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UNDERSTANDINGPLUMBING FIXTURES
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
DANILO V. RAVINA 1
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KEYWORDS:
• PLUMBING FIXTURE
• FIXTURE UNIT
• DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU)
• WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE (WSFU)
•
ROUGHING-IN
DANILO V. RAVINA 2
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What are Plumbing Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type installed receptacles,
devices or appliances supplied with water or liquid-borne
wastes & discharge such wastes into the drainage system to
which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial
or commercial tanks, vats & similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures , but may be connected to or discharge
into approved traps or plumbing fixtures as approved for in
this Code. (Sec. 217.10 NPC 1999)
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FIXTURE UNIT
207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a
numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA 4
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What are the common types of Plumbing
Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are receptacles or
receivers attached to the plumbing system other than a trap
in which water or waste may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment facility and
point of discharge.
• Their common types are:
1. Water Closet 2. Lavatory
3. Bathtub /Shower 4. Kitchen Sink
5. Bidet 6. Urinal
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WATER CLOSETDRAINAGEFIXTURE MINIMUM
TRAP &
TRAP ARM
SIZE (mm)
DRAINAGE
FIXTURE
UNIT (DFU)
WATER
CLOSET,*
PRIVATE
INSTALLATION
76 mm 4 DFU
WATER
CLOSET,
PUBLIC
INSTALLATION
76 mm 6 DFU
WATER SUPPLY
FIXTURE WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNIT
(WSFU):
PRIVATE USE
WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNIT
(WSFU):
PUBLIC USE
WATER CLOSET
(FLUSH TANK)
3 WSFU 5 WSFU
WATER CLOSET
(ECONOMICAL
FLUSH)
2.5 WSFU 4 WSFU
WATER CLOSET(FLUSHOMETER
VALVE) 25 mm
6 WSFU 10 WSFU
DANILO V. RAVINA 6
Water closets shall be computed as 6
DFU when determining septic tank size.
*Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) and Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to
account for the sewage flow or water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private
use) as 1 DFU or 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures on a common basis.
Refer to page 80 of the NPC Refer to page 73 of the NPC
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What is a Water Closet & What are its
Classifications?
• Water Closet is a plumbing fixture used
to receive human excrement & to
discharge it through a waste pipe, using
water as a conveying medium.
• Water Closets are classified according to:
1. Design
2. Make
3. Flushing Mechanism Used
4. Shape5. Installation
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What are the types of water closet as to Design?1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet 3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse Trap
1. Siphon Washdown
It is the least expensive but thenoisiest; Only small amount ofstanding water, susceptible tofouling, staining &contamination
2. Siphon Jet
The jet being submerged,introduces water underwater sothat its operation is entirelymuffled. It has a large amountof standing water to preventfouling
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3. Siphon Vortex
This type of bowl develops itsflushing action through the
water entering the diagonalholes around the rim whichcreates a swirling action whichforms a vortex in the center.
Reverse Trap
The trap way located at the reareliminated the bulge at the front.The design of the bowl plus itslarge water area & quietness inoperation, makes it desirablethan the siphon washdown.
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What are the type of water closets as to Make?1. One-Piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail Flush 4. Squat bowl
• The water closet fixture is
manufactured with the bowl &the flush tank molded into a
single unit
One-Piece Water Closet:
From HCG
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Close Coupled Water Closet:
• A water closet wherein the flush tank
is separate but is attached to the
toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.From Mariwasa ToTo
From HCG
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Pail Flush Water Closet:
• A water closet comprising only of a bowl
without a flush tank. Flushing action is
obtained only through water poured from a
pail or bucket. This is used in areas where
running water system is not available.
From Royal Tern
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Squat Bowl Water Closet:
• A water closet thatis other wiseknown as “easterntype” water closet
since the userassumes asquatting positionrather than a
sitting position.
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What are the types of water closets as to Flushing
Mechanism Used?1. Flush Tank 2. Flushometer Valve
Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water forflushing the water closet. It flushes 3 to 6liters.
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Flushometer Valve:
• Flushometer Valve is a
valve designed to supply a
fixed quantity of water for
flushing purposes. It is
activated by direct waterpressure without the use
of a flush tank. It requires
a flow pressure of 69 to
138 kPa (10 to 20 psi)
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What are the types of water
closets as to Shape?1. Round Front
2. Elongated Front
Round FrontWC is intendedfor installationon a limited
space.
Elongated Frontis morecomfortable butoccupies a larger
space. Watercloset bowls forpublic use shall bethe elongated type.
Section 401
Water closet bowls for
public use shall be the
elongated bowl types
equipped with
open-front seats.
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What are the types of water closet as to installation?1. Free Standing or Floor Mounted
2. Wall Hung or Wall Mounted
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What is a Lavatory? What are its types?
• A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the washing of the hands
or face. It is also known as a Wash Basin.
• The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter 4. One-piece Lavatory
LAVATORY
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Wall Hung Lavatory: Pedestal Lavatory:
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Counter Type Lavatory:
Overcounter Lavatory Undercounter Lavatory
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One-piece Lavatory:
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What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins for
Lavatories?
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What is a Bathtub?
• A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a
fixed plumbing installation designed for
1 person. It is available in left outlet and
right outlet
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What is a Shower Bath?
A Shower Bath is an apparatus for sprayingwater on the body, usually from above. Drainis through the shower bath floor drain.
Shower Pan
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DANILO V. RAVINA 26
1 . 7
8 m e t e r s
Sec. 409.4
All shower compartments,
regardless of shape, shallhave a minimum finished
interior area of 0.6 square
meter, and shall also be
capable of encompassing a
762 mm diameter circle.
The minimum area anddimension shall be
maintained from a point
above the shower drain
outlet to a height of 1.78
meters with no protrusions
other than the fixture valveor valves, shower head and
safety grab bars or rails.
SHOWER COMPARTMENT
762 mm
Min. Area = 0.6 m²
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What is a Kitchen Sink?
A Kitchen Sink isa plumbing fixtureconsisting of abasin with a water
supply, connectedwith a drain & usedfor dishwashing.
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What is a Bidet?
A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used forwashing the middle part of the body,especially the genitals. It is alsoknown as Sitz Bath.
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Bidet is used in tandem with the one-piece water closet or in
integrated with the close coupled water closet:
WASHLET
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What is a Urinal? What are the types of Urinal?
• A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a water
supply and drain for flushing away urine.
• The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal
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Wall Hung Urinal:
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Stall Urinal
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Urinal Types, Clearances and Roughing-ins:
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What are other types of Plumbing Fixtures?
Slop Sink – A deep sink, set low &used by janitors for emptying pailsof dirty water & mop cleaning.
Laundry Tub – A deep wide sinkused for washing clothes.
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Scrub Sink: Drinking Fountain:
A Scrub Sink is aplumbing fixtureusually located in theO.R. in a hospital toenable personnel to
scrub their handsprior to a surgicalprocedure. The Hot& Cold water supplyis activated by aknee – action mixing
valve or by wrist orpedal control or byautomatic sensors.
A Drinking Fountain is aplumbing fixture consisting
of a shallow basin, togetherwith a water jet, designedto provide potable water forhuman consumption.
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What are Toilet and Bath Plumbing
Accessories?
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PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHING-INDIMENSIONS and FIXTURE UNIT
VALUES (dfu) (wsfu)
DANILO V. RAVINA 37
WATER CLOSET
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WATER CLOSET
457 mm
375 mm750 mm
4 5 7 m m
762 mm
1 5 2 4 m m
300 mm600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
457 mm
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS
219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the
installation of all pipings
and fitting parts of theplumbing system, which
can be completed prior to
the installation of fixtures
and accessories. These
include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot andchilled water supplies, gas
pipings, vent pipings and
the necessary fixture
supports.
DANILO V. RAVINA 38
Clearances are
minimum distances
of fixtures for
human safety andcomfort.
WATER CLOSET
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WATER CLOSET
Section 401
Water closet bowls for public use
shall be the elongated bowl types
equipped with open-front seats.
457 mm
375 mm750 mm
4 5 7 m m
762 mm
1 5 2 4 m m
300 mm600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
457 mm
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS
219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the installation of
all pipings and fitting parts of the
plumbing system, which can be
completed prior to the installationof fixtures and accessories. These
include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot and chilled
water supplies, gas pipings, vent
pipings and the necessary fixture
supports.
DANILO V. RAVINA 39
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375 MM750 MM
300 mm
457 MM
300 mm
2 0 6 m m
ROUGHING-IN FOR WATER CLOSET
150 mm
206 mm
DANILO V. RAVINA 40
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WATER CLOSET ROUGHING-IN
DANILO V. RAVINA 41
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DANILO V. RAVINA 42
ANATOMY OF A WATERCLOSET
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ANATOMY OF A WATERCLOSET
DANILO V. RAVINA 43
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DANILO V. RAVINA 44
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FLOOR DRAINS
409.1
Floor drains shall be considered
plumbing fixtures.
SHOWER RECEPTORS
409.2
Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
409.3Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be
constructed to have a finish dam, curb or threshold which is
at least 25.4 mm lower than the outside floor at the sides
and back of such receptor. In no case shall any dam or
threshold be less than 51 mm nor more than 228 mm indepth when measured from the top of the dam or threshold
to the drain. The finished floor of the receptor shall slope
uniformly from the sides towards the drain not less than 2%
or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m. Thresholds shall
be of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum 559mm
wide door.
DANILO V. RAVINA 45
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SHOWER / BATH TUB
DANILO V. RAVINA 46
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PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
DANILO V. RAVINA 47
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TOILET FOR THE DISABLED
DANILO V. RAVINA 48
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SHOWER FOR THE DISABLED
DANILO V. RAVINA 49
/
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TOILET / POWDER ROOM PLAN
TWO FIXTURE PLAN: PARALLEL
TWO FIXTURE PLAN: ACROSS
DANILO V. RAVINA 50
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TOILET AND BATH PLAN
THREE FIXTURE PLAN: OPEN TYPE
THREE FIXTURE PLAN:
COMPARTMENT TYPEDANILO V. RAVINA 51
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FIXTURE UNIT
207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or waterrequirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a
numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA 52
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR VARIOUS TYPES
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(Private installation )
(Single)
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF PLUMBING FIXTURES
NOTE: For more details,
refer to Table 7-2 of the
NPC. Page 80
DANILO V. RAVINA 53
*MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
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MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING
NOTES:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closet or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack, and not
to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on 2% or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4mm/m slope, multiply horizontal
fixture units by a factor of 0.80.
*THESE
FIGURES ARE
FOUND IN
TABLE 7-5 OFTHE NPC ON
PAGE 88.
DANILO V. RAVINA 54
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
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Type of Fixture
Number of Water Supply Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Private Use Public Use
Bar Sink 1 2
Bathtub (with or without Shower over) 2 4
Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2
Hose Bibb 3 5
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer 2 4
Lavatory 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher 2 4
Urinal (wall or stall type) - 5Water Closet – Flush Tank 3 5
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm 3 6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 25mm 6 10
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
*Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various
plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private use) as 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures
on a common basis.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
DANILO V. RAVINA 55
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TABLE 2B. ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND
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SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
Gallon per minute Liter per second Gallon per minute Liter per second
1 - - 60 54.0 3.41
2 - - 70 58.0 3.66
3 - - 80 61.2 3.86
4 - - 90 64.3 4.06
5 15.0 0.95 100 67.5 4.26
6 17.4 1.10 120 73.0 4.61
7 19.8 1.25 140 77.0 4.86
8 22.2 1.40 160 81.0 5.11
9 24.6 1.55 180 85.5 5.39
10 27.0 1.70 200 90.0 5.68
12 28.6 1.80 250 101.0 6.37
14 30.2 1.91 300 108.0 6.81
16 31.8 2.01 400 127.0 8.01
18 33.4 2.11 500 143.0 9.02
20 35.0 2.21 750 177.0 11.17
25 38.0 2.40 1000 208.0 13.12
30 42.0 2.65 1250 239.0 15.08
35 44.0 2.78 1500 269.0 16.97
40 46.0 2.90 2000 325.0 20.50
45 48.0 3.03 2500 380.0 23.97
50 50.0 3.15 3000 433.0 27.32DANILO V. RAVINA 57
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END OF PRESENTATION