8/13/2019 1. Ch. 1 and 2 - What is Communication, Identity and Perception
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PowerPoint Presentation
Package By:
SARAH RIFORGIATE
Arizona State University
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Why
Study
Human
Communicat ion?
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Why Study
Human Communication?
Only social science discipline concerned with
how messages are exchanged
Communication is more than common sense
More talk is not always better
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Why Study
Human Communication?
Relationships are primarily communicative-- Steve Duck
Communication is used to develop, define and
terminate professional and personal
relationships
Communication shapes self-identity as we
select and respond to messages
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What is Human Communication?
a transactional process
in which people generate meaning through
the exchange of verbal and nonverbalmessages
in specific contexts, influenced by individualand societal forces and embedded in
culture (p. 7)
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Components of Human Communication
Message CreationMessages are building blocks of
communication events
Messages can be verbal or nonverbal
Senders encode messages
Receivers decode messages
Symbols convey meaning
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Components of Human Communication
Meaning Creation
Meaning is created when messages are
exchanged through symbols
Content meaningconcrete and suggested
meanings of a message and emotions it
triggers
Relational meaningwhat does the
message convey about the relationship?
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Components of Human Communication
Setting
Participants
Channels
Noise
Feedback
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A Linear Model of
Communication
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Communication is Influenced by
Individual Forces
Demographic
characteristics
Age Sex
Race
Ethnicity
Field of experience
Education
Experience
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Communication is Influenced by
Societal Forces
Societal forces include the political,
historical, economic, and social structures of a
society that define a value hierarchy forinterpretation of individual characteristics
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Communication is Influenced by
Culture and Context
Culturerefers to learned
patterns of perceptions values,
and behaviors shared by a
group of people
Contextincludes the setting (physicalenvironment) as well as the participants
present and occasion
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Communication is Transactional
Each person is a sender and receiver
simultaneously
As people communicate together meaningis created
Communication is an ongoing process
Relationships and previous events
influence how meaning is communicated
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Communication Ethics
Privacyis when one keeps information to
themselves that has no bearing on others
Secrecyis when one intentionally withholds
information that other people believe they
have the right to access
When should you share or
withhold information?
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Developing
Communication Ethics
Where do you fall on the ethical continuum?
Absolutism Relativism
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Ethics of Language Use
How do words harm or alienate others?
My boss is a monster
My roommate is an idiotMy political opponent is a fascist
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Ethical Responsibilities of
Listeners/Receivers/Decoders
Reasoned skepticism
balance open-mind & critical attitude
Healthy feedbackhonest & ethical reactions
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Communication Ethics in
Practice
Many situations can be ambiguous and
ethics are not always clear cut
One should develop an ethical code basedon their morals, values and beliefs to apply
to communication
What ethical standards do you use
in communication?
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Chapter 2Communication,Perception and Identity Development
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What is Perception?
Conscious or unconscious process
Selecting, organizing and interpreting
Information
Collected through your senses
The process of choosing which sensoryinformation to focus on (p. 28)
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True or False?
All individuals select the same information
to focus their attention on.
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Perception and Selection
Selection
Choosing which sensory information we
pay attention to
What influences those choices?
Aspects of our identity
Features of the person or situation
Individual goals
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Perception and Organization
Organization
Making sense of information by sorting the
information into categories or mental
pictures
Cognitive representation
Categorization
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BRB LMAO WTF ROFL OMG
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Perception and Organization
Cognitive Representation
Prototypes
Interpersonal Scripts
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Perception and Organization
Categorization
Labels
Stereotyping
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Perception and Interpretation
Interpretation
When one assigns meaning to information
Frames
Attribution theory
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Perception and Interpretation
Applying Attribution Theory
Internal
External
Attributional Bias
Inaccurate attributions
Self-serving bias
Fundamental attribution error
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What is Identity?
Whoa person is Exists at both the
individual and societal
levels Are both fixed and
dynamic
Created throughinteraction
Must be seen in context
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The Importance of
Perception and Identity
Every communication interaction isaffected by an individuals identity
Much of U.S. life is organized around andgeared toward specific identities
Individual and societal forces cometogether to shape communicationexperiences
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The Individual, Perception, and
Identity
What is areflected
appraisal? Looking
glass self?
Who influences
how we perceiveourselves in
reflected
appraisals?
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Particular Others
Those who are influential and whose
perceptions, opinions and behaviors
influence aspects of our identities
Generalized Others
Strangers, acquaintances and various
media that influence and shape our
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Social Comparison
Susan is a new graduate and is working inher first full time job in her career field.How would Susan feel about her salary ifshe compared herself to
Her friends who graduated at the sametime
Her co-workers who have been at the
company 10 years The President or CEO of the company
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Social Comparison
Susan is a new graduate and is working inher first full time job in her career field.How would Susan feel about her salary ifshe compared herself to
Her friends who graduated at the sametime
Her co-workers who have been at the
company 10 years The President or CEO of the company
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Tom thinks it might rain and so he brings
his umbrella and it does indeed rain.
Is this an example of a self-fulfilling
prophecy?
Stereotype threat
reminding someone of stereotypedexpectations which can impact that
persons performance
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Self Concept
Identity is influenced by our self-concept; stable
perceptions we have of ourselves.
How a person understands himself/herself asunique and compares himself/herself with the
similarities and differences of others
An internal image we have of ourselves that
affects the external image we project to others
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Self Concept
Self-esteemhow we evaluate ourselves; a lens
for how we interpret reflected appraisals and
social comparisons
Self-respectis the extent to which one feels
entitled to regard and respect from others
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Th I di id l P ti
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The Individual, Perception,
Identity, and Society
Specific identities one holds in society comprise
ones social identity
Some identities are more highly valued and
powerful than others
Primary identitiesare relatively consistentthroughout our lives (i.e. race, ethnicity, age).
Secondary identitiesare easier to change (i.e.
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Self Concept
Self-esteemhow we evaluate ourselves; a lens
for how we interpret reflected appraisals and
social comparisons
Self-respectis the extent to which one feels
entitled to regard and respect from others
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Culture, Perception, and Identity
Every culture has its own sensory model
What senses are most important in
American culture?
How does culture influence how
communication occurs?
Th Ethi f P i i d
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The Ethics of Perceiving and
Communicating About Identities
Stereotypes- broad generalizations about
an entire class of objects or people based
on some knowledge or aspect of somemember
Prejudice- when an individual holdsstrong negative feelings about a group or
an individual belonging to that group
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Refining Perceptual Process
Communicating about Identities
Avoid overgeneralizing
Examine your attributions
Become aware of which identities youfocus on the most
Ask others for feedback
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Refining Perceptual Process
Before assuming your perceptions of othersare accurate, have you
failed to notice relevant information?
used faulty organization patterns?
considered all possible interpretations?
let your physical condition, cultural
background or social identity influence your
Improving Perception and
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Improving Perception and
Communication About Identities
Practice mindfulness
Separate facts from inferences
Use empathy Perception check