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VMED 5366
B. Olcott DVM,MS,MBA
Swine Production
2007
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Prior to WWII pork was the number one meaton the American table.
Today its number 3 behind beef and chicken.
Chicken is cheap and beef is good.
History of Swine
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During the last 40 years the swine industry hastotally restructured itself.Prior to the 70s swine were raised on dirt and
was a backyard industry.
During the 70s pigs moved into confinementhousing and farms grew.Today, huge consolidation of the industry.
Swine History Lesson
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Geographically pigs were raised in the Midwest.Iowa is still the number 1 pig state but is
closely followed by North Carolina.
Swine History
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Swine Strengths, Weaknesses,Threats and OpportunitiesThreatsTrichinellaReligious issuesPerception of being a
fatty food.Perception of being
the other white meat.
OpportunitiesFeed efficiencyLow priceLow fatCompetes head on
with poultryBacon burgersCracklings
Export market
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Keep useful records for monitoring andevaluating performance.Understand and use of the cost/price
equation. Produce cheaper product.Use marketing techniques that lock in
prices and costs , exploits niches or utilizesvertical integration.Develop expertise capital management and
financial planning.
Economic Survival in the SwineIndustry
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Little demand for individual animal care focusis on herd health and productivity.
Losses are usually in poor reproduction or insubclinical disease.
Knowledge of nutrition, reproduction, housing,ventilation, genetics, breeding and diseases arecritical.
Veterinary Needs for the SwineIndustry
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Diagnosis and treatment of individual animals.Diagnosis and treatment of groups of animals
or whole herds.
Consultative services for the improvement ofproduction, health and finances.
Roles of Veterinarians
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Sale of biologicals and pharmaceuticalsVeterinary servicesDisease dxRxRegulatory
ConsultativeProduction monitoringDisease management
Reproductive management
Veterinary Profit Centers
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The most important function of veterinaryconsultative services is the Walk Through.
The ON-Farm Walk Through
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Walk ThroughToolsEars, eyes nose
tacticalThermometer
Tape measureHygrometerPM knifeSample collections
Melon baller
TasksListenManager
Pigs
LookEnvironment
Pigs
SmellEnvironment
Feed
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Farrowing House
Finger crate
Plastic coated floor
for pigletsCast iron floor for
sow.
Plastic dividers
Active pigs
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Whats wrong with this picture?
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Farrowing crate
Hydraulic crate
Woven wire floors
Metal dividersCold piglets
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Farrowing crate
Newborn pigs
Hydraulic crate.
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Farrowing House
Farrowing cratehybrid bow andfinger crate
Feed mat on floor
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Nursery Pigs
Woven wire floors
Cement walls
Pipe dividersWhy are they
huddled?
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Gestation Barn
Gestating sows
Communal pens
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Gestation Barn
Individualcrates
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Feed Floor
Feeder pigs
Cement slat floors
over a flush pit
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Pigs on Dirt
Farrowing hutches
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Pasture Pigs
Sow and litter ondirt
5,000 sowoperation
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Pigs on DirtAdvantagesAir qualityLess respiratory
disease.
Soft dirtLess locomotor
problems
Free foodNatural
DisadvantagesParasitesEnteric diseaseTemperature
regulationSanitationLabor
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Get the big pictureIdentify sources of problems
Perform necropsies
Come up with a planImplement
Monitor
Walk through procedurecontinued
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Farrow to finish: breed sows and market hogs.Farrow to wean Segregated Early Weaning.Feeder pig operatorsPurebred producersClub pig operationsPet pig operations
Swine Farms
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Average cost is $3,000-$5,000/sow for a farrowto finish facility.
250 sows $1,000,000
Profitability is ratio of corn to market hogs.
Feed is 75% of the cost of a pig.
Costs
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Reproductive performanceFeed wastage
Fat
Neonatal mortalityNumber of pigs weaned/litter
Feed efficiency
Specific diseases
Profit Variables
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Pre-breedingSelection5-6 mo 220-240 lbs
12 perfect teats
Conformationally soundMaternal geneticsDaughters of sows with high maternal breeding
value.
General Herd Health Program:Gilts
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Isolation30 days for most diseases90 days for PRRS
Retest for brucella, PRV and other herd
restricted pathogens.Medicate for ileitis and others
General Program: IncomingGilts
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AcclimatizationBegins after seronegative retestFeed back manure, mummies etcExpose gilts to cull sows.
Vaccinate for known herd diseasesTreat for internal and external parasites
Incoming Gilts
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ImmunizationVaccinate for Parvo, Lepto, Erysip 2xHerd specific pathogens.
Nutrition
Protein 15-16%Ca 0.9%Phos 0.8%Feed intake 4-6 lbs/hd/day
Incoming Gilts
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Move gilts to boarFlush gilts 6-9 lbs/hd/day
Breed during 2nd 3rd estrus
Double mate @ 12 and 24 hours after onset ofestrus.
Reduce feed after mating
Breeding Gilts
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NutritionKeep on 4 lbs/hd/day until last trimesterIncrease to 6.6 lbs/hd/day last trimester.Increase intake during winter months.
Increase intake based on BCSProtein 14%
Calcium 0.84%
Phosphorus 0.70%
Gestating Gilts
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ImmunizeClostridium perfringens type C toxoid5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing.
E. coli bacterin (K88,K99,987P,F41)5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing
Rotavirus5 weeks and 3 weeks prefarrowing
TGE vaccineParenteral: 5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing.
Oral: 5 weeks, 3 weeks and 1 week prior to farrowing.Erysipelothrix3 weeks prior to farrowing
Gestating Gilts
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Gestating GiltsParasite controlTreat for mange 1
week prior to farrowdate. Goal is to
eradicate mange.Treat for nematode
parasites 1 week priorto farrowing
Strongyloidesransomi:TranscolostralTransplacental
TranscutaneousA. suisStick to hairs on the
gilt.
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Farrowing GiltsAIAOClean and disinfect
farrowing house.
Clean and disinfectgilts.
Attend farrowings
Induce farrowings
Assist dystocias quickly.Cross foster pigs
Clean manure 2x daily.
Monitor feed intake
Feed laxative diet
7lbs/ton KCL20 lbs/ton Dynamate
MgSO4
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Sows: Prebreeding (Lactating)Maintain BCSFull feedRation densityRestricted ration after
matingWean pigs abruptly at
day 14-28. Resultingin estrus in 4-8 days.
Immunizations7 days prior to
weaningParvo booster
Leptospirosis boosterErysipelothrix booster
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Sows: FarrowingClean and disinfect
crates
Clean and disinfectsows.
Deworm, demangesows.
Feed BMD forclostridium control
Induce farrowingsAttend farrowingsTreat dystocias
quickly.
Feed laxativesFeed grain ad lib in 2-
4 meals/day.Add fats.
Cross foster
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Nursing PigsHeat LampsHeat pads
Creches90-95oFDraft freeNon conductive
surface
Process baby pigs @12-24 hours.Clip needle teethDock tails
Notch ears200 mg IronAntibacterialsGenetic defects
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SEWAdvantagesHealthier weaned
pigsEasily marketed
pigletsSow can have more
litters/yr
DisadvantagesDelayed returns to
estrusDecreased litter size
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Nursery PigsEnvironmentClean warm (85oF)
draft free.Woven wire floor or
expanded plasticcoated metal.
AIAO
Nutrition10-15lb pig Protein 22% Lysine 1.4% Calcium 0.9% Phosphorus 0.8%
25-50lb Protein 20% Lysine 1.10% Calcium 0.9% Phosphorus 0.8%
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Nursery PigsManagementGroups of
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Nursery Pigs: DiseasesRespiratoryMycoplasmaP. multocidaGlassers
PRRS
EntericPostweaning E. coliPostweaning
Rota/Corona
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Growing and Finishing PigsNutritionFeed ad lib50-75 lb pigs18% protein
75-125 lb pigs16% protein
125-260 lb pig14%
ImmunizationHerd specific
APP 10 & 14 wks
ParasitesMonitor and treat
Control mangeMonitorDisease: Slaughter checksNecropsyDays to market
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BoarsThe BoarPuberty at 4.5-5
months
Breeding at 5-9
monthsMature at 18 months
Senile at 48 months
Boar UsageMature (>12 months)
5-7x weekImmature (
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The Boar: Examination
Sheath, scrotum,prepucePreputial
diverticulum PissPocket
TesticlesLegs and feet
LibidoMammary glands
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The BoarTerminal siresADGDays to 260 lbsFeed efficiency
Back fatLoin size
Maternal linesFertilityLitter sizeMilking ability
Weaning weightsMaternal ability
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The BoarImmunization Vaccinate for Parvo, Lepto,
Erysip 2xHerd specific pathogens.
Mange and parasite
controlNutrition Protein 15-16% Ca 0.9% Phos 0.8%
Feed intake 4-6lbs/hd/day
HousingGroup housing until
pubertyIndividual housing
thereafter.In sight of the
breeding barn is ideal
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Production Targets: Breeding
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Production Targets: Farrowing
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Production Targets: Inventory
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Exposure Thresholds
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Temperature Zones
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Breeding animals need more space thengestating animals.
Animals on slats need less space then animalson solid floor.
Roughly double the size of the animal to get sqfoot requirements.
Pen Size Recommendations
Feeder Space and Water
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Small pigs need more feeder space then biggerpigs.Feeder pigs max is 5 pigs per feeder space.Breeding herd is usually fed on the floor.
Maximum of 15 pigs/water nippleWith 2 nipples per pen
Feeder Space and WaterNipples
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Gestating sows, breeding age gilts andboars are all limit fed.Everyone else is ad lib.Basics of feed is ground corn and soybean
meal plus a vitamin/mineral premix.Neonates need animal quality proteins;
blood meal, whey, feather meal etc.Lactating sows may need added fat during
the summer months.
Pig Feeding