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From Service Learning to Social Entrepreneurship
Pr. Kao, Ming Rea( 高明瑞 );
Sheu, Margarita ( 許淮之 )
Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages, Taiwan
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Agenda
* Background of Service Learning
* Catholic Universities in Taiwan: Contribution
and Development on Holistic Education with Action
* Service Leaning in Taiwan’s Higher Education
* Service Learning & Social Entrepreneurship
* From Service Learning to Social
Entrepreneurship
* Academia Future Development
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The movement of volunteering
Volunteering
• UN: 2001, announced “the year of volunteer”
• 2001 , Taiwan Volunteer Act: encouragement for higher educational institutions to conduct service learning program
Serving
• On 1990: Bush signed the 『 Federal National and Community Service Act 』
• On 1993: Clinton signed the 『 National and Community Service Act 』
Service learning
• 2007: Taiwan, Officially graduate requirement for higher education(compulsory)
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Service Learning Development of Catholic Universities in Taiwan
Mission Department
1997:Promote service learning –oriented pedagogy
2008: formally established learning center
Academic Affair:
2000:Volunteering providence
2007:Service Learning Center formally established
Student Affair:
2002:Service learning curriculum projective team
2007.10.01:Service learning office was establishment
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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (1/3)
• Experimental pedagogy with five steps:– 1. preparation 2. execution– 3. performance 4. reflection– 5. celebration
• Definition of service learning:– Vehicle of social citizenship– Experiential Pedagogy– Civic Involvement– Seed Founding Program
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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (2/3)
• Learning embedded in service: transformation to experiential pedagogy, neither labor service/activity-orientation program
• Service learning: the bridge for the youth to utilize academic knowledge to practical world by participation & involvement
• To do is to learn, to see is to believe (social problem discovering, identifying, solving)
• Seed founding program : through the voluntary participation to serve, engage civicness, emotional affection
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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (3/3)
• Passive to Active• Subsidizing to Fundraising (self-drive)• Labor Service to Professional Service• Domestic Service to International Service• Pedagogy to Education• Education to Collective Actions• Movement aims to Social Change
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Fu Jen service teams
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Providence service teams
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Wenzao service teams
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For clarifying the issues and better understanding, we conduct a research
• Purpose: evaluating the service learning programs in Taiwan’s higher education, emerging the social entrepreneurship for social changes and public goods– Experience
accumulation/cooperation/collaboration– Direction – Myth and gap– Future development
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Frame work of the research
Individual factors
altruism, social relationship, qualification acquition, personal growth, while away. event-orientation
Institutional factors
institutional context , faculty support & involvement, student participation, community cooperation
Civicness
Social Entrepreneurship
Service Learning Programs
H1
H2
H3
H4
--
+
+
+--
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Researching• Survey with interview:
– F: 80.5%, M: 19.5%– Part time/non: 33.6%: 66.4%– Age: 19-20 : 63.7%, 21-22: 17.7%
H1: The institutional factors will contribute as impact factors to service learning programs.
H2: The individual factors of student volunteers will influence the willingness of student participation to service learning programs.
H3: Service learning program acts as important role to foster collective social civicness
H4: Service learning program inspires students to recognize the social problem and the willingness to help in the future
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• Descriptive Statistics(Satisfaction vs. partnership)
Mean Std. Deviation N
Community3.8009 .73661
257
Service L.C.3.1858 1.03552
257
Faculty4.2124 .90091
257
Student participation
3.1150 1.21561
257
Institution3.8717 .87316
257
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Correlations of partnership
Satisfaction Community Service L.C. FacultyStudent
participation InstitutionPearson Correlation
Satisfaction1.000 .450 .241 .269 .084 .314
Community.450 1.000 .368 .158 .096 .369
Service L.C..241 .368 1.000 -.081 .252 .254
Faculty.269 .158 -.081 1.000 .010 .143
Student participation .084 .096 .252 .010 1.000 .048
Institution.314 .369 .254 .143 .048 1.000
Institution 257 257 257 257 257 257
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Descriptive Statistics regarding motivation and satisfaction
Number Min Max Mean Standard DAltruism 257 2.00 5.00 4.2743 Q
Qualification 2572.50 5.00 4.5088 .60127
Personal growth 2573.00 5.00 4.6018 .57149
Social Relationship 2572.00 5.00 4.1106 .66054
Time killing 2571.50 5.00 3.8982 .76811
Event-orientation 2572.00 5.00 4.4690 .65221
Context of Ins. 2572.50 5.00 4.5088 .60127
Experiential Edu.. 2571.00 5.00 4.2920 .87302
Satisfaction 257 1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075
Civicness 2571.00 5.00 4.3071 .76391
Social Entrep. 2571.33 5.00 4.3217 .69864
Exp. Satisfaction 2571.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075
Role Satisfaction 257 1.00 5.00 4.2566 .87402
有效的 N (完全排除 ) 257
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Correlations of individual motivation
Satisfaction altruism qualification
personal growth
social Relationship
time killing
event-orientati
on
P C
Satisfaction
1.000 .662 .545 .627 .412 .599 .714
altruism
.662 1.000 .460 .446 .364 .396 .559
qualification
.545 .460 1.000 .692 .498 .442 .707
personal growth .627 .446 .692 1.000 .437 .598 .751
social Relationship .412 .364 .498 .437 1.000 .388 .443
time killing
.599 .396 .442 .598 .388 1.000 .626
event-orientation .714 .559 .707 .751 .443 .626 1.000
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Correlations the limit and negative impact
CivicnessTime constraints
Transportation Exp
Living Exp
Obtain Certificate
Pearson Correlation
Civicness1.000 -.191 -.090 -.155 .054
Time constraints-.191 1.000 .416 .280 .178
Transportation Exp
-.090 .416 1.000 .505 -.029
Living Exp -.155 .280 .505 1.000 .132
Obtain Certificate.054 .178 -.029 .132 1.000
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Steps of service learning
Steps of Service Learning
Mean Std. Deviation NSatisfaction 4.25 .851 257
Recursion 3.78 .961 257
Training 3.62 .748 257
Investigation 3.81 .861 257
Preparation 3.73 .845 257
Execution 3.70 .854 257
Outcome 3.86 .833 257
Reflection 3.64 .973 257
Celebration 3.78 .832 257
Maintenance 3.90 .855 257
Serving Community 4.19 .789 257
Security/safety 3.81 .921 257
Role of Service L.(expectation) 4.35 .981 257
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steps on service learning
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviationrecursion 257
1.00 5.00 3.7788 .96116
pre-training 257 2.00 5.00 3.6071 .69484
preparation 257 2.00 5.00 3.7478 .75037
execution 257 1.50 5.00 3.8230 .74976
outcome 257 2.00 5.00 3.8850 .77635
reflection 257 1.00 5.00 3.6858 .81885
celebration 257 2.00 5.00 3.7566 .75034
maintain 257 2.00 5.00 3.9027 .85528
Valid N (listwise) 257
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Civicness that has been generated from S.L
Number Min Max Mean Standard DSatisfaction 257
1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075
Civicness 2571.00 5.00 4.3071 .76391
Social Entrep. 2571.33 5.00 4.3217 .69864
Exp. Satisfaction 257
1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075
Role Satisfaction 257
1.00 5.00 4.2566 .87402
Valid N (listwise) 257
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Myths and Gaps of Service Learning
• Compulsories: caused the challenge and criticism• Non-Volunteering writes off the sum of the positive
motivations/momentums• The role of service learning center needs to be re-
identified: resources bricolage and management• Governmental policy support with clear direction• Self-drive ( e.g. catholic culture and spirit
embeddedness )• Service without Learning
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Social Entrepreneurship• The emerging and vigorous research work on
social entrepreneurship, scholars are working to define the boundary and legitimacy with difficulties. But still….
• Four approaches to define( Dacin, Dacin and Matear , 2010 )
– Motivation/personality– Process/activities– Organizations– Performance/Mission
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Positioning social entrepreneurship from the organizational/mission approach( )
Conventional Institutional
Cultural Social
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Social entrepreneurship• 1. “collective actors can disengage the context of the
society by acting for a change” (Hardy & Maguire, 2008)
• 2. “increase the social good either by transforming the behavior, belief, and participation, aggressively learn skill, concept, and taking action as the social problem solver (Weerawardena and Mort, 2005)
• 3. “commercial models are used as the vehicle by which the social objects are achieved (Nicholls, 2006, Thompson, 2006)
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Development of social entrepreneurship
• UK: focus more the commercialization of NPOs, private initiatives that intends to deliver public welfare (embedded in the third sector)
• US. : collective entrepreneurship on the organizational level
• Taiwan: will be different under unique society context and dynamic contingency
• Friendly and constructive dialogues among different regions
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Social enterprises
social
environmental
economic
Welfare and health
Education and training
Economic development
Disaster relief/international aid
Social justice /political change
Environmental planning/management
Innovative approach
Market oriented action
Bottom line six fields
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Social Enterprise
• Build for social goods as NPOs, charity of business organization as CSR, and Social enterprise
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Academia Social Entrepreneurship
• Too paths(approaches): – 1. service learning: civicness activism– 2. education of social entrepreneurship
• Non-profit organization
• Corporate social responsibility (ethics) CSR
• Social enterprises (Fu Jen/ Providence)
• Social Entrepreneurship
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The beauty of service learning is matching with the goal of social entrepreneurship
• 1. social goods• 2. civicness• 3. innovative approach• 4. mean not the end • practical pedagogy• 5. ideology for better global citizenship
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The mission of Catholic Universities is Matching with the Trend of the Global Educationalization
Entrepreneurship
Conventional Capitals
Networks
Economic rationality
Self interests
Social Entrepreneurship
Social rationality
Social problems
Civicness
Service learning
All of us
all
us
you
me
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Cooperativeness of Three Catholic Universities
• Leverage the resources: serious of speeches regarding social entrepreneurship
– Fu Jen: Taiwan Social Enterprise Innovation
Association: Professor. Jer San, Hu
– Providence: Professor Chia Hung, Dan; and Pr.
Wang
– Wenzao: Professor Ming Rea, Kao
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Fu Jen: Taiwan Institute of Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship(2000.04)
• Coordinator and initiator for social enterprise research and practical implementation
• Devotee of promoting social enterprise management in order to upgrade the atmosphere of the social goods
• Enhance the function through cooperation with academia, business, government, and social welfare associations.
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Public Welfare Lectures and Speeches• Taichung: speeches among those educational
institutions for promoting the idea and increase the impact of social enterprises as well as social entrepreneurship
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Kaohsiung Association of Social Enterprise
• Founded on 2011 by Professor Kao• Cooperated with the Taipei, Taichung with the mission of
–Consulting and assistance the
development of social entrepreneurship
for social goods and societal sustainability –Concerning and assisting the
development of environmental-friendly
cooperations
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Brunch Caffe Italiano: General Manager Shi, experienced business managers
• Founder:. on 2009 with experience of running a coffee shop, establish a sheltered workshop to provide the disables with opportunity of “self-reliance”
• 2010, he built up another sheltered workshop– Standard operational procedure (SOP) – Working value – Life value – Self-help, self-drive to work
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Taiwan Farmer – Wang Shunyu, educated master with the ability of innovative problem solving ability • Veterinary• 1999.09.21 earthquake caused him to go back
hometown by taking over the operating the family business -- farm
• Tips:– Focus on exporting– Organic and non-toxic products
with international certificates– Marketing strategy with identify the un-satisfied
market needs– Organics village with promotion of eco tourism
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Injured-Wing Angels Association Too girls who are social entrepreneurs with passions, without formal skill and training to run a social enterprises……
More than 20 years, one is majoring in electricity, while the other is a fashion designer, founding with US$70,000 (about), to establish this shelter factory
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No paycheck for two years, with lots of hats and complains with the
hope of self-reliance
Never figure out the procedure, governmental regulation, without too much donation, but break even through hard work – they are working and fighting to survive
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Operation models: Professional? Passional?
Mask, uniform, bags, sporting wear, coat , jacket, drain cover, and even homepage design…….
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To train, to teach, to survive for one singe belief: self-reliance, self-dignity
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Solutions and Managerial Techniques -- trial and error, persist and insist
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Educationalization of Service Learning and Social Entrepreneurship
• Enhanced the function of service learning• Provide another choices besides economic rationality– self
interest/ economic utility• Activating the teaching pedagogy • Seeding our youth through education for better society
(social rationality: profit is the mean, not the end)• Leverage the resources of holistic education with practical
theory and applicable technique, skill, and knowledge
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Emerging social entrepreneurship within the campus, cooperating service leaning with social
entrepreneurship • Emphasizing holistic education as well as th spirit of service with
religious belief and background (catholic universities)
• Cooperating with service learning program to maximize the
resources of holistic and social entrepreneurship education
• Achieving service learning by civicness and social entrepreneurship,
catalyzing service learning
• Self-driving educationalization instead of compulsory requirement
• Seed founding within the academic institutions: sustainability
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Acknowledgement
• Fu Jen University: Father Yan
(嚴任吉 ), Director Pan (潘榮吉 ) Pr. Hu (胡哲生 ),Pr. Leen(林耀南 ), and Pr. Kuo(郭國泰 )
• Providence University: Sister Anne Therese, Director Hu (胡蓓憶 ), Pr. Teng (鄧嘉宏 ), Pr. Wang (王友民 )
• Wenzao College: Director Tsao (曹志誠 ), Director Chen (陳靜佩 )
• Taiwan Farmer: Wang Shunyu
• Brunch Caffe Italiano (General Shi)
• Injured Wing Angels Association: Ms. Leen and Ms. Tsai
Academia Social entrepreneurs
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Love to giveServe to learn
Educate youth to solve social problem, aim to social change
“Contribution by Catholic Higher Education to Sustainable Development in Modern World:
From Service Learning to Social Entrepreneurship”
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Ming Rea Kao, Margarita Sheu