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IPSec
IPSec provides the capability to secure communications across a LAN, across private and public wide area networks
(WANs) and across the Internet
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Usability and Security
Security
Convenience / Usability
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Determine where on this
line your organization
needs lie
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Services, Mechanisms, Algorithms
A typical security protocol provides one or more security services (authentication, secrecy, integrity, etc.)
Services are built from mechanisms. Mechanisms are implemented using algorithms.
SSL/IPSec/PPTP, etc
Signatures Encryption Hashing
DSA RSA RSA DES SHA1 MD5
Services (Security Protocols)
Mechanisms
Algorithms
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Security in the Internet Architecture
Lack of security in the Internet Architecture Security was left up to the applications With the passage of time it was realized that
universal security at the IP level will become a need and not a luxury
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Security Protocol Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Netw ork
Datalink
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Netw ork
Datalink
Physical
Email - S/M IM E
SSL
IPSec
PPP - ECP
PHYSICAL NETW ORKEncrypting
NICEncrypting
NIC
•The further down you go, the more transparent it is
•The further up you go, the easier it is to deploy
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Some Pros of Security at the IP Level
Can be end to end or at least multi link unlike link layer
Could be hw/sw supported (hw support for encryption)
Can shield unmodified host apps giving them crypto/security at the level of nets/hosts/and possibly users
Can extend secure enclave across insecure areas
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What is IPSec? Extensions to the basis Internet Protocol to
provide security functions at the IP level Applicable to both IP Version 4 and IP Version
6 IPSec available in Windows 2000, Linux, Cisco
Routers, etc.
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How do you know IPSec is there?
AH/ESP new IP layer protocols (50/51) with either 1. an IP datagram encapsulated in them (tunnel mode) 2. TCP/UDP and the rest above them (transport mode)
Every packet may have AH/ESP applied to them:AH for authentication; ESP for encryption and authentication, this is bulk/per
packet encryption/authentication
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IP Security Usage Scenario
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Applications of IPSec Secure Branch Office Connectivity Over the
Internet Secure Remote Access Over the Internet Establishing Extranet and Intranet Connectivity
with Business partners Enhancing Electronic Commerce Security
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IP Security Architecture Defined by IPSec Documents (RFCs) IP Security Protocol Working Group of IETF IP Security Evolving with the passage of time IPSec provides security services at the IP layer
by enabling a system to select required security protocols, determine the algorithms to use for the services, and put in place any cryptographic keys required.
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IPSec Documents Overview Relevant RFCs RFC 1825: An overview of a
security architecture RFC 1826: Description of a
packet authentication extension to IP
RFC 1828: A specific authentication mechanism
RFC 1827: Description of a packet encryption extension to IP
RFC 1829: A specific encryption mechanism
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AH and ESP AH
The Authentication Header provides support for data integrity and authentication of IP packets
ESPThe Encapsulating Security Payload provides
confidentiality services, including confidentiality of message contents and limited traffic flow confidentiality. As an optional feature, ESP can also provide the same authentication service as AH.
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IPSec Services
IPSec Framework Protocols
All data is in plaintext.R1 R2
Data payload is encrypted.R1 R2
Authentication Header
Encapsulating Security Payload
AH provides the following: Authentication
Integrity
ESP provides the following: Encryption
Authentication
Integrity
IPSec Framework
Diffie-Hellman DH7
DH7Diffie-Hellman
Confidentiality
Key length: - 56-bits
Key length: - 56-bits (3 times)
Key length: - 160-bits
Key lengths: -128-bits-192 bits-256-bits
Least secure Most secure
DH7Diffie-Hellman
Integrity
Key length: - 128-bits
Key length: - 160-bits)
Least secure Most secure
DH7Diffie-Hellman
Authentication
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Security Associations What is a SA?
An SA is a one way relationship between a sender and a received that affords security services to the traffic carried on it.
SA ParametersSecurity Association Database stores parameters
associated with each of the SAs SA Selectors
Each SPD entry is defined by a set of IP and upper layer protocol field values called selectors.
Security Association (SA) A simplex (uni-directional) logical connection, created
for security purposes All traffic traversing an SA is provided the same
security processing In IPsec, an SA is an Internet-layer abstraction
implemented through the use of AH or ESP State data associated with an SA is represented in the
SA Database (SAD)
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Security Parameters Index (SPI) An arbitrary 32-bit value that is used by a receiver to identify the SA to
which an incoming packet should be bound. For a unicast SA, the SPI can be used by itself to specify an SA, or it may be
used in conjunction with the IPsec protocol type. Additional IP address information is used to identify multicast SAs. The SPI is carried in AH and ESP protocols to enable the receiving system
to select the SA under which a received packet will be processed. An SPI has only local significance, as defined by the creator of the SA (usually the receiver of the packet carrying the SPI); thus an SPI is generally
viewed as an opaque bit string. However, the creator of an SA may choose to interpret the bits in an SPI to
facilitate local processing.
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Security Association Database Parameters
Security Parameters Index (SPI) • sequence number counter • sequence number overflow • anti-replay window • AH information • ESP information • lifetime of SA • IPSec protocol mode • Path MTU • other information
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SA Selector IPSec provides flexibility • SAs can be combined • Security Policy Database (SPD) specifies mapping of IP traffic to SAs • mapping is done according to field values of selectors – destination IP address – source IP address – user ID – data sensitivity level – transport layer protocol – source and destination ports
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Transport and Tunnel Modes
Tunnel Mode means that one outgoing IP packet is encapsulated in another packet with typically a different IP destination
Tunnels can be (1) Router to Router (2) Router to host or host to router (3) host to host
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Transport and Tunnel Modes
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Tunnel Mode and Transport Mode Functionality
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Authentication Header
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Services Provided by AH Anti-Replay Service Integrity Check Value
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Anti-Replay Service
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Transport and Tunnel Modes
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Scope of Authentication Header
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Scope of Authentication Header
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Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP
ESP ServicesConfidentialityAuthentication Services
ESP FormatSPISNPDPaddingPad LengthNext HeaderAuthentication Data
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ESP
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ESP Format
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Transport-level security
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A virtual private network via Tunnel Mode