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GENERALPSYCHOLOGYAN INTRODUCTION
MA. LAUREEN SUSAN R. CONDE, MA
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soul or mind
Psyche
science or study
Logos
PSYCHOLOGY
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! Systematic and scientific
study of behaviors andmental processes.
PSYCHOLOGY
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BEHAVIOR
Overt; any reaction or
response that can directly
observe (ex . wa lk ing ,speaking, dancing, running,
using hand gestures and
facial expressions).
MENTALPROCESS
Covert; any mental, social,
or physical action or practice
that is not immediatelyobservable (ex. thinking,
imagining, dreaming, lying).
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GOALS OFPSYCHOLOGY
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GOALS OFPSYCHOLOGY
observing behavior and notingeverythingabout it:
what is happening, where it
happens, to whom it happens,
and under what circumstancesit seems to happen.
OBSERVATION
understanding or finding anexplanation why behavior is
happening. it is an importantstep in the process of forming
theories of behavior.
THEORY
determining when, why, andhow behavior might happen
again in the future.
PREDICTION
change or modification of the
behavior.
INTERVENTION
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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY:
EARLY ERA AND ROOTS
!Ancient Greece (4th-5thcentury) study of human soul.
! Socrates studied the reincarnation of the soul.
!
Plato expanded philosophy about life and the soul.! Aristotle wrote Peri Psychesmind and the soul.
! Renaissance study of human mind.
!
Renes Descartes mind and body are separate.
! 1800s study of human behavior.
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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY:
CONTEMPORARY FOUNDATIONS
!Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism
!
William James Functionalism!Max Wertheimer Gestalt Approach
!Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis
!
John B. Watson - Behaviorism
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A relatively new science that
formally began in 1879 when
Wilhelm Wundt (father of
psychology) established the
first psychological laboratory
in Leipzig, Germany
Analyzed sensations to analyze
structure of the mind
Introspection exploring mental
processes by asking subjects to lookinwards and report their sensations
and perceptions
Structuralismfounded by Edward Titchener
was a student
of Wundts
The study of the most basic elements
(sensations and perceptions) make up our
conscious mental experiences
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founded by William James
The study of the function rather
than the structure of consciousness;
focused on how our minds adapt to
our changing environment
Mental processes develop throughages of evolution because of
adaptive functions; behavioral traits
aid in survival
The Principles of Psychology /
Considered Father of Modern
Psychology
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Gestalt psychology
founded by Max Wertheimer
Emphasized psychological events
resulted from analyzing a whole
pattern and could not be broken
down into smaller elements;
sensations are assembled into
meaningful perceptual experiences
Psychoanalysis
founded by Sigmund Freud
Stressed importance of early life
experiences, the role of the
unconscious, and development
through stages
Considered the Father of
Psychotherapy,
Behaviorism
associated with work of John
B. Watson, who was greatlyinfluenced by Ivan Pavlovs
work in conditioning/learning
Emphasized on objective, scientific
analysis of observable behaviors;
ignore consciousness issue
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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:
MODERN PERSPECTIVES
!Psychodynamic
!
Behavioral!Humanistic
!Cognitive
!Sociocultural
!
Biological
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PSYCHODYNAMIC
based on Freuds theory
Focuses on the influence of unconscious fears,desires, and motivations on thoughts,
behaviors, personality development and life
circumstances
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BEHAVIORAL
based on early work of Watson
and later B. F. Skinner
Focuses on how behavioral responses arelearned through classical or operational
conditioning; learn or modify behaviors
HUMANISTIC
two pioneers are Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow
Focuses on human potential, free will, andpossibility of self-actualization
COGNITIVE
has roots in Gestalt psychology
Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception,thought processes, problem solving, language,
and learning
SOCIOCULTURALFocuses on the behavior of individuals as theresult of the presence (real or imagined) of
other individuals, as part of groups, or as part
of a large culture
BIOLOGICALFocuses on how hormones, genes, and nervoussystem interact with out environments and
influences learning, personality, memory,
motivation, emotions and coping techniques
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PSYCHODYNAMIC
based on Freuds theory
Focuses on the influence of unconscious fears,desires, and motivations on thoughts,
behaviors, personality development and life
circumstances
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BEHAVIORAL
based on early work of Watson
and later B. F. Skinner
Focuses on how behavioral responses arelearned through classical or operational
conditioning; learn or modify behaviors
HUMANISTIC
two pioneers are Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow
Focuses on human potential, free will, andpossibility of self-actualization
COGNITIVE
has roots in Gestalt psychology
Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception,thought processes, problem solving, language,
and learning
SOCIOCULTURALFocuses on the behavior of individuals as theresult of the presence (real or imagined) of
other individuals, as part of groups, or as part
of a large culture
BIOLOGICALFocuses on how hormones, genes, and nervoussystem interact with out environments and
influences learning, personality, memory,
motivation, emotions and coping techniques
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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
Area in psychology Description of specialization
Clinical diagnose and treat people with psychological
disorders that may range from mild to severe
Counseling help people with problems of adjustment
Developmental study the changes in the way people think, related
to others, and feel as they age
Experimental primarily do research and experiments in the areas
of learning, memory, thinking, perception,
motivation, and language.
Social focus on how human behavior is affected by thepresence of other people
Personality study the differences in personality among people
Physiological study the biological bases of behavior
Comparative study animals and their behavior for the purpose of
comparing and contrasting it to human behavior
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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
Area in psychology Description of specialization
Health Focus on the relationship of human behavior
patterns and stress reaction to physical health
Educational Concerned with the study of human learning anddevelopment of new learning technique
School Work directly in the schools, doing assessments,
educational placement, and diagnosing educational
problems
Sports Help athletes and others to prepare themselves
mentally for participation in sports activities
Forensic Concerned with people in the legal system,
including profiling of criminals, jury selection, and
expert witnessing
Environmental Focus on how people interact with and are affected
by their physical environment
Industrial/Organizational Concerned with the relationship between peopleand their work environment
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! Psychiatrist
! Medical doctor (M.D. or D.O.) that specializes in diagnosis and
treatment of psychological disorders, can prescribe medication
!
Psychiatric social worker
! Has training in area of social work (M.S.W.) and often has a
professional license to practice it (L.C.S.W.)
! Psychologist
!
Has a masteral or doctorate degree (M.A, Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) andworks with either humans or animals in a variety of settings based on
the area of specialization
! Must be licensed to practice independently; typically does not
prescribe medication but can go through specialized training to do so
in some states
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFESSIONS
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AREAS FOR A PSYCHOLOGIST
! Clinical Practice! Private practice; mental institutions, specialized hospital
wards; assessment center
!
Corporate Industry! Human resource; organizational and administration
! Educational Settings! Teaching, Research, Guidance & Counseling, Homeroom
!
Government!
Community leader, advocacy expert
! Others! Consultancy; expert witness; volunteer; image consultant