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Motivation and Emotion
Dr. Arra
Chapter 10
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Motivation and Emotion
Motivation: the driving force behind behavior
that leads us to pursue some things and
avoid others.
Motivation has two components:
1) what people want to do (goals)
2) how strongly they want to do it
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Perspectives on Motivation
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Emphasizes the biological basis ofmotivation
Freud believed that humans are motivatedby drives; internal tension states that buildup until they are satisfied
Two basic drives: sex and aggression(control others and the environment)
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Perspectives on Motivation
Other drives include the need for relatedness to
others, and the need for self-esteem
More recent psychodynamic psychologists have
replaced drives with:1) wishes a representation of a desired state
that is associated with emotion or arousal
2) fears a representation of an undesired statethat is associated with an unpleasant feeling
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Perspectives on Motivation
Conscious vs. Unconscious Motivation
Self-report/stated motives
Motives revealed through projective testsshort term vs. long term
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Perspectives on Motivation
BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
Learning theorists recognize that theinternal state of an organism influences
reinforcementEX: reinforcers losing their power
Behaviorists believe that motivation is a
combination of ones drives (food, drink,sex) and reinforcement
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Perspectives on Motivation
2 types of drives:
primary
secondary
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Perspectives on Motivation
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Expectancy-Value Theory: motivation as ajoint function of the value people place on
an outcome, and the extent to which theybelieve they can attain it
i.e., we are driven to attain goals that matter
a lot to us but also ones we believe wecan accomplish
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Motivation
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Can be expressed outside of consciousawareness
Reinforcers
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Motivation
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Alternate approach/view of motivation
Self-Actualization: not a deficiency need;rather growth needs; motives to expand
and develop ones skill and abilities
Maslow believed few people reach thislevel
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Data based on Hierarchy of Needs in A Theory of Human
Motivation in MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY by
Abraham H. Maslow. Copyright 1979 by Abraham H. Maslow.
Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
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Motivation
Homeostasisbodys tendency to maintain
a relatively constant state that permits
cells to live and function
Biological functions such as eating,
drinking, and sleeping are regulated by
homeostasis
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Homeostasis
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Emotions
Emotion/affect: a positive or negativeresponse that includes some
combination of physiological arousal,
cognitions, and behaviorComponents of emotion include:
Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and
expectations Physiological: Internal physical changes
related to arousal
Behavioral: Outward signs of an
emotional state
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Brain Control of Emotion
Limbic system is
involved in
emotional states
Includes the
amygdala,
hypothalamus
Frontal lobesmodulate emotions
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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
Emotion Theories
James-Lange Theory: emotions originate in PNSresponses that the CNS then interprets
Peripheral Theory of Emotion
EX: Seeing an angry bearWe do not run because we are afraid; we becomeafraid (emotion) because we run (visceral response)
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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
Emotion Theories
Cannons arguments against the theory:
Visceral response are slower than emotions
The same visceral responses are associated
with many emotions (e.g. quickened heart
rate: sexual arousal, fear, rage)
Transection of the spinal cord does not impair
emotion
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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
Emotion Theories
Cannon-Bard Theory:
Emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both
emotional experiences and bodily responses
EX: seeing an angry bear
Simultaneously become afraid and heart pounds
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Emotional Expression
Emotional Expression: the overt behavioral signs ofemotion
EX: facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone ofvoice
Basic Emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness,
disgustPositive Affect: pleasant emotions
Negative Affect: unpleasant emotions
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Facial Expressions
There is an evolutionary link between theexperience of emotion and facial expression ofemotion: Darwin argued that this served to inform others of our
emotional stateDifferent facial expressions are associated withdifferent emotions Ekmans research demonstrated that similar facial
expressions are recognized across different cultures
Blind and sighted children use the same emotionalfacial expressions
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Facial Expressions
Facial-feedback hypothesis: facial
expressions not only indicate a persons
emotional state, they also influence the
physiological and subjective componentsof the emotion
EX: research study, ps hold face in a
particular way, effects heart rate and skintemperature