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Kommunikatsiooniteenuste arendusIRT0080
Loeng 3/2010
Avo Otstelekommunikatsiooni õppetool,
TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika [email protected]
Kliendi soovid
Kliendi soovid (meedia & Multimedia)
• HD & 3D
• Tapeless – low cost disk storage• Open collaboration/inter-operability• New delivery platforms• The “Youth Market”• Cheaper production formats (Reality TV)• Advertising revenue models (SMS, Web,
Push)• Taxes on power consumption
Digital natives, digital immigrants and analog exiles
• The “digital natives” are born into digital technology.
• They are used to receiving information really fast.
• They like to parellel process and multitask.• They prefer their graphics before their text
rather than the opposite.• They prefer random access (like hypertext).• They function best when networked.• They thrive on instant gratification.
Acquaintance
people who are members of online social networks are not so much “networking” as they are “broadcasting their lives” to anouter tier of acquaintances (Interpersonal relationship) who aren’t necessarily inside the Dunbar circle
An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people. This association may be based on emotions like love and liking, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment.
Viiteidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_number
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_concept
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaintance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_native
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Native
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QoS• Pakettvõrkudes liikluse korralduse (traffic
engineering) mõiste “garanteeritud teenuse kvaliteet” (QoS, Quality of Service) tähendab tõenäosuslikku hinnangut, et sidevõrk jälgib liikluslepet.
• Paljudel juhtudel kasutatakse QoS tõenäosusena, et pakett läbib võrku saatjast vastuvõtjani oma ettemääratud ajavahemiku jooksul.
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Teenusekvaliteedi aspektidQoS – Quality of Service
ITU-T E.800 Recommendation
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Teenusekvaliteedi aspektid (2)
Teenuse Kättesaadavus
(Accessibility)
TeenusePüsivus
(Retainability)
TeenuseTerviklikus
(Integrity)
QoS
QoS parameetrid QoS parameetrid QoS parameetrid
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Hierarchical QoS
Customer # 1 VLAN
VoIP
VideoConf
VideoStream
Data p1
Internet
Data p2 Cust 1
Cust 2
Cust 3
Cust 4
Cust n
MPLS VPNInternet
GigE
10 GigE
MPLSTunnel
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Growth
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Speed
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Penetration
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Broadband
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NGNQoS High
ReliabilityNetwork
ManagementSecurity Intelligent
Networking
VoIP
E-Commerce
Multi-Media
Multi-casting
MobileAccess
ValueAdded
Services
VPN
•QoS and security for successful convergence
•Virtual Private Networks for converged networks and QoS
•Network management directories, policies and intelligent agents for decision support, configuration and QoS
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Industry convergence
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Interoperability
Vendor YVendor XA B
IMS GRX GRX IMS
Carrier Carrier
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T L A...
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Physical Layer - I.
Photonic
Path
Multiplex Section
Regen. Section
STM-N
Signal
Light
Pulse
VC and MS Overhead
Payload and Path Overhead
TerminalRegenerator
Optical Conversion
Terminal
Map internal signal and RS OH
into STM-N signal
Map Payload and Path OH into VC
Map VC and MS OH into internal
signal
Services (E1, E2, E3, E4, Video, etc.)
Regen. Section
Physical
Layers
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S T M 1
9 columns 261 columns
270 columns
VC CapacitySectionoverhead(SOH)
1st
2nd
Order of transmission
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125 μsec
9 Rows
Section Overhead
270 x N Columns
9xN Columns
STM-N VC capacity
STM-N frame
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Frame Structures
270 Columns
9 Rows
9 Rows
9 Rows
1,080 Columns
4,320 Columns
STM-1
155.52 Mbit/s
STM-4
STM-16
622.08 Mbit/s
2488.32 Mbit/s
STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s
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Rate Hierarchy
SDH
Level
Line Rate
(Mbit/s)
SPE Rate
(Mbit/s)
Optical
Level
Electrical
Level
STM-1 OC-3 STS-3
STM-4 OC-12 STS-12
STM-16 OC-48 STS-48
STM-64
155.52
622.08
2488.32
9953.28 OC-192 STS-192
STM-256 39813.12
150.336
601.344
9621.504
38486.016 OC-768 STS-768
SONET
2405.376
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Uni- and Bi-directional
– Only working traffic is shown
– Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for protection
A
CE
BF
D
Uni-directional Ring(1 fiber)
C-A
A-CA
CE
BF
D
Bi-directional Ring(2 fibers)
C-A
A-C
26STM -N Mux
K1K2Read/Sel
K1K2Write
WorkingSTM-N
ProtectSTM-N
STM-N Mux
K1K2Write
K1K2Read/Sel
TributaryChannels
TributaryChannels
MSTE
MSTE
Automatic Protection SwitchingAPS = Automatic
Protection Switching
Allows network to react to failed lines, interfaces, or poor signal quality
Performed over the entire STM-N payload
Uses K1 and K2 bytes of MS Overhead
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Synchronization in Voice Networks
Network Clock
• Asynchronous transport network uses pulse stuffing and is transparent to E1 timing
DS0Switch
CB
E1
M14 M14LT CBLT LT
E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1
M14 M14
0.000001 ppm
LT
f120ppm
f220ppm
f320ppm
f420ppm
f520ppm
f620ppm
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• Timing distribution is done using embedded E1 facility• Asynchronous transport network is transparent to E1 timing
Synchronization Distribution
Network Clock(Stratum 1)
DS0Switch
CB
E1
M14 M14
20ppm
LT CBLT LT
E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1
M14 M13
0.000001 ppm
20ppm
LT
Dedicated TimingE1
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BC
DF
A
G E
Router
Router
Router
Router
Mesh Topology Networks
• Cross-Connects are nxn switches
• Interconnects S D H streams
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1
2
3
22
23
24
Write slots in order of arrival
Read slots according to connection permutation
24 23 12
Time-slot interchange
24 23 12abcd b a d c
a
b
c
d
… …
Time-Slot Interchange (TSI)
• Write bytes from arriving TDM stream into memory• Read bytes in permuted order into outgoing TDM stream• Max # slots = 125 sec / (2 x memory cycle time)
Incoming TDM
stream
Outgoing TDM
stream
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TSI
1
j
c
i
i
j
1
(i)
(j)
ij
ij
j i i jTimeslot interchangeMUX DEMUX
Kaadrimälu
JuhtmäluAjapilude loendur Time slot counter
Writeaccess
Readaccess
Datain
Dataout
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Vihm (vo’rk)
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Lõpulingid (3)http://www.packetizer.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM
http://www.juniper.net/solutions/