Cutaneous Melanoma
Charles M. Balch • Michael B. AtkinsClaus Garbe • Jeffrey E. GershenwaldAllan C. Halpern • John M. KirkwoodGrant A. McArthur • John F. ThompsonArthur J. SoberEditors
Cutaneous Melanoma
Sixth Edition
With 371 Figures and 115 Tables
EditorsCharles M. BalchDepartment of Surgical OncologyThe University of Texas MD AndersonCancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
Michael B. AtkinsDepartment of OncologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterLombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterWashington, DC, USA
Claus GarbeCentre for DermatooncologyDepartment of DermatologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingen, Germany
Jeffrey E. GershenwaldDepartments of Surgical Oncology andCancer BiologyMelanoma and Skin CenterThe University of Texas MD AndersonCancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
Allan C. HalpernDermatology Service, Departmentof MedicineMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
John M. KirkwoodDepartments of Medicine,Dermatology, and Translational ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh andUPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburgh, PA, USA
Grant A. McArthurDivisions of CancerMedicine and ResearchPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourne, VIC, Australia
John F. ThompsonMelanoma Institute AustraliaFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
Arthur J. SoberDepartment of DermatologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-05068-9 ISBN 978-3-030-05070-2 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-030-05069-6 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05070-2
1st and 2nd edition: © J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia 1985, 19913rd and 4th edition: © Quality Medical Publishing Inc., St. Louis, MO 1997, 20035th edition: © Quality Medical Publishing Inc., St. Louis, MO. Transfer: copyright transferredfrom the editors and individual contributors by written agreement 20096th edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Tomy wife, Carol, and our children, Glen, Alan, Laura, andMarkC.M.B.
To my wife, Susan Crockin, and our children, Ben, Melea, andJonM.B.A.
To my wife, Eva, and my daughters, Anna, Lisa, and SophieC.G.
To my wife, Donna, and my children, Sophie and EllieJ.E.G.
To my wife, Judy, and our children, Josh, Orly, and DebA.C.H.
To my wife, Gayle, and my children, Gerrit and GordonJ.M.K.
To my wife, Maree, and our children, Sarah, Ethan, and ChloeG.A.M.
To my children, Sally, James, Julia, and AnnaJ.F.T.
To my wife, Cheryl, and our children, Felicia and StephanieA.J.S.
To the Memory of:Seng-jaw Soong Ph.D. (1942–2012)
Statistician extraordinaire and Editor of the first five editions ofCutaneous Melanoma
Seng-jaw Soong with Charles Balch (circa 1985)Donald L. Morton, M.D. (1934–2014)
Consummate melanoma investigator and pioneer of thetechnique of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy formelanoma
Preface to the Sixth Edition
For over 34 years, we have been privileged to write six editions of a compre-hensive text describing the biology and clinical management of melanoma.Cutaneous Melanoma has now become the authoritative and comprehensivetreatise on this subject, which is used worldwide. It has a special emphasis ondata presentation and collectively incorporates the clinical outcomes of morethan 50,000 patients treated at major melanoma centers throughout the world.This book spans the entire spectrum of the disease, from precursors of mela-noma to advanced stages of metastatic disease, from melanoma genes topopulation-based epidemiology, and from prevention of melanoma to allforms of multidisciplinary treatments. It incorporates the basic principles ofdiagnosis and pathologic examination with treatment approaches for thedisease’s many clinical presentations. Each facet of clinical management issupported by statistical data about natural history, prognosis, and treatmentresults.
During the past decade, there have been major advances in the clinicalmanagement of melanoma, most notably in the effectiveness of new immu-notherapy and targeted therapies. As a result, this sixth edition has beencompletely rewritten by acknowledged experts in a wide variety of disciplines.Cutaneous Melanoma has grown considerably larger since the last edition,reflecting the vast amount of new information available on the topic and theincreased incidence of melanoma throughout the world. The book contains52 chapters and is organized into 7 major parts focusing on biology, diagnosisand staging, pathology, epidemiology and prevention, management of local-ized melanoma, management of regional metastases, diagnosis and treatmentof distant metastases, systemic treatment of metastatic disease, and history ofmelanoma. The chapters are either completely new or extensively revised andupdated. These chapters provide the latest data on melanoma staging andprognosis as well as on randomized prospective clinical trials involvingsurgical treatment and systemic treatments of melanoma. There are newchapters on clinical genetics, sentinel lymph node and other regional metasta-ses, adjuvant systemic therapy, immune modulators, melanoma-specifictargeted therapies, management of central nervous systemic metastases, andbiomarkers. Chapters are also devoted to special types of melanomas, such aschildhood melanomas, mucosal melanomas, and subungual melanomas.Finally, every clinical variation of recurrent and metastatic melanoma isaddressed, with treatment options included for each clinical entity. These
vii
topics include detailed descriptions about local recurrences and their manage-ment, regional recurrences, in-transit metastases, and specific sites of distantmetastases (e.g., lung, gastrointestinal tract). There is also an emphasis onprevention, screening, and early detection of melanoma.
Cutaneous Melanoma is oriented to all health-care providers andresearchers involved in the care of patients with melanoma, including sur-geons, dermatologists, medical and surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists,and other physicians and nurses who diagnose and treat patients with mela-noma. There are valuable sections for geneticists, cell biologists, and immu-nologists as well as epidemiologists and public health workers to provide themwith current reviews by the experts in those fields. We have attempted topresent a balanced perspective of the risks and benefits involved in eachtreatment modality and how these can be optimized in various clinical settings.This book also provides a reliable reference for general physicians, internists,and other health-care workers to help them recognize cutaneous melanomas atthe earliest possible stage, learn how to biopsy them properly for both diag-nosis and micro-staging, and clinically manage these patients during and aftertreatment.
Cutaneous Melanoma represents the accumulated wisdom of our col-leagues throughout the world who have contributed significantly to the amaz-ing progress that is being made in the study and treatment of melanoma. Thisprogress is built on the solid foundation that was laid by the pioneers in thefield, whose interest in this topic led to many of the discoveries that have beenmade to date. It is our hope that this book will help to further the understandingof melanoma, its biologic and clinical characteristics, and lead to furtheradvances in treatment.
We have been sustained throughout our professional careers by the courageand warmth of the large number of patients for whom it has been our privilegeto care. Personal rewards from these relationships and a desire to help improvethe care of other patients are the main reasons we continue to update this book.
Houston, USA Charles M. BalchWashington, USA Michael B. AtkinsTuebingen, Germany Claus GarbeHouston, USA Jeffrey E. GershenwaldNew York, USA Allan C. HalpernPittsburgh, USA John M. KirkwoodMelbourne, Australia Grant A. McArthurSydney, Australia John F. ThompsonBoston, USA Arthur J. SoberDecember 2019
viii Preface to the Sixth Edition
Acknowledgments
So many colleagues and coworkers have contributed to this book that it isdifficult to select only a few for specific recognition. This sixth edition ofCutaneous Melanoma was edited to a greater degree than any other edition.For this we thank all the authors and coauthors for their cooperation andwillingness to make this edition even more consistent and integrated in itscontents and treatment recommendations. Since publication of the fifth editionin 2009, there have been revolutionary changes in melanoma diagnosis andtherapy, making this sixth edition the most extensively updated of all editions(since 1985) and a must read for everyone interested in current information onmelanoma management.
We also want to thank those in our academic offices who helped us inso many ways to facilitate the manuscript flow and editorial review process,as well as typing our manuscripts. These include Ms. Brigitte Nelson (forDr. Balch), Ms. Kaye Oakley and Dr. Gabrielle Williams (for Dr. Thompson),Clara Florentino (for Dr. Sober), Ms. Julia Tijerina (for Dr. Atkins),Peg Grossman (for Dr. Halpern), Catherine Ringin (for Dr. McArthur), LisaHuntley and Victoria Alisasis (for Dr. Kirkwood), and Irma Wintle (forDr. Gershenwald).
We are privileged to work with a dynamic and talented publishing team atSpringer Publishing, led by Andrew Spencer, Senior Editor, who coordinatedall aspects of this book, and Purva Ashok Kumar who was the point person onthe production team. The Project Manager for this book was Kate Emery, whoworked diligently and patiently with the authors on their chapter submissions.She was particularly valuable in coordinating the flow of all the manuscriptsamong the multiple authors and editors and functioning as the primary inter-face with the publisher.
The research and data management represented in this book would not havebeen possible without the financial support and generous assistance of numer-ous institutions and individuals: NCI Center Core Grants and (P30 CA051008)to Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, TheMarion GardnerJackson Trust, and the Jason Sabbag Melanoma Research Fund (Massachu-setts General Hospital), and support from the NCI Cancer Center Core Grantand the NIH SPORE grants in melanoma at The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center (MD Anderson), Houston, Texas (1P50CA221703),and the University of Pittsburgh SPORE in Melanoma and Skin Cancer(CA121973); the Robert and Lynne Grossman Family Foundation and theMichael and Patricia Booker Melanoma Research Endowment (MD
ix
Anderson), the Sandra and Thomas Usher/Frances and James McGlothlinendowments (University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute at UPMC Hillman);and grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council ofAustralia and the Victorian Cancer Agency. The Melanoma Institute Australiadatabase and its data managers have been supported by the Melanoma Foun-dation of the University of Sydney.
Our families have provided vital emotional support and graciously forfeitedsome of their time with us to the additional effort required to complete thisbook. As only they know, considerable personal sacrifices were required thatthey willingly made. For this reason, we have chosen to dedicate this bookto them.
This edition is also dedicated to the memory of Drs. Donald L. Morton andSeng-jaw Soong. Dr. Morton was a visionary leader as a clinical investigator inthe field of melanoma, a consummate clinician, and a dedicated teacher. Hewas a mentor and a friend to many of us. He contributed enormously to thefield over the years (see chapter “A History of Melanoma: From Hunter toMorton” for more details). Dr. Soong brought a unique statistical dimension tothe entire field of melanoma research and was an editor of in all five previouseditions of Cutaneous Melanoma. He provided a valuable, meticulouslyassembled statistical database that facilitated our understanding of the biologyand natural history of melanoma as well as treatment outcomes. Their legacylives on through the pages of this melanoma book, and we will miss them bothgreatly. Their impact will last for many years to come.
x Acknowledgments
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Biology and Immunology of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Biology of Melanocytes and Primary Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3M. Raza Zaidi, David E. Fisher, and Helen Rizos
Immunology of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Paul F. Robbins and Yong-Chen Lu
Biomarkers for Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Dirk Schadendorf, Keith T. Flaherty, Lyn M. Duncan,Mohammed Kashani-Sabet, and Selma Ugurel
Part II Diagnosis and Staging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Clinical Presentations of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Allan C. Halpern, Ashfaq A. Marghoob, Arthur J. Sober,Victoria Mar, and Michael A. Marchetti
Dermoscopy/Confocal Microscopy for Melanoma Diagnosis . . . . . 145Katie J. Lee, Nicola di Meo, Oriol Yélamos, Josep Malvehy,Iris Zalaudek, and H. Peter Soyer
Biopsy of Suspected Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Noah Smith, Timothy M. Johnson, John W. Kelly, Arthur J. Sober,and Christopher Bichakjian
Lymphoscintigraphy in Patients with Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Roger F. Uren, Omgo E. Nieweg, and John F. Thompson
Biopsy of the Sentinel Lymph Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Mark B. Faries, Alistair J. Cochran, Michael McLemore,Vernon K. Sondak, Sandra L. Wong, and John F. Thompson
Melanoma Prognosis and Staging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Emily Z. Keung, Charles M. Balch, John F. Thompson,John M. Kirkwood, Richard A. Scolyer, Vernon K. Sondak, andJeffrey E. Gershenwald
xi
Models for Predicting Melanoma Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Lauren E. Haydu, Phyllis A. Gimotty, Daniel G. Coit,John F. Thompson, and Jeffrey E. Gershenwald
Part III Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Classification and Histopathology of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Richard A. Scolyer, Victor G. Prieto, David E. Elder,Alistair J. Cochran, and Martin C. Mihm Jr.
Molecular Pathology and Genomics of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Klaus Georg Griewank, Rajmohan Murali, and Thomas Wiesner
Part IV Epidemiology and Prevention of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . 423
Clinical Epidemiology of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Catherine M. Olsen and David C. Whiteman
Molecular Epidemiology of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Anne E. Cust, Hensin Tsao,Marianne Berwick, Graham J.Mann, andMark M. Iles
Clinical Genetics and Risk Assessment of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . 471V. Bataille, Hensin Tsao, S. Raimondi, and S. Gandini
Acquired Precursor Lesions and Phenotypic Markersof Increased Risk for Cutaneous Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Cristian Navarrete-Dechent, Alon Scope, Hensin Tsao,Nadeem G. Marghoob, Arthur J. Sober, and Ashfaq A. Marghoob
Melanoma Prevention and Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525Susan M. Swetter, Alan C. Geller, Sancy A. Leachman,JohnM. Kirkwood, Alexander Katalinic, and Jeffrey E. Gershenwald
Part V Management of Primary Melanoma andLocoregional Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Treatment of Primary Melanomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573John F. Thompson, Michael A. Henderson, Gabrielle Williams, andMerrick I. Ross
Reconstructive Options Following Surgery of PrimaryMelanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595MarcMoncrieff, Brian Gastman, Rogerio Izar Neves, Howard Peach,and Anthony P. Tufaro
Axillary and Epitrochlear Lymph Node Dissection forMelanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657Sandra L. Wong, Douglas S. Tyler, Charles M. Balch,John F. Thompson, and Kelly M. McMasters
xii Contents
Inguinofemoral, Iliac/Obturator, and PoplitealLymphadenectomy for Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669Keith A. Delman, Lesly A. Dossett, Clara R. Farley,Kelly M. McMasters, and Omgo E. Nieweg
Neck Dissection and Parotidectomy for Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Brian Gastman, Rebecca Knackstedt, Ryan P. Goepfert,Baran Sumer, Ashok Shaha, and Michael E. Kupferman
Local and Recurrent Regional Metastases of Melanoma . . . . . . . . 705Matthew C. Perez, Kenneth K. Tanabe, Charlotte E. Ariyan,John T. Miura, Dorotea Mutabdzic, Jeffrey M. Farma, andJonathan S. Zager
Radiotherapy for Primary and Regional Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . 739Angela M. Hong and Graham Stevens
Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for High-Risk MelanomaPatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Yana G. Najjar, Ryan Massa, Vernon K. Sondak,Alexander M. M. Eggermont, Helen Gogas, and John M. Kirkwood
Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy for High-Risk MelanomaPatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767Emily Z. Keung, Rodabe N. Amaria, Vernon K. Sondak,Merrick I. Ross, John M. Kirkwood, and Jennifer A. Wargo
Hyperthermic Regional Perfusion for Melanoma ofthe Limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Douglas S. Tyler, Douglas L. Fraker, Harald J. Hoekstra, andH. Richard Alexander Jr.
Isolated Limb Infusion for Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827Georgia Marie Beasley, John T. Miura, Jonathan S. Zager,Douglas S. Tyler, John F. Thompson, and Hidde M. Kroon
Surveillance and Follow-Up of Melanoma Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Rachael L. Morton, Anne Brecht Francken, and Mbathio Dieng
Local Melanoma Recurrence, Satellitosis, and In-transitMetastasis: Incidence, Outcomes, and Selection of TreatmentOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867John F. Thompson, Nicola Mozzillo, and Merrick I. Ross
Volume 2
Part VI Uncommon Presentations of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Yukiko Teramoto, Hector Martinez-Said, Jun Guo, and Claus Garbe
Contents xiii
Lentigo Maligna Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925Cristian Navarrete-Dechent, Kelly C. Nelson, Anthony M. Rossi,Erica H. Lee, Christopher A. Barker, Kishwer S. Nehal, andSusan M. Swetter
Mucosal Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953Michael A. Henderson, Charles M. Balch, Claus Garbe,Alexander N. Shoushtari, Bin Lian, Chuanliang Cui, and Jun Guo
Melanoma in Children and Teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969Ines B. Brecht, Ira J. Dunkel, and Claus Garbe
Pregnancy and the Use of Hormones in Melanoma Patients . . . . . 983Alexandra Gangi, Robyn Saw, and Vernon K. Sondak
Diagnosis of Stage IV Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997Ahmad A. Tarhini, Sanjiv S. Agarwala, Arjun Khunger,Richard L. Wahl, and Charles M. Balch
Part VII Management of Distant Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Evolving Role of Chemotherapy-Based Treatment of MetastaticMelanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047Sanjiv S. Agarwala, Mark R. Middleton, and Michael B. Atkins
Targeted Therapies for BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma . . . . 1067Douglas B. Johnson, Reinhard Dummer, Keith T. Flaherty, andKeiran S. Smalley
Molecularly Targeted Therapy for Patients with BRAFWild-Type Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087Sunandana Chandra, Grant A. McArthur, and Jeffrey Sosman
Cytokines (IL-2, IFN, GM-CSF, etc.) Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109John B. A. G. Haanen, Ryan J. Sullivan, John M. Kirkwood,Michael B. Atkins, and Douglas J. Schwartzentruber
Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of MetastaticMelanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141Alison Weppler, Peter Lau, and Grant A. McArthur
Novel Immunotherapies and Novel Combinations ofImmunotherapy for Metastatic Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165Daniel J. Olson, Rodolfo Gutierrez, Salah Eddine Bentebibel,Randy F. Sweis, Omid Hamid, Adi Diab, Douglas B. Johnson, andJason J. Luke
Managing Checkpoint Inhibitor Symptoms and Toxicity forMetastatic Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187Anna Pavlick and Jeffrey Weber
Sequencing and Combinations of Molecularly Targeted andImmunotherapy for BRAF-Mutant Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215Paolo A. Ascierto and Michael B. Atkins
xiv Contents
Melanoma Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243Peter Hersey, Stuart J. Gallagher, John M. Kirkwood, andJonathan Cebon
Cellular Therapy for Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267Udai S. Kammula and Michael T. Lotze
Systemic Therapy for Mucosal, Acral, and Uveal Melanoma . . . . 1301Suthee Rapisuwon, Yong Qin, Jason Roszik, Fernando Carapeto,Sapna Patel, and Richard D. Carvajal
Dermatological Complications of Systemic Therapiesfor Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337Egle Ramelyte, Reinhard Dummer, Cristina Libenciuc,Gregory S. Phillips, Mario E. Lacouture, and Caroline Robert
Surgical Management of Distant Melanoma Metastases . . . . . . . . 1359John F. Thompson, Mark B. Faries, Erica B. Friedman,Jeffrey E. Lee, and Charles M. Balch
Radiotherapy for Distant Melanoma Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403Angela M. Hong and Christopher A. Barker
Melanoma Brain Metastases: Unique Biology and Implicationsfor Systemic Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421Kim Margolin, Michael Davies, Harriet Kluger, and Hussein Tawbi
Part VIII History of Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
A History of Melanoma: From Hunter to Morton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457Arthur J. Sober, Charles M. Balch, John F. Thompson, andJohn M. Kirkwood
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477
Contents xv
Editorial Board
Charles M. Balch Department of Surgical Oncology, The University ofTexas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Michael B. Atkins Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center,Washington, DC, USA
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washing-ton, DC, USA
Claus Garbe Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology,Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald Departments of Surgical Oncology and CancerBiology, Melanoma and Skin Center, The University of Texas MD AndersonCancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Allan C. Halpern Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, MemorialSloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
JohnM.Kirkwood Departments ofMedicine,Dermatology, and TranslationalScience, University of Pittsburgh and UPMCHillmanCancer Center, Pittsburgh,PA, USA
Grant A. McArthur Divisions of Cancer Medicine and Research, PeterMacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
John F. Thompson Melanoma Institute Australia, Faculty of Medicine andHealth, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince AlfredHospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Arthur J. Sober Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hos-pital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
xvii
Contributors
Sanjiv S. Agarwala Department of Medical Oncology, St Luke’s UniversityHospital and Health Network, Easton, PA, USA
Temple University School of Medicine, St. Luke’s University Hospital, Beth-lehem, PA, USA
H. Richard Alexander Jr. Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry andMolecular Biology and Pathology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey,New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Rodabe N. Amaria Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The Uni-versity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Charlotte E. Ariyan Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York,NY, USA
Paolo A. Ascierto Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Develop-ment Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale,Naples, Italy
Michael B. Atkins Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center,Washington, DC, USA
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washing-ton, DC, USA
Charles M. Balch Department of Surgical Oncology, The University ofTexas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Christopher A. Barker Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
V. Bataille Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’sCollege London | KCL, London, UK
Georgia Marie Beasley Department of Surgery, Duke University MedicalCenter, Durham, NC, USA
Salah Eddine Bentebibel Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology,Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The Universityof Texas, Houston, TX, USA
xix
Marianne Berwick Department of Internal Medicine, University of NewMexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Christopher Bichakjian Department of Dermatology, University of Michi-gan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Ines B. Brecht Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, EberhardKarls University, Tuebingen, Germany
Fernando Carapeto Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Divisionof Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,Houston, TX, USA
Richard D. Carvajal Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center; Herbert Irving Comprehen-sive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Jonathan Cebon Cancer and Neurosciences, Clinical Services Unit, AustinHealth, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Cancer Immunobiology Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Insti-tute, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
Sunandana Chandra Division of Hematology Oncology, NorthwesternUniversity Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Alistair J. Cochran Departments of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine andSurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Jonsson Compre-hensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Daniel G. Coit Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering CancerCenter, New York, NY, USA
Chuanliang Cui Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Labora-tory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education,Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
Anne E. Cust Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, SydneySchool of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW,Australia
Michael Davies Department ofMelanomaMedical Oncology, Department ofSystems Biology, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Depart-ment of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Keith A. Delman Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Nicola di Meo Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University ofTrieste, Trieste, Italy
xx Contributors
Adi Diab Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of CancerMedicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston,TX, USA
Mbathio Dieng NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney,Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Lesly A. Dossett Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Reinhard Dummer Department of Dermatology, University HospitalZurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Lyn M. Duncan Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospitaland Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Ira J. Dunkel Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering CancerCenter, New York, NY, USA
AlexanderM.M. Eggermont Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris,Villejuif, France
David E. Elder Department of Pathology and LaboratoryMedicine, Hospitalof the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Mark B. Faries Cedars Sinai Medical Center, The Angeles Clinic andResearch Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Clara R. Farley Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Jeffrey M. Farma Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase CancerCenter, Philadelphia, PA, USA
David E. Fisher Department of Dermatology, Harvard/MGH CutaneousBiology Research Center, and Melanoma Program, MGH Cancer Center,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Keith T. Flaherty Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA, USA
Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Douglas L. Fraker Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine andOncologic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA, USA
Anne Brecht Francken Centre of Oncology, Isala, Zwolle, Netherlands
Erica B. Friedman Division of Surgical Oncology, New York University,School of Medicine, NY, USA
Stuart J. Gallagher Melanoma Research, Central Clinical School, Cente-nary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, NSW, Australia
Contributors xxi
S. Gandini Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute ofOncology, Milan, Italy
Alexandra Gangi Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Claus Garbe Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology,Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
Brian Gastman Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, LernerResearch Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Alan C. Geller Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard THChan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald Departments of Surgical Oncology and CancerBiology, Melanoma and Skin Center, The University of Texas MD AndersonCancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Phyllis A. Gimotty Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informat-ics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-phia, PA, USA
Ryan P. Goepfert Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UTMDAndersonCancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Helen Gogas First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, University ofAthens, Athens, Greece
Klaus Georg Griewank Department of Dermatology – University Hospital,University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Dermatopathologie bei Mainz, Nieder-Olm, Germany
Jun Guo Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory ofCarcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, PekingUniversity Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
Rodolfo Gutierrez Hematology and Oncology, Translational Research andImmunotherapy, Melanoma Therapeutics, The Angeles Clinic and ResearchInstitute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
John B. A. G. Haanen Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division ofMedical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands
Allan C. Halpern Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, MemorialSloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Omid Hamid Translational Research and Immunotherapy, Melanoma Ther-apeutics, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Lauren E. Haydu Department of Surgical Oncology, The University ofTexas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Michael A. Henderson Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Can-cer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
xxii Contributors
Peter Hersey Melanoma Research, Central Clinical School, Centenary Insti-tute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, NSW, Australia
Harald J. Hoekstra Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery, Universityof Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Angela M. Hong Radiation Oncology, Melanoma Institute Australia, TheUniversity of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
MarkM. Iles Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds,UK
Douglas B. Johnson Division of Hematology/Oncology Department ofMedicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Can-cer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Timothy M. Johnson Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Udai S. Kammula Solid Tumor Cell Therapy Program, Division of SurgicalOncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pitts-burgh, PA, USA
Mohammed Kashani-Sabet Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
Alexander Katalinic Department of Medicine, University Lübeck, Institutefor Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein,Germany
John W. Kelly Victorian Melanoma Service, The Alfred Hospital, Mel-bourne, VIC, Australia
Emily Z. Keung Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Arjun Khunger Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig CancerCenter, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
John M. Kirkwood Departments of Medicine, Dermatology, and Transla-tional Science, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center,Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Harriet Kluger Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology; Skin DiseasesResearch Center; Dermatology, SPORE in Skin Cancer; Urology, UrologicOncology; Yale Cancer Center, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
Rebecca Knackstedt Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic,Cleveland, OH, USA
Hidde M. Kroon Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of General Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Royal AdelaideHospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Contributors xxiii
Michael E. Kupferman Department of Head and Neck Surgery,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Mario E. Lacouture Department ofMedicine, Dermatology Service, Memo-rial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Peter Lau Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Sancy A. Leachman Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Sci-ence University, Portland, OR, USA
Erica H. Lee Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Cen-ter, New York, NY, USA
Jeffrey E. Lee Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Katie J. Lee Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Bin Lian Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Key Laboratory ofCarcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, PekingUniversity Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
Cristina Libenciuc Oncology Department, Dermatology Service, GustaveRoussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif-Grand Paris, France
Michael T. Lotze Department of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering,University of Pittsburgh, UPMCHillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Yong-Chen Lu Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Insti-tutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Jason J. Luke Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMCHillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josep Malvehy Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Unit, HospitalClínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Graham J. Mann Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, TheUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Victoria Mar Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne,VIC, Australia
Michael A. Marchetti Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Ashfaq A. Marghoob Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Nadeem G. Marghoob New York Institute of Technology College of Oste-opathic Medicine, OMSIII, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
xxiv Contributors
Kim Margolin Departments of Medical Oncology and TherapeuticsResearch, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
Hector Martinez-Said Melanoma Clinic, Surgical Oncology, InstitutoNacional de Cancerología, México City, Mexico
Ryan Massa Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen-ter, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Grant A. McArthur Divisions of Cancer Medicine and Research, PeterMacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Michael McLemore Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Kelly M. McMasters Department of Surgery, University of LouisvilleSchool of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
MarkR.Middleton Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford,UK
Martin C. Mihm Jr. Dermatology Department, Brigham and Women’sHospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
John T. Miura Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center,Tampa, FL, USA
Marc Moncrieff Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Norfolk& Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
Rachael L. Morton NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University ofSydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Nicola Mozzillo Department Melanoma and Soft Tissue, Istituto Nazionaledei Tumori, Napoli, Italy
Rajmohan Murali Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan KetteringCancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Dorotea Mutabdzic Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase CancerCenter, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Yana G. Najjar Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman CancerCenter, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Cristian Navarrete-Dechent Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Departmentof Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica deChile, Santiago, Chile
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York,NY, USA
Kishwer S. Nehal Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering CancerCenter, New York, NY, USA
Contributors xxv
Kelly C. Nelson Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center,The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
Rogerio Izar Neves Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine,Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
Omgo E. Nieweg Melanoma Institute Australia, Department of Surgery, TheUniversity of Sydney Central Clinical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital,Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Catherine M. Olsen Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer MedicalResearch Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty ofMedicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Daniel J. Olson Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology,The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Sapna Patel Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Can-cer Medicine, The University of TexasMDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston,TX, USA
Anna Pavlick Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU LangoneHealth, New York, NY, USA
Howard Peach Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, LeedsTeaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Matthew C. Perez Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt CancerCenter, Tampa, FL, USA
Gregory S. Phillips Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Memo-rial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Victor G. Prieto Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, The Univer-sity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Yong Qin Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of CancerMedicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,TX, USA
S. Raimondi Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute ofOncology, Milan, Italy
Egle Ramelyte Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich,Zurich, Switzerland
Suthee Rapisuwon Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Georgetown University; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center,Washington, DC, USA
Helen Rizos Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine andHealth Sciences, Macquarie University, and Melanoma Institute Australia,Sydney, NSW, Australia
xxvi Contributors
Paul F. Robbins Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Insti-tutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Caroline Robert Oncology Department, Dermatology Service, GustaveRoussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif-Grand Paris, France
Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
Merrick I. Ross Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Anthony M. Rossi Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering CancerCenter, New York, NY, USA
Jason Roszik Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division ofCancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,Houston, TX, USA
Robyn Saw Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, RoyalPrince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Dirk Schadendorf Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen,Essen, Germany
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
Douglas J. Schwartzentruber Indiana University Health, Bloomington, IN,USA
Richard A. Scolyer Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, RoyalPrince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Melanoma Institute Australia, Central Clinical School, The University ofSydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Alon Scope Medical Screening Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan,Israel
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Ashok Shaha Department of Otolaryngology, Memorial Sloan KetteringCancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
Alexander N. Shoushtari Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, WeillCornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Keiran S. Smalley Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center andResearch Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
Noah Smith Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI, USA
Arthur J. Sober Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hos-pital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Vernon K. Sondak Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee MoffittCancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
Contributors xxvii
Jeffrey Sosman Division of Hematology Oncology, Northwestern Univer-sity Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
H. Peter Soyer Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queens-land, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
Graham Stevens Radiation Oncology, Orange General Hospital, Orange,NSW, Australia
Bathurst Rural Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney Univer-sity, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
Ryan J. Sullivan Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Baran Sumer Department of Otolaryngology, UT Southwestern MedicalCenter, Dallas, TX, USA
Randy F. Sweis The University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Sec-tion of Hematology / Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
Susan M. Swetter Department of Dermatology, Pigmented Lesion and Mel-anoma Program, Stanford University Medical Center and Cancer Institute,Stanford, CA, USA
Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, PaloAlto, CA, USA
Kenneth K. Tanabe Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
Ahmad A. Tarhini Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee MoffittCancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
Hussein Tawbi Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Department ofSystems Biology, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Depart-ment of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Yukiko Teramoto Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, SaitamaMedical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
John F. Thompson Melanoma Institute Australia, Faculty of Medicine andHealth, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hos-pital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Hensin Tsao Skin Cancer Genetics Laboratory/Wellman Center for Photo-medicine, Melanoma and Pigmented Lesion Center/Department of Dermatol-ogy/Melanoma Genetics Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, CancerCenter, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
xxviii Contributors
Anthony P. Tufaro Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery andSurgical Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center,Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Douglas S. Tyler Department of Surgery, University of Texas MedicalBranch, Galveston, TX, USA
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Selma Ugurel Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen,Essen, Germany
Roger F. Uren Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia
Alfred Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, RPAH Medical Centre, Newtown,NSW, Australia
Central Clinical Schools, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Richard L. Wahl Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington Univer-sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Jennifer A. Wargo Department of Surgical Oncology, The University ofTexas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Jeffrey Weber Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU LangoneHealth, New York, NY, USA
Alison Weppler Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC,Australia
David C. Whiteman Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer MedicalResearch Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Thomas Wiesner Department of Dermatology, Medical University ofVienna, Vienna, Austria
GabrielleWilliams Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sandra L. Wong Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine atDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
Oriol Yélamos Department of Dermatology,Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínicde Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Jonathan S. Zager Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt CancerCenter, Tampa, FL, USA
M. Raza Zaidi Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology,Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Iris Zalaudek Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University ofTrieste, Trieste, Italy
Contributors xxix