Benz tricycle 1896 Stanley Steam
An IntroductionLondon B type bus - 1910
Jaguar 1955
Pictures taken fr
Ford SLincoln continental 1960s
car 1905 Railton 1935
to AutomobilesFord Model T 1913
rom Smith (2002)
Czech Tatra 1937
Lotus Eclat Sierra 1980s
AimAim
I d h idIntroduce the wide rangvehicle design and manuBriefly set the historicalvehicles and their designgIntroduce the vast rangedesigndesign.Demonstrate the interacth d i d f tthe design and manufact
msms
f kill i d fe of skills required for ufacture.l scene and development of n.e of possibilities for vehicle
tivity of processes within t f hi lture of vehicles
Steps in AutomSteps in Autom
I i d IInnovations and InventMass productionpDevelopment of WorldS li iStreamliningCommercial vehicles
mobile Historymobile History
itions
d Motor Industry
Inventions anHistory
Inventions an
S ISteam power to InternaSteam engine used tillPetroleum “spirit” usea useless by-product oDr. Gottelib Daimler ipetroleum vapour andproduced tri-wheel car
d InnovationsConstruction
d Innovations
l C b i ial Combustion enginel late 1940sed by Dr. OTTO in 1870s was of naptha used for lampsimproved OTTO engine using
d in parallel Karl Benz also rriage in 1885
Mass proHistory
Mass pro
C d l d fCars were developed frHenry Ford -> “mass py pT,1909
Concept from rifle maConcept from rifle maModel T first car withE i 2898 bEngine 2898 cc was bindependent bodybuilfamily carsfamily carsHand-built cars to inte
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oductionConstruction
oduction
f h ifrom horse carriages.production” of Model p
anufacture of civil waranufacture of civil warh design for manufactureb ilt b f d d ibuilt by ford and various lders from buses to elegent
erchangeable parts
Mass ProHistory
Mass ProM i kMoving workers -> mmaufacture , Highland
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oductionConstruction
oductioni hi l d imoving vehicle during
d park Detroit, 1913
Mass ProHistory
Mass Pro
I 1970 V lk “In 1970s, Volkswagen “numbers though syle wa
Non rusting carMechanically reliaby
Toyota's contribution:P d ti flProduction was flexQuality paramount, Shorter production
oductionConstruction
oduction
“B l ” ld i l“Beetle” was sold in large as antiquated as it was
ble
iblxiblegetting right first time - LEANruns, wide variants
DevelopmeHistory
Motor In1920 1930 ll1920s -1930s : small coalarge companiesBy end of second worldmanufacturers remain –Large conglomerates likCorporation (BMC) BrCorporation (BMC) , Brproblem of large stock A i d JAmericans and Japanesearound the world
Because of export restricover the world
nt of World Construction
ndustryh b ild i i hach builders co-exist with
d war only few specialized Rolls Roycey
ke British Motor ritish Leyland (BL) facedritish Leyland (BL) faced
d t f tie moved parts of operations
ctions and to use facilities all
DevelopmeHistory
Motor InC i D lConstruction Developmen
Till 1930s wooden framused to build coachesLate 1930s onwards preLate 1930s onwards, preMultiple curvature adde
l h d th l dpanels shared the loadRecent cars have shell sstructures
nt of World Construction
ndustrynt:
me with fabric or wood skin
essed steel plates for skinessed steel plates for skined more strength and body
tructure with aerodynamic y
DevelopmeHistory
Motor InW d / S l h i fWooden / Steel chassis freplaced by stiff floor “By 1950s, “unitary” confollowed for mass produpComposite body for lessfree body – started afterfree body started afterWheels progressed from
k t t l h bspokes to metal hub conAlloy)
nt of World Construction
ndustryf d dframe was done away and
“pan” by spot weldingnstruction was universally uced carsser weight and corrosion r WWII ( Lotus)r WWII ( Lotus)m wooden spokes to metal
t ti t t l k (nstruction to metal spokes (
History
Sports car with streamlined composite body , Lotus
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
Construction
Early car evolved from carriage , electric powered Bersley 1897
DevelopmeHistory
Motor InS li D lStyling Development:
Powered versions of horEngine was placed belowhard maintenencehard maintenence1890s, Panhard-Levassoh i i i f thaving engine in front w‘système Panhard’Windscreen was inventespeed of vehicle
nt of World Construction
ndustry
rse carriagesgw vehicle by Daimler –
or created the concept of ith l t h d bwith clutch and gear box
ed in 1920s with increasing
DevelopmeHistory
Motor InB h 1930 iBy the 1930s, excessivehad become ‘de rigeur’
ti i tisporting aspirations.Luggage was strapped ingg g ppbecame integral in europ'50s,'60s and '70s to largTill '50s “open top” washorse carriageshorse carriages
nt of World Construction
ndustryl l d iely elongated engine covers for powerful cars with
n rear of vehicle and it pean cars. It grew in ger volumes preferred as inspired from
StreamHistory
Stream
I 1890 A édé B lléIn 1890s, Amédée Bolléfirst torpedo shaped desAmericans did not like t
Czech Tatra of 1937 V8
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
mliningConstruction
mlining
é h d dée the younger produced igns with raked windscreenthe air-streamlined design
Chevrolet Air-flow
StreamHistory
StreamAerodynamics was consstyles due to anglesBox type was more cheaypBecame more popular onprices went up & fuel ecprices went up & fuel ecimportant
Ford Sierra 1980
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
mliningConstruction
mliningsidered impediment to
aper and easier to producep pnly after the 70’s when oil conomy was consideredconomy was considered
CommerciaHistory
Commercia
E d f 19th fiEnd of 19th century, firststeam powered – challenThreats of world wars lecommerical vehicle saleIC engine led to the devA t b h i 1930 GAutobahns in 1930s Gerof good road transport aBuses replaced electric tin USA, Britain.
al VehiclesConstruction
al Vehicles
l d kt lorry and trucks were nged by petrol vehiclesed to increase in roads, es and haulage in Europeg pvelopment of motor bus.
l d t d l trmany led to development along with railways.trams, challeged railways
Construction CoStyl
E i D lEngine DevelopmentTransmission and SystySteeringS iSuspensionBrakesInterior DesignS fSafetyToo much Innovation
onfiguration and ling
tem Layouty
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
Di l d B iDiamler and Benz invenin 1895Diamler developed VeeEttore Bugatti 1910 creaEttore Bugatti,1910 creaOverhead Cam shaft in Machieving 100 kmph speachieving 100 kmph speSide valves were more pImprovements in materidevelopments.
velopmentConstruction
velopment
d IC i bilnted IC engine automobiles
twin engines in 1898ated first engine withated first engine with Model13, capable of eed with 1327 cceed with 1327 cc.preferred till WWIIials led to other
Engine DevHistory
Engine DevDiesel Engine:Diesel Engine:
Main competitor to petrcombustion unlike petrocombustion unlike petroIt eliminated two weak pplugs hence more reliabIt had inferior power to prestricted to heavy enginWith turbo charging andWith turbo-charging andat par with petrol engineand higher efficiencyand higher efficiency.
velopmentConstruction
velopment
ol engine – spontaneous ol ignitionol ignitionpoints carburettor and spark
bleweight ratio, hence g ,nes d refinement performanced refinement, performance es with cleaner emissions
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
S h i d T bSuper charging and TurboWhen air is compressedpratio of engine improvedCompressors combinedCompressors combined Used from 1930s in raciCompression with poweturbine is turbochargingg gTurbochargers improve smoother engine runningsmoother engine running
velopmentConstruction
velopment
h iocharging:d at inlet, power to weight , p gdto engine shaftto engine shaft
ing carser from exhaust using gg
torque characteristics and gg
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
T S k d UTwo Strokes and UnconveTwo stroke (2S) has one( )revolution, theoretically2S in unsupercharged al2S in unsupercharged alduring scavengingI t k d t b i dIntake needs to be mixedresulting in smoky exhaApplications restricted tcars like three cylinder S
velopmentConstruction
velopment
i l l ientional petrol engines:e firing stroke per g py twice efficiencylways has fuel-charge losslways has fuel-charge loss
d ith l b i ti ild with lubricating oil austto motor-cycles and small SAAB car.
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
T k di l i illTwo stroke diesel is stilland railway enginesWankel engine had a semreciprocating type of enp g ypIt had a problem with setwo-stroke emissionstwo stroke emissionsGas turbines had good e
i ht ti b t t ffiweight ratio but not effic
velopmentConstruction
velopment
l f d i l il preferred in large marine
mi-rotary than a gineg
eals of rotor and inherent
efficiency and thrust to i t i l dcient in low speeds.
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
El i d H b idElectric and Hybrid propu1899, Jenatzy's “La Jam, yvehicle to cross 100kmpInitial cars restricted toInitial cars restricted to considerably increased iI t i L d AImprovements in Lead-Aallowed increased rangei U b l tin Urban areas on electr
velopmentConstruction
velopment
l iulsion:mais Contente” was first phshort distances but hasshort distances but has in recent timesA id b tt t h lAcid battery technology e and even buses to operate i t dric power to reduce smog.
Engine DevHistory
Engine Dev
Li i i i b lLimitations in battery lepresent day
Ultracapacitors or flSmaller petrol enginp gRegenerative brakin
*Not same as petrol elec*Not same as petrol-elecpure electric operation f
velopmentConstruction
velopment
d h b id hi l fed to hybrid vehicles of
lywheel usedne is used ngctric vehicle in past withctric vehicle in past with for step-less operation
TransmissiHistory
DeveloS f h d b kSome of the drawbacks steam engines were
Non-availabilityof fNoisy operationy pNon -instant stop – r
Clutches have evolved fClutches have evolved fdominantly with plate clG b l d fGear box evolved from mesh with moving dog c
ion System Construction
opmentf l iof petrol engines over
full power at the start
restart from belts and settled prefrom belts and settled pre-lutch.hif ishifting gears to constant
clutches “crash” gear box.
TransmissiHistory
DeveloF W L h d BF.W. Lanchester and Brepicyclic gear box with Epicyclic gears used in fbuses for ease of operatipIn 1940's, “preselector” with fluid torque converwith fluid torque converVariable Transmission sE li t ti h dEarlier automatics had p
ion System Construction
opmenti i h D i l dritish Daimler created bands and planetary ringsford model T , used in iongearbox was developed
rter becoming a Constantrter becoming a Constant system (automatic)
ffi ipoor efficiency
LanchesteHistory
Lancheste
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
r Gear boxConstruction
r Gear box
/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg
Pre selectoHistory
Pre-selecto
Wilson’s Gearb
Pictures taken from S
or gearboxConstruction
or gearbox
box
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Model T gHistory
Model T g
http://commons.wikimedia.orgars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928
gear boxConstruction
gear box
g/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C8%29.jpg
Fluid TorqueHistory
Fluid Torque
Pictures taken from St
e ConverterConstruction
e Converter
teeds and Garrett (1983)
TransmissiHistory
DeveloF di d h h d fFerdinand porsche had felectric transmission syst d CVTtowards CVTSemi-stepless was achiepconverters in 1940'sDAF variomatic type CVDAF variomatic type CVDAF cars (1959-63)
ion System Construction
opmentfi i 1908 ffirst patent in 1908 for a stem (890299) first step
eved using fluid-torque g q
VT were used in dutchVT were used in dutch
Porsche traHistory
Porsche traansmissionConstruction
ansmission
Picture taken from the patent document 890299
DAF varHistory
DAF var
Double pulleysDouble pulleys
riomaticConstruction
riomatic
http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html
SteeHistory
Stee
E li b dEarlier cars borrowed axcarriages with unstable p
t t t t bili tnot present to stabilize tAckerman's arrangemengindividual axes allowed speed during turnTiller was replaced withmajor development cammajor development camFour wheel steering is nto a few modelsto a few models
eringConstruction
ering
l i il hxles similar to horse pivoting axles as horse is th hi lthe vehiclent of pivoting wheels about p g
rotation at varied angles /
h steering and linkages and me after power steering.me after power steering.now available but restricted
AckermanHistory
Ackerman
Pictures taken from Ste
nn LinkageConstruction
nn Linkage
AckermanAckerman linkages for Independent Suspension
eeds and Garrett (1983)
TilleHistory
Tille
Benz tricycle 1896
Pictures tak
ersConstruction
ers
Panhard Levassor 1890-95
ken from Smith (2002)
SuspeHistory
Suspe
Elli i i d dElliptic springs adopted during braking and startSpringing developed bypneumatic variable heigp gIndependent wheel suspSi l il iSimple coil springs werealone and then used in rActive suspensions havejacks controlled electron
ensionConstruction
ension
f blfrom carts – problems ting -need to be restrictedy torsion bars and further by ght suspensionsg ppensions developed
d f f t ie used for front suspension ear alsoe vehicle lifted by power nically
Elliptic SHistory
Elliptic S
Axle guidance interferes with stee
SpringsConstruction
Springs
Mounting to reduce Squat
Mounting to function as anti-roll bar
ering
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
TorsioHistory
Torsioon barConstruction
on bar
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Pneumatic SHistory
Pneumatic S
Flat, non-driven air-suspended Mercedes-B
Pict
SuspensionConstruction
Suspension
semi-trailing-arm rear axle of the Benz V class
ture taken from Reimpell et al., (2001)
SuspeHistory
Suspe
I d d l iIndependently moving Independent suspensiop p
Jaguar 3.4 was with independent suspension in '55
Pictures tak
ensionConstruction
ension
h l i d d iwheels improved road-gripons became popular by 90s.p p y
ken from Smith (2002)
SuspeHistory
Suspe
Wh l d TiWheels and Tires:Wooden spoked wheel wpunsuitable for higher spe1895 Michelin brothers1895, Michelin brotherspeugeot cars for racing aP ti ti h d bPneumatic tires had probLarge tires were good fog groads improving size is
ensionConstruction
ension
with metal outer was eeds fitted Dunlop tires ons fitted Dunlop tires on and it startedbl f tblems of punctureor poth-rudded roads, with preached to standard size.
SuspeHistory
Suspe
S ll i i dSmaller tires improved rdynamicsWider tires had better roTubeless tires were introTubeless tires were introRadial ply was introduc“Low profile” tires – ratdiameter increased
ensionConstruction
ension
id d iride and suspension
oad gripoduced after WWIIoduced after WWIIedtio of outer to inner
TubelesHistory
Tubeles
I d d i 1947 b•Introduced in 1947 by Goodridge•An air-tight layer to inner layer of carcass•Soft inner layer of highly viscous material to fill in puncturespunctures•Retain air-pressure longer than others vehicles can bethan others vehicles can be controlled longer
ss tiresConstruction
ss tires
http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm
TirHistory
TirresConstruction
res
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
RadialHistory
Radial
Si h i l•Since there is no cross ply, lesser heat generated hence more lifemore life•4 to 6 “bracing plies” of metal /rayon provides bettermetal /rayon provides better contact grip and stability against deformation in higher g gspeeds•Stiffer in resisting lateral gloading hence reduces under/over steer.
l TiresConstruction
l Tires
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Low profHistory
Low prof
Wid i f di•Wider tires for same diameter•Improvement of radial tires•Larger chamber allows operation in lower pressure hence smooth ride or increase in comfort•Increased traction as more area in contact
Pictu
file TiresConstruction
file Tires
ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear
BraHistory
Bra
H iHorse carriages were esDrum brakes with pair opdominantUntil 1920s brakes onlyUntil 1920s brakes onlyWith drum brake proble
h t d di boverheat, emerged disc bDisc brakes were used inrear brakes as they requidrum brakes
kesConstruction
kes
i ll d b hsentially stopped by horsesof internal shoes emerged as g
y in rear wheelsy in rear wheelsem of fading due to b k i 1952brakes in 1952.n front wheels and not in ired mounting of parking
BraHistory
Bra
B k d bBrakes operated by mecrequired skilled adjustm1930s hydraulic power a1960s Dual hydraulic c1960s, Dual hydraulic covercome leaksH hi l i dHeavy vehicles requiredVacuum assistAnti Lock Braking introBritish Jensen FF,1960 whave it.
kesConstruction
kes
h i l d d blchanical rods and cables ment or cars would “swing”
assisted brakes introducedcircuit introduced tocircuit introduced to
d td servo arrangement -
oduced from aircrafts. was first passenger car to
Dual hydrauHistory
Dual hydrau
D l li d•Dual master cylinder•Both actuating different circuits•Failure of one is not affecting another •At least one circuit operational
ulic brakingConstruction
ulic braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Vacuum AssHistory
Vacuum Ass
Bendix HydrovacBendix Hydrovac
sist brakingConstruction
sist braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Anti LockHistory
Anti-Lock
Ford Escort and
k BrakingConstruction
k Braking
Orion Anti-lock Braking System
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
InteriorHistory
Interior
M d f ilModern family cars not performance cars of 193Essential dynamic analyquietenessq
Direct belt between enby intermediate electryVibration isolation Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis
Air conditioning, powerdemisting addeddemisting added.
DesignConstruction
Design
i hi hsuperior to high 30s.ysis and design to improve
ngine and cooling fan replaced rical
s of the designs of the designr windows, windows
SafetyHistory
Safety
I i fInvention of motor cars any other invention.
No. of civilian deathsWWII greater than de
1930s “unitary” Chevroconstruction was more ranother car.No significant work tillNo significant work till a selling point
DesignConstruction
Design
d d d h hproduced more deaths than
per month in USA during eaths due to warlet airflow body resistant to impact with
1950s and 60s as it was not1950s and 60s as it was not
SafetyHistory
Safety
P h d iPre-war cars had steerinthe heart of drivers in caCollapsible steering intrSeat belts appeared arouSeat belts appeared arouoccupants and slowly spAi b l tAirbags came laterVehicle is now designedgfront, rear and sides.
DesignConstruction
Design
l likng columns like spears to ase of frontal impactroduced by 1960sund 1950s for front seatund 1950s for front seat pread to rear
d with energy absorbers in gy
?? Too muchHistory
?? Too much
I i lInnovation not always aAlec Issigonis’s revolsuspension was famouelastic systems Wankel engine
Important to choose winpDisc brakesPower SteeringPower Steering
Innovation ??Construction
Innovation ??
k fi i la key to financial sucesslutionary Mini with rubber bush us but not with advanced hydro-
nners at right timeg
Further RJ li H i S ith (2002)
Further RJulian-Happian Smith (2002),Vehicle Design,Butterworth-H
N t K St d W d GNewton, K., Steeds, W. and GVehicle (10th edn). Butterworcover) and 0-408-01157-2 (so) (
Jörnsen Reimpell et al (2001)(Second edition), Butterworth
ReadingA I t d ti t M d
Reading, An Introduction to Modern Heinmann (ISBN 0-7506-5044-3)
G tt T K (1983) Th M tGarrett, T.K. (1983), The Motor rths (ISBN 0-408-01118-1 (hard
oft cover)).))
), The Automotive chassis h Heinman (ISBN 0-7506-5054-0)
Vee THistory
Vee-TBlumfBlumfwith O
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumfield_V-twin_motorcycle_engine.jpg
Mercedes Benz V6, 199
TwinConstruction
Twin ield V twin engine 1913 14ield V twin engine 1913-14
Overhead Cam Shaft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg
96
OverheadHistory
Overhead
Pictures taken from S
Cam ShaftConstruction
Cam Shaft
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Side ValveHistory
Side Valve
Pictures taken from S
e EnginesConstruction
e Engines
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Side ValvHistory
Side Valv
“Biefield” Diesel eng
http://shopswarf.orconh
Biefield Diesel eng
ve EngineConstruction
ve Engine
ine of 1930s
hosting.net.nz/svdiesel.html
ine of 1930s
Plate cHistory
Plate c
http://gtmotorsports.com
clutchConstruction
clutch
http://www.novak-adapt.com/knowledge/clutches_etc.htm
Plate CHistory
Plate C
Pic
ClutchConstruction
Clutch
ctures taken from “ The Motor Vehicle” – Newton Steeds
GearHistory
Gear
Sliding mesh ->
Pictures taken from S
r boxConstruction
r box
> moving gears
Dog clutch
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
Gear box CoHistory
Gear box – Co
Pictures taken from Stee
onstant meshConstruction
onstant mesh
eds and Garrett (1983)
Gearbox SyHistory
Gearbox - Sy
Pictures taken from S
ynchromeshConstruction
ynchromeshS h hSynchromesh have “synchronizers”synchronizers for smoother gear shifting
Steeds and Garrett (1983)