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TransmissionMedia
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Transmission medium and physical layer
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Classes of transmission media
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Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
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Twisted-pair cable
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UTP and STP
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Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use
1 very low < 100 kbps Analog Telephone
2 < 2 MHz 2 Mbps Analog/digital T-1 lines
3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Digital LANs
4 20 MHz 20 Mbps Digital LANs
5 100 MHz 100 Mbps Digital LANs
6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 Mbps Digital LANs
7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 Mbps Digital LANs
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UTP connector
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UTP performance
(Thickness of wire
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Coaxial cable
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Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables
Category Impedance Use
RG-59 75W
Cable TV
RG-58 50 W Thin EthernetRG-11 50 W Thick Ethernet
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BNC connectors
Bayone-Neill-Concelman(BNC)
Used in TV setUsed in
Eathernetnetwork
Used at end ofthe cable
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Coaxial cable performance
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Bending of light ray
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Optical fiber
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Propagation modes
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Modes
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Fiber types
Type Core Cladding Mode
50/125 50 125 Multimode, graded-index
62.5/125 62.5 125 Multimode, graded-index
100/125 100 125 Multimode, graded-index
7/125 7 125 Single-mode
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Fiber construction
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Fiber-optic cable connectors
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Optical fiber performance
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Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
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Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
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Propagation methods
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Bands
Band Range Propagation Application
VLF 3
30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation
LF 30300 KHz GroundRadio beacons and
navigational locators
MF 300 KHz3 MHz Sky AM radio
HF 3
30 MHz Sky
Citizens band (CB),
ship/aircraft communication
VHF 30300 MHzSky and
line-of-sight
VHF TV,
FM radio
UHF 300 MHz3 GHz Line-of-sightUHF TV, cellular phones,
paging, satellite
SHF 330 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication
EHF 30300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation
l
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Wireless transmission waves
O idi i l
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Omnidirectional antennas
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Frequency range of radio waves are 3 KHz
to 1GHz. Radio waves are omnidirecional
and sky transmission in nature. Radio waves
are used for multicast communications, such
as radio and television, cordless phones and
paging systems.
U idi ti l t
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Unidirectional antennas
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Microwaves frequency range is between
1GHz to 300GHz. These waves are
unidirectional and line in sighttransmission. Microwaves are used for
unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wirelessLANs.
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Frequency range of infrareds are between
300GHz to 400THz. Infrared signals can beused for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.