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Networking
Basics
byS.MuthusamiDDE, STI(T)
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What is Networking?
Connecting two or more computers
Types of Networking LAN (Local Area Network)
Normally within a building
Connection orientedWireless
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What is Networking?
WAN (Wide area network)
between two branches in different citiesdedicated lines(Costly but slower than LA
VPN (Virtual private network)
between two branches in different cities
public network (Cheaper than WAN butthan LAN)
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Why Networking?
Purpose of Networking
Sharing of files Sharing of resources
Sharing of programs
Users communicate with each other
Video conferencing
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Why Networking? Contd
Entertainment, distributed games Audio & video streaming
Doom and other games
Commerce Ticket booking, Purchase of articles and ba
Automation of business processes
Control of equipment Domestic like washing machine, Microwav
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Terminology
Local networks are called LANs
A computer connected to a LAN is known as
A computer is turned on and can access theis said to be online.
LAN and Internet are different
Internet is a group of large networks
Two modes of configuration in a network
Client Server model (Domain)
Peer to Peer model (Workgroup)
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Domain Configuration
DC ADC
Workstation
Switch
Workstation Work
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Features of a Domain
Suited for large Networks Increased security by central authentication
Access control with NTFS file system Disk quota
Remote access DNS
DHCP Mailing facility
Costly operating system
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Peer to Peer model
SwitchWorkstation Wor
Wor
Workstation
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Features of a Peer to peer
Suited for Small Networks up to ten compute
Share level Access control Cheaper operating system
Easier to maintain
No Administrator
Static IP addresses
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Network infrastructure
Physical
Network interface card
Cables
Switches/Hubs
RoutersConnectors
Logical
Operating system
protocols
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UTP cable
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ScTP cable
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UTP cables
C
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Connectors
T l
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1. Bus topology
Topology
2. St
3. Ring to
N t k i ti
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Network communication
Communication between two computers in a networ
OSI reference model (Open Systems InterconnectReference Model (1984))
standardization of the various protocols used in comnetworks by the International Standards Organizati
TCP/IP model or DOD model
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The OSI model
Application layer
Transport
Network
Link
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The OSI model
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The Physical Layer
Responsibility: transmission of raw bits over a communication
channel. Issues:
mechanical and electrical interfaces time per bit
distances
The Data Link Layer
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The Data Link Layer -
Data Link Control
Responsibility: provide an error-free communication link
Issues:framing (dividing data into chunks) header & trailer bits
addressing
10110110101 01100010011 1011000
The Data Link Layer
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The Data Link Layer -
The MAC sublayer
Medium Access Control - needed by mutiaccnetworks.
MAC provides DLC with virtual wires on
multiaccess networks.
Th N k L
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The Network Layer
Responsibilities:
path selection between end-systems (routing). subnet flow control.
fragmentation & reassembly translation between different network types.
Issues:packetheaders
virtual circuits
Th T L
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The Transport Layer
Responsibilities:
provides virtual end-to-end links between peerprocesses.
end-to-end flow control Issues:
headers error detection
reliable communication
Th S i L
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The Session Layer
Responsibilities: establishes, manages, and terminates sessions be
applications.
service location lookup
Many protocol suites do not include a session
layer.
Th P t ti L
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The Presentation Layer
Responsibilities: data encryption
data compression data conversion
Many protocol suites do not include a PresenLayer.
Th A li ti L
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The Application Layer
Responsibilities: anything not provided by any of the other layers
Issues: application level protocols
appropriate selection of type of service
Network Address
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Network Address
Every host connected to a network should have aaddress for interconnectivity
IP addresses are unique logical addresses (not p 32 bits.( 4 octets in dotted decimal notation)
Includes a network ID and a host ID.
Every host must have a unique host ID in its IP ad
IP addresses are assigned by a central authority
Internet numbers assigning authority) Subnet masks are to identify the network ID and h
Eg: For Class C network 255.255.255.0Class B network 255.255.0.0
Network Address
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Network Address
Every Ethernet interface has a unique 48 bit a
also (MAC address a.k.a. hardware address).
Example: C0:B3:44:17:21:17 Switches use this address for switching
IP Address
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IP Address
0NetID
10
110 NetID
1110 Multicast Address
HostID
NetID HostID
HostID
ClassClassAA
BB
CC
DD8 bits 8 bits 8 bits8 bits
0
12
1
22
241111 ResearchEE
Eg: 192.128.16.1
Class A B&C IP Address
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Class A,B&C IP Address
Class A 128 possible network IDs
over 4 million host IDs per network ID
Class AClass A 128 possible network IDs
over 4 million host IDs per networkID
Class BClass B 16K possible network IDs
64K host IDs per network ID
Class CClass C over 2 million possible network IDs
about 256 host IDs per network ID
Network ID and Host ID
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Network ID and Host ID
A Network ID is assigned to an organization by authority.
Host IDs are assigned locally by the system adm Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used fo
A single network interface is assigned a single IPcalled the hostaddress.
A host may have multiple interfaces, and therefohostaddresses.
Hosts that share a network all have the same IP naddress (the network ID).
Subnetting
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Subnetting
router
Subnet A192.168.1.0
Subnet B192.168.2.0
Subnet C192.168.3.0
Process summary
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Process summary
Letter
Letter
Addressed
Envelope
Addressed
Envelope
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Thank You