Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3
Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Monomer:Monosaccharide
Made up of:Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen (H:O in 2:1 ratio)
Lipids
Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen(H:O not in 2:1 ratio)
Proteins
Monomer: Amino Acid
Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotide
1) 5 Carbon sugar, 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base
Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
All compounds are either ORGANIC, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or INORGANIC.
The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
Organic Compounds
Carbon has FOUR valence electronso Needs eight electrons to be stable
Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon
Carbon Bonding:
Carbon Bonding Carbon can form straight chains, branched
chains, or ringso Leading to a great variety of organic
compounds
Single Bond Sharing 2 electrons A single line
Double Bond Sharing 4 electrons Two parallel lines
Triple Bond Sharing 6 electrons Three parallel lines
Carbon Bonding
In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as MONOMERS.
Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as POLYMERS. o Large polymers are also called MACROMOLECULESo The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a
chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks - POLYMERIZATION
Large Carbon Molecules:
WATER is the most important inorganic compound in the body and it participates in two biological reactions:o Hydrolysis o Dehydration Synthesis
Biological Reactions
Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Hydrolysis
Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.
Dehydration Synthesis
Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration Synthesis
The four main classes of organic compounds essential to all living things are made from CARBON, HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN atoms, but in different ratios giving them different properties.
Molecules of Life
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with H to O in a 2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides are a single sugar - MONOMER
Source of energy Can be in straight or ring form -ose ending for sugars
Carbohydrates:
Glucose (C6H12O6) Ribose (C5H10O5)
Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms = ISOMERSo Molecular formula = C6H12O6 (hexoses)
C5H10O5 (pentoses)
Carbohydrates:
Type of Sugar
Name of Sugar Description of Sugar
Pentose ribose Found in RNA
Pentose deoxyribose Found in DNA
Hexose glucose In blood; cell’s main energy source
Hexose fructose In fruit; sweetest of monomers
Hexose galactose In milk
Carbohydrates:
Disaccharides are double sugars Two monosaccharides condense to form
disaccharideso Formed by dehydration synthesiso Molecular formula = C12H22O11
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
A disaccharide is produced by joining 2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units.
In this animation, 2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of water.
Glucose molecules joining to form a disaccharideCondensation of Monosaccharides
Name of Disaccharide
2 single sugars that join to form the
disaccharide Description of Sugar
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Table Sugar
Lactose Glucose + Galactose
In milk
Maltose Glucose + Glucose In malt
Common Disaccharides
Carbohydrates Polysaccharides many sugars: General formula – (C6H10O5)n plus H2O (n = #
monomers) Formed by dehydration synthesis Long chains of glucose molecules
Name of Polysaccharid
eDescription of Sugar
Glycogen(animal starch)
• Animal polysaccharide - stores excess sugar
• Stored in liver and muscles • Muscle contraction & movement• Broken down into glucose and
released into blood for quick energy
Starch• Plant polysaccharide• Stores excess sugar
Cellulose
• Gives plants strength and rigidity• Major component of wood and paper
• Component of cell wall
Carbohydrates:
Elements – carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (NOT a 2:1 H:O ratio)
Do not dissolve in water Lipids contain a large number of C-H bonds which store
more energy than C-O bonds in carbohydrates Monomers: glycerol and fatty acid
Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Fatty Acids:o Fatty acids are unbranched C-chains (12-28 C) with
a carboxyl group (acid) at one end• The carboxyl end is POLAR and attracted to water –
HYDROPHILIC• The hydrocarbon end is NONPOLAR and does not interact with
water – HYDROPHOBIC
Lipids:
Fatty Acid
General Structure
Saturated (single bonds)
Unsaturated (double bonds)
Three major roles of lipids in living organisms:o Lipids can be used to store energyo Lipids are important parts of biological membraneso Lipids are waterproof coverings
Lipids:
Saturated Fatty Acids
• Carbon atoms with 4 atoms covalently bonded
• All single bonds
• High melting points• Solid @ room temperature• Ex.) animal fat, shortening
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• Carbon not bonded to the maximum # of atoms
• There are double bond(s)• polyunsaturated
• Liquid @ room temperature• Primarily in plants• Energy storage in animals
Saturated & Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids:
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) are formed by a glycerol molecule bonding to fatty acid(s) o formed by dehydration synthesis
Lipids
Dehydration Synthesis:
Three fatty acids attached to glycerol
Triglycerides
Formation of a Triglyceride
Two fatty acids joined to a glycerol Makes up cell membrane - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Phospholipids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Monomer: AMINO ACID (20 different kinds) Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded
to 4 other atoms or functional groups
Proteins
Proteins Bond that joins amino acids (protein) = PEPTIDE
BOND
Formation of a peptide bond
amino acid 1 amino acid 2 dipeptide water
Peptide bond
Formation of a peptide bond
1. Control the rate of reactions2. Regulate cell processes3. Form important cellular structures4. Transport substances into or out of cells5. Help to fight disease
Functions of Proteins
Enzyme + Substrate = ES complex EP complex = Enzyme + product(s)
Enzymes and Substrates:
Protein that has lost its active conformation, or shape
Denaturing caused by:o Temperatureo Solute (salt) Concentrationo pH
Denaturing Proteins:
Large, complex organic compounds that store information in cells, using a system of four compounds to store hereditary information, arranged in a certain order as a code for genetic instructions of the cell.
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Monomer: Nucleotide1. Phosphate group (Phosphoric Acid)2. 5-carbon (pentose) sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)3. Nitrogenous Base
Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous Bases There are FOUR Nitrogen bases
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides combine, in DNA to form a double
helix, and in RNA a single helix The sides of the ladder are made up of the phosphate group and the sugar and the rungs of the ladder are nitrogen bases Examples of Nucleic Acids:
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Nucleic Acids and Dehydration Synthesis