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The CALIFORNIA BOTANICA]
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U>Litfiatuiv. win always be welcome
things in large
913
The West AmericaPublished monthly byART & NATURE COMPANY,Northwest corner of Seventeenth Street
and Eighth Avenue,NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA.
CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT, Editor.Price, 10 cents; $1.00 a year in advance,
$1.25 if paid at end of year.No. 868 Fifteenth street,
San Diego, California.
Vol. XV. No. I. August, 1903. Whole No. 127.
ADVERTISEMENTS.A flat rate of five cents a line nonpareil
is charged for each insertion—no dis-count for time or space.
AGENTS WANTED.ORCUTT, San Diego, California.
AMUSEMENTS.BIJOU THEATRE:No. 933 Fourth st., San Diego, Cal.A strictly respectable family theatre.Change of programme every Mondaynight Good moving pictures and high-class vaudeville. Three performancesevery night at 7:30, 8:30, and 9:30.
Matinee Wednesday, Saturday andSunday at 2:30.
ASSAYERS.BAVERSTOCK & STAPLES: 322 W. 1st
St., Los- Angeles, Cal.Mines examined. Thoroughly equippedfor 500 lb. tests.
WADE & WADE: 115% N. Main St., LosAngeles, California.Analytical chemists and assayers.Chemical analyses, assays, milling, con^centratlon and cyanide tests, etc. Tel-ephone Green 1704.
ATTORNEYS.HAMMACK, N. S..: Lawyer Blk., S. D.
BARBERS.DIMOCK, FRED: National Avenue andTonsorial Parlors.8th street, National City. California.
BLACKSMITHS.MILLEN, G. R. M.
:
1840 K St., San Diego, Cal
STANG, OTTO: 18th St., and 7th Ave.,National City, California.Blacksmith. Work on honor.Wagonmaker. Repairs that stand use.Horseshoer. Shoes understaadingly.
BOOTS AND SHOES.LLEWELLYN, WILLIAM: 728 Fifth St.San Diego, California
SOHWENKE, GUS. E. . 7th Ave. near17th st., National City, California.Boot and shoemaker. First-class work,and promptly done.
BOOKS,ART & NATURE CO.: S6S Fifteenth st.,San Diego, California.Publishers of scientific books.Old and new books bought and sold.5,000 second-nand school books wanted.
GRAY'S BOOK EXCHANGE: 1626 F St.,San Diego, California.
STOUT'S BOOK EXCHANGE: 612 Fifthst., San Diiego, California.5,000 second-hand school books wanted.All the new books for rent.
CEMENT WORK.JONES, J. F.:3288 L st., San Diego:All kinds of cement work done atreasonable prices. All work warranted.
CLOTHING.Buy your footwear atLlewellyn's,
' 728 Fifth street, San Diego, Cal.
COMMISSION.FINTZELBERG, THEODORE:Express Block, San Diego. Cal.
DAIRY PRODUCTS.JERSEY MILK CO.: 234S H st., S&n Die-go, California.H. L. Weston, proprietor. TelephoneBlack 1304.
Best milk, cream, butter.--Prompt de-livery.Wholesale and retail.
CONFECTIONERY.JODDS, C. A: P. O. Block, NationalCity, Cal.Home made candies.
t a,;
Th
(DRUGGISTS.
e West American Scientist.
CHILEAN REMEDY CO.: S. Diego, Oil.PNEUMONIA no longer to be feared.The new discovery, "Chilean Magic Re-lief," has cured many in San Diego,and wherever it has been tried. Usedexternally and internally Quick reliefand cure for pneumonia, coughs, colds,neuralgia, sciatica, rheumatism, LaGrippe, also all kinds of pains andaches, Instant relief for scalds andburns. For sale by all druggists.
HILL, W. S.: National City, California.
DRY GOODS.'THE BEE HIVE":1522 H st., San Diego, Cal. (Price Block).I Lindenborn, proprietor.Strictly one price to all.
Best goods for less moneyLadies' furnishings, notions, burntwood and leather novelties.Pyrographic materials, etc.Every Friday special bargain day.
BONE, S. W. : Yuma Blag., 631 5th st.,
Notions at wholesale a specialty.Waists and shirts at cut rates.
EDUCATIONAL.SAN DIEGO COMMERCIAL COLLEGE:Sefton Block, Fourth and C sts., SanDiego, California.A practical business education offers asure stepping-stone to success. A grad-uate of the San Diego Commercial Col-lege is competent to do the work re-quired, and his or her rapid promotionis assured. Our graduates are success-ful because we give them practical in-struction and personal attention. Sendfor catalogue.
ELECTRICIANS.HUBBARD—HEILBRON Electrical Co.
944 Third st, opp. Plaza, San Diego.General electricians. Phone Red 3751.
Motors and DynamosRepaired and Installed.Electro-plating.
EXCHANGES.Brief notices inserted free for sub-
scribers.
ORCUTT, C. R.: San Diego, California:Shells to exchange for shells.Shells, pl«Jits. etc., for books.Subscriptions or advertising space in
this magazine for books or specimens.
GENERAL MERCHANDISE.VAUGHAN, W. B.: 7th avenue and 17th
St., National City, California.
Manager of "National City Store."Dealer in General Merchandise.
HARDWARE.MUDGETT, J. L.: National Avenue, Na-tional City, CaliforniaNational City boasts a hardware storewhere lawiest goods are kept for sale atSan Diego prices. Newcomers are al-ways referred to Mudgett's, on Nation-al Avenue, wiiere for ten vears he hasdone a successful business in hard-ware, tin goods and plumbing.
— —•—^ —REED, FRANK P.: 7th Ave. and 19th st.,National City, Cal.Established 1883. Oldest continuously inbusiness in National City. Hardware,stoves and tinware.Plumbing and supplies.Ammunition.Paints, oils and brushes.Brass goods.Telephone Main 91.
HELP WANTED—FEMALE.LADIES to canvass for this magazine.
HELP WANTED—MALE.MEN of experience to care for bees,raise fruit, vegetables, etc., in tropicalMexico, on shares. * *
ORCUTT, San Diego, California.
HOTELS
HOTEL SAN MIGUEL:National City, California.American and European Plans.Tables first-class.Rooms pleasant winter and summer.Try us and be convincedSatisfaction guaranteed.W. T. Burk, Manager.Rates $1.00 to $1.50 a day; $5 to $7 aweek.Gas service for entire house.Teams for accommodation of guests.Finest Family and Tourist Hotel on theBay.
HOUSES—FOR RENT.CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT,
San Diego, California.
HOUSES—FOR SALE.CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT,
San Diego, California.
INCUBATORS.NEARPASS' SEED STORESD. Cypher's Incubators.
1434 H st.
INKS.GRAY'S BOOK EXCHANGE:
1626 F St., SD.Hectograph. Rubber stamp and writinginks, red, violet and black.
THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVA-TION SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
The increased interest in nature
study developed within recent years,
and stimulated by numerous illustrated
books of a popular nature, has unfor-
tunately endangered the existence of
many ornamental wild plants that
would otherwise have escaped public
notice. The problem presented is howthese depredations may be checkedwithout seriously restricting- the free-
dom or enjoyment of the nature-lover.
Local societies having this aim in
view have been established in several
places, and various articles on the sub-
ject have appeared in magazines andnewspapers; these are all usefull fac-
tors in arousing a healthy public senti-
ment against indiscriminate andthoughtless flower-picking. But it is
evident that the successful prosecu-
tion of a campaign of this kind re-
quires a central body which shall direct
and inspire the work; and it also re-
quires some official medium of publi-
cation. The organization of a national
society along these lines, effected onApril 23, 1902, while it represents to a
certain extent the growth of popularsentiment, is the direct result of the re-
marks by Dr. F. H. Knowlton in his
essay, "Suggestions for the Preserva-tion of Our Native Plants," which wasawarded the .first prize In the recentcompetition held by the New York Bo-tanical Garden with the income of theCaroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokesfund. A few paragraphs from the es-
say iteelf will serve as a partial ex-
planation of the aims and objects of the
Society:
"It seems to me that all legitimate ef-
fort that can be made for the conserva-tion of the native flora is naturally di-
visible into twTo fields: First, the broad-er, higher plane of enlightened publicsentiment regarding the protection of
plants in general and; second, the im-mediate steps that must be taken to
save certain of the m-ore showy or in-
teresting forms now threatened withextermination, The first is somethingwe rnay reasonably hope for, even if it
comes slowly; the second is a practicalquestion that must be solved quickly orit will be too late. * * * The public
must be educated up to the point whenit will be possible for them to enjoy
the flowers and plants of field and for-
est without destroying them. Theymust be led to see that it is only\ self-
ishness which prompts the indiscrim-
inate plucking of every bright-colored
flower or shapely fern that attracts
their eye. A walk afield, enlivened bythe presence of flowers and birds, leaves
behind a memory that may be cher-
ished for years. The ruthless breakingup of this rounded symmetry of nature,
simply for the gratification of the mo-ment, leaves a void impossible to fill."
* * * *
The proposed fields of labor of the So-
ciety may be summarized as folllows:
EDUCATION.—The primary and sec-
ondary -schools afford abundant oppor-tunity for missionary work'. Let everyteacher aim to impress on the pupils
under his charge the beauty and valueof plant life. Let him give some in-
struction in the differences betweennative species, many of which are rare
Oi' easily destroyed, and the introducedweeds, most of which are so sturdyand abundant that they will survivewholesale plucking.MORAL SUASION.—Public senti-
ment can be influenced to a large ex-
tent by articles in newspapers andmagazines, if the subject-matter is
well presented. The establishment of
a press bureau by the Society is ex-
pected to facilitate this work. •
PUBLIC PARKS.—Many cities haveset apart for public use and enjoymentvarious tracts of land distinguished for
the beauty of their scenery oar vegeta-tion. This is one of the most effective
means of preserving plants from de-struction, and local chapters will beformed to work on this line.
LEGISLATION.—In some few in-
stances it may be advisable to invokesuch legislation as protects the Hart-ford fern in Connecticut. This, howev-er, is a last resort, aid should only beemployed in emergencies where all
other measures for protection havefailed.
FORESTRY.
President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, of
the University of California, announces
a course of summer lectures on forestry
at Idyllwild, 'Strawberry Valley, SanJacinto mountains, Riverside county,
California, from July 29 to August 10,
1903,. This will be the first school of
forestry west of the Allegheny moun-tains, and the lectures will be- given byDr. W. L. Jepson, Prof. Arnold V. Stu-
benraueh, and (probably) Mr. Gifford
Pinchot. The fee for the course will be
six dollars.
C. C.
Cactus Connoisseurs would be the
polite expansion of the initials head-
ing this article, but Cactus Cranks is
possibly the more common form used
by an indifferent world when CactusCollectors are referred to.
It is proposed to collect brief sketches
of those whose names have been con-
nected in the past with these fascinat-
ing plants, which in the end might be
incorporated into an Encyclopaedia of
Biography.BRIGGS, MRS. MAUD M.:
Mrs. Briggs will be remembered bycactus fanciers from her having usedthe expression, in advertising her cacti,
that she lived 'where they grow.' Shewas a florist who lived at El Paso, Tex-as, with a penchant for using and con-fusing the botanical names—which left
her correspondents in delightful sus-
pense as to what they might receive.
Chihuahua dogs were favorite petswith her. In 1899 she reported a newMammillaria which was to be named in
her honor—but none are known to exist
in scientific collections, and soon after
she ceased to "'live where they grow."—Or.BRANDEGEE, MRS. KATHARINE:A prominent character in the annals
of West American botany, whose inter-
net in cacti began soon after she ceasedher career under the name of Mrs.Mary K. Curran. Many species havetreen described by her pen as a result of
her own and her husband's explora-tions, chiefly identified with Lower Cal-ifornia (as pertains to cacti) up to thepresent writing (1903).—Or.
CURRAN, MRS. MARY K.
:
See Katharine Brandegee.MAIN, MRS. F. M.:In passing through NogaleB, Arizona,
in 1899, I met this energetic woman,who after acquiring a substantial prop-ery in brick buildings, houses and lots,
took to cactus collecting—as she frank-ly explained—for the money. The mostof her collections were made in the vi-
cinity of Nogales—mostly on the Sone-ra side, her expeditions extending prob-ably the whole length of the Sonorarailroad. Mammillaria Mainae com-memorates her -work and was undoubt-edly obtained in the mountains of So-nora near Nogales—at least I was so
informed by one of her assistants. Shewas reported to have been killed in asaloon fight in 1902 (an affair thatwould have been characteristic of theborder town in which she lived), butthe facts were that she died in Los An-geles, California, from an operation for
cancer.—Or.
NICKELS, MRS. ANNA B.
:
As a pioneer woman florist in thesouthwest, and the first woman C. C,Mrs. Nickels has won wide recognitionand deserves more than passing notice.
After years of correspondence, I hadthe pleasure of meeting her in 1902, at
her son's home in San Luis Potosi—
a
woman over seventy, still an eager en-thusiast, planning trips into new re-
gions that would be a credit to themodern woman. Several species namedin her honor have been introduced to
the horticultural world through her la-
bors and explorations, and one couldlisten for hours, unwearied, to accountsof her eanly expeditions. Unfortunate-ly she has been more diligent in theuse of the pick than of the pen, andmuch that she might have added to theworld's store of useful and curious lore
remains to be recorded by others, whomay follow in her footsteps.—Or.
VACCINATION ASA LAWFUL MEN-ACE TO LIFE AND LONGEVITY.
Most poisons leave the drug store
with a death head on the label to warnlife-loving Americans of danger in
their use. Vaccine virus, on the otherhand, goes out under protection of the
law to indiscriminate use. In case of
accident there is no redress. In sever-
al States there is a law requiringschool children to be vaccinated butin no State does the law lay any pen-
alty upon the use of impure virus.
And, indeed, there is no penalty whichcan restore a child's life and health or
sufficiently reward it or its parents for
their loss.
Is vaccination, then, dangerous? In
reply we can ask ourselves anotherquestion, viz: Can the inoculation of
anything be wholly free from danger?Whatever enters the blood through the
stomach must pass an array of senti-
nels which are set to detect and de-
stroy all that is hostile to pure blood.
One of the most potent of these is the
gastric fluid which is a powerful anti-
septic and destroys putrescence beforeit reaches the blood. But inoculation
avoids this ' watch at the gate andtransmits material directly to the
blood. Is it reasonable to suppose that
such a process can be free from risk?
If the material inoculated it seen by its
effects to be impure there is no reme-dy. The stomach pump will not reachit, antidotes will not correct it. It is
already in the blood and quite beyondrecall.
However, the virus furnished in this
enlightened 20th century is glycerin-
ated, sterilized, and that means its
disease germs, if there are any are de-stroyed. Whence, then, the danger?But are its disease germs destroyed?We know well enough that the kinepox germ is not destroyed or the virus'
will not "take", and it is not reason-able to suppose that a sterilized pro-cess which preserves one sort of dis-
ease germ in perfect activity is sure,
death to all others. And not only is
such a supposition unreasonable but it
has not the support of testimony. Jo-seph Collinson writes from Londonthat all diseases produced by humanlymph and the simple calf lymph arealso produced by the glycerinated va-riety. And, too, I believe every onewho has had experience of any extentin the matter has seen results from theglycerinated virus which could nothave taken place if all disease germshad been destroyed.Another argument used sometimes
to prove the innocence of vaccinationis that if it were such a dangerous rem-edy, the people would be up in armsagainst it. And so they will be whenonce they are enlightened as to the real
nature of the process and the risk ta-
ken. Many years ago smallpox was amuch-feared disease. Not only was its
fatality great, but there was a disfig-
urement almost as much dreaded asdeath. This fear of small pox led thepeople to fly blindly to anything whichwould in the opinion of anyone offer
them safety. Of late years, owing to
better sanitary conditions and betterknowledge of the treatment of the dis-
ease, it is, while not to be invited, notso greatly to be feared as many otherdiseases. Indeed, I believe that todaywe hear of more deaths and more andworse after-results from vaccinationthan from small pox. When once thepeople understand this they will fly asmadly from the remedy as in formeryears they tried to fly from the dis-
ease.
How then is it if vaccination is sodangerous and the people unaware of
their danger, that physicians do notenlighten them. Are hot physicianshonest in their seeming belief in theinnocence of vaccination? They canhardly be under the circumstances.They are in somewhat the fix of a cer-tain bishop who, the historian tells us,
insisted on burning a few heretics
every year because the lumber yard ofhis brother-in-law made a specialty of
pitched faggots. The money Which thephysician takes from vaccination is
easy money; in some States it is moneywhich the law sends them. They cer-
tainly should be pardoned if in the faceof so great temptation they are nothonest even with themselves. Thepeope who place them- in so great temp-tatcn should rightly bear the blame.What is to be done by those .who are
awake to the situation is a puzzling-
question. They do not see the right of
submitting to vaccination, nor do theylike to fight against the law—even anunjust law. Bacon, I think it was whosaid that the way to destroy the influ-
ence of bad books was to make morebooks and better ones. Something like
that might be worked in the case ofcompulsory vaccination. Leave thoselaws just as they stand and add an-other restraining physicians from re-
ceiving a fee for vaccination underpenalty of a $500-fine. With such alaw in force we could hope for the hon-
esty of the physicians, the consequentintelligence of the people and a happyescape from the terrors of vaccination.
OLIVE EDDY ORCUTT, M. P.
COMPULSORY ONION EATING.
Onion-eating people are said to beimmune from smallpox attacks. It is
suggested that the grange associations•of each state shall petition the legisla-
tures to pass laws making onion-eatingcompulsory. The advantages over vac-cination are several:—we have neverseen it asserted by a physician that on-ion-eaters were not immune; no deathsfrom onion eating have ever beenreported; the increased consumption of
onions will greatly benefit the agri-
cultural classes and add to the longevi-ty of the nations; and only the super-fastidious people (the very rich, whoare immune from the laws anyway),could object to compulsion in eatingsuch a delicious vegetable. Those toopoor to purchase the succulent shouldbe provided with a regular supply atthe expense of the state. Doctors, whovisit sick people, should regularly file
affidavits as to the quantity of onionseaten within a given period, that thepublic health may not be endangered.
C. R. ORCUTT.
Grasses of the Southwest.
AEGOPOGON GEMINIFLORUS H-B.AGROPYRON DIVBRGENS Nees.Mont; Colo; N M; Cal; Wash.
AGROPYRON GLAUCUM R-S."Culms from running ro'Otstocks, 1-3 ft.
high, erect, rigid, smooth, with about 3<
erect, rigid, narrow leaves, 4-6 in. long:spike distichous, 4-6 in. long, 4-6 lineswide, generally close or compact: spike-lets 5-9-fl'd, smooth'ish or sometimes pu-bescent; outer glumes slightly unequal,narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed, the lower 4-5 lines, and the upper5-6 lines long, the lower 1-3-nerved andthe upper about five-nerved, the lateralnerves mostly all on one side of the mid-rib; fl'ng glumes 4-6 lines long, lanceolate,obtusish, or acute, or awn-pointed, usu-ally sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, thenerves indistinct below; palet aboutequalling its glume, rather acute, slightlyb? dentate, the keels hispid-ciliate, theback sparsely softly pubescent. The"whole plant is usually glaucous. In richsoil the s pikelets are sometimes double atthe joints."—Vasey, bot gaz 1'0:259. Mont,to N. M.; Ba.ia mts (Or 1162. 1164). Valu-able for forage and hay. "Blue stem onblue grass.""Apparently annual: culms about 2 ft
8
high, slender, smooth: lvs filiform, notrigid, the lower ones recurving, 3-4 in.long; sheaths smooth, loose and open, thelower longer than the internodes; liguleconspicuous, 2-3 lines' long, triangular-acuminate, sometimes split; upper halfof culm leafless: panicle 6-8 in. long, laxand open, branches mostly in twoa, thelower ones 2-3 in. long, slender, smooth,fl bearing to or below the middle, thelower joints 1-2 in. distant: spikeletssmall, outer glumes nearly 2 lines long,equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,smooth, purplish, one-third longer thanboth fls: fl'ng glumes ^-two-thirds linelong, oblong, smooth, faintly nerved, apexbroad and 4-toothed the awn from nearthe base 4 times as long as its glume,bent at the middle: palet as long as itsglume, uarrow, ciliate above:villous hairsat. the base half as long as the fl: therhachilla also villous."—Vasey, bot gaz10:224. S D mesas! Baja!AGROPYRON PARISHII Scribner &Smith."Culms 2 to 3y2 feet high, with flat
leaves and erect or nodding spikes 6 to 12
inches long. Culms cylindrical, glabrous,striate, or smooth and shining below;nodes tumid, retrorsely pubescent; leafsheaths striate, pubescent below, andsparingly ciliate along the margins, thebasal ones shorter, the upper longer thanthe internodes; ligule membranous, veryshort; leaf blade constricted at the base,smooth on the back, scabrous above andon the margins, 2 to 3 lines wide, linearattenuate to the acute apex, the lowerculm leaves 6 to 9 inches, and the upper-most 1 to 2 inches. Spike of 8 to 12 com-pressed oblanceolate spikelets. Spikelets5- to 7-flowered, 8 to 10 lines long, shorterthan the internodes of the rachis, whichis scabrous on the margins; empty glumestwo-thirds as long as the spikelets, nearlyequal, linear, acute or acuminate, 5-nerv-ed, scarious on the margins; floweringglume lanceolate, acute, 4% to 5V2 lineslong, flattened on the back below, promi-nently 5-nerved above, and scabrous to-ward the minutely 3-toothed awnless orshort-awned apex. Awn, when present,straight, slender, 3 to 4 lines long. In-ternodes of the rachilla 1 line long, mi-nutely pubescent. Palea -as long as theglume, acute or obtuse. Represented inthe National Herbarium by specimens•"olle^ted by S. B. Parish in Waterman'sCanon, San Bernardino Mountains, Cali-fornia, at an altitude of 3,000 feet, No. 2,054,
June 28. 1888, and No. 2238, June 23, 1891.
This snecies apparently connects Agropy-ron with Brachynodium. The habit is
similar to that of A. Arizonicum. It is
the only American species with pubescenti^ulm nodes."—Scr'bner & Smith, b 4, p 28,
D-A agr (6F 1897).
Variety DAEVE Scribner & Smith."With the hab't of the species, but the
culm no'le-: and leaf sheaths glabrous;awns as long or longer than the floweringglumes. Tyne in the Gray herbarium No.414, Dr. Edward Palmer, collected atFowley's Cuvamaca Mo.m 1 ai r s, in the1875."—Scribner & Smith, C 4, p 28, D-Aagr (6 F 1S97).
10
AGROPYRON REPENS Beauv.Cruz; Rosa; Potrero, . Chollas (Or 498).
AGROPYRON TENERUM Vasey."Culms in tufts or patches, without
running rootstocks, apparently annual,about 3 ft high, erect, smooth: lvs nar-row, 1 or 2 lines wide, 3-6 in. long; sheathsstriate, smoothish; ligule short: spikeslender, cylindrical, 4-6 in. long, 1 or 2
lines wide, with the spikelets one-third to
y2 in. distant, sometimfles wider and withthe spikelets closer; axis scabrous: spike-lets 3-5 fl'd; outer glumes 5-6 lines long,rigid, lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed,strongly 5-nerved; fl'ng glumes lanceo-late, acute, 4-5 lines long, rounded on theback, smooth or smoothish and with thenerves indistinct below, above conspicu-ously 5-nerved and scabrous, terminatedwith a stiff, straight awn %-2 lines long;palet nearly as long as its glume, entireor obtusely 2-toothed at the apex, thekeels ciliate or hispid-ciliate."—Vasey,bot gaz 10:258. "Common throughout theRocky Mountains, and in bottom lands it
is often) cut. for hay, of which it makesan excellent quality." Baja mts (Or 1159,
1163).Genus AGROSTIS Linnaeus.
AGROSTIS AEQUIVALVIS Trin.Parish, Erythea 3:59. Bear.
AGROSTIS ATTEINUATA Vasey.McClatchie. Erythea 2:78. Gabriel.Alaska to California.
AGROSTIS DENSIFLORA Vasey.Santa Cruz, Cal. (Dr. C. D. Anderson).
AGROSTIS DIBGOENS1S Vasey."Culms erect, stout, 2-3 ft. or more
high, smooth; leaves 4-7 inches long-
,
1-2 lines wide, erect, those of the culmwith long sheaths (the upper ones 8
or 9 inches long) ; ligule about 2 lines
long, acute; panicle 6-8 inches long,
lanceolate, the joints rather distant(the lower iy2 ~2 inches; branches nu-merous, unequal, erect, the longerones about 2 inches long, and florifer-
*ous above the middle, the shorter florif-
erous to the base, the flowers numer-ous; spikelets light green, l%-2 lines
long, outer glumes acute, scabrous onthe keel; flowering glume one-thirdshorter, oblong, obtuse, the mid-nerveterminating about the middle, with or
without a minute " awn; palet none.San Diego, California, by C. R. Or-cutt.''—Vasey, Torr * cl b 13:55 (Ap1886). Chollas valley (Orcutt 1058), SanDiego, Cal. (type).Cruz; Chollas (Or 1058). Ha U 54, Jac.
AGROSTIS EXARATA Trin.Agrostis albicans Buckl, Phila ac pr
1862, 91.
Polypogon alopecuroides Buckl, Philaac pr 1862, 88.
Smith mt, S D Co (H. C. Orcutt); Alas-ka; N. M.; Colo; Chollas (Or 518, 105S—"probably forma asperfolia Vasey").AGROSTIS GRANDIS Trin.
Smith mt, S D Co (H. C. Orcutt).AGROSTIS MICROPHYLLA Steud.McClatchie, Erythea 2:78. Gabriel.Potrero; Wash. Mesas S D Co (Or 1176).
AGROSTIS MULTICULMIS Vasey.Potrero (Or 959).
AGROSTIS PILOSA Beauv.AGROSTIS SCABRA Willd.Smith mt, S D Co (H. C. Orcutt) ; Alas-
ka; Siberia; Tucson; Arizona (Tourney).AGROSTIS SCOULEiRI Trin.Rosa; San Diego (?Orcutt).
AGROSTIS TENUIS Vasey. „
"Perennial, loosely tufted1
. Culms 6-10in. high, slender, somewhat geniculatebelow; leaves 1-2 in. long, narrow, about2 on the culm; ligule short. Panicle pyr-amidal, open, 2-3 in. long and 1-1% wide;rays in three or fives below, above intwos or single, capillary, the longest 1 in.or more in length, fl'ng above the middle,spreading or erectish. Spikelets verysmall (less than a line long) ; glumes a-cute, purplish, the lower a little shorterand broader; fl'ng-glume thin, obtutish,3-nerved above, a little shorter than theouter glumes, unawned; palet very mi-ute or wanting." Vasey, Torr cl b 10:21.San Bernardino mts (Parish). Wash.AGROSTIS VERTICILLATA Vill.Cantilles! S D Co (Or 1168). Texas.
AGROSTIS VIRESCENS HBK.San Diego (Or 1173). Mexico.
AGROSTIS VULGARIS With.Parish, Erythea 3:59.—"Naturalized
about San Bernardino, in meadows andby roadsides."ALOPEiCURUS CALIFORNICUS Vasev.Santa Cruz Isl; SD!
ALOPECURUS GEINICULATUS L.Mesas, S D! Baja (Or 1438).
Variety ARISTULATUS Torrey.ANDROPOGON MACROURUS Mich.McClatchie, Erythea 2:77. Gabriel mts.Cantilles (Or 1144, 1163).
ANDROPOGON SACOHAROIDES Swtz.Baja (Or 514); Colo; Kansas.
ANDROPOGON D1SSITIFLORUS MichxANDROPOGON CIRRHATUS Hackel.ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS Kth.ANDROPOGON WRIGHTII Hackel.
Genus ARISTIDA Linnaeus.ARISTIDA AMERICANA L f.
Colorado Desert (Or 2075).
ARISTIDA ARIZONICA Vasey."Culms 1-2 ft. high, tufted, rigidly
erect, unbranched, leafy to the middle,smooth; leaves of the culm about 4, ofnearly equal length, 4-8 inches long,
canaliculate or becoming convolute,narrow and somewhat rigid, smooth;panicle 5-10 inches long, narrow; theblanches in twos below appressed,somewhat distant (the lower inter-
nodes 2-3 inches long), unequal, thelonger one overlapping the internodeabove, and naked below, the shorterone sessile, each with 2-8 short pedi-celled spikelets; outer glumes nearlyequal, 6-7 lines long, bidentate at the
11 12
apex, mucronate or awn pointed, his-
pid on the keel, 1-nerved or the lower3-nerved; flowering glume to the di-
vision of the awn and including theshort hairy callus, 7-8 lines long, slen-
der, smooth below, scabrous and twist-ed above, the awns nearly equal, 10-12
lines long, widely divergent when ma-ture. * * * Arizona."—Vasey, Torrcl b 13:27 (F 1886).
Tourney (Ariz aes b 2) refers to this
especially, and other Aristidas in gen-eral, as being rather unimportantrange grasses.Vasey, Grasses of the Southwest, pt
1 t 22.
ARISTIDA BROMOIDES HBK.Shollas (Or 1071); C D (Or 2245); Baja
(Or 1436).ARISTIDA CALIFORNICA Thurber.C D (Schott); Ft. Mohave (Cooper).
Variety FUGITIVA Vasey.CD!
Variety MAJOR Vasey.Magdalena Island (Br).
ARISTIDA DISPERSA TrimARISTIDA DIVARICATA H-B.Baja mts (Or 1111): S Ber; Arizona.
ARISTIDA ORCUTTIANA Vasey."Culms about 2 ft. high, stout below,
above becoming slender, very leafy;
leaves near the base with loose opensheaths and rather broad blades, theupper one-quarter shorter: floweringinches long or more; panicle long andopen. 4-5 inches long; branches ratherdistant, mostly single, flexuous, thelower ones about 3 inches long, theupper one-quarte shorter; floweringglume with the awn bent near the mid-dle, and twisted below. The panicle is
small for the size of the plant, andcomparatively few-flowered. It ap-proaches Aristida Schiediana. South-ern California, C. R. Orcutt: Arizona,M. E.. Jones."—Vasey Torr cl b 13:27 (F1S86).
Hanson's ranch, 6.000 ft. elevation,northern Baja California (H. C. and C.
R. Orcutt, 507-type); not "SouthernCalifornia" (?).
ARISTIDA PURPUREA Nutt.Baja (Or 1146); Arizona (Or 2515. 2532).
Varietv FENDLERIANA Vasey, U S Nahb cont 3:46.
Parish. Erythea 3:59.—"Rose mine, alt.
6,000 ft., eastern slope of the San Bernar-dino mts., Calif."ARISTIDA SCABRA Kth.Bajai (Br); Mexico.
Genus AVENA Linnaeus.AVENA BARBATA Brot.McClatchie, Erythea 2:78: Pasadena;
Catalina.
AVENA FATUA Linn.Variety GLABRESCENS Coss.Parish, Erythea 6:86. Nordhoff (Hubby),
and San Bernardino, Cal.Florets clothed with hairs only on the
;
rachilla and at the base of the flowering'glumes. In aspect not different from thetype.
Genus BOITELOUA Lagasca.BOUTELOUA POLYSTACHYA Torr.Chondrosium polystachyum Bth Bot
Sulph 56.
CD (Or 1468; 2064, near Ft Yuma). TexasBOUTELOUA RACEMOSA Lag.Baja. mts (Or 671). N. Y.
Genus BROMIS Linnaeus.BROMUS CARINATUS H-A.Var. CALIFORNICUS Shear.Bromus californicus Nutt in Phila. ac.
herb.Todos Santos bay, Baja California (Miss
P. E. Fish). Potrero valley and SanDiego, California. (Orcutt 511a).
Var. HOOKERIANTJS Shear.Bromua hookerianus Thurb in Wilkes U.
S. Exp. Exped 17: 493 (1874).
Ceratochloa grandiflora Hook Fl. Bor.Am. 2: 253 (1840).
Bromus virens Buckl Phila. ac. pr. 1862:
93.
Bromus nitena Nutt in Phila ac. herb.California, Washington, Idaho.
BROMUS CILIATUS L.BROMUS ERECTUS Huds.BROMUS HORDEACEUS L.Bromus mollis L, Sp pi ed 2, 1:112 (1762).
Serrafalcus mollis Pari Fl Ital 1:395
(1848).
Erect or ascending annual or biennialwith a rather dense, erect panicle; culmsabout 2-8 dm high, usually somewhatpubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorse-ly soft pilose-pubescent; ligule 1.5-2 mm.long, laciniate; blades linear, pilose-pub-escent to nearly smooth, about 5-15 cmlong and 3-5 mm broad; panicle con-tracted, narrow pyramidal, 5-10 cm long,2-4 broad; branches somewhat spreadingin flower; spikelets 5-13 flowered, ovate-lanceolate, becoming obtuse, 12-15 mmlong, 4-6 wide, with short pedicels: emptyglumes broad, obtuse, coarsely pilose orscabrous-pubescent, the lower 3-5-nerved,4-6 mm long, the upper 5-7-nerved, 7-8
mm long; flowering glume broad, obtuse,7-nerved, coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent, rather deeply bidentate, mar-gin and apex hyaline, 8-9 mm long: awnrather stout, rough, flattened toward thebase, straight at first, frequently some-what twisted when old, about 6-9 mmlong: palea a little more than % thelength of its glume.Southern Europe; introduced sparingly
from Maine to Virginia, abundantly onthe Pacific coast, from Washington, toLos Angeles, California.BROMUS MAXIMUS Desf.Type from northern Africa. Stanford
University (C. Ritter 305), California.Var. GUSSONI Pari.Bromus g-ussoni Pari Rar. PI. Sic. 2:
8 (1840).
Bromus sterilis Gus Fl. Sic. Prod.
13 14
Suppl. 1: 27 (1832).
Larger than the type, 4-7 dm. tall,
larger and more lax panicle, 1-2 dm. long,with the upper part somewhat drooping.Arizona, California, Washington. In-
cutt 1059).
.troduced. San Diego, California (Or-BROMUS RUBENS L.BROMUS ORCUTTIANUS Vasey."Culms 3-4 ft high, erect, leafy below,
scabrous above: lvs 4-6 in. long, erect,rather rigid, smooth except on the mar-gins; ligule short, obtuse, somewhat car-tilaginous: panicle 4-6 lines long, erect,rather scabrous, the branches short (1-2
Jn. long). , in twos or threes, rigidlyspreading horizontally, sparsely fi'd:
spikelets 2-5 fl'd, short-pedicelled: outerglumes smoothish, scabrous on tnenerves: the upper one oblong-lanceolate,5-6 lines long, 3-nerved, obtuse; the lowerone % .shorter. 1-nerved, narrower andacute: n'ng glumes scabrous-pubescent,5-nerved, rounded on the back, acutish;awn 2-4 lines long: palet rather shorterthan the glumes, sparsely ciliate on thekeels."—Vasev. bot gaz 10:223. Smith mt,S D Co (H. C. Orcutt): Mt. Adams,Wash. (Suksdorf).Var. GRANDIS Shear.Variety ASIMILIS Davy.BROMUS TRINII Desv.Trisetum hirtum Trin Linnaea 10:300
(1835).
Trisetum barbatum Steud Syn PI Gram229 (1854).
Bromus barbatoides Beal Grass N A2:614 (1896).
California; Colorado; Chili.Var. PALLIDIFLORUS Desv.Bromua barbatoridea sulcatus Beal
grass N A 2:615 (1896).
Trisetum barbatum major Vasey inherb: Beal Grass N. A. 2:615 (1896).
BROMUS UNIOLOIDES HBK.Annual, or sometimes perennial, 3-4 ft.
high, seyeral stems from same base;panicle large and spreading, spikeletsabout 1 inch long, 14 wide, composed of7-10 florets overlapping each, other;flowering glumes coarse in texture,strongly nerved, usually bearing a shortarm about 3 mm. long. Rescue grass.Widely distributed in South and CentralAmerica, Mexico, Southern Texas, andnaturalized or cultivated in the southernUnited States, Europe, and Australia.Known also by the names Iverson's,California prairie, Schrader's brome, andArctic, grass, Australian oats, etc.Shear, cir 26 agr D-A, f.
Genus CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.CALAMAGROSTIS DENSUS Vasey."Culms in large patches, from strong
roctstocks, 3-4 ft high, robust, leafy, 5-6nodes; the lower sheaths loose and longerthan the internodes, the middle onesshorter than the internodes, the upperincluding the base of the panicle; lvsoften a foot long, rigid, plane or becom-ing somewhat involute at the long slen-der points, somewhat scabrous, as arethe sheaths; ligule 1 line long, lacerate:panicle strict, lance-oblong, 4-6 in. long,rachis1 slightly scabrous, branches some-
what verticillate, appressed, 1 line longand densely fl'd: spikelets crowded, 2-2%lines long; outer glumes linear-lanceolate,nearly equal, acute, slightly scabrous,margins slightly scarious; third (or fl'ng)glume a litle shorter, narrow, apex slight-ly toothed and mucronate, a few shorthairs at the base; awn, twisted near thebase, a little longer than its glume; paleta little shorter than the glume, thin;sterile tuft, slender, one-third to one-halfas long as the glumes, with few hairs."
—
Vasey, bot gaz 16:147. Julian, S D Co (Or)/CALAMAGROSTIS KAELERIOIDESVasey."Culms erect, 2 ft high, rather rigid,
smooth: lvs 2-6 in. long, narrow, some-what scabrous, ligule conspicuous, lacin-iate, blade rigid, pointed, the upper veryshort: panicle spike-like, narrow, 3-4 in.
lcng, the branches in short, approximate(or at the base rather distant) clusters:snikelets about 2 lines long, linear-lance-olate, rather smaller, but otherwise muchas in Calamagrostis densus; the paniclehaving much the appearance of Koeleriacristata,"—Vasev. bot gaz 16:147. Julian,S D Co (Or).CEiNCHRUS PALMERI Vasey.Calmalli (Orcutt 2573).
CHAELOCHLOA GLAUCA Scribn.Setaria glauca Beauv Agrost 51 (1812).
Panicum glaucum L. sp. PI 56 (1753).
Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze Rev. Gen.PI. 2: 767 (1891).
Ixophorus glaucus Nash Torr bot. cl. b.22:423 (1895).
CHAETOCHLOA IMBERBIS Scribn.Scribner. LT
S D-A agr b 4:39.
Parish. Erythea 7:S9. . Locally intro-duced at Los Angeles CHasse; Davidson).Setaria imberbis R-S Sys 2:S9.
Setaria caudata Davidson, PI L A Co31, not R-S.CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES L.New England: Baia: Arizona.CHLORIS ELEGAXS HBK.Ft. Yuma, Cal. (Or 2082). Mexico.
Genus CI1YNA Linnaeus.CYNODON DACTYLON Pers.S D! Cosmopolitan.
Genus DACTYLIS LinnaensDACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.Europe. Asia; widelv naturalized.
DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA Bol.San Diego to Oregon.
DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA Beauv.DESCHAMPSIA CALYCINA Presl.Bear; Panamint mts (Coville).
DESCHAMPSIA GRACILIS Vasey.DIPLACHNE IMBRICATA Scribn.Leptochloa imbricata Thurber.S Ber (W. G. Wright); Texas; Baja.
Ft. Yuma, Cal (Or 2080).
Genns DISTICHLIS RannesQ.DISTICHLIS MARITIMA Raf.Uniola spicata L.Distichlis spicata Greene. Cal ac b 1:415.Chollas (Or 504): Baja mts (Or 1161).
EATONIA OBTUSATA A. Gray.San Bernardino. Cal. (Parish).
Genns ELYMUS Linnaeus.ELYMUS AMERICANUS Vasey.Sauzal, Baja (Or 1427).
15 15
ELYMUS ORCUTTIANUS Vasey."Culms generally several from one root,
2 or 3 ft high, rather slender, lfy: nodes4-5: leaves 8-10 in. long, erect but not rig-id, narrow and more or less involutewhen dry, scabrous on the margins, upperleaf equalling or exceeding the culm;sheath® striate, • smooth; ldgule a, shortciliate line or nearly obsolete: spike 4-6
in. long, erect, loosely fl'd, with 15-20
spikelets, 2 or frequently only 1 at eachjoint, mostly flat and 2-ranked: spikelets5-7 fl'd; outer glumes linear-lanceolate,rigid, long-pointed, 4-6 lines long, 1 or dis-tinctly 3 nerved, equalling or exceedingthe lower fls; lower fl'ng glumes 4-5 lineslong, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, round-ed and smooth on the back, finely punc-tate, 5-nerved on the inside, the pointsscabrous; the upper fl'ng glumes gradu-ally shorter and less pointed, and morescabrous above; palet *4 to one-thirdshorter than the glumes, 2-toothed atapex, 2-keeled, the keels ciliate."—Vasey,hot gaz 10:258. S D! El Rancho Viejo, Ba-ja (Br).ELYMUS PARISHII Davy & Merrill."Stems tufted, 7-9 dm high, scabrid: lvs
canescently pubescent with spreadinghair; ligule a mere ring; blades flat or be-coming involute, 5 mm wide, the upper-most 3.5-7 cm long, the lowest 8-16 cmlong: spike 10-16 cm long, 10 mm wide,with somewhat divergent spikelets:spikelets in pairs, the lowest 1-2 cmapart, 1-1.5 cm long excluding the awns,3-5 fl'd: empty glumes 11-16 mm long,about 1 mm wide, awn-pointed; inter-nodes of rachilla 2-3 mm long; fl'ngglumes scabrous, 10 mm long; awns 2-2.5
cm long, scabrous."—Davy & Merrill,Univ Cal pub bot 1:60. Siskiyou Co; Jac(Hall 2i097).
ELYMUS SIBIRICUS L.McClatchie, Erythea 2:78. Gabriel mts.
ELYMUS SITANION Scht.Baja mts (Or 1171); Arizona (Or 2533).
ELYMUS TRITICOIDES Nuttall.McClatchie, Erythea 2:78. Gabriel mts.;
Catalina.EPICAMPE'S RIGENS Benth.CD (Parish); Texas. Ha U 53, Jac.
ERAGROSTIS CURTIPEDICELLATABk.Ft. Yuma, Cal. (Or 2078).
ERAGROSTIS MAJOR Host.Rosalia (Orcutt).
ERAGRSTIS NEOMEiXICANA Vasey.Prescott, Arizona (Tourney).
ERAGROSTIS OXYLEPIS Torr.S D! Texas, Kansas.
ERAGROSTIS PILOSA Beauv, Agr 71.
Parish, Erythea 7:89.
Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey, U S Nahb 1:269.Eragrostis mexicana McClatchie, Fl
Pasadena 628; Davidson, PI L A Co 32(not Link).Australia; naturalized throughout
southern Cal.ERAGROSTIS POAEOIDES Beauv.Variety MBGASTACHYA A. Gray.Smith mt, S D Co (H. C. Orcutt).
ERIOCHLOA PUNCTATA Ham.Ft. Yuma, Cal. (Or 2065).
Genus FESTUCA Linnaeus.
FESTUCA MICROSTACHYS Nutt.Mesas. S D (Or 1073); Baja (Or 1275).
Variety CILIATA A. Gray.S D! San Esteban, Baja (Br).
FESTUCA MYURUS L.S D (Or 521); Baja (Or 1433); Cruz; Rosa,
FESTUCA TBNELLA Willd.Pt. Loma, S D (Or 1063); Baja mts (Or
1142, "a tall form"). Arizona (Or 1530, 1535).
GASTRIDIUM AUSTRALE Beauv.S D Co (Palmer); S F; Europe; Chili.
GLYCERIA REMOTA Fries,San Bernardino mts (Parish 1661).
HILARIA MUTICA Benth. ,.
Cal. (Coville); N. M.; Arizona. "Blackgrama grass."HILARIA RIGIDA Vasey.Pleuraphis rigida Thurber."Gietta"; C D; Cantilles (Or 1145); Ari-
zona (Or 2512).
Genus HORDEUM Linnaeus.HORDEUM ADSCENDENS H B K."A rather slender, erect, leafy annual
(?) 2 to 3 feet high, with terminal beardedspikes 3 to 4 inches long. Culms teiete,smooth, shining; nodes smooth, o<- thesouthern part of San Diego county, Cal.,lower ones minutely puberulent; sheathsshorter than the internodes, the lowersmooth, striate; ligule membranous,ones densely pubescent. the upperrounded, entire, about 1 line long; leafblades rather rigid, 3 to 6 inches long, 2
to 3 lines wide, stiiate, scabrous, gradual-ly narrowed to the pungently tipped apex.Axis of the spike compressed, scabrous orsubciliate on the margins, the joints about1 line long. Empty glumes setaceous,rounded on the back, sulcata on the inriorface below, scabrous, those of the centralspikelet about 1 inch long, those of thelateral spikelets a little shorter; floweringglume of the central spikelet 4% to 5 lineslong, scabrous; palea about as long as theglume, scabrous on the keel above. Pro-longation of the rachilla awn-like, andtwo-thirds as long as the palea. Lateralspikelets neutral, the pedicellate thirdglume about 3 to Zx/2 lines long, scabrous,subulate-pointed.—H B K., Nov. Gen. 1,
180. Distinguished from H. nodosum byits taller habit of growth, attenuate andpungently pointed leaves, longer spike-lets and longer-awned glumes, the emptyones being flattened or sulcate on the in-ner face and not terete* throughout.Abundant along irrigation ditches nearGlendale, Ariz. No. 2522 C. R. Orcutt,April 30, 1896."—Scribner & Smith, b 4, p24, D-A agr (6 F 1897).
HORDEUM JUBATUM L,San Diego, Cal. (Or 522).
HORDEUM MURINUM L.Guadalupe; Cruz; Rosa.HORDEUM NODOSUM L,Bear valley (Parish).HORDEUM PRATElNSE Huds.Smith mt, S D Co (H. C. Orcutt); El
Rancho Viejo,. Baja (Br).HORDEUM PUSILLUM Nuttall.McClatchie. Erythea 2:78. Catalina.Mesas, S D (Or 1175); Baja (Or 1430);
Arizona (Or 2514, a roadside weed nearCongress; 2522, along irrigating canal).IMPERATOR HOOKERI Rupr.
17 18
"Imperator brevifolia—Culms 3-4 ft.
high, erect from a creeping" rhizome,firm, smooth; radical leaves numerous,4-10 inches long1
, plain, smooth, very-
acute, 4-5 lines wide, contracted andlong ciliate at the base, ligule short,
membranaceous; cauline leaves, 4 or 5,
short, first about 4 inches, second 3
inches, third 2 inches, fourth 1 inchlong, rather rigid, acute, with a fewlong hairs at the base; ligule short cil-
iate, sheaths smooth, the upper oneselongated 6-7 inches long) : panicle erect,
nearly cylindrical, 5-9 inches long,
V2~% inches wide; branches of the pan-icle appressed, sparsely short-hairybelow, with spikelets in pairs, one ses-sile, and the other pedicellate, towardthe apex the spikelets single; the ped-icels slightly hispid, and emitting' afew long silky hairs; the outer glumesabout 1% lines long, the upper a little
longer, lance-oblong, obtusish; thelower five-nerved; upper 3-nerved andciliate at the apex; both villous on theback with long silky hairs, which areabout 3 lines long; third glume smooth,very thin, hyaline, about as long asthe first; fourth glume two-thirds aslong, narrow; palet bifid, broad, hya-line, nerveless, % line long; stamenone. Southern California, 1031 Parish;New Mexico, 2001 C. Wright; also fromArizona and Western Texas."—Vasey,Torr cl b 13:26 (P 1886).
Cantilles canyon, Lower California(Orcutt 1137) ; Grand canyon (Tou-rney) ; Resting Spring's (Coville).
Genus KOELERIA Pers.KGELERIA CRISTATA Pers.S D (Or 495); Sauzal, Baja (Or 1426); Ju-
lian. Gal. (Or 1990); Arizona (Or 2534;2474).
Genus LAMARCKIA Moench.LAMARKIA AUREA Moench.S D Go (Palmer); C D; Baja; Texas,
LEPTOCHOLOA FASCICULARIS Gray.Ft. Yuma, Cal tp New England.
Genus LOLIUM Linnaeus.LOLIUM TEMULENTUM L.' Chollas (Or 1067); widely naturalized.
Genus MELICA Linnaeus,MP LICA FRUTESCENS- Seribn.San Diego; Baja; Mexico.
MELICA IMPERFECTA Trin.Baja mts (Or 1170); Guadalupe; Cruz.
MELICA POAEOIDEiS Nuttall.Baja (Or 513).'
MONATHOCHLOE LITTORALIS E.S E> (Or 512); Magdalena Isl. (Br).
Genus MUHLENBERGIA Trin.
MUHLENBERGIA CALAMAGROSTID-EA Kth.So Gal; Arizona; Comondu, Baja (Br).
MUHLENBERGIA CALIFORNICA Va-sey.San Bernardino (Parish).
MUHLENBERGIA DEBILIS Trin.Calmalli; Rosalia (Orcutt).S D (Or 496); S Bar; Baja (Or 1435).
MUHLENBERGIA DUMOSA Scribn.Southern California; Arizona; Mexico.
MUHLENBERGIA GRACILIS Trin.Mont.; Colorad/o; Arizona; California.
MUHLEINBERGIA MEXICANA Triu .
MoClatchie, Erythea 2:78. Gabriel mts.MUHLENBERGIA PARISHII Vasey.San Bernardino, Gal. (Parish).
MUHLENBERGIA PUNGENS Thurb.Ft. Yuma, Cal. Utah; Nebraska.MUNROA SQUARROSA Nuttall.Crypsis squarrosa Nuttall.British America to Mexico.
Genus ORCUTTIA Vasey."Panicle somewhat spicate, with short,
simple, alternate, sessile spikelets, some-what distant below, and crowded towardthe summit: spikelets many-fl'd, com-pressed: empty and fl'ng glumes muchalike, with many prominent straightnerves, strongly toothed or lobed at theapex: palet equalling its glume, narrow,thin, green on the strongly angled keels:anthers 3, styles 2, fil and styles project-ing beyond the apex."—Vasey, bot gaz 19:
145.
"Plant dwarf, 2-4 inches high, annual;growing- in small clusters of 10-20 or moreculms from one root; culms variable inlength in the same cluster, generally pro-ducing some small flowering branchesfrom the lower joints; leaves 2 or 3, thesheaths open and inflated, striate; liguleobsolete; blade rather rigid, about 1 inchlong, acuminate; leaves and sheathssparsely pubesrent; panicle about 1 inchlong, simple, usually of 4-6 alternate ses-sile spikelets, the lower 2 or 3 rather dis-tant, the upper ones crowded; spikelets5-10 flowered, empty glumes sparsely pu-bescent, broad, about 2 lines long, scari-ous-margined, mostly 3 lobed, the 2 outerlobes longer, the lobes each 3-nerved;flowering glumes a little exceeding 2 lineslong, with 5 nearly equal, acute lobes,each lobe 3-nerved 1
;palet as long as its
glume, hyaline, narrow, strongly keeled,dentate at apex. Sometimes severalspikelets are clustered together at theapex of the culm, with only 1 pair ofempty glumes for all. A dwarf grasscollected near Quintin. by C. R. Orcutt,an ardent young naturalist, for whom thegenus is named."—Vasey, Torr cl b 13:219t 60 (N 1SS6).
CRYZOPSIS MEMBRANACEA Vasey.Stipa membranacea Pursh.Eriocoma cuspidata Nuttall, Gen 1:40.
British Columbia to Baja aftd Texas.
Genus PANICIM Linnaeus.PANICUM CAPILLARE L.Smith mt. S D Co (H. C. Orcutt); Baja.
PANICUM COLONUM L,Ft. Yuma, Cal. (Or 2367) ; Baja (Or 1309).
Texas.
19 20
PANICUM CRUS-GALLI L.Ft. Yuma, Cal. (Or 20S5) ; Baja.
PANICUM DICHOTOMUM L.San Diego Oo (Or 540).
PANICUM SANGUINALE L.Visalia, Cal.; Arizona.
PANICUM URVILLEANUM Kth. •
Colorado Desert; Arizona; Chili.PAPPOPHORUM WRIGHTII S. Wats.Calmalli (Orcutt).
Genus PASPALUM Linnaeus.PASPALUM DISTICHUM L.Jamaica to. Cal.; San Diego Co (Or 508).
PASPALUM PUBLIFLORUM Rupt.Southern California to Texas.
Genus PHALARIS Linnaeus,PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA L.Oregon; Arctic Am; Atlantic; Mexico.
PHALARIS CANARIENSIS L.Cruz; S D; Baja! A widely naturalized
weed.S D Co; Cruz; Baja (Or 525); Arizona
PHALARIS INTERMEDIA Bosc.Variety ANGUSTA Chapman.San Diego (Or 528) ; Florida.
PHALARIS LEMMONI Vasey.Arizona; California.
Genus PHLEUM Linnaeus.PHLEUM ALPINUM L.Alpine regions of Europe,Asia, and N APHLEUM PRATENSE L.Europe; widely naturalized.
Genus PHRAGMITES Trin.PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS Trin.S D Co (Or 576); San Gregorio, Baja(Br)
PHRAGMITES VULGARIS B.Europe; Mohave (Coville).
Genus POA Linnaeus.POA ANNUA L.Santa Cruz Island (Br).
POA BIGELOVII Vasey and Scribner.S D mts! Baja; Texas; Colo.; Utah.
POA UNILATERALISM Scribner.Vasey, grasses Pac Slope 2 t 85.
S F; San Bernardino (Parish).Parish, Ervthea 3:59.—Bear.
POA FENDLERIANA Vasey.S Ber; S F; Colo.; N. M. ; Mexico.
POA HOWELLII Vasey and Scribner.Cruz; Oregon.
Variety CHANDLER I Davy."Chandler's Meadow Grass. Stems 3.5-
5.5 cm high: lvs smooth; sheaths some-what inflated; ligule scarious, w, trun-cate, dentate, 2-4 mm long; blades flat,acute, 3-3.5 cm long, 5 mm wide; paniclebut little exserted (at least in youngplants), 7-13 cm long; branches sparselyscabrid, remote, the lowest in whorls of3-5, the whorls 2.5-3.5 cm apart; lowestbranches very unequal, 1.5-7 cm long,spikelet-bearing only on the upper half:spikelets 4.5-5 mm long, 2-fl'd; emptyglumes minutely puberulent and serrate,broad, the lower 2 mm long, acute, 1-
nerved, upper about 3 mm long; fl'ngglumes scabrid, 3 mm long, acute, spar-ingly webbed at base with a long thinweb; stamens 3, anthers 1.5 mm long."—Davy, Univ Cal pub bot 1:60. Siskiyou Co;Jac (Chandler 1703).POA TENUTFOLIA Nuttall.
Chollas (Or 1071). Baja (Or 1148, var.rubra).
Genus POLYPOGAN Desf.POLYPOGON LITTORALIS Smith.McClatchie, Erythea 2:77. Pasadena.
POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS Desf.Chollas (Or 506); Arizona; N. M. ; Mo-
have; Cruz; Rosa.; Guadalupe. Widelynaturalized.SPARTINA GLABRA Muhl.A glabrous, erect, and often stout
salt-marsh grass 6-24 dm high withlong, flat, or involute leaves, few or
many erect, usually appressed spikesand glabrous spikelets. Culms simple,sometimes 2 cm in diameter below;sheaths glabrous, the lower onescrowded and imbricate, distichous; li-
gule a ciliate ring about 2 mm long;
leaf-blades 5-7 dm long, 1-1.5 cm wide,usually flat but sometimes involute,
tapering to a long involute tip, gla-
brous throughout. Panicles 2-4 . dmlong. Spikelets densely imbricate, 10-14
mm long; empty glumes glabrous, or
both sparingly scabrous on the keel,
the first 6-S mm long, the second 10-14
mm in length; flowering glume 8-10
mm long. Palea somewhat exceedingthe glume and thinner in texture.
Salt marshes along the coast fromVirginia to Florida and Texas. SanDiego, Cal. '(Orcutt).SPARTINA FOLIOSA Trin.A glabrous perennial with numerous,
rather short flat leaves, densely flow-
ered spikes and usually very stronglyaculeolate-ciliate keeled empty glumes.Culms simple, about 1 cm in diameterbelow. Sheaths crowded and overlap-ping, especially above; ligule a ciliate
ring about .2 mm long; leaf-blades 2-6
dm long, about 1 cm wide, glabrousthroughout, plane or sometimes invo-lute in drying, tapering into a slenderinvolute tip. Panicle 10-15 cm long, al-
most cylindrical, the spikes denselyflowered, 2-5 cm long, appressed, pri-
mary, and secondary ones glabrous.Spikelets imbricate, 12-14 mm long,
glabrous throughout or the . emptyglumes usually very strongly aculeo-late-ciliate on the keels, the first nar-row, 7-8 mm long, the second, 12-14 mmin length; flowering glume nearly aslong as the second empty glume,slightly shorter than palea. glabrousthroughout or sometimes ciliate on themargins below. Salt marshes alongthe coast, San Francisco, Cal., San
21 22
Diego, Cal. (Palmer).SORGHUM HALAPENSE Pers.SPOROBOLUS AIROIDES Thurb.Widely distributed through So Cal.;
Baja; Arizona.SPORBOLUS ALTISSIMUS Vasey.San Diego (Dr. Edward Palmer).
SPOROBOLUS ASPERIFOLIUS Thurb.Oregon to Chili; Nebraska.
SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS A.Gray.C D (Or 1491); Oregon; Texas; New En-
g!fi n d.
SPOROBOLUS DEPAUPERATUS Torr.San Bernardino mts (W. G. Wright).
SPOROBOLUS RAMULOSUS Kth.Texas to California; Mexico.
SPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII Munro.Texas to Cal.; "Saccaton or Zacate."
Genus STIPA Linnaeus.STIPA CALIFORNICA Merrill & Davy."A rather stout erect caespitose gla-
brous perennial, 7-10 dm high, with planeor involute Ivs and elongated contractedpanicles about 3 dm in length: culms andnodes glabrous; sheaths shorter than theinternodes, glabrous except on the some-what ciliate margins above; ligule a mi-nute lacerate ring 0.5 mm long, with aprominent fringe of hairs on the appar-ently auriculate margins, 1.5 mm long;blades firm, plane or becoming involutein drying, 2-4 mm wide, 1-1.5 dm long, gla-brous beneath, striate and scabrousabove: panicles pale, interrupted, thecommon axis glabrous, branches solitaryor in twos or threes at each node, ap-pressed, fl-bearing throughout, the lowerones sometimes 1 dm long: empty glumesglabrous, hyaline, 3-nerved, about 11 mmlong, sub-equal, with a very slender acu-minate apex; fl'ng glumes about 5 mmlong, excluding the very acute pilose cal-lus which is 1 mm long, lanceolate, spar-ingly hairy throughout with appressedstiff w hairs which increase in length to-ward the apex of the glume: awn slen-der, 2.5-3 cm long, geniculate, twisted andsparingly pilose below the geniculationwith appressed or ascending hairs, sca-brous above."—Merrill & Davy. Univ Calpub bot 1:61. Jac (Hall 2556).STIPA CORONATA Thurb.Chollas (Or 1068); Ubi, Baja (Br); Ari-
zona.STIPA EMINENS Cav.Chollas (Or 1065); Cruz; Arizona.
Variety ANDERSOiNI Vasey.Stipa Hassei Vasey. U S Na hb cont
1:267 (1893). Santa Monica, Cal.Wilcox, bot gaz 34:66.
STIPA OCCIDBNTALIS Thurber.San Bernardino to Wash. ; Nevada.
Variety MONTANA M'errill & Davy."A slender densely tufted form, 2-5 dm
high with strict few-fl'd panicles andprominent twiee-geniculate awns, 3-3.5cm long which are ciliate throughoutwith spreading or ascending w hairsabout 1 mm long."—Merrill & Davy, UnivCal pub bot 1:62. Jac (Hall 2825).STIPA PARISHII Vasey.S Ber (Parish); Cantiltes (Or 1151); Ari-
zona.STIPA SETIGERA Presl.STIPA SPECIOSA T-R.
Cruz; Rosa; Chollas (Or 503).
Baja mts (Or 1190); Cal.; Utah; Arizona.STIPA SCRIBNERI Vasey.New Mexico; Arizona.
STIPA VIRIDULA Trin.Cruz; Inyo mts (Coville; ; north.
TRIODIA PUDCHELLA Torrey.Tricuspis pulcheila Torrey.
-Calmalli (Orcutt).TRISETUM CALIFORNICUM Vasey.TRISETUM ELONGATUM Kth.Texas; Baja (Or 1431, 1437).
TRISETUM SPICATUM Rich.
Genus TRITICUM Linnaeus.UNIOLA PALMERI Vasey.Along the Colorado river in Sonora,
where the Indians gather the grain forfcod (Palmer).
FERNS.
SPECIES CREDITED TO SOUTH-ERN CALIFORNIA.
Genus ADIANTTJM Linnaeus.ADIANTUM CAPILLIS-VENERIS Linn.Venus-hair or black maidenhair fern.
United States. Mexico.ADIANTUM JORDAN! Muell.Adiantum emarginatum Eaton notBoryCalifornia; Nevada; N. M. ; Oregon.
ADIANTUM PEDATUM Linn.Alaska to southern Cal. Maidenhair.
Genus ASPLENIUM Linnaeus.ASPLENIUM F1LIX-FOEMINA Bernh.
ASPDEiNIUMVESPERTINUM Maxon.Maxon, Torr cl b 27:197 (1900).
Southern and Baja Cal. Formerlyreferred to A. trichomanes^ incisum.Feather fern.
Genus CHEILANTHES Swartz.CHEILANTHES CALIFORNICA Mett.Hypolepis californica Hook sp Fil 2:71
(1858).Lace fern. Southern and Baja Cal.
CHEILANTHES CLEVELANDI Eaton.Southern and Baja California.
CHEILANTHES COOPERAE Eaton.Central and southern California.
CHEILANTHES FIBRIDLOSA Davnpt.San Jacinto mts, California (Parish).
CHEILANTHES MYRIOPHYLLA Desv.Texas; Arizona; southern and Baja Cal.
CHEILANTHES PARISHII Davenport.Riverside Co., Cal. (Parish).
CHEILANTHES VISCIDA Davenport.Colorado Desert near Whitewater.
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS Bernh.Genus DRYOPTERIS Adams.
DRYOPTEiRIS RIGIDA-ARGUTA Und.California to> Alaska.
Genus GYMNOPTERIS Bernh.GYMNOPTERIS TRIANGULARIS Und.Gymnogramme triangularis Kaulf.Arizona; British Columbia to Mexico.
Genus NOTHOLAENA R. Brown.NOTHOLAENA CALIFORNICA Eaton.
23 24
NOTHOLAENA CRETACEA Liebm.Southern California; Arizona; Mexico.
NOTHOLAENA NEWBERRTI Eaton.Cotton fern, Southern and Baja Cal.
NOTHOLAENA PARRYI Eaton.Arizona, Utah, Cal., Baja Cal.
NOTHOLAENA TEiNERA Gillies.Southern California; Arizona; Utah.
Genus PELLAEA Link.PELLAEA ANDROMEDAEFOLIA Fee.Arizona; southern and Baja California.
PELLAEA ORNITHOPUS Hook.California; Baja Cal. Tea or wire fern.
PELLAEA WRIGHTIANA Hook.Genus POLYPODIUM Linnaeus.
POLYPODIUM CALIFORNICUM Kaulf.California; extremely variable.
Genus POLYSTICHUM Roth.POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM Presl.Aspidium munitum Kaulf.California to Alaska.
Genus PTERIDIUM Scop.PTERIDIUM AQUIL1NUM Kuhn.Pteris aquilina L, sp PI 105 (1753).
United States.
Genus WOODWARDIA Smith.WOODWARDIA SPINULOSA Mart. &Gal.Woodwardia radicans americana
Hook, sp Fil 3:67 (1860).
Washington to Baja Cal.; Arizona.Genus WOODSIA R. Brown.
WOODSIA OEEGANA Eaton.WOOD'S!A MEXICANA Fee.Texas to Arizona; Baja Cal (Or).
The CALIFORNIA BOTANICALGARDEN is a private enterprise, aim-ing at the formation of as large a col-
lection of living plants as it may befound practicable to grow under thefavorable conditions existing in South-ern California for plant life.
THE BULLETIN will be issued oc-
casionally as a means of communica-tion with our correspondents.Literature will always be welcomed
in returns.
Lists, mainly of species representedin the collection, will appear from timeto time in the bulletin, to facilitate ex-
changes.CORRESPONDENCE is invited,
with the viewT of increasing our collec-
tion by exchanges. We can supplymany things in large quantities to
dealers or othens, and can ofte* usequantities of certain seeds, bulbs andplants.
Lists of collectors of native seeds andplants, horticultural catalogues of ev-
ery description, and botanical, horti-
cultural and agricultural literature ingeneral is wanted.Address all correspondence to the
agents,The ORCUTT SEED and PLANTCOMPANY,
San Diego, California.
NOTES AND NEWS.There is a general sentiment among
the natives of Honolulu against vac-cination, as it is stated that vaccinationspreads leprosy. A bill repealing theexisting vaccination law was recentlypassed.
EDITORIAL.We publish this month an outline of
the work proposed by the wild flowerpreservation society, which we considerworthy of the encouragement of ourreaders. In California we stand in needof the preservation of certain beauti-ful trees, and the action taken someyears ago for the protection of the Tor-
>rey pine of San Diego county was takennone too soon. The Parry lily, of themountain region of Southern Califor-nia, is in most urgent need of protec-tion from the spirit of commercialism,which has already rendered this beau-tiful flower a rare one. The annualdues of the society are one dollar ayear, which entitles members to "ThePlant World" monthly, and the secre-tary, Charles Louis Pollard, 1854 Fifthstreet, Washington, D. C, will bepleased to enroll the names of all whoare in cordial sympathy with the ob-jects of the organization.
DELIGHT.Sometimes in reading a story or essay
we are reminded of other days or scenesand this gives greater delight than anyinformation found in the essay or themost highly wrought invention of thestory writer. The longer we live themore is this so. Our early lives, ourfriends and their remarks aid their do-ings reproduced take us away from thepresent, and the life of former times is
renewed. We laugh or we weep, not be-cause of the amusing story or the pa-thetic page, but because of revived rem-iniscences. Elaborate details are notnecessary, but a touch, like a daisy bythe wayside or the song of a bird or thefragrance of a pine tree or a picture ofan old-fashioned flower even, mayawake pleasant or painful memories.
—Mrs. E. E. Orcutt.
The West American Scientist.
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PHYSICIANS.ORCUTT, OLIVE L. EDDY: San Diego,California.Graduate of the Homeopathic MedicalCollege, University of Michigan.
PLANTS.CHARLES RUSSELL. ORCUTT,
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SEEDS.NEARPASS' SEED STORE:1434 H st., San Diego, Cal.
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—AND—EASTERN RAILWAY.
Depots foot Tenth and Sixteenth and N.Trains leave San Diego daily, 9:02 a. m.
and (except Sundays) 4:22 p. m. , for Lem-on Grove, La Mesa, El Cajon, Lakesideand Foster.Returning, arrive San Diego 8:28 a! m.
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week days, leaves Sunday at 12:15 a. m.Sunday train leaves San Diego 5:20 p.
m. only, arrives San Diego 1:30 p. m. only.E. A. Hornbeck, Superintendent.
E. A. HORNBECK, Superintendent.B. P. CHENEY, President.
TREES.ORCUTT SEED and PLANT Company,
San Diego, California.
TRUNKS.SAN DIEGO TRUNK FACTORY:Jas. H. Woof & Co., proprietors.Manufacturers and dealers inGood Strong Trunks,Traveling bags,Dress Suit Cases, etc.Repairing and exchangeing a specialty.615 Fifth st.. between G and H.San Diego, California.
The West American Scientist.
OLD 50 YEARS'EXPERIENCE
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Through Orange and Lemon Groves.
A trip to San Diego is incomplete with-
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Train leaves foot 5th st. at 9:10 a. m.
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Vol. XV. No. 2. September, /goj. Whole No. 128.
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AGENTS WANTED.ORCUTT, San Diego, California.
AMUSEMENTS.BIJOU THEATRE:No. 933 Fourth St., San Diego, Cal.A strictly respectable family theatre.Change of programme every Mondaynight Good moving pictures and high-class vaudeville. Three performancesevery night at 7:30, 8:30, and 9:30.
Matinee Wednesday, Saturday andSunday at 2:30.
ASSAYERS.BAVERSTOCK & STAPLES: 322 W. 1stSt., Los Angeles, Cal.Mines examined. Thoroughly equippedfor 500 lb. tests.
WADE & WADE: 115% N. Main St., LosAngeles, California.Analytical chemists and assayers.Chemical analyses, assays, milling, con-centration and cyanide tests, etc. Tel-ephone Green 1T04.
ATTORNEYS.HAMMACK, N. S..: Lawyer Blk., S. D.
BARBERS.DIMOCK, FRED: National Avenue and8th street, National City. California.Tonsorial Parlors.
BLACKSMITHS.MIDLEN, G. R. M. :
•
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BOOTS AND SHOES.LLEWELLYN, WILLIAM: 728 Fifth St.San Diego, California
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BOOKS-ART & NATURE CO.: 56S Fifteenth St.,San Diego, California.Publishers of scientific books.Old and new books bought and sold.5,000 second-nand school books wanted.
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STOUT'S BOOK EXCHANGE: 612 Fifthst., San Diego, California.5,000 second-hand school books wanted.All the new books for rent.
CEMENT WORK.JONES, J. F.:3233 L St., San Diego.All kinds of cement work done atreasonable prices. All work warranted.
CLOTHING.Buy your footwear atLlewellyn's,728 Fifth street, San Diego. Cal.
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DAIRY PRODUCTS.JERSEY MILK CO.: 234H H st., San Die-go, California.H. L. Weston, proprietor. TelephoneBlack 1304.
Best milk, cream, butter.—Prompt de-livery.Wholesale and retail.
CONFECTIONERY.JOLLS, C. A.: P. O. Block, NationalCity, Cal.Home mad© candies.
DRUGGISTS.CHILEAN HEMES)! CO.; S. Die^o, Cal:PNEUMONIA no longer to be feared.The new discovery, "Chilean Magic Re-lief," has cured many in Sah Diego,and wherever it has been tried. Usedexternally and internally. Quick reliefand cure for pneumonia, coughs, colds,neuralgia, sciatica, rheumatism, LaGrippe, also all kinds of pains andaches, Instant relief for scalds andburns. For sale by all druggists.
HILL, W. S. : National City, California.
DRY GOODS.'THE BEE HIVE":1522 H st., San Diego, Cal. (Price Block).I Lindenborn, proprietor.Strictly one price to all.
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Every Friday special bargain day.
BONE, S. W.: Yuma Blag., 631 5th st.,
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EDUCATIONAL.SAN DIEGO COMMERCIAL COLLEGE:Sefton Block, Fourth and C sts., SanDiego, California.A practical business education offers asure stepping-stone to success. A grad-uate of the San Diego Commercial Col-lege is competent to dc the work re-quired, and his or her rapid promotionis assured. Our graduates are success-ful because we give them practical in-
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ELECTRICIANS.HUBBARD—HEILBRON Electrical Co.
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Motors and DynamosRepaired and Installed.Electro-plating.
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ORCUTT, C. R.: San Diego, California:Shells to exchange for shells.Shells, plants, etc., for books.Subscriptions or advertising space in
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GENERAL MERCHANDISE.VAUGHAN, VV. B. : 7th avenue and 17th
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Manager of "National City Store."Dealer in General Merchandise.
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tional City, CaliforniaNational City boasts a hardware storewhere feenest goods are kept for sale atSan Diego prices. Newcomers are al-ways referred to Mudgett's, on Nation-al Avenue, where for ten vears he hasdone a successful business in hard-ware, tin goods and plumbing.
REED, FRANK P.: 7th Ave. and 19th st.,National City, Cal.Established 1883. Oldest continuously inbusiness in National City. Hardware,stoves and tinware.Plumbing and supplies.Ammunition.Paints, oils and brushes.Brass goods.Telephone Main 91.
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sep m
25
MEDICAL. SCIENCE DEPARTMENT.
Hippocrates has said that "medicineis of all arts the most noble; but owingto the ignorance of those who practice
it, and of those who inconsiderately
form a judgment of these it is at pres-
ent far behind all other arts." Thatwas over two thousand years ago andmedical science is still in many re-
spects an unsolved riddle. However,its outlook is hopeful for a large
amount of time and thought is beingspent in its study. A goodly propor-tion of those who are not in the pro-
fession are interested in its study andacquire no small proficiency in its
knowledge. It is with a hope of for-
v arding this good work that this de-
partment of medical science is opened.
It invites reports of original researchand of experiments and discoveries in
all departments of hygiene from all
who are interested whether in the
medical profession or not.
It also invites questions on all sub-jects relating to the preservation andrestoration of good health.
MEDICAL FADS AND FALLACIES.
We are living in an Athenian agewith its mad rush after some newthing. Every form of science is invad-ed with some fad or other, some newthing which often is doubtless someold thing raked up from the past andbrought to the notice of a new cen-tury. Medical science is full of fads.
Our tables are. piled with papers andmagazines devoted to health culture.
There is an eager reaching out towardsomething new and better, somethingthat will enable us to live to the ageof the patriarchs, or, what is a nobleraim, to free ourselves of the multitudeof aches and pains that make life apiteous failure so that one may really
live while we exist. In so far as thevarious fads tend to- accomplish this
object they are to be encouraged butmany of them are but sorry fallacies.
There is no surer way of detecting afallacy among the various health cult-
ure fads than by comparing the workit outlines with the leadings of health'sown iother Nature. For example: Arecent fad is drinking water, more wa-
26
ter and more. Two tumblers of coldwater on rising are recommended, sev-eral during the day and two or threemore in the evening making about twoquarts in the waking hours. This is tobe kept up daily. The fad looks rea-sonable. A great amount of water cer-tainsly does go to feed the activities ofthe human body and yet just as cer-tainly Nature does not require us todrink two quarts of water daily. Sheeven shivers at the two glasses of coldwater in the morning. The recom-mendation is evidently not hers. Nei-ther is it the recommendation of sciencewhen properly understood. It is truethat water holds an important field inthe human system. As an eminentphysiologist has said, it is the mediumthrough which the body is nourished.But it would be impossible to estimatewith exactness by any known scientific
methods just how much water must betaken as drink in order to fulfill the re-
quirements of the human system. Alarge amount of water is taken in thevarious foods. They all contain waterin proportions varying from three-fourths to nine-tenths. Nature de-mands these foods and if they do notsupply a sufficiency for the work shehas in hand she invariably calls formore in some form or other. And it is
safe to say that no one who wishes to
be well and strong, useful and happyshould refuse to respond promptly toall the calls of Nature.
In fevers, it is true, water must begenerously allowed. And it is also truethat Nature demands it. In some ail-
ments, as constipation, headache, andthat long train of disorders caused bya sluggish liver water may be a valu-able remedy but for the very reasonthat it is a remedy it may be discardedas a daily companion except as Natureasks for it.
It would also seem, upon a secondthought that the habitual use, theforced use of a large quantity of waterif contrary to Nature's wishes might benot only foolish but injurious. Twoquarts of water if taken at once wouldcause a distended stomach. If taken asrecommended would give work to thestomach between meals and give it less
of the needed rest. Surely Dame Na-
27
ture has reason as well as instinct
when she refuses to call for two quartsof drinking- water daily. Also many-other fads which are now seeking- towin attention show themselves sooneror later as but fallacies. Natureshould be the detective of every false
thing. Her ways are the ways of goodhealth, and in disease her methods andthose in alliance wlith her methods arethe surest way to recovery.An ancient writer in describing the
course of sickness pictures it as a bat-tle between nature and disease. Thephysician who steps in to settle thedifficulty is described as a blind ma::armed with a club. And physiciansoften are as blind men. They may dotheir best yet often they cannot see
what they do. The physician, writesthe Irish philosopher tries first to 'makepeace between nature and disease.
Failing in this he lifts his club andstrikes at random. If he hits the dis-
ease he destroys it and restores the pa-tient but if he strikes nature he kills
the patient. Much of this may be ap-plied to' medical fads. There areamong them many random shots someof which fall upon disease or disease-produoing habits, while others just assurely are a blow to nature itself andare to be studied only to be avoided.
OLIVE EDDY ORCUTT, M. D.
PHYSICIANS ON ALCOHOL.
The following statement has beenagreed upon by the Council of the Brit-ish Medical Temperance Association, the/ rr.erican Medical Temperance Associ-ation, the Siciety of Medical Abstainersin Germany, and leading physicians inEngland, on the Continent and in Amer-ica :—We think it ought to be known by all
that:Experiments have demonstrated that
even a small quantity of alcoholic li-
quor, either immediately or after ashort time, prevents perfect mental ac-tion, and interferes with the function ofthe cells and tissues of the body, im-pairing self-control by producing pro-gressive paralysis of the judgment andof the will, and having other markedlyinjurious effects. Hence, alcohol mustbe regarded as a poison, and ought notto be classed among foods.' rTotal abstainers, other conditions be-
ing similar, can perform more work,possess greater powers of endurance,have on the average less ' sickness, andrecover more quickly than npn-abstain-ers, especially from infectious diseases,
while they altogether escape diseasesspecially caused by alcohol.
FLOWERS AND THEIR MISSION.
Yes, almost every flower that grows,In its sweet life some romance knows,And some heart at once will wake,A joy or sorrow for its sake.
Even the fragrance of pine trees,Kecalls a long gone mountain breeze,In vain we hoped health would restoreTo the dear peerless child once more.
Yes, and a little bright green spray,rl he teacher wore that summer day,In the folds of her soft brown hair,Make such green leaves forever fair.
With silent language all its own,Some flower will make its mission knownAnd thrill the heart in after yearsWith thoughts that fill the eye with tears.
—Mrs. E. E. Orcutt.
RANDSBURG MINING DISTRICT.
A topographic map of the country ad-jacent to the Randsburg and Johan-nesburg mining districts, California, is
now in press and will soon be issued bythe United States Geological Survey.The area covered by this map is knownas the Randsburg quadrangle, and em-braces -almost equal portions of Kernand San Bernardino counties, andshows part of the location of theRandsburg Railroad, which connectsJohannesburg with Barstow, San Ber-nardino county.The scale of this map is approxi-
mately one mile to the inch. The con-tour vertical interval of 50 feet showswell the topographic features cf the re-
gion. All roads, trails, mines, andhouses are shown with great exactness,and-—most important in such an aridcountry—the positions of all wells,
springs, reservoirs, and dry lakes areaccurately located. This section is
practically a desert, and unless watercan be found within reasonable dis-
tances and at depths easily reachedfrom the surface, prospectors and min-ers can not prosecute their work. Thewater for Randsburg and Johannes-burg is piped from wells about 5 milesnortheast of these places. It is of fairly
good quality but is insufficient in quan-tity, and while the water companycharges are not there regarded as ex-cessive, the lowest rates would aston-ish those who are not familiar with
29 30
this desert country. Persons occupyinghouses or tents without water pipes
usually pay one dollar a barrel for
water.The whole area represented on this
sheet is one of the most forbidding des-
erts in the United States. The valleys
are practically sand beds, the moun-tains bare masses of rock. The onlyvegetaton in the valleys is scattered,
low cactus, with here and there agreasewood or creosote bush aboutknee-high. The mountains are abso-lutely devoid of grass or trees.
The mineral wrealth, principally gold,
constitutes the whole value of thecountry; but this is sufficient to havebuilt up during the last few years theflourishing mining camps of Randsburgand Johannesburg, with an aggregatepopulation of about 1,200.
NOTES AND NEWS.E. O. Wooton professor of biology of
the N. M. College of Agriculture, paidus a pleasant call recently.
A. S. Hitchcock, in charge of thegrass investigations of the U. S. Dept.of Agriculture, spent a few hours in
San Diego on a hurried visit to theCoast.
MARYETTE FOSTER EDDY.
Born at Volney, N. Y., April 28, 1829.
Died at Los Angeles, California, Au-gust 17, 1903.
Wife of Cortes C. Eddy and mother of
Samuel Wiliman Eddy, Mrs. Olive L.
Orcutt and Mrs. Clara E. Hamilton,husband and daughters surviving, andknown to a large circle of friends atMexico, N. Y., Norwalk, Ohio, and in
Los Angeles, where her years of useful-ness have largely been spent.
Below are given .the words of Rev.Charles M. Fisher to her friends:My Christian Friends:—It is to me a
sad privilege to be permitted to speaka few words as a tribute of love and re-
spect on this occasion. It was my priv-ilege to know the beloved friend whohas gone from us as a pastor and to
know her as a pastor comes to knowthose who gather week by week in thefellowship of the prayer meeting.
Among those who thus gather she wasever faithful and her influence as aprayer meeting member of the churchwas strong and beautiful and helpful.
At such a time as this there are twoaspects under which what we call
"death" is wont to present itself. Tothe natural thought and feeling deathmeans loss and failure and defeat, westruggle and toil in our earthly service
and when it seems as if the time of re-
ward should come to us then in its
stead comes this strange and ever per-plexing event of death. The pathwayseems to nature, to run into clouds anddarkness and were we compelled to
judge things purely from the naturalstandpoint there would be no otherinterpretation tnan this, that life, so
precious to us all and so filled withprecious treasures of love and friend-
ship, reaches at last the terminus of
utter futility. Vve might reasonablyask the question, "Is life worth living?''
But today there is in my mind andheart a very different thought as I
stand in the presence of all that wasmortal of our beloved friend. Not thenote of defeat, but of triumph rings in
my soul today as I recall this beautifullife to memory. We who have knownher realize well that she would be thelast to wish that words simply of eulo-
gy should be spoken today, and yet herlife as we recall its graces is ours as aprecious heritage of memory today and-
it is right that for our instruction andfor our help along the path of Chris-tian service we should speak to one an-other of what in her life so beautifully
portrayed the character of her Lordand Master—the Lord and Masterwhom we all desire to follow. And I
shall speak my personal impressions in
the confidence that they also will tell
in part the story of her influence uponyou as you met her from time to time.
I was impressed with the sweetnessof her abiding faith in Christ. One wasalwrays better for being in her presencefor a little while. There was everstrength and encouragement for weakfaith in talking with her of the thingsof God. . Her consciousness of God wasso marked and manifest in her everyword and deed that one could not butfeel the inflow of new faith and joy in
31
the same Saviour in whom she sotrusted. And with this assurance offaith there was always a wonderful hu-mility. To think of herself as havingany claim upon God because of inher-ent or manifested goodness was evi-
dently not possible to her. She alwaysseemed to me to be a living illustration
of the words of the great Apostle whenhe said—"Not as though I have al-
ready attained either were already per-fect, but I follow after if that I mayapprehend that for which also I am ap-prehended of Christ Jesus." Herstrength was the strength of an hum-ble faith in Christ her Saviour.
There was also ever present with her,
as one could not but feel, a great heart-hunger for Christ. She longed to bemore like her Lord and she longed to
have His fellowship more and more.You remember Jesus Himself said,
"Blessed are they who hunger andthirst after righteousness for they shaLbe filled" and who shall doubt todaythat she is now realizing in its fulnessthe precious fulfillment of this assu-rance?And then how marked in her life was
her thoughtfulness for others! Nevera thought apparently for what mightbring blessing- to herself merely but al-
ways uppermost in her thought whatmight bring good to the lives of thoseabout her. In my last visit at her bed-side I was especially impressed withthis. It might have been expected thenthat she would have some words to ut-
ter as to her own condition but insteadshe was anxious to know of the welfareof others and she named over many of
her friends and asked after them. Inthis she strikingly exemplified the un-selfish spirit of her Lord. "Not to beministered unto but to minister" wasthe guiding thought of her life and upto the last she maintained a warm in-
terest in all about her
To my mind, dear friends, there is in
this a blessed witness borne of thetruth of immortality. The serviceceases to our sight on earth but the in-
cident of death can have no power to
hinder the ongoing of that service withGod and we are to think of her todayas among those who "serve Him dayand night in His temple."
The fragrance of such a life enduresand shall abide with us all. She will"live again in lives made better by herpresence" and not only thus but theimmortality of those who have been"redeemed by the precious blood ofChrist" is hers. Our thought must goon and up to the heavenly joy and wemust think of her as dwelling "withChrist which is far better."
Pale withered hands, that more thanthreescore years
Have wrought for others, soothed thehurt of tears,
Rocked children's cradles, eased the fe-
ver's smart,Dropped balm of love in many an ach-
ing heart;Now stirless, folded like wan rose
leaves pressedAbove the snow and silence of her
breast,
In mute appeal they tell of laborsdone,
And well-earned rest that came at set
of sun.From the worn brow the lines of care
have swept,As if an angel's kiss, the while she
slept,
Had smoothed the cob-web wrinklesquite away,
And given back the peace of childhood'sday.
And on the lips the faint smile almostsays:
"None know life's secrets but the hap-py dead."
So gazing where she lies, we know thatpain
And parting cannot cleave the soul
again
;
And we are sure that those who sawher last
In that dim vista which we call the
past,
Who nevw knew her old and laid aside,
Remembering best the maiden and thebride,
Have sprung to greet her with the
olden speech,The dear, sweet names no later lore
can teach,
And "Welcome home!" they cried, andgrasped her hands,
So dwells the mother in the best of
lands.
33
Yes, beloved friends, into the joy of
heaven her spirit has passed. We can-not ease our souls from the sorrow of
parting- but we may joy with her that
her victory is won and this hour maybe to our faith an hour of triumph. Herpathway was Christ and in the mid-summer she has been called to the
Summertime of joyful and unbrokenservice with the Saviour whom she
loved. If we follow her as she followed
Christ, we too, shall one day be called
to the Summerland of love and fruition
of all hope.
Some morning when the wind has set
his bugles all a-blowingI shall have gone away perhaps,
wthout the flowers knowingThat I who knew their every want,
thrice happy in the tending
—
Have gone to the fair gardens, wherethe Summer has no ending.
And love shall have no' power to hold
me with caresses tender,
For I shall pass the sunrise gold, themoon's white silent splendor,
Beyond the suniset and the dawn wherenever word was spoken,
Where since creation's natal mornthe stilness slept unbroken.
I know not of the gates of pearl, ongolden hinges turning
The glory bright, more than the light
of countless suns a-burning;These thing await me, I would be no
reluctant comer,And God shall call me early on some
morning in the Summer."With the faith of these words, that
we belong to God, may we press on be-
loved, hoping, expecting and at last re-
alizing the fulness of God's promises in
Christ Jesus!And to you, dear friends, who most
deeply feel the sorrow of this hour— I
do not know what better or what othermessage of comfort I can bring to youthan the assurance which it is yours to
cherish, that all is well with the lovedof your hearts who has been takenfrom you for a little while, and thatyou may, following her footsteps cometo the joy of your Lord and the ever-lasting reunion of all who are Christ's.
Press on in the confidence that she
awaits, yonder, your coming, and in thefellowship of that Master whom sheloved and served.And when our service is done here,
may we all be granted the reward ofthose who are faithful unto death, eventhe crown of life that endureth forever-more.
Isoetes of Southern California.
iSOEi.ES iUELA > orODA J.Gaj.
"Polygamous; trunk subglobose,deeply bilobed; lvs slender, stiff, erect,
bright green, usually black at base (15-
60 in number, 5-10 or rarely even 18
inches long), sporangia mostly oblong"
(2-4 or even 5 lines long), spotted, withnarrow velum, lignla triangular-subu-late; macrospores among the smallestin the genus, 0.25-0.40 mm in diam, withdepressed tubercles often confluent intoworm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth;microspores also smaller than usual,0.023-0.028 or rarely 0.03 mm long, spin-ulose."—E, St. Louis ac tr 4: 386-7
(1882). 111.; Iowa; Chico, Cal.
Variety tAi^^.Uj\ hugtimanu.
"A larger plant, If-bases pale, velumusually much broader, covering one-
fourth or one-third of the sporangium;macrospores only 0.3-0.35 mm thick."
—
E, St. Louis ac tr 4: 387 (1882). Hous-ton, Texas (E. Hall). Mesas, SD (Or,
My 1903).
Variety cA-LlFOn-N.CA A. A tatull.
"Amphibious monoecious. Trunk bi-
lobed: 2 cm broad: bulb 4 cm in diame-ter. Leaves 20-100 10-30 cm. long, 3 mmbroad, flat above, rounded on back, ta-
per-pointed, white or fuscous at base,
with many stomata and 4-6 cardinaland several accessory bract-bundies.Velum %-% indusiate sporangium withfew or many spots. Gynospores 278-500
u, average 460 u, smooth with a fewfragmentary crests or vermiform withwrinkles: androspores 26-35 u light
brown, densely echinate. Differs
from type and Var. pallida, principallyin the larger, usually smooth gyno-spores and larger androspores. Olema,Cal. Mrs. Brandegee, Miss Eastwood.Also Powder Mill Canyon, Santa Cruz,Gala., C. H. Thompson. Type in Herb.A. A. Eaton. Cotypes in Herb. Mo. Bot.
35 36
Garden and University of Minnesota."—Eaton in Gilbert List N A Pterido-pbytes, 27 (1901).
"Note, July, 1903.—I have seen no po-lygamous tendency in this, so markedin the species. Later material fromseveral localities in Central Cal'., showthat it grades almost imperceptibly in-
to Howelli, on one hand, and the typeand Var. pallida on the other, so withthe mostly unripe material furnished it
is hard td draw the line."—A. A. Eaton.
ISOElEri cRCUTTII A. A. Eaiun.
"Plant terrestrial, submerged onlyduring the growing season. TrunkSlightly trilobed, 4-6 cm long by 3-5
cm high, globose; leaves 6-15, 4-7 cmlong, 6-7 mm broad, triangular, groovedabove, slightly winged at base, withtwo (ventral and dorsal) weak bast-bundles, rarely with lateral ones also;
stomata none (?); * sheaths fuscous,narrowly winged; velum entire; ligula
lunate or semi-circular. Macrosporesvery small, 240-320 u in diameter darkfulvous when wet, cinereous or glau-cous when dry, brightly polished, with-out crests, but the surface finely pit-
ted as if with pin-punctures, and oftensparsely covered with a fine scaly-white dust. Microspores dark brown,22-35 u long, averaging 26 u long by 17
u wide, spinulose. Growing on mesas at
San Diego, Cal. Sent by C. R. Orcutt.**Found only in "wet" seasons, whenthere is sufficient rain to fill the lowdepressions on top of the mesas, in
which it grows. As there are oftenseveral dry seasons in succession it
must have the power of lying dor-mant indefinitely, if, as may well be thecase, it does not make a small growthin winter even when not submersed. It
is not unique in this respect, however,as well ripened specimens of Eatohiand Bootti have been found to retainsufficient vitality to grow after beingdried and kept in the herbarium six
months or more, while Motelay (Mon.Isoetes) states that Engelmanni hasbeen raised at the Botanic Gardens of
Bordeaux from spores taken from her-barium specimens."A few of its anatomical characters
may not be without interest to stu-
dents of the genus. The rigidity of theleaves is not owing to the bast-bun-
dles, which are small, but to the epi-dermal cells, which are large (13-17 u),
with a very thick outer wall (4.4 u).
As with all terrestrial species, the leafcavities are very small and the dissep-inents correspondingly thick, from 9-12
cells on the vertical to 6 on the trans-verse, Occasionally a bast-bundle is
absent and its place occupied by an-other layer of epidermal cells. 1 havebeen unable to find stomata but fromthe character of the plant I think theyare present, at times, at least. Theleaves are very small and difficult tomanipulate, owing to the thick dissep-inents and walls, which must be re-
moved after splitting the leaf by scrap-ing, before the stomata could be seen.
The terrestrial species heretoforefound all have stomata, though fewerthan the amphibious."This is the only North American
species with ashy spores, though oneblack or dark brown spored species,
Melanospora, is found. Colored sporesare found on several widely separatedspecies. Tasmania gives Gunnii, Stu-arti, and Hookeri with glaucous orashy spores; Australia gives Mueller!with ashy and tripus with fuscousspores. From South America we haveGardneriana with blackish spores, andfrom Central Africa Nigritana andWelwitschii with glaucous spores. Sev-eral other species have spores that arenot chalk-white, the usual color.
"In all cases the color seems to be apigment secreted in the spore itself,
the enveloping slilica having the usualwhite color, and all elevations have achalky whiteness"When the deposit of silica is thin
the spores are dark brown, and ashywhen it is thicker."—A. A. Eaton, Fernbulletin 8:13 (1900).
IS KT S MEXICO A r>n<ierw.iod
"Amphibious: rootstock 2-lobed: Ivs
20-30, bright green, 12-22 cm long; sto-
mata numerous: sporangia oval. 5 mm* Epidermis mounted in glycerine and
allowed to stand till well cleared showmany stomata.—A. A. Eaton (17 Jl
1903).** Since seen from CTovis and Pine
Ridge, Fresno Co., Cal., C. H. Thomp-son. Soquel Point, Thompson. SantaMaria, Lower Cal.. C. R. Orcutt.
38
long, 3 mm wide, delicate, unspotted;velum very narrow, almost wanting: li-
gule triangular, twoi-thirds as long asthe sporangium: macraspores chalky-white, 0.25-0.375 mm thick, nearlysmooth, the 3 converging ridges in
strong relief: microspores slate-colored,
0.028-0.033 mm thick, mostly smooth,"—Underwood, hot gaz 13: 93 (Ap 1888).
Slow streams, base of Sierra Madre,State of Chihuahua, Mexico, O 1887
(Pringle 1447).
Specimens referred to this by Under-wood, from San Diego mesas, and fromBaja California (and so listed in Or, WAm S'ci 10: 156), are identified by Eatonas varieties of melanopoda. and orcuttii.
EDITORIAL.Our correspondents must still have
patience with us as work is yet ahead of
our facilities. Laborers seem not to be
had, and the delays of moving have not
helped us with arrears.
THE COLORADO DESERT.
A vast triangular-depressed plain,
below the level of the sea for a largeportion of its surface, with an ap-proximate area of twelve millionacres (about one-half of which lies
in Mexican territory), and compara-tively destitute of verdure or of ani-mal life, is the great basin known asthe Colorado Desert.This remarkable region lies be-
tween the peninsular range of moun-tains and the Colorado river of thewest, extending from the San Gor-gonio pass, at the base of the SanBernardino mountains, on the north,to the shores of the Gulf of Califor-nia, on the south, and forms one ofthe most extensive and importantportions of the arid regions of theUnited States. On the north andnortheast it is separated from themore elevated plains of the Mohavedesert by a low range of denudedhills, extending from the San Bernar-dino mountains to near the junctionof the Gila and Colorado rivers. Simi-lar arid conditions exist on the east-ern borders of the Colorado river, in
39
Arizona, and south in Sonora, andalong the Gulf shores.
From their rich chocolate-browncolor, the inhospitable barrier betweenthe Colorado and the Mohave desertsis frequently indicated on maps asthe Chocolate mountains; but therange is better known to miners asthe ChuckawaHa (Lizard) mountains,a peculiarly appropriate name,from the great abundance and var-iety of lizards, but probably givenfrom some fancied resemblance in theoutline of these hills to this nimbleanimal.The peninsula range of mountains,
with a varying altitude of four thou-sand to eleven thousand feet, rise inprecipitous abruptness from thewestern borders of the plains. Thecrest of this mountain range formsa sharp and well-defined line of de-markation between the arid regionand the rich and fertile western slope.The summit is usually clothed withforests, of oak and pine The westernslope is thickly overgrown with a va-ried vegetation, the valleys suppliedin a greater or less degree with tim-ber and water. Not so on the easterndeclivity—the precipitous walls of rock,hundreds, often thousands of feet inheight, present small inducements forplant growth, and the less precipitousbanks are but slightly less devoid ofbotanical forms.
In the mighty chasms (or canyons),eroded by the still active, tremendousforces of nature, the botanist findshis richest harvest amid scenerythat for beauty and grandeur wouldrival even the Yosemite. Surround-ed by walls three thousand feet ormore high, the queenly Washingtonpalm (Washington flllfera) may befound in groves, growing with tropi-cal luxuriance beside quiet brooklets,rivalling in beauty and novelty thegiant Sequoia groves of California.Despite the large areas totally bar-
ren of vegetable life for the largerportion of the year, the absolute lackof rain through long periods, whichmay extend over three or more yearsof time, the Colorado desert possessesin seasons of precipitation a flora thatin variety and beauty of forms sur-
40
passes that of the Atlantic states. Inrichness of variety and coloring, theflora of California is probably unsur-passed, and the arid regions of thestate are not one whit behind themore attractive western slopes. Inspringtime the stately lily of the des-ert (Hesperocallis undulata) wastesits sweetness on the desert air; everydry and thorny bush produces its
quota of beauty, and a wealth of bril-
liant annuals spring into brief exist-ance.
During June and July, 1888, the wri-ter made his initial exploration in theColorado desert, the main object be-ing the examination of various pros-pects of gold, silver, lead and copper,which had been discovered in theChuckawalla mountains, for a gentleman who was largely interestedin their development. A brief reporton this region, named the Pacific min-ing district, appeared in the tenth an-nual report of the California statemineralogist, 1890 ("The Colorado Des-ert," by Charles Russell Orcutt, pages899-919).
Lyell says:—"Geology is the sciencewhich investigates the successivechanges that have taken place in theorganic and inorganic kingdoms of
nature; it inquires into the causes ofthese changes, and the influencewhich they have exerted in modifyingthe surface and external structure ofour planet."In the decade commencing with
1850 the more depressed part of theColorado desert seems to have beenknown as the Cienega Grande, nowhetter known perhaps as the SaltonSea,but more usually designated asthe Dry Lake; in 1870 we are told byearly emigrants of that period that theColorado river was in the habit ofannually overflowing its banks duringthe time of summer freshets, when thesnows melted in the mountains whencethe river has its source. This "annualoverflow" (as often omitted as other-wise, it is said) formed a channelthrough the deep alluvial bottomlands of the great basin, to which thename New River was applied by theearlier pioneers who crossed the des-ert on the old overland route from
41
Ft. Yuma to San Diego.Along the course of New River, the
Cocopa and other tribes of Indiansplanted and raised magnificent cropson the overflowed lands. Corn, melons,squashes, and other vegetables, andgrain, reached the rankest growth at-tainable, and some of these early pio-
neers spoke with wonder of the fer-
tility of the soil and the successattending these Indians in their agri-
cultural labors. These fertile landswere formed of the sediment deposi-ted by the waters of the Coloradoriver, and as the soil increased in depththe overflow decreased; with the in-
creasing infrequency of these overflowsnow of more rare occurrence, the In-dians were compelled to depart—theCocopas retreating to the region of thegulf, the Cahuillas to the mountainsaround the northern arm of the desert.
In 1890 the desert Indian huts mightyet be found among the mesquitegroves of New river, and in 1892 I foundthe Indians producing from the unfill-
ed soil crops of promise, after an over-flow of some of the lands below theUnited States boundary."Approaching Carrizo creek, we saw
for the first time in many days, strataof unchanged sedimentary rock. Theseconsist of shales and clays of a light
brown or pinkish color, forming hills of
considerable magnitude at the base ofthe mountains. From their soft andyielding texture they have been erodedinto a great variety of fantastic andimitative forms. This series of bedshave been greatly disturbed, in manyplaces exhibiting lines of fracture anddisplacement. Where they are cutthrough in the bed of Carrizo creek,they contain concretions and bands of
dark brown ferruginous limestone,which include large numbers of fos-
sils, ostreas and anomias. These havebeen described by Mr. Conrad, and areconsidered of Miocene age. In the de-bris of these shale beds I found frag-ments of the great oyster (Ostreatitan), characteristic of the Miocenebeds of the California coast. A fewmiles north of this point, similarstrata, probably of the same age, werenoticed by Dr. Le Conte, but there theycontain gnathodon, an estuary shell,
42 43
showing that the portion of the desert ed to rapid evaporation,where they are now found was once The presence of fresh water shells
covered by brackish water."—J. S. in a semi-fossil condition, of a brack-Newberry. ish water mollusk, and of marine shells
Dr. J. G. Cooper reports (in bulletin of species now found living at San4, California state mining bureau, pages Diego, on the Pacific side, would seem58 and 59) the discovery by H. W. to indicate that the great changes whichFairbanks, near Carrizo creek of "fos- have unquestionably taken place in
sile coral-islands, the coral forming ex- this remarkable region were the re-
tensive beds about the summits of suit of natural phenomena of gradual,short isolated ridges detached from the yet rapid, occurrence. After its iso-
mountains of the western rim, and con- lation from the sea, with rapid evapor-sisting at their bases of granitic or ation, few years were requisite to
metamorphic rocks. The ridges appear transform this basin from an arm ofto have been islands when the desert the sea to a barren waste, the salt of
formed part of the Gulf of California, the sea water forming the salt minesor of the Pacific ocean, and were at the at Salton.
right depth beneath the surface for The Colorado river doubtless hurriedcoral growth on their summits for a past as it does today to the gulf, until
long period. With the coral occurred breaking down the barrier it had itself
several fossil shells of forms quite un- erected. With alternate periods of
like those of the late tertiary of Car- evaporation and influx of fresh wa-rizo creek beds, and apparently unlike ter, the great basin changed first to
those now inhabiting the Gulf of Cali- a brackish lagoon, and finally to a vastfornia." fresh water lake.
Fragments of fossiliferous rock of The water of the Colorado river atthe Carboniferous age have been found Yuma is known to carry at high wa-in the Carrizo creek region by various ter not less than ten per centum of
collectors, but none in place have yet solid matter. The deposit of this sedi-
been reported. ment in the great basin doubtless rap-The Indians, according to Dr. Stephen idly formed the deep and fertile lands
Bowers, still preserve the memory of which are now being harnessed into
catching fish along the eastern base of service at Indio and Imperial, andthe San Jacinto mountains, where the being converted at the latter place, byCahuilla Indians pointed out to him the utilizing under control of the wa-the artificial pools, or "stone fish ter from the Colorado river, into fields
traps," where their ancestors easily se- of agricultural promise,cured the fish on the receding of the Dr. Robert Edward Carter Stearns, in
tides of the ancient sea. This would a paper read before the Californiaseem to indicate that the change from academy of sciences, entitled "Remarksan arm of the gulf is comparatively on fossil shells from the Coloradorecent, and a study of the fossils seems Desert" (published in the Americanto confirm this view. An old Indian Naturalist, 13:141-154, March, 1879), dis-
in the Cuyamaca mountains pointed cussed the occurrence of fresh waterout to miners a few years ago points shells found in a well at Walter's sta-in the hills to the eastward where his tion at a depth of fifty feet. The sur-great grandfather used to catch fish face of the desert .where this well wasfrom the sea. • sunk is 195.54 feet below sea level. Dr.The cause of the separation of this Stearns remarks:
region from the gulf can be readily un- "Shall we indulge in a guess as to
derstood in the present encroachment the depth of the water when theseof the land that is forming from the shells were alive? Shall we add thesediment and debris of the Colorado depth of the well to the elevation ofriver, where it empties into the gulf, bench marks, the ancient levels whichWith the formation of a barrier separ- form terrace lines in some places alongating thebasin from the gulf, the im- the distant hills, once a part of theprisoned waters were at once subject- shores of an ancient lake, the walls of
44 45
the 'basin which once inclosed and held
a fresh-water sea? It may have been,
however, that the lake was never so
deep as the figures thus added wouldindicate, and that instead of a lake or.
a series of lakes, there existed only alagoon or chain of lagoons, connectedor disconnected, according to the vol-
ume of water, which probably varied
one season as compared with another;
a system of shallow reservoirs, receiving
the catchment or surplus water in per-
iods or seasons of unusual rainfall,
sometimes, after a prolonged and wide-spread storm of great severity, uniting
and forming an extensive ' expanse a
few feet only in depth, as was seen in
the valleys of California during the
notable winter of 1861-62. The rate of
depression may have been such as to
continue to keep the lagoons supplied,* * * and that only within a very re-
cent period has this depressed por-
tion of the Colorado basin become bareand dry. Are the phenomena whichthis vast and remarkable region exhib-its * * * the result of catastrophic ac-
tion, sudden, violent, and widespread,or the result of gradual changes mov-ing slowly through countless cen-turies?"At Salton fresh water shells are found
in countless myriads, with recent spec-ies of marine shells, on the surface of
the plain, 250 feet below sea level. Por-tions of the Dry lake are 300 feet belowsea, level. These minute fresh watershells are drifted into windrows in
places, where they may be scraped upby the quart.
Along the eastern base of the SanJacinto mountains, an old beach line
is well defined, and can be easily tracedfor miles. The rocks are worn androunded up to this line, sharp and jag-ged above. This line by actual meas-urement has been found to be even withthe present leval of the sea.
Major W. H. Emory, in report of theUnited States and Mexican boundarysurvey, gave the following table ofdistances:San Felipe to Vallecito, 17.85 miles.Vallecito to Carrizo creek, 16.6 miles.Carrizo creek to Big laguna, 26.41
miles.
Big laguna to New river, 5.83 miles.
New river to Little laguna, 4.5 miles.
Little laguna to Alamo Mocho, 16.44
miles.
Alamo Mocho to Cook's well, 21.84
miles.
Cook's well to Fort Yuma, 20 miles.
Dr. Charles Christopher Parry, bot-
anist and geologist of the United Statesboundary commission, in reporting areconnoissance made in 1849, wrote,concerning this region, as follows:
"On leaving the last rocky exposuresto enter on the' open desert plain, wepass, some distance down the bed of
Carrizo creek; along the course of
which are exposed the high bluffs of
sand, marl and clay, exhibiting a fine
sectional view of the tertiary formationon which the desert plateau is based.
At the point where the road leaves thebed of the creek, to mount to the des-
ert tableland, some 150 feet above, fos-
sil marine shells of Ostrea are found,
and gypsum makes its appearance in
extensive beds. The upper layer of
the tableland shows a variable thick-
ness, composed of water-worn pebbles,
derived from the adjoining mountains.Near the mountain base, this plateauhas a height of about 500 feet abovethe level of the Colorado river. Thesurface extends in a gentle slope to-
wards the Colorado, or eastward, aboutthe distance of 25 miles, where it reach-es its lowest depression at the lagoonor Newi river basin, which is in fact apart of the extended alluvial tracts be-longing to the Colorado river."
The New river region receives the
drainage of a large scope of country,which is sometimes visited by heavyshowers. "It retains this rain-wTater,
and river overflows, for severalmonths; when both these sources fail,
it becomes a perfectly dry bed, or con-tracts into quaggy saline marshes"(Parry). After a heavy rain or over-flow there is a rank growth of grass,
and other vegetation, while consider-able portions sustain a heavy growthof the mesquite. This affords fine
grazing for stock, which cattle menhave not been slow to appropriate.Between the peninsula range and the
Colorado river and the gulf lies a highmountain range, to the most northernand western point of which has been
46
given the name of Signal mountain;
this consists of a form of syenite, as-
sociated with recent lava. "Its sur-
face is bare, and presents a forbidding
outline of dark weathered rock, vari-
ously marked by furrows, and showsan irregular crest, gradually sloping
towards the east." (Parry).
The Maricopas (of Arizona), the
Cuchanos or Yumas, and the Cocopasare said to have originally formed onetribe. The Cocopa Indians reside with-
in the limits of Mexico and the Tumasin United States territory. MajorHeintzelman, in speaking of their ag-riculture, says: "It is simple; with
an old axe, if they are so fortunate as
to possess one, knives, and fire, a spot
likely to overflow is cleared; after the
waters subside, from the annual rise,
small holes are dug at proper intervals,
a. few inches deep, with a sharpenedstick, having first removed the surface
for an inch or two, as it is apt to cake;
the ground is tasted; if salt, rejected
and if not the seeds are planted. Nofurther care is required but to removethe weeds, which grow most luxuriant-
ly wherever the water has been. Theycultivate watermelons, muskmelons,pumpkins, corn, and beans. The water-melons are small and indifferent, musk-melons large, and pumpkins good;these latter they cut and dry, for "win-ter use. Wheat is planted in the samemanner, near the lagoons, in Decemberor January, and ripens in May or June.It has a fine, plump grain and well-
filled heads. They also grow grass-seed for food; it is prepared by pound-ing the seed in wooden mortars made of
mesquite, or in the ground. With wa-ter the meal is kneaded into a mass andthen dried in the sun. The mesquitebean is prepared in the same manner,and will keep to the next season. Thepod-mesquite begins to ripen the lat-
ter part of June; the screw-bean a lit-
tle later. Both -contain a great dealof saccharine matter; the latter is sofull, it furnishes, by boiling, a palatablemolasses; and from the former, by boil-
ing and fermentation, a tolerably gooddrink may be made. The preat depend-ence of the Indian for food, besides theproduct of his fields, is the mesquite;bean. Mules form a favorite article
47
of food; but horses are so highly priz-
ed, they seldom kill them, unless press-
ed by hunger, or required by their cus-
toms."Much the same methods are followed
by the Cocopas today, as observed bythe writer. They also visit the can-
yons opening on the desert from the
west, and gather the sweet and edible
palm fruits, there so abundant, and no
doubt seek at times the pinyons or pine
muts in the forests at the summit of
the peninsula range.The townsite of Imperial is situated
about 30 miles east of the old stage
station on Carrizo creek, and here anew civilization, based on modern agri-
cultural methods, is like to thrive
where roamed the nomad in formertime.
Dr. J. Le Conte, gave an interesting
account of some volcanic mud springs
or solfataras, near the Southern Pacific
railroad, on the Colorado desert in Sil-
liman's Journal (2d ser. XIX, Ja. 1855).
Arthur Schott mentions a severe earth-
quake which occurred November 29,
1852, and quotes from manuscripts byMajor Heintzelman, as follows: "Thereexists, about 45 miles below Fort Yuma,in the desert between the western Cor-dilleras and the Colorado, a pond, con-sidered as an old orifice, which hadbeen closed for several years. The first
shock of an earthquake, in 1852, causeda mighty explosion. The steam rose
a beautiful snowy jet more than 1,000
feet high into the air, where it spreadhigh above the mountains, graduallydisappearing as a white cloud. Thisphenomenon repeated itself several
times in a diminishing scale. Threemonths later I visited the place; jets
took place at irregular intervals, from15 to 20 minutes. The effect was beau-tiful, as they rose mingled with theblack mud of the pond. The tempera-ture of the water in the principal pondwas 118 degrees P., in the smaller one135, and in one of the mud holes, fromwhich gases escaped, 170. The air
which escaped was full of sulphuratedhydrogen, and in the crevices crystalsof yellow sulphur were found. Theground near about was covered witha white efflorescence, tinged with redand yellow. On the edge of a .small
pond crystals of sal ammonia, 1 to 5
inches long, were collected."
At the time of this earthquake lowgrounds near Yuma became full of
cracks, many of which spouted out sul-
phurous water, mud, and sand. Dr.Parry records that the river formednew bends, leaving portions of its old
bed so suddenly that thousands of
fishes were left lying on the muddybottom to infect in a few days the air
along the river by their putrefaction,
and that the frequency of earthquakesoccurring here forms also a point in
the mythology and traditional tales of
the aborigines.
Our aim in journalishm is to popular-ize study, to create a greater interest
in the beauties of the world, to increase
the number of lives that shall leave amark on the world's history—lives moreworthy of the Creator of the universe.
Our direct aim is a review of out
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C. R. ORCUTT.
The CALIFORNIA BOTANICALGARDEN is a private enterprise, aim-ing at the formation of as large a col-
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49
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ZWE1 NEiUE OREGONISCHEPFLiAJNZEtN.
LASTHENIA MINIMA Suks.Wie L. glaberrima DC, aber kleiner,
nur 5—6 cm. hoch. Die obersten Blat-ter oft sparsami behaart. Kopfchen-stiele etwa 2—bis 3mal solang wie die
Kopfchen, meistens ktirzer als die
Blatter, ziemlich dicht bedeckt mitwoilichtan Haaren. Die 5-6 Zahne des
Hiillkelches ebenfalls behaart, aufbeiden Fl&ehen, aber dichter an denRandan, Kronenrofcre etwas drilsig
—In sehr dichten Massen an seichtenTUmipeln nahe bei Dalles am Kolum-biastrom, 4. Mai 1898. (Meine Nr. 2683).
EATONIA ANNUA Sksd.
Pflanze elnj&hrig, 4—16 cm. hochCzuweilen vielleicht grosser). Blatter
kurz, 1-6 cm. lang oder weniger, rauh,
ihre Scheid'en fast kurzhaarig. Rispedicht, 1-4 cm. lang, oder ktirzer unddann oft zu einer armiblutigen Ahreverkummert. Ahrchen 3-4 mm. lang,
2-oder Sbltitig. Kelchepelzen fast
gleichlang, rauh, besonders l&ngs denNerven; die unterste breitlinealisch.
stumpf bis fast spitz; die oberste wiebei E. Pennsylvania.—In dichtenMassen an den Randern von Tt'tmpeln
die bald austrocknen. bei Dalies amKolumbiastrom, 8. Juni 1897. (MeineNr. 1553.).
WILHE'LM SUKSDORF.
CULTIVATION OF CACTI.
Botanists generally recognize morethan a thousand species of cacti, while
>y, igo6. Whole No. 12$.
of varieties, and natural and artificial
hybrids, there is an unknown number.
These plants occur in nature undervery diverse conditions; some in themoist temperate and torridregions of North and SouthAmerica; some in the dense, warm,humid forests of the tropics—oftengrowing on the trees; others occur onthe fertile temperate plains of Mex-ico; a great proportion, in point of
individual plants, are found in the aridregions of the American continent,
where they are compelled to maintainan existence sometimes for two orthree years without a drop of rain;
yet a few must be sought at highelevations, where rigorous wintersmust be endured.
The cacti of the Rocky Mountainregion are widely advertised as hardy,and used in rockeries and out-doorplantings in the eastern United States
and in Europe, but even they will notwithstand a low temperature whenabundantly supplied with water, but
must be kept dry during the cold
months. In California these plants
have not seemed to enjoy themselvesunder the usual conditions.
The species which occur in Texas,New Mexico and Arizona, and in the
Californian deserts are next in hardi-
ness, but occurring as they do underdiverse, and adverse conditions to
most plant life, they do not all re-
spond to the same treatment. Theprickly pears will mostly thrive underany treatment that involves a moder-ate supply of water; the giant Cereusof the desert seems always thirsty for
more water and will make a gooduse of an abundance—making rapid
growth when planted in rich soil and
