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© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.
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IMPLEMENTING RESIDENTIAL ORGANICS DIVERSION
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It’s been 10 years since my residential organics program began ……
Canadao 2.64 million tons of food waste composted annually as of 2008o As of 2011, 45% of all households composted kitchen waste, 60% of them through curbside collection.
Over 50% of SFD and 22% of MFD composted kitchen wasteo E.g. In Ontario, 80% of large municipalities have curbside food waste diversion, serving over 9 million
residents, 2.4 million homeso Participation rates 70% +, capture rates 40% + , divert from 140 to 560 lb/HHD/year
U.S.o 36 million tons of food waste generated/year, around 5% (less than 2 million tons) composted (2012)o Split roughly 50/50 between residential and commercialo As of 2014 180 curbside programs, across 16 states, majority in California, Washington, Minnesotao Around 1/3 of programs serve both residential and commercial sectoro As of 2014, 7% of compost sites (347) could compost food scraps, 2% mixed organic streams (87)
STATE OF THE PRACTICE (NORTH AMERICA)
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STATE OF THE PRACTICE
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‘Typical’ Residential Program ‘Typical’ Commercial Program• Comingled yard waste, food scraps,
compostable paper• Collected weekly in 32, 64 or 96 gallon carts• Includes all food waste and soiled paper• Voluntary, charges additional fee (70% of
programs)• Often in conjunction with PAYT• Collect 25 to 30 lbs/HHD/week, food waste is
around 7 to 9 lbs/HHD/week• Average participation rate 35 to 40%• Average cost $5.40/month, average charge
$7.70/month
• Focus on higher volume food generators• Collects in 64 gallon carts or 2 yard front load
bins• Often collect multiple times a week• Voluntary, charges extra rate for service but at
lower cost than MSW
Around 1.24 million tons/year of food waste in NC, 670,000 residential, 570,000 commercial Less than 30,000 tpy composted (2011) No requirement for commercial or residential diversion 18 Facilities in North Carolina (listed by BioCycle) that can accept some type of food waste:
o AD facilities – 1 operating, 1 currently closed and scheduled for upgrade in 2014o Private/Closed composting facilities – 6o Private/Open composting facilities - 10
Some pilot / small scale residential food scrap programs in effecto Residential food waste drop-off at Convenience Centres in Orange Countyo Subscription services (Raleigh, Charlotte)
Study underway in Wake County
STATE OF THE PRACTICENORTH CAROLINA
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Level of interest Feedstock Assessment Customer Interface Collection System Processing Approach Product Markets Program costs and cost recovery Program benefits
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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LET’S DISCUSS: KEY ISSUES AND SUCCESS FACTORS
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Identify and address the local drivers for (or against)…• Disposal capacity (average tip fee around $40/ton)
• Current System Costs
• Diversion targets (hard to meet 50%+ targets without organics diversion)
• GHG emission reduction / Green energy
Engage stakeholders / champions Pilot programs
GENERATING INTEREST
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Most successful programs include: Year-round yard All food scraps Soiled/non-recyclable paper
Co-mingled yard/food/paper tends to capture high percent yard, lower percent food/paper
Separate yard / food offers option for different processing and collection scenarios (and smaller organics container)
Good material estimates help with securing processing capacity – consider material audits
DETERMINING ELIGIBLE MATERIAL TYPES
Food scrap programs have longer learning curve than recycling
Successful programs promote EARLY and OFTEN
Define food scraps clearly – use pictoral materials – “All Food” is simple
Provide in format for frequent and convenient reference
Provide reasonable instructions to address odor, vermin etc.
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH
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Collect organics weekly, same day as garbage Provide BINS:
o In-home container (durable, dishwasher safe, small)o Curbside green cart (10 gallon for food only, larger for co-mingled
food/yard)o Consider space / building density / building types
Allow compostable BAGS Restrict garbage (Limits on quantity, every other week collection)
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Collection method (automated, manual, curbside placement etc.)
Consider collection modeling Options to reduce costs:
o weekly co-collection of garbage and organicso co-collection of garbage/organics week 1 and
recyclables/organics week 2o every other week garbage collection
Typical CDN weekly food waste collection cost ranges: o $20 to $25/HHD/annum (co-collection) to o over $35/HHD/annum (separate collection)
COLLECTION
Average U.S. program costs $65 annually/HHD (2010) Reported organic collection costs approx. 1/3 total trash costs Majority of collection is contracted Best practice – either embed fee in trash rate or consider PAYT for garbage Much lower participation/capture rates if directly charge for service
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Match technology with attributes of organic streamo Increase in volatile organics: move to in-vessel
composting or anaerobic digestiono Degree of contamination affects pre-
processing and processing options Match products to available markets Consider integration with existing system
o co-processing with yard waste o co-processing with IC&I organics
Allow time for procurement
PROCESSING
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ORGANICS PROGRAM DESIGN DRY PROCESSING
Dry Fermentation Anaerobic DigestionPhoto courtesy of Zero Waste Energy Corp.
Covered Composting Photo courtesy of Gore
Open Window Composting
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ORGANICS PROGRAM DESIGN WET PROCESSING
High solids: Urbaser, Madrid, Spain Phased solids: Clean World, Sacramento CA
High Rate: Gills Onions, Oxnard CA
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Open Windrow (Low-end) less than $40 per ton for outdoor windrow
Enclosed (Mid-range) $60 to $120 per ton for in-vessel aerobic composting
Anaerobic Digestion (Higher-range) $90 to $145 per ton, for Dry or Wet AD
Range varies due to economies of scale and complexity of technology
PROCESSING COSTS
Feedstock quality/contaminant level Potential for odors and odor management Area/site size requirements Utilities: power, water usage and wastewater Potential permitting issues
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY SELECTION
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Proven operations on similar feedstock Ancillary cost: Chemicals, effluent Maintenance, staffing, fuel, water, power
requirements By-product compatibility
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No one-size fits all approach Pilots can generate the data needed to
confirm full-scale program design Stage roll-out in large jurisdictions Consider entire collection system –
integrate changes to optimize collection of organics and other materials
Success requires ‘more hands on’ effort than other diversion programs
LESSONS LEARNED
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Match technology to organic stream Market may not respond quickly to potential
processing demands Take the time for a good procurement
process – well defined RFP and contracts Many processors lack experience handing
highly volatile SSO, bagged materials Technology transfer is not always easy
LESSONS LEARNED
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WRAP UP
For more information contact:
[email protected](919) 232-6682
[email protected] (905) 380-8568
© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR Architecture, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.© 2014 HDR, Inc., all rights reserved.