160,000 Years
18,000 years
1000 years
Climate of the last 1000 yr
Last 140 years
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0313irradiance.html
Greenhouse Gases
Volcanoes
Volcanic aerosol loading
Aerosol lifetime
Last 50 years
Pinatubo
Troposphere and Stratospheric Response
Tropospheric Sulfate Aerosols
Cooling to offset warming
Estimated Sulfur Emissions
Climate Models
1-D Radiative convective
models
2-D Models
3-D Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Model
Radiative Forcing 1-D Model
Observations
Natural
Anthropogenic
Natural & Anthropogenic
19,20,21 century Temp
21 century temps
2071-2100 mean – 1961-1990 mean A2
2071-2100 mean – 1961-1990 mean B2
Surface warming Stratospheric cooling
Surface warming Stratospheric cooling
Stratospheric Ozone
Polar Stratospheric Clouds& CFCs
Stratospheric Temps
Atmospheric CO2
Ozone loss cools stratosphere increases PSCs and enhances Ozone loss
CO2 increases cools stratosphere increases PSCs and enhances Ozone loss
So even as CFCs drop PSCs may increase and delay ozone hole recovery
Sea Level
Sea Level Changes
Future Sea Level Rises
Climate Change