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Copyright 2005 Create Center Co. Ltd.Nissan Diesel Training Center
Automobile EngineeringOutline of Diesel Engine
Contents1. Engine classifications
2. Classifications of reciprocating internal combstion engine
!. "istory of Diesel Engines
#. Comparison of Diesel Engine and $asoline Engine
5. %perating principle of the Diesel Engine&. Combstion in a Diesel Engine
'. Diesel (noc(
). Diesel Engine combstion chambers and their characteristics
*. Engine performance
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Page.Engine[1]Engine Classifications
Combstion
engine
+nternal
Combstion
engine
E,ternal
combstion
engine
-eciprocating
type
-otational
motion type
team
locomoti/e
team trbine
tarling
engine
Diesel engine
$asoline engine
$as trbine
-otary engine
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Page.Engine[1]Engine Classifications
NOTE: A working fluidmeans a fluid thatfunctions as a medium tochange heat into work in acombustion.
Combstion
engine
+nternal
Combstion
engine
E,ternal
combstion
engine
-eciprocating
type
-otational
motion type
team
locomoti/e
team trbine
tarling
engine
Diesel engine
$asoline engine
$as trbine
-otary engine
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Page.Engine
[2]Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines1 Classification by +gnition ethod
2 Classification by Combstion ethod Thermodynamic Classification
! Classification by 3el Type and 3el 3eed ethod
# Classification by %peration Techni4e
5 Classification by Cooling ethod& Classification by al/e Type
' Classification by Nmber and 6rrangement of Cylinders
Engines are classified both by number of cylinders and
by the arrangement of cylinders as illustrated on the right!
1" In#line $straight" type 2" %ori&ontal type
'" %ori&ontally opposed type
(" ) type
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Page.Engine[']%istory of Diesel Engines
In 1892, Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer, announced a newt!e of engine in which fuel is in"ected into com!ressed air andignited. This engine came to be known as the diesel engine.
By 1897, diesel engines that used hea# oil as fuel had beende#elo!ed for !ractical use in German. $%ow&s!eed diesel
engine'
Between 1924 and 1926, the de#elo!ment of the in"ection!um! b Robert (osch $from German' led to the de#elo!ment ofhigh&s!eed diesel engines.
In Japan, research and de#elo!ment into diesel engines startedaround in )*+. ( )*+-, -&clinder air&cooled diesel engines witha total dis!lacement of l had been de#elo!ed and !ut to use.
In 1939, /.)liter,-clinder water&cooled automoti#e dieselengines began to be utili0ed, and diesel engine research andim!ro#ements ha#e been continuall !ursued since then.
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Page.Engine
[4]Operation ;rinciple
of the Diesel Engine(1) Operation of 4-cycle Engine
Inta/e Compression Combustion E+haust
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Page.Engine
[4]Operation ;rinciple
of the Diesel Engine
(2) Valve timing in a 4-cycleEngine
16d/ance opening angle of
the inlet /al/e
2 Delayed closre angle of
the inlet /al/e
! 6d/ance opening angle ofthe e,hast /al/e
# Delayed closre angle of
the e,hast /al/eBottom
deadcenter
Inlet .al.e
closes!
E+haust
.al.e
opens!
Top dead
center
Inlet .al.e
opens!
E+haust
.al.e closes!
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Page.Engine[:]Combustion in a Diesel Engine
1 +gnition lag period
2 3lame propagation
period E,plosi/ecombstion period
! Direct combstionperiod
# 8ost9combstionperiod
Combstion state of engine
8-E:-E
Immediate combustion
after in-ection
3udden combustion
Compression CombustionT.D.C.
+gnitionIn-ection
ends!In-ection
begins.
Ignition lag
C-6N; 6N$LE
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Page.Engine[?]Diesel @noc/
Diesel knock can e prevented y s!ortening t!e ignition lagperiod" #$el in%ection no&&les are generally designed to lo'er
f$el in%ection d$ring t!e ignition lag period" T!e same effect
can e otained y t!e follo'ing met!ods
1" 9sing fuel =ith a high cetane number $cetane inde+"!
2" Raising the temperature in the cylinder! $Raising the
compression pressure!"
'" 9sing the suitable cooling =ater temperature!
(" 9sing the suitable in-ection timing!
4" 9sing suitable fuel in-ection pressure and atomi&ation!
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Page.Engine
[6]Diesel Engine
Combustion and heir Characteristics(1)Direct n%ection Type
Direction of 3el in=ection
$a' $b' $c'
roidal type
he basic shape is a heart
$a' $b' $c'
he basic shape is a semi#sphere
trctre of Direct +n=ection TypeCombstion chambers
No77le Combstion chamber
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Page.Engine
[6]Diesel Engine
Combustion and heir Characteristics(2) *re-com$stion Type
Direction of 3el in=ection
$a' $b' $c' $d'
trctre of 8re9combstion
Chamber Type
No77le
8re9combstion
chamber
ain combstion
chamber
$lo< plg
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Page.Engine
[6]Diesel Engine
Combustion and heir Characteristics(+) ,'irl !amer Type
Direction of 3el in=ection
$a' $b' $c' $d'
trctre of
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(1) Brake Tor.$e/ ,!aft 0orsepo'er/ ,pecific #$el om$stion
1 >ra(e tor4e Trning force
3orce ?3@
3orceTor4e
Length
Length ?-@
r
3
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Copyright 2005 Create Center Co. Ltd.Nissan Diesel Training Center
Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(1) Brake Tor.$e/ ,!aft 0orsepo'er/ ,pecific #$el om$stion
1 >ra(e tor4e Trning force
3orce ?3@
3orceTor4e
Length
Length ?-@
r
3
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Page.Engine
Bor/ ,orce $," Distance of mo.ement $Arc length l"
1 ;3 is the force needed to mo.e a ?4 /g ob-ect 1 m in 1 second!
1 ;3 ?4 /gm0sec
herefore horsepo=er =or/ and torue are related and can be e+pressed by the
follo=ing formulasF
$1" Gra/e torue ,orce Arm length , R R0,
$2" Bor/ B ,orce H 8o.ed distance $Arc length" , l
$'" , 2
Rn $(" Bor/ B 2n
?1 horsepo
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Page.Engine[9]Engine Performance[9]Engine Performance
2 haft force pora(e horsepora(e pots>ts(ilo
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(2) T!ermal Efficiency and ec!anical Efficiency
Theoretical
thermal efficiency
Theoretical
Thermal efficiency
+ndicated thermal
efficiency
6ctalthermal efficiency >ra(ethermal efficiency
(+) ean Effective *ress$re and ndicated 0orsepo'er
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(4) osses and 0eat Balance
1 "eat Loss
2 3riction Loss 8mping loss echanical loss
! "eat >alance
Effecti/e ra(e horsepo
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Page.EngineComparison of EnergyComparison of Energy
EciencyEciency
Page.---
-efining
Transport
torage
pply
Combstion
in Engine
-nning
efficiency
Comparison of energy efficiency
Diesel 2#
$asoline 1*
3el cell 2&
DE 1*
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(3) ir intake and Vol$metric Efficiency
1 olmetric efficiency and charging efficiency
)olumetric efficiency FBeight of actual air inta/e at ; and
Beight of air occupying cylinder .olume at ; and 2 8ercentage of e,cess air
T!e degree of e5cess air is called t!e 6percentage of e5cess air7and can e
e5pressed y t!e follo'ing form$la
;ercentage ofe+cess air
Beight of actual air inta/e
heoretical =eight of air needed for completecombustion of in-ected fuel
Beight of actual air inta/e
Beight of in-ected fuel 1(!2
F
F
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(3) ir intake and Vol$metric Efficiency
! percharging and sperchargers
Dri/en rotor
Dri/e rotor
To
Cylinder
3rom
6ircleaner
Compressor
hosing
Compressor
impeller Trbine hosing
E5!a$st gas
ntake
E,hast
trbine
E,hast
manifold
+nta(e
manifold8oot9s Blo'er ,$perc!arger
E5!a$st T$roc!arger
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(:) Engine performance Testing et!ods
1 Load test
2 inimm idling speed test
! a,imm speed go/ernor performance# tarting test
5 6cceleration test
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(;) Engine performance $rves
1 3ll load performance cr/e
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Page.Engine[]Engine ;erformance
(;) Engine performance $rves
2 E4al specific fel
consmption cr/es
! 3ish hoo( cr/e
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Page.Engine