0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90Singapore
Chile
Malaysia
India
Bangladesh (1)
Pakistan
Transparency International 2001 Ranking
Finland
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Singapore
Chile
Malaysia
India
BangladeshPakistan
Transparency International 1996 Ranking
GNP Per Capita Sensitivity
150250350450550650750
FY75 FY80 FY85 FY90 FY95 FY97
Estimated GNP per capita with low corruption
Actual GNP per capita
Institutional & Governance Institutional & Governance Review Review
Anti-Corruption ReportAnti-Corruption Report Financial Accountability Financial Accountability
AssessmentAssessment Procurement AssessmentProcurement Assessment Survey on Urban Service Survey on Urban Service
DeliveryDelivery Survey of households, Survey of households,
businesses and civil servants on businesses and civil servants on governance-related issuesgovernance-related issues
Energy Sector Energy Sector Financial SectorFinancial Sector Education Education
SectorSector Health SectorHealth Sector
Role of state: wide-scale Role of state: wide-scale nationalization post-nationalization post-independenceindependence
Tight control over resources by Tight control over resources by the elite – patronage network the elite – patronage network dating back to the military dating back to the military dictatorshipdictatorship
Heavy reliance on personal Heavy reliance on personal networks, resulting in pervasive networks, resulting in pervasive patron-client relationshipspatron-client relationships
Well organized interest groups Well organized interest groups influence political decisionsinfluence political decisions
Significant discrepancy Significant discrepancy between private agendas and between private agendas and public agendaspublic agendas
The poor lack “voice” and The poor lack “voice” and often have to attach often have to attach themselves to a patron to themselves to a patron to survivesurvive
Grudging acceptance of the Grudging acceptance of the growing plunder of state growing plunder of state resourcesresources
Confrontational political Confrontational political environmentenvironment
Internal organization of the Internal organization of the major political parties major political parties controlled by a handful of controlled by a handful of leaders, who are often leaders, who are often dictatorial and discourage dictatorial and discourage dissentdissent
The judiciary: recourse to The judiciary: recourse to courts is costly and riskycourts is costly and risky
Deteriorating law & order: Deteriorating law & order: police as predators not police as predators not protectorsprotectors
Politicization and corruption Politicization and corruption of the civil serviceof the civil service
Reorient the role of Reorient the role of GovernmentGovernment
Energize administrative reformEnergize administrative reform Strengthening systems of Strengthening systems of
accountability: parliament, accountability: parliament, C&AG, police, judiciary C&AG, police, judiciary
DecentralizeDecentralize Strengthen civil societyStrengthen civil society
World class non-governmental World class non-governmental organizations (BRAC, Grameen, organizations (BRAC, Grameen, etc)etc)
Emergence of a new breed of Emergence of a new breed of private sector entrepreneurs private sector entrepreneurs
Growth of independent Growth of independent research organizations and research organizations and think tanksthink tanks
Rapid expansion of basic Rapid expansion of basic education education
Thriving and increasingly Thriving and increasingly independent pressindependent press
Awami League defeated in Awami League defeated in national elections in October national elections in October 20012001
BNP coalition elected with a BNP coalition elected with a two-thirds majority: ran on a two-thirds majority: ran on a platform to improve platform to improve governance and law and ordergovernance and law and order
Approved publication of Approved publication of several governance-related several governance-related documents documents
Discussions underway to Discussions underway to support a “Governance support a “Governance Improvement Credit”Improvement Credit”
PROSHIKA (A large PROSHIKA (A large Bangladeshi NGO)Bangladeshi NGO)
40 Community-Based 40 Community-Based OrganizationsOrganizations
Survey & Research Systems Survey & Research Systems (SRS)(SRS)
Public Affairs Center Public Affairs Center (Bangalore)(Bangalore)
AUSAID, CIDA, Netherlands, UNDP and USAID