LEADING THE ENERGY TRANSITION
HYDROGEN-BASED ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONSElectrolysis & FlexibilityElectrolysis & Flexibility
SBC Energy InstituteIEA Workshop on Hydrogen Technology Roll-Out in Europe 10th July, 2013
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Electrolysis & Flexibility
More than a storage carrier, hydrogen is a bridge between energy systems
SIMPLIFIED VALUE CHAIN OF HYDROGEN-BASED ENERGY CONVERSION
Refueling StationsOxygenWater
SURPLUSPOWER-TO-POWER POWER-TO-MOBILITY
POWER GRID
Wind Turbine
Solar PV
Fuel cells
Upgraded & synthetic fuels
Refineries
Fuel Cell Vehicle
Internal Combustion E i V hi l
Electric Vehicle
Electrolysis Hydrogen Storage
Optional
Combustion turbines
Fuel cells
Chemical
Blended gas
Engine Vehicle
Natural Gas Vehicle
Carbon POWER-TO-CHEMICAL
POWER-TO-GAS
GAS GRID
Chemical plants
Ammonia
Petroleum ProductsMethanationCO2
Carbon Capture
Injection of hydrogen in the natural gas grid
POWER TO CHEMICAL
2© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Note: Simplified value chain. End uses are non-exhaustive. Note that the power and gas grids are the main supplier to the residential and commercial end-uses (lighting, heating and cooling, cooking…)
Source: SBC Energy Institute analysis
GAS GRID
Electrolysis & Flexibility
Electricity price spreads are too small to enable significant hydrogen production cost reductions through price arbitrageproduction cost reductions through price arbitrage
LEVELIZED COSTS OF HYDROGEN FOR A GRID-CONNECTED ELECTROLYSIS PLANT$/MWhch,
Assumed electricity price distribution
120
160
200
Assumed electricity price distribution ($/MWhe)
300
320
280 Efficiency + 10% with price arbitrage stragegyReference plant buying electricity at annual spot mean
CAPEX - 20% with price arbitrage strategyReference plant with price arbitrage strategy
-40
0
40
80260
240
220
p y g y pAnnual spot mean: $77/MWhe
400% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Hours of the year (in % of the year)Hourly prices ranked in chronologic order
Hourly prices ranked in ascending order
Cumulated average of the hourly prices ranked in
200
180
160
140
-12%
Cumulated average of the hourly prices ranked in ascending order
090% 100%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%
140
BaseloadProduction excess monetization
Plant load factor / utilization rate(operational hours in % the year)
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Note: Illustrative example based on 8.5MWch electrolysis (5 alkaline stacks of 1.7MWch each), with total installed system CAPEX: $765/MWhch, Efficiency: 79%HHV, Project lifetime: 30 years and real discount rate after tax:10%.
Source: SBC Simulation based on US DoE H2A Model
monetization (operational hours in % the year)
Electrolysis & Flexibility
Injection of hydrogen into gas networks provides a large end-market in the short to mid term for electrolytic hydrogenshort to mid term for electrolytic hydrogen
HYDROGEN INJECTION INTO THE GAS NETWORK: GERMAN POTENTIAL AT 5VOL.% BLENDING0.04 TWh
Current Electric Storage
Electric grid: 550TWhe/year (65GWe on average)
TWh7.6
GWe
Capacity*
Existing gas caverns
H2 (1.7 TWhch)Electrolysers1.1 to 2.2 GWe
Gas plants20 GWe (installed)
1.5 GWe (flexible reserve)
Existing gas caverns212 TWhch total
incl.109 TWhch in salt caverns
H2 Injection0.870 GWch average
Gas grid capacity 1,000TWhch/year (114 GWch on average)
0.870 GWch average2.25 GWch in winter
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Note: Order of magnitude for 5% blending in volume (i.e. ~1.5% in energy) where it does not affect the grid nor the end-use applications. It takes into account the dynamic of the seasonality of the grid (lowest demand in summer of 58 GWch) for the injection rate (58 GW * 1.5% = 0.870 GW). Electrolyzer could act as negative control reserve (9GW in Germany currently, including 7.6 GW of Pumped Hydro)Current Electric Storage capacity corresponds mainly to Pumped Hydro Storage capacity, on top of the Hunthorf Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility.
Source: SBC Energy Institute analysis
Electrolysis & Flexibility
Synthesis of methane is promising but constrained by affordable CO2sourcessources
SIMPLIFIED MASS FLOW CHART OF HYROGEN-ENRICHED BIOMETHANE PLANTkg/h
Waste Heat (230kW )Electricity (1MW ) Electrolysis Waste Heat (230kWth)Electricity (1MWe) Oxygen
156 kg/h O2
Electrolysis
14087.2 kg/h of H2O
19.5 kg/h H2
Biogas unit
106.7 kg/h of CO2140
dry kg/hof biomass
38.8 kg/h of CH4
54.5 dry kg/h of60 kg/h
110 ha. of land
Methanation77.7 kg/h
of CH4
~ x2
54.5 dry kg/h of biomass residues4
gwater
Biogas generates an excess of CO2 mixed with …Enriching biogas with methane doubles the output while ff
Recycled heat for the biogas reaction
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Notes: 1: Biomass feedstock is a maize silage of 5kWhch/kg of dry matter, cultivated with a land yield of 0.63MWch per km². 2: The anaerobic digestion of maize silage requires heat and has an total efficiency of 68.7%; 3: Thermochemical methanation at 300°C and 77.7% hydrogen-to-methane efficiency
Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis
methane… increasing the efficiency and mutualizing the injection costs
Electrolysis & Flexibility
Fuel synthesis from water, electricity and carbon, extends the market potential for electrolysispotential for electrolysis
POWER-TO-SYNFUELS1 PATHWAYS FOR H-C-O SYNFUELS PRODUCTION
CO2 HYDROGENATION OXYGENATED SYNFUELS
H O
Formic acid synthesis
Dehydration
Formic acid(HCOOH)
DME(CH3OCH3)
2
ELECTROLYSIS
H
Electricity
H2O electrolysis Methanol
synthesis
CO2Methanation
Methanol-to-gasoline (MtG)
MethanolCH3OH
CO2 + H2CO2
Reverse Water Gas
H2
CO2 + H2O l t l i
CO + H2( )
Methanation
Methane CH4
CO Methanation
Water Gas Shift
Water (H2O)
co-electrolysis
O2
(syngas)
Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
Alcohols synthesis
CnH2(n+1) liquid hydrocarbon
Methanation
HYDROCARBON SYNFUELS
BiomassGasification
CO
CO
Coal H
6© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis
synthesis
CO HYDROGENATION
Coal H2
Electrolysis & Flexibility
Hydrogen is an essential energy carrier to facilitate the energy transition
Hydrogen is an enabler for high intermittent renewable penetration:y g g p Balance deficit (directly or coupled with gas) Ensure security of supply with massive storage Monetize intermittent surplus
Hydrogen facilitates the decreased carbon intensity of fossil-fuel based energy systems: Hydrogenate fossil fuels and maximize land use for biofuel / biogas production Recycle carbon captured from CCS Leverage current infrastructure
Hydrogen business cases are not yet profitable in the absence of green supports except forHydrogen business cases are not yet profitable in the absence of green supports except for a few early markets: A few early markets can provide short-term business cases (e.g. back-up for telcom towers) Costs reduction on electrolysis side are a pre-requisite (learning curve, manufacturing…)
7© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Source: SBC Energy Institute analysis
Electrolysis & Flexibility
SBC Energy Institute is a non-profit organisation that promotes understanding of key global energy issues
HYDROGEN STUDY
understanding of key global energy issues
INSTITUTE IDENTITY
Focused on crossover technologies related to the energy space
Registered as a non-profit organization: all studies publicly available
One year effort on electrolytic hydrogen
Release expected Q4 2013
For more information: studies publicly available
Governed by its own Board Members, including external people:
Cl d M dil F E ti Di t f th
Benoit [email protected]+33 (0)6 77 01 04 82
Claude Mandil, Former Executive Director of the International Energy Agency
Dr. Adnan Shihab-Eldin, Former OPEC Acting Secretary General.
SBC Energy Institute website & reports:www.sbc.slb.com/SBCInstitute.aspx
8© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Wind and Solar PV are challenging to integrate on the power grid
MW, December 2012 on the 50Hertz Operated GridWIND & SOLAR GENERATION VS. DEMAND IN NORTHERN GERMANY
14 000
12,000
14,000 VARIABILITY & NON-CONTROLABILITY GENERATES
SURPLUS & DEFICIT
8,000
10,000
6 000
8,000
10,000
12,000
4,000
6,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
0
2,000Focus on 27th December
0h 24h12h6h 18h
01 3105 10 15 20 25 3002 03 04 06 07 08 09 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29
10© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis based on 50Hertz data archive (Wind and Solar Actual In Feed 2012, Control Load 2012)
Solar PV Wind Demand
01
Electricity price spreads are too small and not frequent enough to enable significant hydrogen production cost reductions through price arbitrageg y g p g p g
LEVELIZED COSTS OF HYDROGEN FOR A GRID-CONNECTED ELECTROLYSIS PLANT€/MWhch, based on EPEX Spot price 2012 for Germany
150
200
350
400
450
Fixed elec. cost at annual meanPrice arbitrage strategy
German electricity price distribution (€/MWhe)
50
100
150
200
250
300
-50
0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Hours of the year ranked by increasing order of prices
(in % of the year)50
100
150
124
0
50
100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%
utilization rate (in % of the year)
Spot price arbitrage leads to an optimal plant utilization rate of 80% and LCOH only reduced by 4% compared
11© 2013 SBC Energy Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Note: EPEX SPOT intraday trading “index price for each hour of 2012. Intraday SPOT and day-ahead SPOT auctions have been found to give very similar price duration curves. Electrolysis assumptions is based on the US for a 10MW alkaline plant with total installed system CAPEX: $848/MWhch.Efficiency: 78%. Project lifetime: 30 years. Real discount rate after tax:10%.
Source: SBC Simulation based on EPEX Market Data, US DoE H2A Model
with baseload.
Due to a poor round-trip efficiency, power-to-power is likely to be limited to niche applications
LOSSES ALONG THE RE-ELECTRIFICATION VALUE CHAIN OF A H2-BASED STORAGE In MWh, based on a 100MWh storage system, with no hydrogen transport
pp
100 MWh
75% P d h d t (t d )
Underground storage95% eff.
84% eff.
100 MWh
Additional losses of current technologies (low range)Process energy loss (mid-term achievable efficiencies)Electricity input
48% Hydrogen forecast55% Compressed air energy storage (today)
75% Pumped hydro storage (today)
Turbine60% eff.Pressurized tanks
85% eff.
77% eff.
20% Hydrogen today low range
48% Hydrogen, forecast
Fuel Cell30% eff.
Round-trip efficiency20% Hydrogen, today, low range
Re-electrificationHydrogen storageElectrolyzerIntermittent
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Notes: Mid-term (<10 years) realistic target for efficiencies.Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis; NREL (2009), “Lifecycle cost analysis of hydrogen versus other storage options”
Re electrificationHydrogen storageElectrolyzerIntermittent electricity