1
Priority (Hazardous) Substances Emissions
B.FRIBOURG-BLANC, IOW
Technical expert on emissions to water ([email protected])
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20082
Introduction
b. Characteristic of diffuse sources is that there are numerous pathways and they are difficult to eliminate. There is no direct link between measures and effect. Reliable source apportionment is important (substance and location specific), because the sources leading to problems can be different for the different pollutants considered. Therefore a good inventory of sources is necessary.
(official conclusion Workshop on Diffuse sources May 2008, endorsed by Water Directors)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20083
Present situation
1. Most countries consider point sources are already correctly addressed and focus is needed on diffuse sources
2. But: Past assessment (WFD Art5 reports) showed limited useful data and information (point/diffuse) for European assessment:
B: organic + Nut,
M: Metals,
O: all other
sources +no determinand
no sources+ no determinand
(ETC/Water 2005)
Households Industry Agriculture Others
1
2
3
4
5 O B, O B, O
6 O B, O B, O
7 O B, O B, O
8 O B, O B, O
9
10 B B
11 B, M, O B, M, O B, O B, M, O
12
Summary table: Surface water diffuse source pollution
Report n°Sources
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20084
A long lasting EU legislative framework
1976: Dangerous Substances Directive (76/464/EEC) “on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community » with List I (eliminate) and List II (reduce) substances
5 Daughter Directives
2000: - EPER (2000/479), register of big point sources (26 substances)- Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), progressive reduction of discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances and the cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses of the priority hazardous substances (33 substances and groups)
2006: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH: 1907/2006) and ECHA
2008: Proposal for a Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (version of 23/6/2008, adoption planned for December 2008) (33+13 substances)
Other international initiatives:OSPAR and HELCOM ConventionsRiver Conventions
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20085
Main regulating approaches
Control measures (risk management):- At source, through control of releases: Emission Limit Value (ELV) often expressed as concentration per units of volume and time
- At receiving media level, through maximum concentration: Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)
Both mainly focussed on concentration, a need to monitor!
Other measures: Pollution reduction programmes (DSD), programmes of measures (WFD), inventory (EPER, new EQS Directive)
ELV
EQS
Source : adapted from mixing zone background document, V. Bonnomet, INERIS for DGENV 2007
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20087
From the universe of chemicals…
A chemical substance: any material with a definite chemical structure
7 million commercially
available
230 000 inventoried or
regulated
23 millionorganic and inorganic substances
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/20088
To Priority (hazardous) Substance…
The WFD:"Hazardous substances" means substances or groups of substances that are toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate; and other substances or groups of substances which give rise to an equivalent level of concern.
"Priority substances" means substances […] listed in Annex X. Among these substances there are «priority hazardous substances»[…]
Annex VIII: Indicative list of the main pollutants (groups of pollutants)
Annex X: List of priority substances in the field of water policy (COMMPS+ and update of list)
Existing lists:-Dangerous Substances Directive (76/464/EEC), repealed by WFD in 2013-Plant Protection Products Directive (91/414/EEC)-evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances Regulation (793/93/EEC), repealed -Biocidal products Directive (98/8/EC)-E_PRTR (166/2006)-OECD Representative List of High Production Volume Chemical-OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action- …
Some substances addressed in more than one list (Cd in 8 lists)
Some others only in one list (PAH, PCB…)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200810
Main groups of PS/PHS (WFD)
1. Organohalogen compounds
2. Organophosphorus compounds
3. Organotin compounds
4. CMR Substances and preparations
5. Persistent hydrocarbons and persistent and bioaccumulable organic toxic substances
6. Cyanides
7. Metals and their compounds
8. Arsenic and its compounds
9. Biocides and plant protection products
(All aggregation/disaggregation possible)
Metals and metalloids
pesticides
Organic substances (micropollutants)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200811
Some group-specific technical questions
Heavy metals:
Background natural concentration
Some debates around bio availability
Pesticides:
Often targeted to agriculture as the main user
Complexity of pathways and bio degradation processes
Do not neglect linear infrastructures (railways, motorways and roads)
Organic micropollutants:
Can be a group of substances (PCB, PAH, DIOXINs…)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200812
Some key elements to consider
1. Overall behaviour most often substance specific (persistency, bioaccumulation…), media specific (water, air…) and biota specific (biota, fish…)
2. Assessment of relevance through complex approach:
Exposure + Effect = Risk (acute, chronic) priority
3. Sales figures confidential or not enough substance specific, many substances intermediate in production (REACH?)
4. Relevance for EEA?
subsidiarity with priority at RBD, nation and EU level
link between source, their emission and resulting “in stream” load complex to establish
869
434
318
225162
116 87 70 58 49 44 34 28 19 6 30
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of countries
Nu
mb
er o
f su
bst
ance
s
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200813
Emission and source: clear concepts?
‘emission’ : the direct or indirect release of substances, […]from individual or diffuse sources into the air, water or land (IPPC Directive, 96/61/EC)
a substance, a quantity, a source, the receiving media
Diffuse source: a source of one or more pollutant(s) that cannot begeographically located on a map as a point but originating from a certain area.
Point source: a source of one or more pollutant(s) that can be geographically located and represented as a point on a map.
Where is the border? (cost and collection effort?)Special case of small point sources and linear sources (roads)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200814
The main (groups of) sources
Source : Data Collection Manual for the OECD/Eurostat Joint Questionnaire on Inland Waters, Tables 1 – 7, June 2004
Diffuse sourcesS1 Atmospheric deposition
S2 Indirect drainage of deep groundwater reservoirs
S3 Agriculture
S4 Traffic and non urban infrastructure
S5 Accidental spills.
S6 Release from materials.
Point sourcesS7 Roofs and paved areas
S8 Households
S9 Industry
S9.1 SME
S9.2 E-PRTR industry
S10 Waste deposit/landfill
S11 Historically contaminated land
S12 Natural sourcesSource : Source identification and emission controls, DGENV 2005
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200815
Who emits what? EPER examples
Number of facilities by country emitting metals and compounds, reported in EPER (2001)METALS AND COMPOUNDS
67
424
31572
579
17
4141
59131
216602
22
4
228
ATBEDEDKESFIFRGRIEITLUNLNOPTSEUK
Country Energy Metals Mineral Chemistry Waste Textiles Animal Breeding CarbonTotal Volume
(kg/year)Indice
AT 78% 12% 10% 3 199 0BE 58% 24% 16% 2% 3 068 0DE 7% 5% 76% 12% 32 217 0DK 0 0ES 20% 53% 1% 19% 7% 5 699 0FI 92% 1% 7% 8 860 0FR 12% 28% 5% 47% 3% 1% 4% 56 128 0GR 19% 8% 73% 1 698 0IE 61% 39% 163 0IT 33% 49% 3% 12% 3% 1% 24 804 0LU 100% 79 0NL 26% 67% 6% 2 070 0NO 17% 1% 17% 65% 6 983 0PT 3% 22% 2% 73% 21 251 0SE 14% 2% 84% 7 497 0UK 76% 3% 16% 2% 3% 32 736 0
Apportionment of Copper emission (direct to water) by country, reported in EPER (2001)
No unique industrial structure, no unique apportionment of emission
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200817
Existing data sources
DSD EPER E-PRTR UWWTD Eurostat/OECD OSPAR HELCOM
So
urc
es
Aggregated industries + 5 biggest
56 industries + poultry and pigs
65 industries + poultry and pigs + diffuse
Urban (domestic, connected industries and services) and food industry
all all All, individually big UWWTP and industries
Pa
thw
ays Direct and
indirect Direct and indirect
Direct and indirect + RBD
Collection and treatment
all Direct and indirect + RBD
Direct and indirect + RBD
Su
bst
an
ce
s
Loads of 17 list I Loads of 26 substances
Loads of 71 substances
Capacity for 3 pollutants + N,P in sensitive areas
Loads of 13 pollutants
Loads of 66 substances
Loads of 48 substances
Ge
ogr
aph
ic
Exact for 5 biggest
Exact for each
Exact for each point source +RBD
Exact if >2000 PE for UWWTP and >4000 indus
Aggregated for country
River outlet and direct discharge
River outlet and direct discharge
tem
po
ral Year every 3
year Year every 3 year
year Year every 2 years
Year Year at irregular intervals
Year every 5 years
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200818
Minimum requirements for emission of PS/PHS
1. A clearly identified substance or group of substances
CAS code or similar + PS/PHS lists
2. A source or a group of sources
WFD proposed list of sources
3. Temporal scale (quantity emitted per year)
Annual load
4. Geographical scale (RBD, RB, sub-unit, WB)
Exact location for big point sources, RB for all the other
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200819
Let us keep it simple…
From point to diffuse (E-PRTR goal of 90% coverage)
International reference lists as far as possible: NACE, WFD list of sources, CAS
Straightforward assumptions as far as possible: example EPER 2001 facilities in buffer 0-10km from the coastline (discharge in marine water)
B. Fribourg-Blanc, Thematic Eionet Workshop 'Pollutant Emissions to Water‘, EEA, Copenhagen, 12/09/200820
Conclusion and way forward
•It is a challenging subject, many questions still to be solved
•A need to address it at EU level, especially for common metrics and research problems
•Many guidances, manuals, emission factors are available(Inventory guidance of WG E, ETC/WTR EFDB)
•It is possible to start with the existing data sources
•Many tools exist and should be combined to avoid gaps : prefer rough estimate than ignoring
• A need for reference lists and common language
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Thanks for your attention…
B.FRIBOURG-BLANC, IOW
Technical expert on emissions to water