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Libro de Gramática
Hermosa Hammond1st PeriodoEspañol IV Honores
Table of Contents
1. Present2. Irregular yo formas3. Irregulars in the present4. Ser vs. Estar5. Verbs Like Gustar6. Nouns and Article Adjectives7. Adjectives8. Preterite vs. Imperfect9. Present Subjunctive10. Subjunctive Used in Noun Clauses11. Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses12. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns in Commands13. Formal Commands14. Negative formal commands15. Informal Commands16. Commands Using Nosotros17. Object Pronouns18. Prepositional Pronouns19. Pronouns with Double Object20. Possessive Adjectives21. Possessive Pronouns22. Por and Para23. Becoming 24. Reflexive Verbs
Table of Contents (cont)
25. Future26. Conditional27. Present Perfect28. Relative Pronouns29. Que vs. Cual30. The Neuter ‘Lo’31. Subjunctive Used in Adverbial Clauses32. Past Subjunctive33.Comparisons vs. Superlatives34. Adverbs35. Diminutives. Augmentatives36. Present Perfect use in Subjunctive37. Se38. Past Participles Used as Adjectives39. Expressing time with Hacer40. Future Perfect. Conditional Perfect41. Si Clauses. Transitional Expressions. Pero vs. Sino42. Passive Voice43. Negative and indefinite expressions44. Past perfect and Past Perfect Subjunctive45. Infinitivos46. Prepositions
{El Presente
What’s happening AHORA!
Actions in the present time General Truths Near Future Literature Habitual Actions
El Presente: Usar
{ {-AR
- O- As- A- Amos- Aís- An
-ER and IR
- O- Es- E- Emos- Eís- En
El Presente: Regulares
Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem changes in the present tense!
Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the personal endings.
-AR & -ER stem changes: e to ie, o to i, u to ue.
Stem Changing Verbos!
Yo: Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply. A common verb with an irregular yo is
Saber, meaning to know, which is Yo Sé. -cer to –zco; -gir to –jo Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same
rules as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such as conozco and reconozco.
Irregular Formas
Ser and Estar
To be or not to beThat is the question!
They both mean to be!
Los dos palabras se significan “to be” in Ingles. Ser means “to be” and it is
permanent. Estar es “to be” but it is not
permanent.
Para Usar….
estar
ser
{ {Ser
Place of origin Personality Possession Material Animals Profession or occupation Relationship Date Season Used to express the
permanence of an object
Estar
Condition Temporality Location or spatial relationshio Health and states Emotions Certain weather expressions
(esta nublado) Expressing death Variability Used to express
impermanence of an object.
A Comparison
{ {SER
SoyEresEsSomosSoisSon
Estar
EstoyEstásEstáEstamosEstaísEstán
Personal Forms
YoTuEllaNosotrosVosotrosEllas
{
Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar, apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan manzanas.”
Gustar = VerbsMe = I Object PronounManzanas = Subject
N is added to the verb when the subject is plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.” More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”
Verbos Como Gustar
Abburir Caer bien Caer mal Doler Faltar Encantar Disgustar Fascinar Importar Interesar Sorprender Importar
More verbos como Gustar
Extra Points adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasisto the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”(pleased)
Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms, adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the subject, not IO pronoun.
Like in English, a noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or idea.
Masculine or Feminine Masculine usually ens in o, or, l, s, and ma. Feminine usually ends in a, ora, ion, d, and z. El indicates masculine, along with los. La
indicates feminine, with las. Those are articles. Plural mostly by adding s, but nouns ending in z
add a c and then an es.hombre – hombresrana – ranaslapiz – lapices
Nouns
Mi, el, nosotros, ellos, ti, ella, vosotros, ellas, usted, si, ustedes.
Function as the object of the preposition. Si is used to refer back to the same third
person subject. Si mismo – himself or herself
Prepositional Pronouns
IO’s precede the direct object when they appear together, as a rule of thumb.
Double Object Pronouns
Mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro My, yours, his/hers, ours, you all’s. Add an s if what is being possessed is
plural. Must agree with nouns that are being
possessed, and the gender of that who is possessing.
Mi cara, tu cara, sus caras, nuestros caras, vuestros caras
Possessive Adjectives
El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias all mean mine
Tuyo, tuya, tuyas, mean yours Nuestro/a, nuestros/as, mean our. Suyo/a, suyos/as mean theirs. Vuestro/a, vuestros/as mean you all’s
Possessive Pronouns
Este: this Ese: that Aquel: that over there
Este Ese Aquel
Esta Esa Aquella
Estos Esos Aquellos
Estas Esas aquellas
Demonstrative Adjectives
Can replace nounsMust agree in number and gender! Plural
by adding s
Show that a person is performing an action to him or herself
Routines Indicates emotion Agrees in Person and number.
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st Person Me Nos
2nd Person Te Os
3rd Person Se Se
What kind Which one How many How much MUST match noun it is describing in gender
and number Single adjectives sometimes modify more
than one noun, but the plural form is used. Adjective following a noun is literal, and
preceding is more figurative, like pobre and pobre.
Adjectives
{Continuing?Done?The important questions!
Preterit vs. Imperfect
{ {Preterit
Seen as completed action Definite beginning and
ending Does not lack specificity. Trigger words: ayer,
anoche, desde el primer momento, la semana pasada, entonces, ayer por la tarde
Imperfect
Not seen as a completed action
Indefinite ending or beginning
Vague or general Things you “used to do.” Trigger words: cuando era
un niño, con frecuencia, mucho, nunca, muchas veces, siempre, todas las semanas, todos los dias
Both are past actions, but…
{ {AR
- Aste- Ó- Amos- Asteis- Aron
ER/IR
ísteIóImosIsteisIeron
Regular Preterit
{ {AR
AbaAbasAbaÁbamosAbaisaban
ER/IR
ÍaÍasÍaÍamosÍaisÍan
Regular Impefect
Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated the same:
FuiFuisteFue
FuemosFuisteisFueron
Irregular Preterit
Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver
Di Hice Dije Traje Vi
Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste
Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio
Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos
Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis
Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron
Irregular Preterit
Car, gar, zar
Qu Gu C
Ayer, Anoche, El ano pasado, Ante ayer, Antes
Preterite Trigger Words include…
Verbo Change
Andar Anduv
Estar Estuv
Tener Tuv
Caber Cup
Haber Hub
Poder Pud
Poner Pus
Irreg
ula
r Pre
terit
Verbo Change
Saber Sup
Hacer Hic
Querer Quis
Venir vin
-e:-iste-o
-imos:-isteis-ieron
Ir Ser Ver
Iba Era Veía
Ibas Eras Veías
Iba Era Veía
Ibamos Eramos Veíamos
Ibais Erais Veíais
Ibas Eran Veían
Irregular Imperfect
WEDDING Wishing Emotions Doubt Disbelief Impersonal expression Negotiation God
Subjunctive is a mood Uncertain, hypothetical
Main clause and connector and subordinate clause
Ar: e, es, e, emos, en Er and ir: a, as, a, amos, an
Irregulars are dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser.
Present Subjunctive
Es Bueno que Es malo que Es necesario que Es urgente que Es importante que Es mejor que
Es _____ que
Impersonal Expressions
An adjective clause describes a noun or pronoun.
Group of words. Subjunctive is used when antecedent of
the adjective is indefinite or unknown, nonexistent or negated.
Busco un libro que me gustaria.
Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses
Used to show respect More of a suggestion Usted and ustedes Conjugated the same as in subjunctive. Use present tense, drop the o and add
present subjunctive endings. To make negative, precede with no.
Formal Commands
One who you are familiar with Less respectful Conjugated the same as present-tense
usted form of the verb Negatives have no preceding and are
irregular like present subjunctive.
Informal Commands
Mainly used when the speaker suggests to a group he or she is included in.
Ir form and subjunctive form can be used Ir uses present form of ir as the
command. Subjunctive uses nosotros in present
subjunctive form as the command. Place no in front of the command to
make it negative.
Commanding Nosotros
Direct receive action of the verb DIRECTLY. Who or what
Indirect tell to whom or what and for whom or what.
Precede conjugated verb in a sentence, but can be attached to words, like gerunds.
Le and Les change to se when used with lo/a, los/as.
Object Pronouns
Transitive has object Intransitive does not. Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and
en. Object is also subject in many cases. Examples of reflexive verbs:
Abburirse – to become bored Ponerse – to get or to become Acordarse –to remember Comerse– to eat up Dormirse – to fall asleep Mudarse – to move Ponerse – to put on clothing quitarse – to take off clothing.
Reflexive Verbs
Por vs. Para
Por Para
Gratitude/apology Use/purpose
Bartering/sales Recipients
During Deadline
Communication/transportThrough, along, by
In order to, for purpose of
Cause or reason
Idiomatic expressions
behalf
Hacerse is a reflexive verb that means to become, and is conjugated irregularly, (yo me hago)
Ponerse: reflexive form of poner, to put (yo me pongo)
Volverse: yo me vuelvo Llegar a ser: literally means to become,
conjugated like ser.
Becoming
What will happen? Expresses wonder or probability in current state. Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive. Some irregulares:
Tener – tedr Salir – saldr Haber – habr Decir – dir Caber – cabr Hacer – har
Regular verbs end in É Ás Á Emos Éis Án
Future.
Would / should / could Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais,
ían. Irregulars mainly the same as future. Use for speculation about the past or
future, reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.
Conditional expresses what might happen by probability, wonder, or conjecture.
Combine two sentences that share a common noun. Related to a noun that has previously been stated already. Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.
Que vs Cual Q- what C- which Q – definitions C- used before
es, not in definitions Q- before nouns C- suggests
from a group, suggestions, clauses
Relative Pronouns
Lo facil Lo bueno Lo bello Lo justo Lo mejor
It is _________ that Lo + adjective translated in english as
part/one/thing usually
The Neuter Lo
Used to express will or influence, emotion, doubt, or denial
Verbs that have stem changes in the present subjunctive – only ir verbs have stem changes in nosotros and vosotros.
A group of words in a subordinate noun clause act as a noun, and apply here.
Dependent clauses serve as direct object or compliment in a noun clause.
Creo que vaya al gimnasio a tres.
Subjunctive Used in adverbial
Completed actions Actions that happened before another
action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used
alongside a past participle.
Past Subjunctivo
Like in english, er vs est In spanish comparitive uses mas _____
que, for example. In spanish superlative uses el mas
_______. To show that there is almost NO comparison.
Goes after the noun.Hermosa es mas lista que Juan.Ellen Page es el actriz mast bonita.
Comparitive vs Superlative
What had happened in the past Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by
adding ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.
He Has Han Hemos Hebais Han
Subjunctive:HayaHayasHayaHayamosHayaisHayan
Present Perfect Use In Subjunctive.
+ Past Participle
Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
In english we often add –ly to adjectives to make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –mente.
Add an a before the mente usually! Rapido = rapidamente
quickly Carinoso = carinosamente
Kindly
Adverbs
Indicate smallness (diminutive) Indicates affection You can drop o or a from almost any
noun and ad ito or ita Cito or cita can be added to words not
ending in o or a Nino ninito
Diminutives
Indicates largeness Opposite of diminutive Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a,
or udo/a. NOT affectionate. Ganzoanzo (not affectionate goose) Muchacho – como “Adios, Muchacho!” Es
mal.
Augmentatives
Completed actions Actions that happened before another
action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used
alongside a past participle.
Past Perfecto Subjunctivo
Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.
Equivalent of the passive voice in english Can replace le or les to avoid two l
pronouns!
SE
Agree with noun in gender and number Follow same rules regarding er/ir and
then ar verbs.
Past Participles as Adjectives
Hace + time + que Hace tres anos que voy a mexico. It has been two years since I have been to
mexico. Negatives can be formed by adding “no”
simply. Present tense uses desde. Verb + desde hace + time
Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos. I have been going to mexico for two years.
Expressing time using hacer.
Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.
Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen. Formed by the future indicative of haber and
the participle form.
Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habréis habrán
Future perfect
Something that would have happened If In the past Superstition/probability Haber + past participle
Habría Habrías Habrían Habríamos Habrías Habrían
Conditional Perfect Tense
If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With present indicative.
If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be used with past subjunctive verbs.
It may precede the sentence, or not. Does not only mean “yes”
Also means IF!
Si quieres tomar el examen, dime que hora.
Si
Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque Clarification: en otras palabras Explanation: ademas Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,
igualmente General and specific: espesificamente Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar –
para concluir.
Transitional Expressions
Coordinating conjunctions Equivalent of english “but” Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas Sino is used when the part of the
sentence following the conjunction is negative, meaning something closer to “rather.”
Pero and Sino
Used with a generalized subject, subject that refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.
Whatever receives the action of the verb comes first.
Followed by verb “to be” Followed by participle Ser is usd Subject would be a DO if written actively.
El coche fue rompido por la arbol.
Passive voice. Shhhh….
Negative: nobody or nothing Nada: nothing Nadie: nobody Ningun: not any Ni: neither Tampoco: neither
Indefinite: ambiguous Algo: something Alguien: someone Alguna vez: some time Alguno: some Cualquier: which
Algo pasó.
Negative and Indefinite Expressions
Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
Había Habías Había Habíamos
+participle Habías Habían
Past Perfecto
Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
Subjunctive conjugation Haya Hayas Hayan
Haya +participle Hayamos Hayaian
Past Subjuctive
-ar -er -ir
Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing
Predicate nominative Objects
Verb preposition
Infinitives
Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc. Almost always followed by adjective.
A Con Contra Antes de Durante En Entre Hasta Para Por Sin sobre
Prepositions