Introduction:PaperExamples
Wespend~20%ofourtimepreparingresearchreports withouttraining
Incontrast,wearewelltrainedtoprogramcomputersµprocessor,useoscilloscopes,etc.
TheProblem:
Giveparticipantsrecipeforpreparinggoodresearchpapers: intermsofstyleandorganization(contentisuptoyou!) acceptabletoIEEE,Elsevier(www.sciencedirect.com)&otherreputableEnglishjournals
easytoread
LectureObjective
Introduction:communicationschannel
BeforeWriting
EnglishCompositionTips
OrganizationoftheResearchPaper Introduction Method Results Discussion Conclusions (Abstract,Title)
ReviewProcess
ProblemsandCures
SummaryandConclusions
LessonPlan
Objectiveofscientificpaper conveyinformation,asefficientlyaspossible.
Onewriter manyreaders burden(kewajiban) onwritertocommunicateefficiently.
AnalogtocommunicationchannelTx andRxmustbeonsamewavelength,usesameprotocol.
Protocolforpaperfixedbyconventions greatadvantagefornonnativespeakers
Ifonecanmastertheconventions,onecanreplicatethegenreinanacceptableform.`
JournalPaperacommunicationschannel
Novirtueinkeepingreaderinsuspense
Readerwantsinfo,notyourpersonalhistoryinarrivingatresults Timesequencerelevant,onlytotheextentthatitaffectsresult
Organization,sequenceofpresentationoptimizedtoconveyinformation(nottomakeagoodstory!)
NotaMurderMystery!
Goodresearchpapersrevolvearoundaresearchquestion Example:HowdoesbiasvoltageaffecttheadhesionandinterfacestructureofTiAlNcoatingsappliedtostainlesssteelsubstrates?
Inotherfields(biology,medicine),theresearchquestionisstatedformally.
Inourfield,theResearchQuestionshouldbe: Implicit inPhase4ofIntroduction (tobedescribed) Answered intheConclusions
BeforeyoubegintowriteDefinetheResearchQuestion
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
Sameresultsmaynotbepublishedtwice! Published=injournal,book. Conferenceproceedingsisagrayarea aretheypublished? MinoroverlaptoimproveclarityandcompletenessOK
Butshouldbeclear,viareference,whatisoldandwhatisnew
Dontsubmitsamematerialtotwodifferentjournalsatsametime ItisOKtosubmitpaperrejectedbyonejournaltoanother
NODOUBLEPUBLICATION!
Plagiarism passingoffsomeoneelsesworkasyourown
Everything (ideas,data,pictures,etc.)inreportmustbeyours,unlessareferenceiscited
NoPlagiarism
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
HierarchalStructure(topdownorganization): Chapter,Section
Subsection,etc. Paragraph
Sentence
Beforewritingtext,writeadetailedoutline downtothelevelofdefiningthetopicofeachparagraph Majorproblem misplacedstatements(methodinresults,resultsindiscussion,etc.)
EnglishCompositionSuggestions
Thesentence: Expressesacompletethought MostsentencesshouldusethenaturalEnglishwordorder:subject,verb,objectThisrelationisvalidwhenx>r
Thechamberwasevacuatedwithadiffusionpump
EnglishComposition,contd
Simplifysentencesbyusingnaturalverbform:Not:Measurementsweremadeofthecoatinghardnessusingananoindenter.
Insteadwrite:Thecoatinghardnesswasmeasuredusingananoindenter.
EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd
AvoidbeginningthesentencewithlongprepositionalphrasesUsingaCSEMmodel3400nanoindenterequippedwithaflashlightandamicrocomputer,thehardnessofthecoatingwasmeasured.
EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd
TheParagraph Developsatopic Atleast2sentences,morepreferred 1stsentencedefinesthetopicoftheparagraph Subsequentsentencesdevelopideainlogicalorder Finalsentencepresentsconclusion,ormainpoint
EnglishComposition,contd
Useawordprocessor Frequentbackups Usedefinedstylesforheadings,etc.
Followauthorguide
Initialsubmissionformat: Manuscriptformat:
Widemargins Atleast25mmallaround
Doublespace Indent,extraspacebeforenewparagraph
Pressformat:followthetemplate
TypingInstructions
OrganizationoftheReportAbstract Summarizes work
Introduction What are we talking about?
Experimental Details What did we do?
Results What did we get?
Discussion So What?
Conclusions ~3 (paper) or 5 (thesis) key points you want reader to remember
TrapezoidalOrganization
Exp.Details
Results
Introduction
Discussion
Broadbackground
Narrowfocus
Broadimplications
Introduction
Stage1:GeneralBackground
Stage2:LiteratureReview
Stage3:Gap
Stage4:Objective
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
IntroductionandDiscussionhardestforthenovicetowritewell! (Exp.Details,Resultsmuchmorestraightforward)
ObjectiveoftheIntroduction:givereader/reviewersufficientbackgroundinformationsothathecanunderstand andappreciate yourwork!
Introduction
4Required parts: Stage1:Generalbackground Stage2:LiteratureReview Stage3:Gap Stage4:StatementofPurpose
2optionalparts Stage5:Valuestatements Stage6:Preview
Introduction
Purpose: Placepaperinbroad context Bringreaderuptospeed
Style Shouldbeunderstandablebyevery reader Definestopic Short(1par.,~35sentences) Usuallyverygeneral,noncontroversialsentences
Intro:Stage1,GeneralBackground
Letspractice!
Purpose Placepaperinspecific context. Byshowingwhatwas done,setthestageforstatingwhatwasnot done previously(inIII)
Organization ordercitationsby: Approach(endwiththatclosesttoyours) Relevance(endwithmostrelevant) Chronologically(endwithlatest)
Intro:Stage2,LiteratureReview
Harvardformat(biology,medicinejournals):(Newton,1900)
Numberingformat(ex:IEEEjournals):
[1]
Followformatdeterminedbythejournal.
Citationformat
Citationfocus: Information Prominence -- often used at the beginning
of stage 2, and refer to research in the general area of your study.
Example: Because of the complexity of the non-equilibrium behavior, the swarm parameters have been analyzed in non-uniform fields in He [1], [2], and N2 [3], [4] by Monte Carlo simulation and in air and Ar [5] by solving the diffusion flux equations.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
Citationfocus(contd): Author Prominence often used to describe studies closely related to present work
(mid of stage 2).Example: Boeuf et al. [6] took into account the additional ionization caused by a
beamlike group of fast electrons and developed an extended memory factor model in helium.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
Citationfocus(contd):
Weak Author Prominence often used for general statements characterizing the state of the art, or typical work performed in the past.Example: Several authors [1-4] have studied linear and nonlinear wave processes in various kinds of plasma, but not much work has been done for waves in a rotating plasma.
Lit.Review,contd
Letsanalyze!
Citationfocus(contd):
General Statements about the State of the Research end of stage 2Example: Theoretical investigations of these phenomena in plasmas have been vigorously pursued for the last two decades. However, the time evolution of the waves and instabilities leading to shocks, double layers, frequency shift, precessional rotation, etc., has not been understood fully.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
DONOTUSEREFERENCENUMBERSASWORDS!!!! NO: Examples of crack propagation in composite
materials are given in [1-4] Instead:Crack propagation has been previously
investigated [1-4]. Ifyouhavetosaythenumberforthesentencetomakesense,rewrite!
Bettertociteworkbyauthorsname(followedbyref.number).Readercanrelatetoname.Number(only)forceshimtostopreadingandsearchforreferencesatendofpaper.
Lit.Review,contd
Yourownpreviouswork? Treatyourownpreviousworkfairly Referees/reviewersandreadersverysuspiciousifworkofauthororauthorsgroupcitedoutofproportion,orworkofothersignored.
Lit.Review,contd
Summarizesstateofknowledgebyindicating: Whatwasnot done(mostsafe),or Errors inpreviouswork(becarefulandtactful!),or Disagreements,controversybetweenvarioussources.
Intro. III.GapSentence
Mostimportantsentenceforgettingpaperaccepted! mostcommoncauseforpaperrejection nothingnew Gapsentence,byindicatingwhatwasntdonepreviously,showsthatyourworkisnew! Agoodgapsentenceforcesreviewertoworkhardtorejectpaperforlackofnovelty
GapSentence
Usually1sentencelong
Alwaysnegative
Mustrelatetopreviouspapersbyyouandyourgroupinsamemannerasotherpapers
Sentenceshouldbeexplicit,precise,andfocused:
Example:ThedependenceoftheinterfacestructurebetweenTisubstratesandAlfilmsonthesubstratebiasvoltagehasnotyetbeendetermined.
Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)
Dontbewishywashy Fewresearchhaveinvestigated..
Begsthequestion whataboutthefew? Thefewshouldbethefocusofthelit.rev.,andthegapshouldberelativetothem
Tothebestofourknowledge,noonehas. Itstheauthorsjobtoknowtheliterature!
Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)
Immediatelyfollowsgapsentencecontainingplanofattackthegap
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
Statesobjectiveoftheresearch/paper,whichis,basically,tofillthepreviouslystatedgap
Shouldbeconcise,precise,explicitandfocused Theresearchquestionshouldbeimplicitlyclear!
Example:TheobjectiveofthisresearchwastodeterminethedependenceofAl/Tiinterfacesasafunctionofsubstratevoltageduringvacuumarcdeposition
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
Stylenotes: Theobjectiveofresearchisnot todoresearch(orstudy,investigate,etc.)Instead,usemoredecisiveterms measure,determine,construct,calculate,etc.
researchcenteredSOP usepasttense Theobjectiveofthe(research,project,investigation,etc.)was .
papercenteredSOP usepresenttense Theobjectiveofthis(paper,report,article,etc)is.
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
Letsanalyze!
V.StatementsofValue Indicateimportanceorsignificanceofwork Short(12sentences) Modesttone
VI.Preview Usefulforlongpapers Giveprincipleresult Indicateorganization
Intro.OptionalParts