEE International
Ms. Martine Brunschwig Graf (SPEAKER)
President
State Council of the Republic and Canton of Geneva
Robert Buckley, M.D.
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Ms. Mayra Buvinic (SPEAKER)
Sector Director, Gender and Development,
Poverty Reduction and Economic Management
World Bank
2005 Symposium Attendees
95
Ms. Barbara Sayre Casey
Chairman/ CEO
Casey, Sayre and Williams, Inc.
Ms. Wendy Chamberlin
UN Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations High Commission for Refugees
Melvin L. Cheatham, M.D. (SPEAKER)
Member, Board of Directors
Samaritan’s Purse
Mr. Julius E. Coles
President
Africare
Ms. Beth Collins
Rwanda Director
Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative
Mr. Michael Collins
Director-Hilton/Perkins Program
Perkins School for the Blind
Ms. Olivia Cosgrove
Independent Humanitarian Consultant
Ms. Susan Crowley
Senior Director, International Organization Relations
Merck, Sharp & Dohme (Europe) Inc.
Mr. David R. Curry
Managing Principal
davidcurry Associates
Ms. Nicole Dagnino
Delegate
Enfants Refugies du Monde
Ms. Ophelia Dahl
Executive Director
Partners In Health
Ms. Tatjana Darany
Secretary-General
Geneva Foundation
Mr. Guy Demole with
Mrs. Francoise Demole
Foundation for the Refugee Education Trust
Francis M. Deng, Ph.D. (SPEAKER)
Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Kluge Center
U.S. Library of Congress
Ms. Jessica Derder, JD
Program Manager
International Centre for Missing and
Exploited Children
Mr. Alain Dick
Board Member
Operation Smile
Mr. Gregory R. Dillon
Vice Chairman Emeritus, Hilton Hotels Corporation
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mrs. Bineta Diop (SPEAKER)
Executive Director
Femmes Africa Solidarité
Mr. Roberto Dotta
Project Offi cer
Business Humanitarian Forum
Ms. Tania Dussey-Cavassini
Counsellor, Humanitarian Affairs
Permanent Mission of Switzerland
to the International Organizations
96
Ms. Myriam Ernst
Coordinator
Casa Alianza, Switzerland
Ms. Homayra Etemadi
External Relations Division
International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies, Switzerland
Paul Farmer, M.D.
Medical Director, Co-Founder
Partners In Health
Mr. Lloyd Feinberg
Manager, Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund,
Displaced Children and Orphans Fund and
Victims of Torture Fund
United States Agency for International Development
William H. Foege, M.D., M.P.H.
Chairman, Global Health Council
Senior Advisor, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Juror, Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize
Mr. Frank Franke
Journalist, AFRA-Press
Co-founder and Vice President
Aviation w/o Borders (Luftfahrt Ohne Grenzen)
Jean F. Freymond, Ph.D.
Director
Centre for Applied Studies in Int’l Negotiations
His Excellency Walter Fust
Director-General
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Ms. Constance Francesca Gabor Hilton
Hilton Family
Mr. James R. Galbraith
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Juror, Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize
Ms. Sukey Garcetti with
Mr. Gil Garcetti
Author and Photographer
Former District Attorney, Los Angeles
Mr. Thomas Getman
Director of Humanitarian Affairs and Int’l Relations
World Vision International, Switzerland
His Excellency Blaise Godet
Permanent Representative
Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the
International Organizations
Ms. Barbara Gothard
Vice President
Jackie Robinson Foundation
Baroness Mary T. Goudie
Member of the House of Lords
United Kingdom
Ms. Marion Harroff-Tavel
Political Advisor
International Committee of the Red Cross
Ms. Dyanne M. Hayes Nash
Former Vice President, Programs
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Ms. Kathy D. Hendrix
Senior Advisor
Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize
Mr. Patrick Hernusi
Project Assistant
Business Humanitarian Forum
Dr. Otto Hieronymi
Head, Program on International Relations
and Migration and Refugee Studies
Webster University
97
Mr. William (Barry) Hilton, Jr.
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. Conrad N. Hilton III
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. Steven M. Hilton
President, CEO and Chairman
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. Larry Hollingworth
Humanitarian Program Director
Center for International Health and Cooperation
Dr. Alec Irwin
Health Equity Team
Offi ce of the Assistant Director-General
World Health Organization
Mr. Fadi Itani
Head of the International Relations Unit
Islamic Relief
Mr. Sam K. Jackson
Manager, Foundation and Corporation Development
World Vision, Inc.
Ms. Joyce Jett
Director
Advance Development International
Musimbi Kanyoro, Ph.D.
General Secretary
World YWCA
Salmaan Keshavjee, M.D.
Clinician, Division of Social Medicine
and Health Inequalities
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Jim Yong Kim, M.D., Ph.D. (SPEAKER)
Director of the HIV/AIDS Department
World Health Organization
Co-Founder, Partners In Health
Ms. Dorothy W. Knapp
Deputy Director, Afghanistan
Future Generations
Ms. Diana Kutlow
Program Offi cer
Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice
University of San Diego
Mr. Eric Laroche
Deputy Director, Offi ce of Emergency Programmes
United Nations Children’s Fund, Switzerland
Mr. Kevin J. Lessard
Former Director
Perkins School for the Blind
Mr. Philippe Lizop
Special Advisor to the Princess Aga Khan
Dr. Jeremiah J. Lowney, Jr.
President
Haitian Health Foundation
Ms. Marilyn Lowney
Executive Director
Haitian Health Foundation
Mrs. Virginia Lowney
Haitian Health Foundation
Ms. Jo Luck
President and CEO
Heifer International
98
Mrs. Ann Lurie
President
Ann and Robert Lurie Family Foundation
Mr. Maurice Machenbaum
Member of the Advisory Board
Casa Alianza, Switzerland
Mrs. Kathy Magee
President and Co-Founder
Operation Smile
William Magee, M.D.
Co-Founder and CEO
Operation Smile
Ms. Christine Manula
Government Relations Offi cer
Landmine Survivors Network, Geneva
The Honorable John J. Maresca (SPEAKER)
President of the Executive Committee
Business Humanitarian Forum
Ms. Caitlin Martin
Business Humanitarian Forum
Ms. Maude Montani
Focal Point for UNHCR Matters
United Nations World Food Programme, Geneva
Jean-Luc Maurer, Ph.D.
Professor
Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva
Mrs. Hawley McAuliffe with
Mr. John McAuliffe
Hilton Family
Professor Monica McWilliams
Chief Commissioner
Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission
Ms. Lisa Meadowcroft
Executive Director
African Medical and Research Foundation, U.S.A.
Ms. Chantal Meili
Consultant
Constellartis Independent Consultants
Sister Joyce Meyer
Executive Director
Conrad N. Hilton Fund for Sisters
Ms. Judy M. Miller
Director, Hilton Humanitarian Prize
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. Andre Mollard
Humanitarian Issues
Delegation of the European Commission
to the United Nations, Geneva
Mr. Richard Morford (SPEAKER)
Managing Director, Donor and Multilateral Relations
Millennium Challenge Corp.
The Honorable Pierre Muller (SPEAKER)
Administrative Councilor, Head of Finance
and General Administration Department
City of Geneva
Mr. Anthony J. Murdoch
Partner
Constellartis Independent Consultants
Mrs. Christine Murray
President, Zanmi Lasante
Partners In Health, Paris
99
Namposya Nampanya-Serpell, Ph.D.
Consultant and HIV/AIDS Activist
The Honorable Stephan Nellen
Director
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
Joyce Neu, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice
University of San Diego
Mr. John L. Notter
Member, Board of Directors
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. John O’Shea
Executive Director
GOAL
Mr. Olara A. Otunnu (SPEAKER)
Former Special Representative for Children
& Armed Confl ict, United Nations
Juror, Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize
Ms. Mercia Padrovich
Senior Policy Manager
Islamic Relief
Ms. Patrizia Palmiero
Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the International
Organizations
Mr. Simon Panek
Chairman
Czech National Platform
Ms. Kristine Pearson
Executive Director
Freeplay Foundation
Maria Piniou-Kalli, M.D.
Medical Director
Medical Rehabilitation Center for Torture Victims
Mr. Michael S. Piraino
Chief Executive Offi cer
National CASA Association
Dr. Oksana Ponomarenko
Director
Partners In Health, Russia
Mr. Richard R. Rand
Rand Resources, LLC
Serge Resnikoff, M.D., Ph.D.
Director, Prevention of Blindness and Deafness
World Health Organization
Joseph Riverson, M.D.
Medical Specialist
World Vision, Ghana
Ms. Casey Rogers
Senior Program Offi cer
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Mr. Laurence Roth
President
Casa Alianza, Switzerland
Mr. Steven M. Rothstein
President
Perkins School for the Blind
Ms. Deborah Ruiz Verduzco
Consultant
Parliamentarians for Global Action
100
Mr. Paul Rusesabagina
(Hilton Prize Ceremony KEYNOTE SPEAKER)
Founder
Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation
Feride Rushiti, M.D.
Medical Director
Kosova Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims
Professor Jeffrey Sachs (SPEAKER)
Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University
Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General
The Honorable Mohamed Sahnoun
Special Advisor on Africa to the UN Secretary-General
United Nations
Mr. Jeff Schaffer
Assistant Vice President – Grant Programs
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Anders R. Seim, M.D., M.P.H.
Executive Director
Health and Development International
Bhogendra Sharma, M.D.
President, Centre for Victims of Torture, Nepal
International Programme Advisor
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture
Padma Shetty, M.D.
Public Health Offi cer
Coordination of Macroeconomics and Health Support
World Health Organization
Ms. Susannah Sirkin
Deputy Director
Physicians for Human Rights
Dr. Cornelio Sommaruga
President
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
Dr. Johannes Sommerfeld
Scientist, Research Manager
World Health Organization
Ms. Inky Song
Senior Development Offi cer
American Foundation for the Blind, Inc.
Richard South, M.D.
Director, HIV & Malaria Programmes
Glaxosmithkline
Mr. Fred Spielberg
Project Offi cer, Emergency Preparedness
United Nations Children’s Fund, Switzerland
Mr. Meinrad Studer
Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the
International Organizations
Senior Advisor, Multilateral Affairs
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Mrs. Brita Sydhoff
Secretary-General
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
Mrs. Emily Talmon-l’Armée
Head of Operations
Business Humanitarian Forum
Fred Tanner, Ph.D.
Deputy Director, Head of Academic Affairs
Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Mr. Simon Taylor
Director
Global Witness
Mr. Colin Thomas-Jensen (SPEAKER)
Advocacy and Research Offi cer for Africa
International Crisis Group
101
Mr. Mark Thomson
Secretary General
Association for the Prevention of Torture
Ms. Vanessa J. Tobin (SPEAKER)
Chief, Water, Environment and Sanitation Section
United Nations Children’s Fund
Ms. Liv Ullmann
Vice Chairman – International
International Rescue Committee
Conrad Hilton Humanitarian Prize Juror
Mr. Ian Vale
Operations Manager
International Medical Corps, London
Ms. Annelien van Meer
Communication and Media Offi cer
Femmes Africa Solidarite
Mr. Paul Vermeulen
Director
Handicap International, Switzerland
Reverend Robert J. Vitillo
Special Advisor on HIV and AIDS
Caritas Internationalis, Switzerland
Ms. Marilena Viviani
Chief, Inter Agency Standing Committee Secretariat
United Nations Offi ce for the Coordination
of Humanitarian Affairs
Mr. Peter Voelker
Deputy Secretary General
SOS Kinderdorf International
Mrs. Eva Von Oelreich
Executive Secretary
Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response
Ms. Amina Wali
Webster University
The Honorable George Ward, Jr.
Senior Vice President for International Programs
World Vision
Douglas Weil, Ph.D. with
Ms. Diana Weil
Sr. Policy Advisor, Stop TB
World Health Organization
Stephen G. Wells, Ph.D.
President
Desert Research Institute
Dr. Suzanne Werder
Secretary General
International E. Balzan Prize Foundation
Mr. Gerard B. White
Co-Founder and Executive Director
Landmine Survivors Network
Mr. Anthony J. Whitehouse
Maitland Switzerland S.A.
Dr. David Carl Wilson
Dean, College of Arts & Sciences
Webster University
Mr. Samuel A. Worthington
CEO, Plan USA
Board Member, Hope for African Children Initiative
Ms. Susan Wyly
Director of Foundation Development
Partners In Health
102
Ms. Kirsten Young
Rights Advisor and Legal Counsel
Landmine Survivors Network
Pat Youri, M.D.
Former Executive Director
Hope for African Children Initiative
Dr. Ernesto Zedillo
(Symposium KEYNOTE SPEAKER)
Director, Center for the Study of Globalization
Yale University
Mr. Randall Zindler
Chief Executive Offi cer
MEDAIR
103