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Mandu
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11th century:
While demonstration of military power led to campaigns
and battles within the northern and central plains, from
outside of the subcontinent, Mahmud of Ghazni began
his raids from the north west.
His ambition was to be proclaimed the champion of Islam
and for him, India was the proverbially wealthy
land from across the barren mountains of the Hindu Kush.
The years 1004 - 06 saw repeated attacks on Multan, a
town of strategic importance in the middle Indus plain
with access to Sind.
Muhammad Ghuri entered the Indus plain in search of a
potential kingdom rather than indulging in plundering raids
in 1182 AD.
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Elsewhere in India, local polit ics remained the primary
concern. The Ganges plain did not experience as much
disruption as Punjab.Kanuaj was restored and eventually
came under the control of the local Gahadavala dynasty. Bihar
was ruled by the Karnataka Kshatriya dynasty. A number of
officers from various parts of the peninsula had found
employment in Eastern India.
The Rajputs fought each other unceasingly in the 11th and
12th centuries.Paramarasconcentrated over
Malwa, Chalukyas / Solankis remained in Gujarat,
Chandellasbusied against Paramarasand Kalachuris and
Chauhansattacked them in 12th century. Guhilaswere
dominant in Mewar and southern Rajasthan.
Kachchhapaghatas ruled over Gwalior and surrounding
districts.
1192: Mahmud Ghazni captured Delhi.
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Regional variation was visible in the styles of architecture and art. Temples grew in size from small places of worship
to impressive, monumental structures, built in almost every region.
The overall architectural requirements and their ground plans evolved from earlier temples. The flat roofed forms
had acquired a shikhara or central tower over the main shrine and now there were smaller shikharas over
subsidiary shrines as well, sometimes adjoining the main shrine.
The central tower was tall, often tapering slightly in a convex shape. This altered the elevation and provided scope
for new styles and decorative features in the Nagara or nor th Indian style.
Temples of the later period were considerably larger and were the locations for major ceremonies of royal initiation
and legitimation, linking the icon, the deity and the king.
Forms associated with Islamic architecture, like the true arch and the dome, were earlier attempted in the north
west and probably also in the Arab settlements along the west coast. This is evident from the reference to the
mosque at Cambay destroyed by the Paramara king and the Shia'h mosque at Mansura desecrated by Mahmud. The
establishing of the Sultanate was marked at Delhi and at Ajmer by convert ing the existing temple into a mosque,
doubtless to proclaim victory but also to appropriate sacred space.
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The citadel is perched upon a rocky outspur of the Vindhya ranges at an alt itude of 634m. The Kakra Khoh, a deep ravine
surrounds this hill to its west, north and east separating it from the main Malwa plateau.
Served as an ideal frontier outpost to make incursions into the Deccan or to ward off invasions from the south.
While the fort was built in the 6th - 7th century AD, in the 10th century it appears to be a part of the Gurjara-Pratihara
empire of Kanauj.
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The Mandu plateau is a small spur (about 20 sq kms) of the large Malwa plateau, attached by a verynarrow neck which has been moat-ed and fortified to separate it from the main plateau - a perfect
natural protection augmented by man-made fortifications
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Ruins of an early fortification atop on an
isolated hill, locally known as Budhi Mandu.
The remains include two gates, western
and eastern which are quite inaccessible
due to the rocky terrain and dense forest
cover.
Two Gates near the MunjTalao, the
Rampol gate and the Bhangi
gate are dated to the period of the
Paramaras(1010 1053).
1305:kingdom of Malwa passed into the
hands of the Delhi Sultanate.
The polit ical ustability continued in the
region of Malwa, Mandu was the preferred
court over the capital city of Dhar and
finally became the capital in 1405
under Alp Khan, Hoshang Shah.
1. Dilawar Khan's Mosque
2. Champa Baoli
3. Hindla Mahal
4. Jahaz Mahal
5. Kapur Talao
6. Royal Palace
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DILLI GATE
Five arched openings crowned by beautifulcrenellations
Fine blue enamel inlay work
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JAHAZ MAHAL
Built by Sultan Ghiyathuddin Khalji represents the classical phase of Mandu
Located on a narrow strip of land between Munj talao and Kapur Talao
Built in an appearance of a ship anchored in water
Each hall is attached with pavilions at the rear overlooking MunjTalao
Patterned cisterns and water channels on the terraces reduced the
momentum of flow of water to allow for luxurious bathing
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HIND OLA MAHAL
Built by Sultan Ghiyathuddin Khalji derives its
name from the sloping buttressed walls
As an audience hall shaped lke a T stem
representing the main hall and cross bar added
possibly later
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CHAMPA BAOLI
is a relic existing in the palace complex with
two baolis
a square tank with pumping equipment is set
underground.
Subterranean passage connects the base of a
well to a labyrinth of vaulted rooms, the
tahkhana further connected to a pavilion on
the western bank of the Munj talao
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DILAWAR KHAN S MOSQUE
Earliest Indo-Islamic monument referring to the reign of the first Muslim king of Malwa
Central courtyard, colonnaded galleries, richly ornamented mihrabon the west
Distinct influence in the pillars and ceiling of the prayer hall
The first phase when mosques were built from dismantled temples
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REWA KUND GROUP
Second most important fortified enclosure on the hill protecting the palace of Baz Bahadur and Rani Roopmati near
the Rewa kund
1554- 1562, Baz Bahadur, gave up warfare ad devoted to music and poetry
Legends of romance between the two the palace of Roopamti was built at the edged of the cliff so that she can gaze
at the pristine Narmada and view the King in his Mahal
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JAMI MASJID
Begun by Hoshang Shah and completed by Mahmud Khalji 1454
Stands on a plinth (4.6 m high) leading to grand, domed entrance porch to the east
Spacious domed hall with delicate trellis screens
Cenral courtyard with colonnaded verandahs covered with domes
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HO SHAN G SHAHS TOMB
First in India to be entirely faced in white marble
Finial of the dome is crowned with a crescent a feature suggested to be imported from Mesopotamia or Persia
Built on a square marble platform bearing ornamental border with projecting lobes - a feature adopted from Hindu
temples
It is said tat this dome inspired the dome of the Taj Mahal in Agra an inscription records that four architects (Ustad
Hamid and others) in 1659 visited the tomb to pay homage to Hoshang Shah
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ASHRAFI MAHAL
Once a beautifully refined complex, but presently in a state of ruins
Begun in the early years of Mahmud Khalji (1436 39)
A madrasa, executed like a mosque with a spacious quadrangle encosed on all foursides by cells for students