Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 1
22nd
Asia-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference
Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
March 8-12, 2010
ABSTRACT BOOK
In collaborations with
HIG HER EDUC ATION COMMISSION
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Abstract Book of 22nd
APWSS Conference 2010
Author Index
Authors Abstract No A. A. Chitband 71
A. A. Shah 133
A. A. Shedayi 57
A. Akram 92
A. Ali 6,9,13, 44,46,89
A. Ali 84
A. Amin 112,113
A. Anwar 47
A. Asghari 63
A. Aziz 6
A.B. Goodarzi 11
A. Bose 114
A. F. Tossi 53,54
A. Gholipoor 73,76
A. Hadier 103
A. Hussain 89
A. Jamshidi 4
A. Jan 42
A. Javaid 16
A. Javaid 16,61,121,122,124,126
A. Khaliq, 23,34,55
A. Khan 18
A. Koocheki 66,67,68
A. M. Ranjha 34
A. M. Tulikov 74
A. Matloob 23,55
A. Modhej 95
A. Rahman 51
A. S. Khalaf 41,43
A. S. Lithourgidis 134
A. Samad 8,39
A. Sattar 140
A. Shabbir 62
A. Sher 14
A. Tanveer 6,13,89,102
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 3
A. U. Malik 12
A. Zahid 47
A.S. Rao 52
A.S. Rao 22
A. Rab 70
A. Asghari 73,76
A.A. Khuroo 109
B. Ahmad 7
B. Gul 37,38
B. H. Bakar 53,54,85
B. P. Kaleibar 63
B. P. Kaleibar 73,74,76
C. A. Damalas 134
C. Hailan 35
C. O. Donnell 62,75,79,90
C. S. Lithourgidis 134
D. George 79
D. Kurniadie 104
D. Muhammad 48
D. Resiworo 104
D.N.M. Dissanayaka 115
D.Nandasena 26
D.R. Syamsir 85
E. Abdul-Mohsen
E. Hesami 2,3,4
E. Hesami 65
E. Kafashan 95
E. Zand 135
E. Kazerooni 87
Ehsanullah 27,28
F.A.O. Emenky 41,43
F. Ahmad 60
F. Aslam 23,55
F. Fallahpour 66,67,68,69,71,82
F. Lubis 104
F. Munsif 8,39,70
F.S. Ali 56
G. Nateghi 63
G. Zayed 56
G. Abbas 5
G. Fathi 11
G. Haider 24
G. Hassan 1,20,45,50,58,112,113,129
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G. Nateghi 73,76
G.H. Dar 109
G.H. Mohammed 128
G.S. Rao 22
G.S. Rao 52
GJU Ahmed 29
GJU Ahmed 25
G. Glatkova 111
H. Al-Mezori 40
H. Ehyaee 69,71,82
H. Hidayat 58
H. Khan 129
H. Matsumoto 137
H. Ohdan 137
H.R. Mohammaddoust 63
H.R. Mohammaddoust 73,74,76
H.M.M.Tariq 32
H.B. Mahmoodi 49,77
Hidayatullah 18
Hossain 32
I.A. Khan 59,72
I.A. Khan 108
I. Daur 42
I. H. Shah 21
I. H.ussain
I. ilahi 57
I. Khan 1,45,59,108
I. Khan 79
I. Mawardi 104
I. Rashid 116
I. Siddiqui 78
I.U. Awan 21
I. Raza 48
J. Ekneligoda 26
J.A. Teli 128
J. Benner 94
J. Gherekh 135
J.J. Tahira 117,118,119
J.R. Qasem 132
J.D.K.M. Jayawardane 26
J.H. Zhang 110
J. IqbaL 80
K. Ali 8
K.B. Marwat 37,38
K.D. Silva 26
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 5
K. Dhileepan 62
K. Fathi 2
K. Iqbal 59
K. Jabeen 16
K. Jabran 27,28
K. Mubeen 102
K. Mubeen 84,102
K. Subrahmaniyan 81
K. Zewdie 99,100
K. Awang 85
L.P.V. Arachchi 115
L. Xiangju 35
L.R. Singh 31
L.Z. Liu 110
L. Xue 33
M.A.A.H. Bukhsh 12
M.A. Baghestani 136
M.A. A. Rahman 88
M.A. Haji 12
M. A. Khan 36,130,131
M. A. Khan 133
M. A. Malik 14
M. A. Mali 138
M. A. Nadeem 89
M. A. Zahid 91
M. A. Saeed 103
M. Akbar 17
M. Akram 5
M. Ali 12
M. Ali 80
M. Amin 126
M. Ansar 47
M. Arif 47
M. Arif 18,70
M. Ashiq 140
M. Ayub 44,102
M. Babar 27
M. F. Rastegar 66,67,68
M. Farooq 23,55
M. Ghaemi 69,71,82
M. Golabi 11
M. H.R. Mohassel 49,77,107
M. Hachinohe 137
M. I. Shinwari 64
M. I. Khan 45,59
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M. I. Shinwari 64
M. J. Al-Ahmadi 49,77
M. Kurulugama 26
M. M. Javaid 9
M. M.S. Duhoky 40
M. Montazeri 139
M. N. Abbas 15
M. N. Afzal 48
M. N. Mahalati 66,67,68
M. Nadeem 47
M. Nawaz 5
M. Q. Kakar 8
M. Rafiq 10
M. Riaz 14
M. S. Cheema 10,60
M. Saeed 10
M. Saeed 34
M. Saeed 37,38
M. Safdar 80
M. Shahid 7
M. Shahzad 102
M. Sibtain 46
M. Sulaman 59
M. T. Jan 18
M. Tahir 84
M. Waqas 8
M. Yaseen 6,9,44,46
M.A. Basra 24
M.A. Nadim 21
M.A.Nadeem 84
M.Aslam 5
M.C. Pandey 114
M.Faravani 85
M.H.Ali 32
M.H.S. Ariyaratne 86
M.K. Hossain 83
M.K. Khilji 28
M.N. Aqeel 72
M.N. Mushtaq 24
M.Ratnam 52
M. Ratnam 22
M.S. Baloch 21
M.T.Alebrahim 87
M.N. Bari 19
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 7
M.N. Alam 83
M.K.A. Bhuiyan 25, 29
M.I. Karimi 50
M.A. Mian 48
N. Ariannia 2
N. Hanwen 35
N. Hussain 5
N. Khan 90
N. M. Saleem 41,43
N. Muhammad 140
N. Rana 15
N. Rozi 121
N. S. M. Abadi 49,77
N. Sarwar 102
N. U. Khan 121
N. Zaman 120
O. S. Kandasamy 93
O.A. Saad 56
P. Kalaiselvan 81
P. Saravanane 93
P. Veeramani 81
P.L. Viswanathan 81
P.O. Lundquist 105
Q. Qanwal 61
R. A. Afridi 20
R. Ahmad 9,46
R. Bajwa 78,97
R. Ghorbani 107
R. Khan 130
R. L. Zimdahl 125
R. Majd 87
R. N. Abbas 13
R. Prasad 94
R. Singh 31
R. Suliman 117,118,119
R. Syed 84
R. Farhoudi 95,96
S. A. Khanzada 92
S. A. Rana 15
S. Adkins 62,75,79,90
S. Ahamed 32
S. Ali 108
S. Ali 124
S. Baig 103
S. Bashir 60
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S. Bundel 94
S. Haider 70
S. Hashim 137
S. Imran 44
S. Khalid 14,101
S. Lorzadeh 2,3,4
S.M. Iqbal 92
S.M. Iqbal 91,92
S. Mahmoodi 49
S.N. Khan 117,118,119,120
S. Navie 79
S. R. U.Shah 105
S. Shafique 61,97,121,122
S. Shafique 61,97,121,122
S. Sivanendrian 26
S. Tjitrosoedirdjo 104
S. U. Siddiqui 101
S. Widadayanti 104
S.H.S. Senarathne 98,115
S.M.R. Karim 30
S. Mubeen 103
Shahid 15
S. Ahmed 103,120
Sri.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo 104
T.M. Alamun 127
T.M. Alamun 106
T.Z. Sarhan 128
T.K. James 51
U.A. Ahmed 106
U.A. Ahmed 127
U. Kulsoom 36
U. Iqbal 91
V. Yadav 31
W. Anwar 117,118,119
W. Guiqi 35
W. Mersie 100
Y. Fujii 64
Y. Nikparast 107
Y. Sunohara 137
YE. Jiming 33
Y.L. Feng 116
Z.A Zaheer 13
Z.A. Swati 108
Z. Abbas 5
Z. Ahmad 40
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 9
Z. Hanif 59,108
Z.H. Jun 33,35
Z. Hussain 8,39
Z. Reshi 109,116
Z.W. Fan 110
Z.A. Cheema 24,34,80
Z.D. Khan 138
Z. Pacanoski 111
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1. STUDIES ON COMPETITIVE
INTERACTION OF WILD OATS (Avena
fatua) IN SPRING WHEAT (Triticum
aestivum)
Imtiaz Khan and Gul Hassan
Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural
University Peshawar, 25130 – PAKISTAN
Wild oat is one of the most troublesome weed, infesting
grain fields in Pakistan. To study it ecological site, a field
experiments were conducted to determine the competitive
interaction of wild oats and spring wheat at varying
densities and varying nitrogen regimes, at Agricultural
Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar
Pakistan during winter 2004-05 and 2005-06. The
experiments comprised of three nitrogen levels (75, 100
and 125 kg ha-1
) assigned to main plots and five wild oats
densities (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 plants m-2
) kept in sub-
plots. Ghaznavi-98 variety of wheat Planted in a sub-plot
size of 5x 1m2. The data were recorded on some
morphological, physiological and agronomic parameters of
wheat and wild oats. The statistical analyses of data
exhibited non-significant differences for nitrogen levels in
all the parameters of wheat and wild oats studied, while
oats density and interaction of density with nitrogen levels
were significant for all the parameters studied. Less than
one wild oat plant m-2
inflicted 1% reduction in wheat
yield, while 30% reduction in yield was predicted with the
infestation of 15, 17 and 16 plants m-2
under 75, 100 and
125 N kg ha-1
fertilizer regimes. We also discovered a wild
density related reduction in grain protein content which is
further alarming. About 16 wild oats m-2
reduced protein
content by 1%, this is alarming in vegetable based diets
like Pakistan. Judicious control measures for wild oats are
recommended to be adopted for harvesting better quantity
and quality of wheat.
2. EVALUATION OF DUAL PURPOSE HERBICIDES
FOR WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) UNDER TWO
TILLAGE SYSTEMS
E. Hesami, 1.S. Lorzadeh, 1. N. Ariannia and and 1. K.Fathi Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad Shooshtar University, IRAN.
In order to determine the effect of different dosages of two dual
purpose herbicides (sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0
/0 +
Iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 300/0, Imazamethabenz-methyl
and metribuzin) on grain yield of wheat cv ‘Chamran’, an
experiment wsa conducted at Islamic Azad University
Experiment Shooshtar Branch in 2006 growing season. The
experiment was designed in completely randomized block pesign
with three replications. The kinds of tillage (conventional and
minimum tillage) were used as main plot. The second factor was
the two levels and application of herbicides (sulfosulfuron 26/6
and 31 g/ha and mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron –
methyl l- sodium 30 0
/0 350 and 400 g/ha. Imazamethabenz -
methyl 2 and 3 lit/ha and metribuzin 200 and 300 g/ha). The data
showed that convetional tillage was better than minimum tillage
for weed control. The results showed significant difference
between the tillage systems (P<0.01) under 31 gr/ha sulfosulfuron
in convetional tillage and 31 gr/ha sulfosulfuron and 400 gr/ha
mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium
30 0/0 in minimum tillage was the best treatment The results
showed non significant difference amoug tillage system for broad
leaf weed control but density of this weeds was more in
convetional tillage then minimum tillage . The higest control of
broad leaf weeds was obsrerd using 31 and 26 g/ha sulfosulfuron,
350 gr/ha and 400 g/ha mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 +
iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30 0/0 in both tillage systems
was. in min tillage system , density of narrow leaf weed was
more than conventional tillage system. The higest control of
narrow leaf weed was obsrerd using of 31 and 26 g/ha
sulfosulfuron, 350 g/ha and 400 g/ha mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30
0/0 in both tillage
systems. The Results inducated non significant difference
between the two tillage systems for wheat yield. Treatments
sulfosulfuron 26/6 and 31 g/ha and mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0
+ iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30 0/0 350 and 400 g/ha had the
highest level of wheat grain yield, resectively.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 11
3. IDENTIFICATION AND DENSITY OF WEEDS
IN WHEAT IN IRAN
E. Hesami and S.H.Lorzadeh
Azad Islamic University BranchSshoushtar. IRAN
In this research, the analysis of sampling of three wheat fields in
Shoushtar City containing Mian Ab, Aghili and Gotvnd based
on area harvested and farming on it was done on 7, 5 and 4
fields in sities aduring winter of 2007. The investigation was
done on 6 weed species belonging to 4 families. Also most
abundant weed species in Mian Ab were Sinapis arvensis,
Malva neglecta and Avena ludoviciana, in Aghili M. neglecta,
Silybum marianum and Sinapis arvensis and Gotvand area
Avena ludoviciana, M. neglecta and Phalaris minor, were the
most abundant species..
4. INVESTIGATION OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)
WEED MANAGEMENT BY APYRUS AND
OTHER HERBICIDES
E. Hesami, S.H. Lorzadeh and A. Jamshidi
Azad Islamic University Branch Shoushtar. IRAN
This field study was conducted at College of Agriculther, Islamic
Azad University Shuoshtar branch, Iran to investigate about the
effect of four kind of herbicides on weed control during 2007. The
experimental treatments were laid out in three replications.
Herbicide dose (sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0
/0 +
iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 300/0, imazamethabenz - methyl,
metribuzin and 2,4-D + Topik). For evaluation effect of treatments
on density (number) of broad and narrow leaf weed The results
showed significant difference among the treatments for weed
control . Use of 31 g/ha sulfosulfuron was the best treatment. The
highest control of broad leaf weeds was observed using 31g/ha
sulfosulfuron. The highest control of narrow leaf weeds was
obsverd using of 31, 20 and 26.6 g/ha slfosulfuron 350 g/ha
mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0
/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium
300/0 and imazamethabenz - methyl 2 lit/ha .
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12
5. PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT
HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF
GRASSY WEEDS AND YIELD OF WHEAT
CROP UNDER ARID CLIMATE
Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Nawaz, Zafar Abbas,
Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Aslam, and Niaz
Hussain
Adaptive Research Farm, Karor (Layyah)-PAKISTAN
Studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different
post emergence herbicides on narrow leave weeds in wheat
crop at Adaptive Research Farm, Karor (District Layyah),
Pakistan during Rabi 2007-08 & 2008-09. The Experiment
was laid out in Randomized complete block (RCB) design
with three replications and plot size was 8x13 m2 during
both the seasons. Four different herbicides were applied as
post emergence viz. Topik @ 300g ha-1
, Puma super @ 625
ml ha-1
, Punjing @ 625 ml ha-1
and fenoxaprop @ 625ml
ha-1
. An untreated (control) was also included in the trial.
The observations recorded during both the seasons (Rabi
2007-08 & 2008-09) revealed that all the herbicides
significantly decreased weed population over control and
maximum grain yield (4167 kg ha-1
) during rabi 2007-08
and at 4155 kg ha-1
during Rabi 2008-09 was obtained
where Topik @ 300g ha-1
was applied. It was however,
statistically at par with the grain yield of T3 (4100kg ha-1
)
having application of Puma super @ 625ml ha
-1 during
Rabi
2007-08 & 4087 kg ha-1
during Rabi 2008-09, T4 (3833 kg
ha-1
) having application of Pujing @ 625ml ha-1
during
2007-08 and 3820 kg ha-1
during 2008-09) and T5 under
application of fenoxaprop @ 625ml ha-1
(3817kg ha-1
during 2007-08 & 3800 kg ha-1
during 2008-09). It is thus,
recommended that Topik and Puma super may be applied
@ 300 and 625ml ha-1
respectively, for the control of
narrow leave weeds and increased grain yield of wheat.
6. DENSITY DEPENDENT ECOLOGICAL
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLEAVERS (Galium
aparine) AND WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)
PLANTED AT DIFFERENT TIMES
Ahsan Aziz, Asif Tanveer, Asghar Ali and Muhammad Yaseen
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
38040,Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN
[email protected],[email protected]
Investigations regarding competitive effects of five Galium
aparine density levels (0, 18, 36, 54 and 72 plants m-2
) on the
productivity of wheat planted under three sowing time regimes
were made in field trials conducted at the Agronomic Research
Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during
winter 2005/06 and 2006/07. The maximum grain yield of 5480
and 5395 kg ha-1
was obtained in 2005/06 and 2006/07,
respectively from weed free wheat and G. aparine density of 18
plants m-2
did not cause significant yield reduction over control in
our conditions. The wheat growth and yield determinants like
number of spike bearing tillers, spikelets per spike, grain per
spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were significantly
reduced by further increasing G. aparine density. Wheat grain
yield loss varied between 4 to 32% with weed density ranging
from 18 to 72 plants m-2
in each year. Sowing of wheat on 7th
Nov.
proved to be helpful in reducing crop yield losses due to G.
aparine infestation. Galium aparine per plant dry weight and seed
production which are important elements of weed population
dynamics were suppressed with delayed sowing and increasing G.
aparine densities in the presence of crop. Response surface
analysis indicated that G. aprine density around 40 plants m-2
is
most crucial as it results in maximum G. aprine per plant dry
weight and seed production. It also explained that with increase in
weed density and delay in sowing after mid November there will
be a subsequent decrease in wheat grain yield. Analysis of
maximum ridge estimate of response surface depicted that
maximum grain yield (5779.92 kg ha-1
) could be achieved at
derived sowing date values of 7th
to 12th
November while
maintaining a G. aparine density of 0 to 3 plants m-2
on a sandy
loam soil with less than 1% organic matter. On the basis of these
results we can propose that wheat should be planted in early
November to get bumper yields and the option of chemical
herbicides to control G. aparine at its density beyond 18 plants m-2
should be exploited.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 13
7. EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND
COMBINATION OF NATURAL AND
SYNTHETIC HERBICIDES ON WEED
CONTROL AND WHEAT YIELD IN
PESHAWAR
Bashir Ahmad and Muhammad Shahid
Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural
University,Peshawar-PAKISTAN
This work was aimed to find out if natural herbicides
extracted from plants and their combination with half dose
of synthetic herbicides can control weeds and enhance yield
of wheat crop. Parts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor),
sunflower (Helianthus annuus), johnson grass (Sorghum
helepense), neem (Azadirachta indica), eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and acacia (Acacia nilotica)
were dried, chopped, soaked in water in ratio 1:5 (w/v) and
filtered. In laboratory, ten mL of each natural herbicide and
tap water (check) was applied to twenty seeds each of
Avena fatua, Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex dentatus,
Phalaris minor and Triticum aestivum. Growth of weed
species and wheat treated with natural herbicides were
either at par with or inhibited as compared to control 20
days after sowing (DAS) with exceptions; seed germination
of Avena fatua was stimulated by extract of johnson grass
and acacia. Biomass yield seedling -1
of Rumex dentatus
(7.37 mg) and Phalaris minor (15.63mg) was stimulated by
extract of johnson grass and acacia respectively. In field
study, natural herbicides were solely sprayed twice at 30
and 50 DAS while full doses of synthetic herbicides and
combinations in which doses of synthetic herbicides were
reduced to half and mixed with natural herbicides were
sprayed once 30 DAS. Synthetic herbicides included:
Buctril M 40 EC (bromoxynil + MCPA), Puma super 75
EW (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) and Affinity 50 WDG
(carfentrazone-ethyl ester). Weeds were more inhibited in
plots treated with Affinity (7 weeds m-2
with 4.53 g dry
biomass) and combination of sunflower Affinity (7.17
weeds m-2
with 6.50 g dry biomass). Combination of
eucalyptus puma super stimulated weeds growth. Dry weed
biomass m-2
was maximum (27.50 g) in control plots.
Wheat treated with sunflower Affinity combination
produced maximum biological (13.50 Mg ha-1
) and grain
(4850 kg ha-1
) yields. Control plots produced lowest grain
yield (3650 kg ha-1
). Combined application of half dose of
Affinity with natural herbicide of sunflower was as
effective as full dose of Affinity in controlling weeds and
wheat grain yield increase by 5.13 % over crop treated with
sole Affinity, hence recommended for weeds management
in wheat.
8. EVALUATION OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES AND
THEIR COMBINATIONS FOR WEED CONTROL
IN WHEAT CROP
Fazal Munsif, Zahid Hussain, Abdul Samad , Mohammd
Qasim Kakar , Muhammad Waqas and Kuasar Ali
Plant Physiology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab
Peshawar, Pakistan
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN
A field experiment on weed control in wheat was conducted at
Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab Peshawar during Rabi
season 2008-09. The experiment was laid out in randomized
complete block design having three replications. The experiment
consisted of 14 treatments. Among the 14 treatments, six
herbicides were used alone i.e. Puma super (P), Buctril super (B),
Axial (A), Logran (L), Topik (T) and Starane M (S); seven were
their different combinations i.e. T+B, T+S, P+B, P+S, B+A, L+A
and L+T; and one treatment was kept as weedy check. All the
single and combined herbicide treatments significantly affected
weeds density m-2
, weeds flora, grain yield and percent increase in
yield of wheat crop. Herbicides had considerable toxic effect on
weeds and reduced their population to a significant level as
compared to control treatment, where maximum weed density of
156 weeds m-2
was recorded. However, no crop injury was
observed in any of the herbicides used in the experiment. Among
the herbicides used alone, Buctril super produced the highest grain
yield (3925 kg ha-1
) which was 43% increase over check. It is
concluded that the combination of Buctril super and Axial gave
the best grain yield (3827 kg ha-1
) that was 39.5% increase over
weedy control.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
14
9. RESPONSE OF Emex australis TO
DIFFERENT POST-EMERGENCE
HERBICIDE IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)
Muhammad Mansoor Javaid,1 Asif Tanveer, Rashid
Ahmad2 and Muhammad Yaseen
3
Department of Agronomy,
Department of Crop Physiology,
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University
of Agriculture Faisalabad- PAKISTAN.
A field experiment was conducted to study the
effectiveness of different post-emergence herbicide
against Emex australis at Unuversity of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan. Fluroxypur + MCPA @ 750 ml ha-
1, carfentrazone-ethyl @ 50 g ha
-1, amidosulfuron @ 60 g
ha-1
, bromoxynil + MCPA 1250 ml ha-1
, triasulfuron @
40 g ha-1
, thiofensulfuron-methyl @ 100 g ha-1
,
tribenuron-methyl @ 100 g ha-1
and control (no spray)
were tested. Carfentrazone-ethyl, bromoxynil + MCPA
and fluroxypur + MCPA provided better control (91%,
88% and 86%, respectively) of E. australis over control.
Carfentrazone caused the maximum reduction in weed
biomass (94%). Bromoxynil + MCPA gave maximum
number of spike bearing tillers (375 m-2
), number of
grains per spike (47), 1000 grain weight (33 g) and grain
yield (3.24 t ha-1
).
10. RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
AND ITS WEEDS TO DOSE AND FREQUENCY
OF SORGAAB- A POTENTIAL
ALLELOPATHIC MATERIAL
Muhammad Saeed, M. Sarwar Cheema and Muhammad
Rafiq
Sugarcane Research Institute, A.A.R.I., Jhang Road,
Faisalabad-PAKISTAN
In order to find alternatives for minimizing the total reliance on
synthetic herbicides for weed management in wheat(Triticum
aestivum L.), a field experiment was conducted to assess the
effect of dose and frequency of sorgaab spray on growth, yield
and yield components of wheat and its weeds. The experiment
was carried out at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,
Faisalabad (Pakistan) during the winter seasons of 2005-06 and
2006-07. One to three sprays each @ 9, 12 and 15 L ha-1
were
applied at 25, 25-40 and 25-40-55 DAS. Isoproturan (Tolkan)
was applied @ 1000 g a.i ha-1
at 25 DAS. A weedy check was
also maintained. The results of the study showed that one foliar
spray of sorgaab @ 9 L ha-1
applied at 25 DAS gave maximum
reduction (58 %) in total weed density while three foliar spray of
sorgaab @ 15 L ha-1
showed maximum reduction (75 % ) in
total weed dry weight. Similarly total dry matter accumulation
(TDM), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop
growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were also
improved with foliar application of sorgaab sprays. Maximum
increase (25 %) in wheat yield was observed with two foliar
sprays of sorgaab applied @ 15 L ha-1
at 25 and 40 DAS over
control. The herbicidal treatment reduced total weed density and
biomass by 76 % and 99 % and increased wheat yield by 13 %
over control. The economic analysis also showed that two foliar
sprays of sorgaab applied @ 15 L ha-1
at 25 and 40 DAS gave
the maximum net benefit as compared with other treatments.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 15
11. EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF
MIXING DOUBLE-PURPOSE
HERBICIDES WITH SURFACTANT
IN COMPARE WITH SINGLE-
PURPOSE HERBICIDES ON WEED
CONTROL IN WHEAT
Amir Bahador Goodarzi, Ghodratallah Fathi
and Mojtaba Golabi
Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources
University, Ahvaz, IRAN.
The introduction of new double-purpouse herbicides
in low consumption amounts for controlling wheat
grassy and broad leaf weed, decrease the resistant
biotyps to single-purpouse herbicides and protecting
the environment is a necessary and unavoidable
matter in wheat weed management. The effect of
mixing double-purpouse herbicides with surfactant
in compare with single-purpouse herbicides on
weed control in wheat, a field trail was carried out
during 2005-2006 at the protection plants
management of Khoozestan. The experiment was
designed as a split plot based on a randomized
complete block design with four replications.
Herbicide treatments: Assert (a1) at 2.5 l/h, Apyrous
(a2) at 26.6 g/h, Chevalier (a3) at 350 g/h and
Granestar at 20 g/h plus Topik at 0.8 l/h (a4) (check)
were the main plots, and sub–plots were Cytogate at
2/1000 (b1), Ghazal shimi surfactant at 2/1000 (b2)
and without surfactant (b3). Results showed that the
maximum percentage of controlling weed and the
minimum dry weight of them from the point of
herbicide type were obtained from Chevalier
treatment and on the case of surfactant, from
Cytogate. Also the interaction between Chevalier
and Cytogate has most weed control percentage and
least weed dry weigh.The least weed control
percentage and thier most dry weight, also were
related to Assert treatment without surfactant, that
the reason of this case was the unability in
controlling Phalaris minor weed by this herbicide.
Assessment of weeds according to EWRC method
showed that Chevalier and check treatment at the
fifteenth days period after spraying had allocated
the lowest code of EWRC to itself.This research
showed that according to obtained result, Chevalier
herbicide can be a suitable replacer to the mixture of
Topik and Granestar and at the same time the
surfactant can increase herbicide,s effect by
increasing herbicide,s maintenance and absorption
on leaf surface.
12. DEMONSTRATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFECT
OF WEEDICIDES ON BROAD LEAF WEEDS ON
WHEAT YIELD
M. Ahmad alias Haji A. Bukhsh1, Asmat Ullah Malik
1, Iftikhar
Hussain2, Muhammad Akram Haji
3and M. Ali
4
1Adaptive Research Farm D.G. Khan,
2Adaptive Research Lahore
3Soil Conservation, D. G. Khan,4College of Agriculture, D. G.
Khan- PAKISTAN
A series of field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of newly
introduced weedicide against broad leaved weeds of wheat crop at
Adaptive Research Farm, Rakh Chabbri Zareen D.G.Khan during the
years 2005-06 to 2007-08. The treatments included: Control/Check
(T1); Pendimethalin @ 1250 ml ha-1
(T2); Buctril-M @ 2500 ml ha-1
(T3); Logran @ 250 g ha-1
(T4); MCPA @ 1250 ml ha-1
(T5);
Bromoxonil @ 1250 ml ha-1
(T6). The results revealed that weed
management strategies significantly improved the yield and yield
parameters during all the three years of experimentation as compared
to weedy check (T1). The highest grain yield (3024 Kg ha-1
) was
observed, when Buctril-M was sprayed at its recommended dose in
year 2007-08, while the same trend of yield ha-1
was observed during
rest of the study years (2256 Kg ha-1
& 2344 Kg ha-1
in year 2005-06
& 2006-07, respectively). Increase in yield was justified by the more
number of tillers 261.0 m-1
(2005-06), 263.0 m-1
(2006-07) and 262.3
m-1
(2007-08), more number of grains per spike; 42.0 (2005-06),
43.0 (2006-07) and 43.3 (2007-08) and 1000-grains weight: 44.0 g
(2005-06), 45.0 g (2006-07) and 40.2 g (2007-08) during the given
period of study. So, it is concluded that broad leaf weeds in wheat
crop can be controlled and managed well with the application of
Buctril-M @ 2500 ml ha-1.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
16
13. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF Emex
australis Steinh AGAINST WHEAT
(Triticum aestivum L.)
Rana Nadeem Abbas1, Asif Tanveer
*, Asghar Ali and
Zaheer A Zaheer2.
1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.
Spiny emex (Emex australis steinh.) is known to contain
water soluble substances that are allelopathic. Aqueous
and organic solvent fractions (acetate, hexane,
chloroform and butanol) from leaves of emex were
assayed to determine their allelopathic effects on seed
germination and early seedling growth of wheat.
Aqueous extracts and butanol fraction showed most
inhibitory effect on germination (49.75% and 40%
inhibition respectively) followed by hexane fraction
(26.25% inhibition). Root/shoot length and dry biomass
was minimum in hexane fraction (root length 4.86 cm,
shoot length 6.48 cm and dry biomass 9.10mg) and
aqueous extract (root length 5.15 cm, shoot length 6.54
cm and dry biomass 10.20mg) followed by butanol
fraction (root length 5.88 cm, shoot length 8.29 cm and
dry biomass 11.8 mg). These results suggest that extracts
from emex leaves had potent allelopathic activity which
differed depending on solvent used for extraction.
14. WEED MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT BASED
CROPPING PATTERNS UNDER RAINFED
CONDITIONS OF PUNJAB-PAKISTAN
Muhammad Riaz*, Shahida Khalid*, Altaf Sher* and M. Azim
Malik**
*Weed Management Program, NARC, Islamabad and ** Professor
and Chairman, Department of Agronomy, UAAR, Rawalpindi-
PAKISTAN [email protected]
The study was carried out for two years (2002-2004) at National
Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. Six weed control methods
i.e. weedy check, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, mechanical
weeding at 20 DAS, chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds,
mechanical weeding at 20 DAS + hand weeding at 50 DAS and
chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + hand weeding at 50
DAS were compared under four wheat based cropping patterns.
Chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds with a follow-up hand
weeding after 50 days of crop sowing closely followed by two hand
weeding after 20 and 40 days of crop sowing and/or mechanical
weeding after 20 days of crop sowing with a follow-up hand weeding
after 50 days of crop sowing suppressed weed population, weed
biomass and increased weed mortality percentage successfully during
both years of study. The mortality percentage of different weeds
ranged from 38.05% to 97.22% due to chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf
stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days of crop
sowing. Among various weed control methods, chemical weeding at
2-3 leaf stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days
of crop sowing gave the promising results throughout the study
period in terms of satisfactory weed suppression. There was a
significant increase of 58% and 54% in grain yield of wheat due to
chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + hand weeding at 50
DAS and two hand weedings after 20 and 40 DAS, respectively.
Among all cropping patterns,Wheat-Mungbean-Wheat (CP3). The
highest grain yield of mungbean, 1.480 t. ha-1
was obtained with
chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds and a follow-up hand
weeding after 50 days of crop sowing during the study years. The
highest grain yield of cowpeas (1.285 t ha-1
) was obtained with
chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds and a follow-up hand
weeding after 50 days of crop sowing during the study years. Maize
grain yield was increased by 34%, 33% and 32% with chemical
weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds, hand weeding and mechanical
weeding + hand weeding. Slight phytotoxicity symptoms due to
herbicides application were observed during initial stage of crops i.e.,
at 15-20 DAE (days after emergence) that were further decreased at
30-40 DAE and finally disappeared completely at maturity. Minimum
amount of herbicide residue in crop grain was observed with
chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds and a follow-up hand
weeding after 50 days of crop sowing, which were found to be
environmentally safe. The higher cost benefit ratio was obtained with
integrated weed control method through chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf
stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 17
15. PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF
MAJOR WEED FRUITS (PLANTS)
ASSOCIATED WITH WHEAT CROP
Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Shahnaz Akhtar Rana,
Naureen Rana and Shahid
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisal Abad- PAKISTAN
Drugs and chemicals; the foremost plant products have
been used for curing various illnesses as well as for
personal adornment since before recorded history. The
study was concerned to evaluate the phytochemical
potential of Weeds associated with wheat crop. Fifteen
weed were selected, frequently occurring in the wheat
crop. Both the Aqueous and Methanolic extracts were
taken from the selected weeds’ fruit and a qualitative
phytochemical analysis were performed for the detection
of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids,
anthraquinine, steroids, flavonoids and tannins. It was
found that Glycosoides and alkaloids had wide spectrum.
It is strongly recommended that self-emerging weeds
should be extensively used for medicinal purposes, widely
available in our country and more investigation is needed
to identify the phytochemical potential of other crop
associated weeds.
16. MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM WEED BY
INCORPORATION OF WHEAT RESIDUE
Amna Javaid, Arshad Javaid and Khajista Jabeen
Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab
Lahore- PAKISTAN.
Dried and chopped wheat straw of four test wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) varieties namely AS 2002, Inqalab 91, Ufaq and Uqab,
was thoroughly mixed in pot soil at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w). Pots
were irrigated with tap water and left for one week. After that 10
seeds of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) weed were
sown in each pot. Data regarding germination was recorded one
week after sowing. Plants were harvested 30 days after sowing and
data regarding survival percentage, and root and shoot growth were
recorded. Effect of residue incorporation of all the wheat cultivars
on germination of parthenium seeds was insignificant. However, all
the doses of the residues of the four wheat varieties significantly
reduced the survival percentage of the parthenium seedlings. Root
and shoot growth in terms of length, and fresh and dry biomass was
also significantly suppressed by residues of all the four test wheat
cultivars. The present study concludes that parthenium weed can
effectively be managed by exploiting allelopathic potential of
wheat. Further studies regarding the isolation and identification of
effective herbicidal constituents are in progress.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
18
17. MANAGEMENT OF SOME PROBLEMATIC
WEEDS OF WHEAT BY METABOLITES OF
Drechslera spp.
Muhammad Akbar and Arshad Javaid
Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab Lahore, PAKISTAN.
Present study was designed to evaluate the herbicidal activity
of metabolites of four Drechslera species viz. D.
australiensis, D. hawaiiensis, D. biseptata and D. holmii
against some problematic weeds of wheat namely Rumex
dentatus, Phalaris minor and Avena fatua. Metabolites of
various tested Drechslera spp. were employed in 100%
(original) and 50% concentrations. Various employed
metabolites wrought appreciable reduction in the germination
of test weed’s seeds by 3–72%. Original metabolites of all
fungal species significantly reduced shoot length and biomass
by 39–72% and 30–70%, respectively. Metabolites of D.
australiensis D. hawaiiensis and D. biseptata showed
pronounced phytotoxic activity against all tested weeds, D.
holmii appeared to be least effective. Root growth was more
susceptible to metabolites than shoot growth. There was 56–
97% and 27–92% reduction in root length and biomass,
respectively, due to metabolites of different Drechslera spp.
The present study concludes that metabolites of all the tested
Drechslera spp. contain phytotoxic constituents that can be
used as benign method of weed control alternative to
synthetic chemical herbicides for management of some weeds
of wheat. Further studies regarding the isolation of effective
ingredients are in progress.
18. FFECT OF SOWING DATES AND SEED
RATES ON DUAL PURPOSE WHEAT
Muhammad Arif*, Hidayatullah, Mohammad Tariq Jan
and Ahmad Khan
Department of Agronomy NWFP Agricultural University
Peshawar PAKISTAN
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of various
sowing dates and seed rates on dual purpose wheat during
winter 2007-08 at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP
Agricultural University Peshawar. The experiment was laid out
in randomized complete block design with split plot
arrangement having three replications. Sowing dates i.e. 20th
October, 5th November, 20
th November and 5
th December were
kept in the main plots, whereas the combination of seed rates
(100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1
) and cutting were allotted to sub plots.
Wheat variety Uqab-2000 was sown in a plot size of 3 m by 5
m, having 10 rows of 5m length and apart 30 cm. Sowing date
and seed rate significantly affected weed fresh and dry biomass
before and after cutting. The interaction between sowing date
and seed rate was also found significant. Delay in sowing date
constantly decreased weed fresh biomass both before and after
cutting. The D x S interaction was also found significant which
indicated that weeds fresh and dry biomass before and after
cutting constantly decreased with delay in sowing date at each
seed rate from 100 to 200 kg ha-1
. The relative increase in
income (RII) indicated that cut plots resulted in 13% higher RII
as compared to no-cut plots. It was concluded from the
experiment that early sown wheat at the rate of 150 kg ha-1
was
found suitable to be used as dual purpose crop and resulted in
improved productivity and profitability of the wheat crop.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 19
19. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON WEED
CONTROL, RICE YIELD AND SOIL HEALTH
IN TRANSPLANTED WETLAND RICE
Md. Nasimul Bari
Department of Agronomy
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
University
Gazipur-1706, BANGLADESH
Eight herbicides, i.e. Oxadiazone, Butachlor, Pretilachlor and
Anilphos from pre-, and MCPA, Ethoxysulfuran,
Pyrazosulfuran Ethyl and Oxadiarzil from post-emergence
category were applied at recommended dose in transplanted
wetland rice during aman (autumn), aus (summer) and boro
(winter) growing seasons at BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh
during 2007-08 to see their effects on weed control and rice
yield. Results revealed variations in the performance of
herbicides in different seasons. Pre-emergence herbicides
performed better regarding weed control efficiency and rice
yield. Based on the initial performance, Butachlor and MCPA
were further applied at concentrations ranging from 50% to
150% of the recommended dose in transplanted aus rice in
2009. Data indicated that Butachlor provided better weed
control efficiency and contributed to better crop growth and
grain yield compared to MCPA irrespective of concentration.
It might be due to that pre-emergence application of Butachlor
provided effective early season weed control, which MCPA
could not since applied as post-emergence. The highest grain
yield of 4.18 t/ha was contributed by weed free treatment,
while the least (2.44 t/ha) was by control. Among the
herbicide treatments, the highest grain yield of 4.08 t/ha was
contributed by Butachlor treatment at recommended dose,
while the lowest (2.83 t/ha) was in the plots receiving MCPA
@ 125% of the same. Results further revealed a positive
relationship between Butachlor concentration and grain yield,
although a declining trend was apparent at concentrations
beyond recommended dose, while a negative relationship was
noticed in MCPA treatments.
20. FFECT OF RICE IS ALLELOPATHIC
WEEDS AND CROPS
Riaz Ahmad Afridi and Gul Hassan
Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop Protection
Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar,
PAKISTAN [email protected]
An experiment was conducted at the Weed Science
Laboratory, Institute of Plant Environmental Protection,
National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad during
Season 2007. The objective of this research was to evaluate
the allelopathic effect of various concentrations of rice straw
extract (0, 50% and 100% rice straw extract) on the various
growth parameters of different crops (Helianthus annuus,
Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Vigna radiata, and Gossypium
hirsutum) as well as weed species (Ipomoea batatas, Sorghum
halepense, Rumex dentatus, Convolvulus arvensis and
Echinochola crusgalli). The stem + leaves of rice were used
for extraction. The aqueous extract was prepared by adding
100 g of ground rice straw in 1 L distilled water for 48 hrs.
Each treatment was replicated three times in Completely
Randomized Design with a factorial arrangement (species and
extract concentrations). The whole experiment was repeated
once to confirm the findings. It was inferred from the results
that 100% rice straw extract decreased germination and
growth of test plants more as compared to 0 and 50% rice
straw extract. Gossypium hirsutum out of crop plants and
Ipomoea batatas, Rumex dentatus and Convolvulus arvensis
out of weed species were most affected in both rice straw
extracts whereas Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Oryza sativa
and Vigna radiata were somewhat tolerant to rice straw
extract concentrations. Hence, it is concluded from the results
that allelopathy of rice straw can be used as an alternative
environment friendly tool for weed management in future.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
20
21. USE OF BIO-HERBICIDE TO REDUCE THE
SYNTHETIC HERBICIDE DOSE
IN RICE (Oryza sative L.) PRODUCTION
Inayat Ullah Awan1, Muhammad Amjad Nadim
2, Inayat
Hussain Shah2 and Muhammad Safdar Baloch
2
1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal
University, D.I.Khan 2Agronomy Section, Agricultural Research Institute, D.I.Khan-
PAKISTAN
The studies were conducted to manage the weed flora in rice
fields by conventional ways along with synthetic as well as
bio-herbicides in order to curtail the environmental and soil
hazards. Techniques used under the study were Ryzelan @ 30
ml & 15 ml ha-1
, Sorghum Water Extract (SWE) @ 15 L ha-1
,
SWE @ 15 L & 7.5 L ha-1
mixed with 30 ml & 15 ml ha-1
Ryzelan, Manual weeding (25 days, 50 days, 25 & 70 days
after transplanting), Weed free throughout season (control-1)
and Weedy check (control-2). Each treatment was used in four
repeats. Analysis of different techniques depicted the
significant variations among yield parameters. SWE @ 7.5 L
ha-1
mixed Ryzelan @ 15 ml ha-1
gave the highest paddy yield
(7.71 t ha-1
) followed by 6.95 t ha-1
recorded in plots where
SWE @ 15 L ha-1
mixed Ryzelan @ 15 ml ha-1
were applied.
The earlier treatment also produced more number of tillers,
heavier grains and low sterility percentage per unit area.
Definite results were observed in Weedy check (control-1)
plots which gave the lowest paddy yield of 5.99 t ha-1
.
Different techniques to control weed flora in rice field boosted
up the paddy yield over control-1. The highest paddy yield
recorded was 15.36 % increased over control. Among different
weeds prevailing the experimental block, Echinochoea
crusgalli and Cyprus rotundus were the major problem.
22. EVALUATION OF POST EMERGENCE
HERBICIDES ON WEED CONRTOL IN RICE
NERSERY
A.S.Rao, G.Subba Rao and M.Ratnam
Integrated Weed Management Unit,Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
University,Lam farm, GUNTUR-522 034, A.P., INDIA.
A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of
2007-08 and 2008-09 to evaluate different post emergence
herbicides like cyhalofopbutyl 100 g/ha , bis pyribac sodium
20 to 50 g/ha, propaquizafop 50 g/ha, ethoxy sulfuron 15
g/ha, 2, 4-D Na salt 800 g/ha, alone and tank mixture of
cyhalofop butyl 100 g/ha + ethoxy sulfuron 15 g/ha 2, 4-D Na
salt 800 g/ha for broad spectrum weed control in rice nursery .
Result revealed that all the herbicidal treatments significantly
reduced total weed density and dry weight over unweeded
check. Among the4 treatments, post emergence application of
bispyribac sodium 30g/ha applied 15 DAS (day after sowing)
significantly reduced total weed density , dry weight and was
on par with its higher doses of 40 and 50 g/ha with weed
control efficiency of 74 to 79 percent. Among the treatments,
post emergence application of propaquizafop 50 kg/ha caused
severe stand loss of rice (90 percent) by 14 days after
application. Where as, bispyribac sodium at higher dose of 50
g/ha also caused slight injury, but crop recovered with in 14
days after application. Tank mix of propaquizafop butyl 100
g/ha with 2, 4-D Na salt 800 g/ha or ethoxy sulfuron 15 g/ha
did not offer any additional advantage compared to bis
pyribac sodium 30 g/ha.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 21
23. WEED OCCURRENCE AND YIELD
LOSSES IN DRY DIRECT SEEDED RICE
Abdul Khaliq1*,
Amar Matloob1, M. Farooq
1 and
Farheena Aslam1
1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, PAKISTAN
Direct seeding of rice has potential for attaining high
water productivity and eliminating the edaphic conflict
in rice-wheat cropping system of Punjab. Sustainability
of dry direct seeded rice is however adversely affected
by weeds. Field studies were conducted at Agronomic
Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
to explore weed dynamics and to look for effective and
economically viable weed control method/s in direct
seeded rice. Dry direct seeded rice experienced the
greatest weed pressure both in terms of density and dry
matter accumulation than any other method of stand
establishment. The crop was initially taken over by
Trianthema portulacastrum, common dominant broad
leaf weed, with 35-54% distribution, while the grasses
(Echinochloa cruss-galli, Echinochloa colonum,
Elusine indica, Dactylocteinum aegyptium) and sedges
(Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria) were competitive
throughout the growing season. Highest weed density
was recorded between 20-30 DAS while weed biomass
was maximum at 50 DAS. Yield loss of rice recorded
due to uncontrolled weeds was 85%. Among the
weedicides, bispyribac sodium (Nominee 100SC)) and
Penoxulan (Ryzelan 240SC) at 30 and 15 g a.i. ha-1
,
respectively, proved to be best with >80 % control and
were at par with each other. Nonetheless, hand
weeding was laborious, uneconomical and time
consuming but gave an effective weed control.
24. COMBINED APPLICATION OF ALLELOPATHIC
WATER EXTRACTS AND REDUCED DOSES OF
HERBICIDES FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN
RICE
Z.A. Cheema*, S.M.A. Basra, A. Khaliq, M.N. Mushtaq, M.
Farooq and G. Haider
Weed science allelopathy Lab., Department of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, PAKISTAN.
[email protected], [email protected]
Weeds are the primary pests causing severe yield losses in rice.
Time and labor shortage has replaced hand weeding with chemical
control which has created environmental and health concerns.
Here allelopathy offers an alternative for sustainable weed
management. Allelopathic water extracts with lower doses of
herbicides may be used to reduce health and environmental
effects. In this study, sorghum+sunflower+brassica water extracts
each at 15 L ha-1
combined with ½ doses of three herbicides
butachlor (Machete), oxadiargyl (Top star) and pretilachlor (Rift)
at 600, 40 and 312 g a.i. h-1
, respectively were used. Label doses
of these herbicides were applied at 1200, 80 and 625 g a.i. ha-1
,
respectively as a control. Sorghum+sunflower+brassica water
extracts each at 15 L ha-1
combined with ½ doses of (oxadiargyl,
butachlor and pretilachlor) inhibited dry matter production of
weeds by 58% comparable to full doses of these herbicides.
Butachlor @ ½ dose + sorghum+brassica+sunflower each at 15 L
ha-1
significantly increased paddy yield 77% as compared to label
dose of Butachlor 86%. But Oxadiargyl @ ½ dose +
Sorghum+Brassica+Sunflower each at 15 L ha-1
could not
significantly increase paddy yield 67% as compared to label dose
of Oxadiargyl 69%. To conclude use of allelopathy may help to
reduce the herbicide usage for weed management.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
22
25. PERFORMANCE OF WEED MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES FOR DIFFERENT
ESTABLISHMENT METHOD OF RICE (Oryza
sativa L.) IN DRY SEASON
GJU Ahmed and MKA Bhuiyan
Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute, Gazipur-1701-BANGLADESH
Effect of rice establishment methods and weed management
practices on associated weeds and grain yield of rice was
studied at BRRI farm Gazipur and BRRI, Bhanga farm
Faridpur district in dry season of 2006 and 2007 respectively.
Seven weed control treatments were imposed inside three
planting method system. Herbicide MCPA500 @ 500g ai ha-1
showed a few phytotoxicity in broadcasting and drum seeded
system where other treatment combination did not showed
any significant phytitoxicity of crops. Grass type weed was
dominant (58%) in direct wet seeded rice, sedges (45%) and
broad leafs (25%) was dominant in transplanting method of
rice. Weed control efficiency were varied from 88-91% in
different weed control treatments. Weed number and weight
was significantly higher in broadcast and drum seeded method
resulted lower weed control efficiency than transplanted
method. Different groups of herbicide +one hand weeding
gave statistically similar yield compared with weed free
treatments except MCPA500 @ 500g ai ha-1
+ one hand
weeded treatments. Higher panicle number m-2 in
broadcasting and drum seeded method indicates higher grain
yield than transplanted method. Interaction effect of
Ethoxysulfuron 150WG @ 15g ai ha-1
+one hand weeding in
broadcasted method and pretilachlor 500Ec @ 500g ai ha-1
+
one hand weeding with drum seeded produced higher grain
yield, where as other combination of treatments produced
intermediate grain yield. Broadcasting and drum seeding
method produced lower grain yield in unweeded condition
compared with transplanting method with same condition.
26. WEED MANAGEMENT IN ORGANICALLY
GROWN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
J.D.K.M. Jayawardane, J,Ekneligoda, D.Nandasena, K.
De Silva, M. Kurulugama, S. Sivanendrian
Regional Rice Research and Development Centre,
Bombuwela-SRI –LANKA
There is an increasing demand for rice grown free of
inorganic fertilizers and pesticides.Many constraints have
been identified in this regard and weeds become a major
constraint which reduces a considerable amount of organic
rice production. Therefore, this study was aimed to find
effective weed management practices for organically grown
rice. The experiment was carried out in two consecutive
seasons during 2006 and 2007 in the research field at the
above research centre. Seven treatments viz. rice straw mulch
(4t/ha) soon after seeding for row seeded and broadcast rice
and leaf mulches of Gliricidia maculata L (gliricidia) (4t/ha)
and Lantana camera L (lantana) (4t/ha) at 7 days after
seeding for broadcast rice and inter row mechanical weeding
in row seeded rice were tested against unweeded broadcast
and row seeded rice with three replicates. Fertilizers were
given from organic materials and pest problems were
managed free of inorganic chemicals. Rice stand count was
taken at 2 weeks after establishment (WAE). Density of
weeds was recorded at 3 and 6 WAE. Weed dry weights were
taken at 6WAE. Rice yield was recorded at harvest. Rice
straw mulch controlled weeds in broadcast rice in both
seasons. Its higher efficacy was observed in controlling grass
and sedges over broad leaves and, similar results could be
observed in row seeded rice. Weed control efficacy of rice
straw mulch was comparable to mechanical inter row weeding
in row seeded rice. Gliricidia leaf mulch controlled sedges
and broad leaves over grass and comparable results were
obtained from Lantana during one season in broadcast rice.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 23
27. EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR
WEED CONTROL IN FINE GRAIN
AEROBIC RICE
Ehsanullah, K. Jabran1, and M. Babar
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, PAKISTAN
Weeds are the major constrain in the successful production
of fine grain rice under aerobic environments. We evaluated
five herbicides for weed control in fine grain aerobically
grown rice under sub-tropical, semi-arid conditions of
Punjab, Pakistan. The herbicides tested included butachlor
(1200g a.i.ha-1
), bispyribac sodium (25g a.i.ha-1
),
pendimethalin (825g a.i.ha-1
), fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (468.75g
a.i.ha-1
) and ethoxysulfuron ethyl (30g a.i.ha-1
). A
combination of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and ethoxysulfuron
ethyl was also tested. A weedy check and a weed free were
maintained as control for making comparisons. Varying
patterns of weeds suppression in terms of density and dry
weight were recorded with the usage of different herbicides.
The order of the herbicides for suppressing weeds was
bispyribac sodium > pendimethalin > butachlor >
fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron ethyl >
ethoxysulfuron ethyl > fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Maximum grain
yield (4.09 t ha-1
) was recorded in weed free while the
minimum grain yield (2.02 t ha-1
) was noted in the weedy
check. Maximum increase (88%) in grain yield over control
(weedy check) was recorded in plots that were treated with
bispyribac sodium and was followed by the experimental
units which were sprayed with pendimethalin (83%
increase in grain yield over control). Increase in grain yield
was due to the effective weed control as the yield outputs
were strongly correlated with weed control.
28. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF GROUND
COVER SYSTEMS FOR WEED CONTROL IN
FINE GRAIN AEROBIC RICE IN SUB-
TROPICAL, SEMI ARID PUNJAB
K. Jabran1, Ehsanullah and M.K. Khilji
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, PAKISTAN
Water shortage has threatened the productivity of flooded,
fine grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) in sub-tropical, semi-arid
Punjab of Pakistan. This has necessitated shifting over to rice
cultivation under aerobic environments. Nevertheless, the
severe weed infestation and the swift soil moisture depletion
are the major restrictions in the adoption of this system. We
tested five ground cover systems (GCS) to manage weeds and
enhance water retention in the soil put under the aerobic rice.
The GCS included black polyethylene sheet, maize (Zea mays
L.) straw, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) straw and berseem (Trifolium
alexandrinum L.) straw. Each of the straw GCS was used @ 6
t ha-1
. A field maintained without application of GCS was
used for comparison (control/weedy check treatment). All of
the GCS proved to be effective for suppressing weeds in term
of density and dry weight. Black polyethylene sheet was the
most effective GCS for controlling weeds followed by maize
and berseem GCS. Maximum yield (2.43 t ha-1
) of fine grain
rice was obtained with black polyethylene GCS. All of the
other GCS produced at least 2 t ha-1
grains while the control
(no GCS) gave minimum output i.e. 1.79 t ha-1
of the grain
yield. Studies of the quality parameters indicated that
abortive, opaque, chalky and sterile kernels were maximum in
the plots without GCS. Effectual weed control, reduced
evaporation and thus enhanced water retention and ultimately
the improved water productivity were the reasons for increase
in grain yield and quality under GCS.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
24
29. PERFORMANCE OF
MEFENACET+BENSULFURON METHYL
53% WP AGAINST WEED SUPPRESSION IN
TRANSPLANTED PADDY
MKA Bhuiyan and GJU Ahmed
Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute, Gazipur-1701, BANGLADESH
The study was conducted during dry season of 2007 at two
different agro ecological zones(AEZ)of Bangladesh to
evaluate the effectiveness of Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl
53%wp for weed management in transplanted paddy.
Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl 53% wp @ 524,594 and 657g
ai ha-1
was evaluated for its bio-efficacy against broad
spectrum of weeds and safety to crop. Standard for
comparison was butachlor 5G @ 1250g ai ha-1
. Weed flora in
the experimental plots at two different agro ecological zones
comprised of the grasses Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa
crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, the sedges, Cyperus
difformis, scirpus juncoides and the broadleafs Enhydra
fluctuans, Monochoria vaginalis, Lindernia anagallis,
Marsilea minuta and sphenoclea zeylanica. Pre-emergence
application of Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl 53% wp @
594g ai ha-1
led to higher weed control efficiency and lowest
number and dryweight of weeds which eventually resulted
higher yield attributes and grain yield of rice that were
comparable to the standards in both location.
30. WEED SUPPRESSION AND YIELD INCREASE
IN AMAN RICE DUE TO INTEGRATION OF
HERBICIDES AND HAND WEEDING
S.M. Rezaul Karim
Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh-BANGLADESH
E-mail:[email protected]
An investigation was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during June to November
2007 to evaluate the weed suppression and yield increase in
transplant aman rice due to different herbicides alone or in
combination with a single hand weeding. Five herbicides
namely, Ronstar 25EC (Oxadiazinon), Aimchlor 5G
(Butachlor), 2,4-D amine and Rifit 50EC (Pretilachlor) at
recommended doses e.g. 2 L/ha, 20 kg/ha, 1.7 L/ha and 1.0 L/ha
respectively, and low doses e.g. 1.0 L/ha, 10 kg/ha, 0.85 L/ha
and 0.5 L/ha respectively were used. Two hand weeding at 30
and 50 days after transplant (DAT) (Farmers’ practice), no weed
control (control) and weed free (as check) were also included.
Data on weed dry weight was recorded at 30 and 50 DAT. Weed
control efficiency, yield increase and cost-benefit ratio due to
different treatments were calculated. Among the weed control
treatments, Ronstar @ 1.0 L/ha + one hand weeding at 50 DAT
provided with the highest weed suppression (62.3%), which was
9% higher than farmers’ practice. The highest yield increase
(44.16%) was also noted under the treatment and it was slightly
higher than the weed free treatment (39.9%). The relative
contribution of hand weeding when combined with low dose of
the herbicides, was higher in case of Rifit (18.4%) followed by
2,4-D (16.7%). The cost-benefit ratio due to using this weed
control treatment was the highest (1.60) than other treatments.
The important weed species found to infest the crop was,
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Leersia hexandra, and E. colonum. The
accumulation of weed dry matter was negatively correlated to
grain yield, tiller number and plant height of rice.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 25
31. EFFECT OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT
METHODS AND WEED MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES ON PROTEIN CONTENT,
NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF RICE
(Oryza sativa L.)
Vivek Yadav, L.R. Singh and Rajendra Singh
S.V.B.P.U.A. &.T, Zonal Research Station Nagina, Bijnor,
U.P, India- 246 762-INDIA
A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive
Kharif seasons of 2003 & 2004, to find out most suitable
weed management practices for different crop
establishment methods. Maximum loss of nutrients by
weeds was recorded under zero tillage followed by dry
seeding under moist condition while highest content of
protein in grain and straw was recorded under transplanting.
Highest grain yield (54.72q/ha) was recorded under
transplanting which was at par with drum seeding (54.53
q/ha) during first year and significantly superior over other
methods during second year. Chemical + 2 hand weeding
produced significantly higher grain yield (61.04 q/ha &
60.88 q/ha) over other weed management practices during
first and second year, respectively.
32. GROWTH AND YIELD OF HYBRID AND
INBRED BORO RICE VARIETIES AFFECTED
BY DIFFERENT WEED CONTROL METHODS
M.H.Ali1, H.M.M.Tariq
2 Hossain and S. Ahamed
3
Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, BANGLADESH
hazratali11@yahoo
A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during
December, 2008 to May, 2009 to evaluate the growth and
yield of hybrid and inbred boro rice affected by different
weed control methods. The experiment comprised of seven
weeding treatments viz. no weeding, one weeding at 30 DAT
(Days After Transplanting), two weeding at 30 DAT and 50
DAT; application of herbicides- Sunrise 150WP
recommended dose at 100 g ha-1
, Sunrise 150WP 25% higher
than the recommended dose, Commit 500EC recommended
dose at 1000 ml ha-1
, Commit 500EC 25% lower than the
recommended dose and boro rice varieties viz. Hira hybrid
dhan 6, Sonarbangla hybrid dhan 6 and BRRI dhan 29. The
experiment carried out in RCBD with three replications. Eight
weed species belonging to four families were identified in the
experiment field of which Echinochloa colonum, Leerisa
hexandra, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Scirpus
mucronatus, Spilanthes acmella, Enhydra fluctuans and
Desmodium trifolium. Population densities of weeds were
recorded from 7 DAT to 50 DAT at 7 days interval. It was
evident that among the weed control treatments, application of
Sunrise 150WP 25% higher than the recommended dose
showed best performance in respect of highest plant height
(103.35 cm), maximum tillers hill-1
(22), maximum plant dry
matter (67.24 g hill-1
), effective tillers hill-1
(19.67), lowest
number of ineffective tillers hill-1
(1.33) and consequently
produced highest grain yield (9.50 t ha-1
), straw yield (10.25 t
ha-1
) and harvest index (48.10) in comparison to all other
treatments. Among the weed control treatments- Sunrise
150WP at 25% higher than the recommended dose controlled
81% of weed population, whereas Commit 500EC 62% and
hand weeding only 52% which was costlier than others. The
highest grain yield, straw yield as well as benefit cost ratio
was obtained from the variety Sonarbangla hybrid dhan 6.
Application of Sunrise 150WP 25% higher than the
recommended dose increased 22.58% higher grain yield than
Commit 500EC 25% lower than the recommended dose and
34.58% higher grain yield than two hand weeding due to
higher number of panicles hill-1
and higher number of grains
panicle-1
.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
26
33. WEED CONTROL EFFECTS AND SAFETY
EVALUATION OF TOPSHOT IN DIRECT
SEEDING PADDY FIELD
ZHANG Hong-jun, LIU Xue and YE Jiming
Institute for Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, and
Beijing 1000125-CHINA
[email protected], [email protected]
The weed control effects, safety evaluation for succeeding crops, and
the influence on the change of weed nutrient content were studied to
evaluate the application prospect of TopShot and determined its weed
control technology in direct seeding paddy fields.The Topshot was a
mixture of 50 g/L cyhalofop-butyl and 10 g/L penoxsulam, and its
formulation was Oil Dispersion. The results showed that TopShot had
good control effects and was superior to manual control, significantly.
The overall quantity control effects for Echinochloa crusgalli,
Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis were reached
91.06% to 99.34% and the overall fresh control effects were reached
93.85% to 99.60%. The application of TopShot 60OD significantly
reduced the weeds absorption of nutrition, resulting in a significant
acceleration of photosynthesis and prominent effects of yield
enhancing. It had no phototoxic symptoms for succeeding crops such
as, wheat, rape, cabbage, onion and garlic. In general, the TopShot had
very good respect in direct seeding paddy fields.
34. COMPETITION BETWEEN MAIZE AND ITS
WEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT
NITROGEN LEVELS
Muhammad Saeed*, Abdul Khaliq*, Zahid Ata Cheema*
and Ata Muhammad Ranjha** *Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-PAKISTAN **
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad- PAKISTAN
A field experiment was conducted at Post Graduate
Agricultural Research Station, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad (Pakistan) during 2005 and 2006 kharif seasons to
evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels on competitive
behaviour of naturally occurring population of weeds under
different weed crop competition durations. Major weeds were;
Trianthema portulacastrum, Cyperus rotundus, Digeria
arvnsis, Dactyloctanum aegyption and Convolvulus arvnsis.
In this competition study, weeds were allowed to compete
with the maize crop for 0 (weed free throughout the growing
season), 2. 3, 4, 5 or 15 weeks (weedy throughout the growing
season) after which maize plots were kept weed free for the
rest of the growing season. The nitrogen levels used were 150,
200 and 250 kg ha-1
. Increase in weed-crop competition
durations was negatively correlated with grain yield and yield
components such as 1000-grain weight, number of grains per
cob and number of leaves per plant while the situation was
reverse for density and dry weight of weeds. The reduction in
maize grain yield and yield components due to increase in
weed-crop competition durations was more prominent under
low nitrogen level (150 kg ha-1
), whereas the extent of yield
loss was trimmed down with successive increase in nitrogen
rates. The results revealed that maize is very sensitive to
different nitrogen levels and weed crop competition durations
and this sensitiveness boosted up under low fertility
conditions.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 27
35. THE SAFETY OF MESOTRIONE TO THE
DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MAIZE BY PPM
METHOD
Zhang Hongjun1, 2
, Wang Guiqi3, Cui Hailan
4, Li
Xiangju4, Ni Hanwen
2*
Hanwen Ni. Weed Science Research Unit, Department of
Pesticides and Plant Quarantine, College of Agriculture and
Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 West
Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193-CHINA
[email protected], [email protected]
The trials were carried out during 2006-2007 in the field of
Beijing to evaluate the safety of mesotrione to the different
varieties of summer maize and alleviation of the Bihu, a plant
growth regulator, to the injury of mesotrione to the maize.
The 4 maize varieties that were widely planted in north
China were used in the experiment. The plot size was 60 m2.
Mesotrione was applied at the rates of 0, 105, 210, 420 and
840 a.i. g/ha at the 4-5 leaf stage, and spray volume was 600
L/ha. One week later, the half of plots was treated with the
Bihu at the rate of 30 g formulation /ha, and spray volume
was 300 L/ha. The treatments were repeated 4 times. The
visual injury was observed after treatment, and PPM value
were measured 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 day after mesotrione
treatment (DAMT). The plant height was measured 0, 7, 14,
21, and 28 DAMT and the fresh shoot biomass of 10 plants
from each treatment was weighed before harvest. The relative
regression analysis between the value of PPM of DAMT and
the plant height of 21 DAMT was carried out, and the positive
correlation of them was very good. The PPM values of 2-4
DAMT could predict the damage of the mesotrione to the
plant height of maize. The PPM value of the maize decreased
significantly 2 DAMT, and thereafter increased slowly. The
responses of different varieties were different. Bainuo 6 was
very sensitive, and took 10 days to recover. Tiandan 8 was
sensitive, and took 8 days to recover. Nongda 862 and
Zhengdan 21 were less sensitive, and took 6 days to recover.
Visual bleaching injury could be observed 3-4 DAMT.
With the increasing of mesotrione dosage, the injury could be
much more serious. The growth of all the varieties was
inhibited significantly at the high dosage, and the plant height
and fresh shoot weight were much lower than these of no
treatment. However, there was difference in injury severity
among the varieties. Bihu could alleviate the damage of
mesotrione. In conclusion, the responses of the maize to
mesotrione could be determined by curves of PPM value and
Bihu could alleviate the injury. It is necessary to find out its
mechanism in future.
36. RESPONSE OF MAIZE AND THREE
PERENNIAL WEEDS TO DIFFERENT
COMBINATIONS OF MACRO-NUTRIENTS
Umm-e-Kulsoom and Muhammad Azim Khan
Department of Weed Science
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar- PAKISTAN
Pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Weed
Science, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar. Study was
initiated in the month of July 2009 to study the response of three
perennial weeds and maize hybrid to different combinations of
macro-nutrients. The experiment was laid out in Completely
Randomized Design (CRD), replicated 3 times. There were
eight treatments in experiment comprising control (0), nitrogen
(N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and combinations of NP,
NK, PK and NPK. The doses of NPK alone and in mixture were
300, 200 and 100 mg Kg-1
soil. Five seeds of maize and three
rhizomes/stolons of Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon and
Sorghum helepense were sown in the pots. Analysis of the data
revealed that all the fertilizers significantly increased the growth
parameters of the species studied. However combine use of
these fertilizers were more effective in increasing the plant
height, fresh biomass, dry biomass and root weight as compared
to alone use. The present findings revealed that fertilizer
application in maize not only favour the crop growth but also
benefit the three perennial weeds in our country. Thus band
application of the fertilizers may show advantages over the
broadcast application.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
28
37. IMPACT OF TILLAGE, PLANT
POPULATION AND MULCHES ON WEED
MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
Bakhtiar Gul and Khan Bahadar Marwat
Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop Protection
Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-25130
PAKISTAN [email protected]
Field experiments were conducted during 2006 and 2007 in
Peshawar, using open pollinated maize variety ‘Azam’ in
RCB design having 3 factors viz., tillage, maize populations
and mulches with split-split plot arrangements. Tillage levels
(zero and conventional) were assigned to the main plots,
populations (90000, 60000 and 30000 plants ha-1
) to the sub-
plots and four types of mulches (weeds mulch, black plastic
mulch, white plastic mulch and mungbean as living mulch), a
hand weeding and a weedy check were allotted to sub-sub
plots, respectively. Crop yield was not affected significantly
by the years, whereas all other factors affected the maize
yield. With zero-tillage the yield of maize was 2271 kg ha-1
,
compared to 2429 kg ha-1
in conventional tillage. Similarly,
increasing crop density increased the yield; having 2055 kg
ha-1
in 30000 plants ha-1
, 2412 kg ha-1
in 60000 plants ha-1
and
2483 kg ha-1
in 90000 plants ha-1
, respectively. Significantly
higher grain yield of 2863 kg ha-1
was recorded in the hand
weeding as compared to weedy check (1422 kg ha-1
) and
statistically at par with black plastic mulch (2813 kg ha-1
),
followed by weeds mulch (2460 kg ha-1
), white plastic (2398
kg ha-1
) and living mulch (2145 kg ha-1
), respectively. Zero
tillage resulted in maximum fresh weed biomass of 183 kg ha-
1 as compared to 165 kg ha
-1 in the conventional tillage. While
lesser weed biomass (158 kg ha-1
) was recorded in the highest
population of 90000 plants ha-1
as compared to 60000 plants
ha-1
(168 kg ha-1
) and 30000 plants ha-1
(196 kg ha-1
),
respectively. Less fresh weed biomass was recorded in the
hand weeding plots (112 kg ha-1
) and statistically at par with
black plastic mulch (120 kg ha-1
), followed by weeds mulch
(164 kg ha-1
), white plastic mulch (191 kg ha-1
) and living
mulch (195 kg ha-1
) as compared to weedy check (260 kg ha-
1). Number of weeds species was higher (62 %) in zero tillage
than conventional tillage (58 %). Similarly, higher plant
populations (90000 plants ha-1
and 60000 plants ha-1
) had 58
% weed species each as compared to 63 % in the lower plant
population (30000 plants ha-1
). In hand weeding fewer weeds
species (38 %) were reported, followed by black plastic (51
%), weeds mulch (58 %), living mulch (63 %) and white
plastic (64 %), respectively, as compared to 84 % in the
weedy check.
38. EFFECT OF WEED DENSITY ON
BIOLOGICAL YIELD OF MAIZE
Muhammad Saeed, Khan Bahadar Marwat and Bakhtiar
Gul
Department of weed science
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-25130 PAKISTAN.
Studies were carried out on maize and weed competition at
Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University
Peshawar, Pakistan for two crop seasons viz., 2006 and 2007,
using open pollinated variety “Azam”. The experiments were
laid out in Randomized Complete Block design with split plot
arrangements, having, three replications. Four maize plant
spacings viz., 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm were kept in main plots,
while weed densities viz., 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 m-2
were
allotted to sub plots. Data were recorded on days to tasseling,
days to maturity, leaf area index and biological yield (t ha-1
).
Plant spacing of 15 cm resulted in higher leaf area index and
biological yield in comparison with 30 cm plant spacing.
Similarly, any weed density of Trianthema portulacastrum
decreased leaf index and biological yield over the weedy check.
Moreover days to tasseling and maturity were also delayed by
increasing weed density. Two years research showed that
narrow plant spacing of 15 cm enhanced the competitive ability
of maize crop and suppressed weed growth which eventually
resulted in higher biological yield, depicting that T.
portulacastrum is a strong competitor of maize and may cause
substantial yield losses depending on plant spacing and weed
density.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 29
39. At IMPACT OF INTERCROPPING ON WEED
CONTROL AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE
CROP
Zahid Hussain1, Abdul Samad
2 and Fazal Munsif
3
1Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University
Peshawar 2Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar
3Plant Physiology Section, Agricultural Research Institute
Tarnab Peshawar -PAKISTAN
A field experiment of intercropping in maize crop (variety
Azam) was conducted during the cropping season 2009 at
Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar, North West
Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in
randomized complete block design and comprised of five
treatments, each of which was sown in a plot size of 5m x 3m,
replicated four times. The treatments included were;
intercropping of French bean with maize, mung bean with
maize, sunflower + maize, maize alone with hand weeding
(weed free), and maize alone with no weed control (weedy
check). The treatments significantly affected weeds density m-
2 and grain yield of maize crop. Intercropping reduced weed
population to a significant level as compared to maize alone
with no weed control (103.7 plants m-2
). French bean,
sunflower and mung bean decreased the weed density to 76.9,
66.1, and 54.6 weeds m-2
, respectively. On the other hand, the
highest grain yield of maize (3662 kg ha-1
) was recorded in
the weed free maize alone plots indicating 32% yield increase
over the maize alone weedy plots (2474 kg ha-1
). Among the
intercrops, grain yield of 3246 kg ha-1
i.e. 24% yield increase
was recorded in plots with mung bean + maize, followed by
sunflower + maize (2928 kg ha-1
i.e. 16%). However, the
treatment of French beans + maize (2768 kg ha-1
i.e. 11%
yield increase) was statistically at par with the maize alone
weedy check.
40. Effect of Intercropping systems and Nitrogen
Fertilizer on growth and quality characters of corn
(Zea mays L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Zakiya Ahmad, Hassan Al-Mezori and Mosleh M.S. Duhoky
College of Agriculture University of Dohuk-
This study conducted to investigate the effect of cropping
systems and N-fertilization on plant growth of corn (Zea mays
L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in sole cropping and
intercropping systems ( 4 arrangements) for two seasons (2002
and 2003) under field conditions with two factors, cropping
systems and N-fertilizer (0, 10 and 20 kg of urea/do.) and 40 kg
of urea/do adopted just for making comparisons. Sys.2 caused
increasing of the following characters (stem diameter, leaf
length, leaf area index and oil% of grains) as compared with
sole corn. While in peanut plants, reduction of all characters
obtained as compared with sole peanut. Protein% of corn grains
showed significant increase when corn intercropped with peanut
on the same furrow at ratio (1:1). Nitrogen fertilization affected
all characters of corn. Application 20 kg of urea caused
significant increase over sole corn for all characters; the
exception was oil% of corn grains which decreased
insignificantly as N-levels increased. Protein% of peanut seeds
increased insignificantly as compared with control, on the other
hand, oil% decreased significantly in comparison with control.
Interaction between intercropping systems and N-fertilizer
affected insignificantly on stem diameter, number of
leaves/plant, and significantly affected the other characters of
corn. Concerning the whole parameters of corn in the
intercropping systems, intercropping of corn and peanut on
alternate furrows at ratio (2:1), with addition of 20 kg urea/do is
more suitable intercropping systems used in this study, because
more than 76% of these parameters increased. For peanut
characters, intercropping sys.2 and applying 20 kg of urea
increased about 80% of all characters and shows its
effectiveness over the rest interactions
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
30
41. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS
METHODS OF WEED CONTROL IN
CHICKPEA FIELDS
Fathi A. O. Emenky1, Nahla M. Saleem
2 and Ahmed S.
Khalaf 2
1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ 2Dept. of Soil & Water Sciences, College of Agriculture,
University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ
An experiment was conducted at Agricultural College
farm/Duhok University to investigate the effectiveness of
different kinds of ploughs and weed management practices on
weed control in chickpea field during the growing season
2009. Ploughs kinds included disc plow, mouldboard plow,
and cultivator and the weed management practices involved
control, hand hoeing, trifluraline (soil herbicide), aloxy
(selective herbicide) and gramoxone (general herbicide). The
results indicated that the ploughs types have no significant
effect on number of weeds or their dry weight. Hand hoeing
and gramoxone were superior among other treatments. Also
the interaction of hand hoeing with all kinds of ploughs was
significant. The interaction of gramoxone with disc plow gave
lowest dry weight of broad leaved weeds. Neither number of
narrow leaved weeds nor their dry weight has serious effect in
chickpea fields.
42. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF
CONVENTIONAL VERSUS NO-TILLAGE
SYSTEMS FOR WEED CONTROL UNDER
VARIOUS SEED RATES OF CHICKPEA
Ihsanullah Daur and Amanullah Jan
Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University
Peshawar, PAKISTAN
Ihsanullah. [email protected]
No-till is recognized globally as an ideal means of conserving
soil and water, but keeping in view weed infestation under
organic farming, a field study was conducted during 2005 in
NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar. Aim of the study was
to compare no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)
systems for weed control in chickpea grown under rainfed
condition. Each tillage system was evaluated under three
different seed rate rates (40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1
) of chickpea.
The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block
design with split plot arrangement, putting tillage systems in
main plots and seed rate in sub plots. In the study CT was found
more effective in controlling weeds and performance of
chickpea compared to NT across all seed rates. Weed biomass
was observed linearly decreased with increase in chickpea seed
rate; however chickpea showed best performance for seed rate
of 80 kg ha-1
. On the basis of present experiment seed rate of 80
kg ha-1
under CT may be promising combination for chickpea
production under rainfed condition.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 31
43. INFLUENCE OF WEED MANAGEMENT
METHODS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF
CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
Fathi A. O. Emenky, Ahmed S. Khalaf and Nahla M.
Saleem 1Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture,
University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
([email protected]) 2Deptartment of Soil & Water Sciences, College of
Agriculture, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region,
IRAQ
This experiment was conducted at Agricultural College
farm/ Duhok University to study the effect of different
methods of weeds control on chickpea growth and yield
during the growing season 2009. Ploughs kinds included
disc plow, mould board plow, and cultivator and the weed
management practices involved hand hoeing, trifluraline
(the soil incorporated herbicide), aloxy (selective herbicide)
and gramoxone (general herbicide). The results indicated
that the ploughs types have no significant effect on any
traits of growth or yield of chickpea. Hand hoeing
significantly gave highest seed yield and weight of 100
seeds which were 120.36 kg and 30.80 g respectively.
While both hand hoeing and gramoxone were superior in
number of primary branches (3.49 and 3.40), number of
pods per plant (12.27 and 10.94) and hay yield per donum
(363.88 and 318.20 kg) respectively. The interaction of
hand hoeing with cultivator and mould board were
significant for most of traits under the study. Also the
interaction of gramoxone with cultivator was significant in
plant height and height of the lowest pod traits which were
41.33 and 23.14 cm, respectively.
44. RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum)
AND Euphorbia dracunculoides TO PRE AND
POST- EMERGENCE HERBICIDES UNDER
CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Asif Tanveer*, Shakeel Imran, Muhammad Ayub and
Muhammad Yaseen1
Department of Agronomy,
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.
A pot experiment was conducted during 2007-08 at the
Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, to evaluate the response of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) and Euphorbia dracunculoides to various pre and
post-emergence herbicides, using completely randomized design
(CRD) having four replications. Treatments comprised of pre-
emergence spray and sand mix broadcast application of
pendimethalin @ 853.12 and 910 g a.i. ha-1
; S-metalochlor @
1440 g a.i. ha-1
; atrazin @ 712.5 g a.i. ha-1
; fluroxypyr + MCPA
@ 562.5 and 625 g a.i. ha-1
; bromoxynyl + MCPA @ 675 g a.i.
ha-1
; metribuzin @ 262.5 g a.i. ha-1
; terbutryn @ 630 g a.i. ha-1
and carfentrazone ethyl @ 30 g a.i. ha-1
while bentazon @ 720
and 960 g a.i. ha-1
and atrazin @ 475 g a.i. ha-1
were applied as
post-emergence spray. The data were recorded on plant height,
fresh and dry weight, number of pods, grain weight, biological
yield of crop and weed. Maximum control of Euphorbia
dracunculoides was observed in atrazin @ 712.5 g a.i. ha-1
(92.5
%) and metribuzin @ 262.5 g a.i. ha-1
(90 %), both applied as
sand mix broadcast but had phytotoxic effect on growth of
chickpea, resulted in complete failure of the crop. Maximum
grain yield was recorded with bromoxynyl + MCPA @ 675 g
a.i. ha-1
, applied as pre-emergence spray followed by
carfentrazone ethyl @ 30 g a.i. ha-1
, applied as sand mix
broadcast. Terbutryn @ 630 g a.i. ha-1
, S-metalochlor @ 1440 g
a.i. ha-1
, fluroxypyr + MCPA @ 625 g a.i. ha-1
and bentazon @
960 g a.i. ha-1
also provided good control of Euphorbia
dracunculoides but less yield due to increased phytotoxicity,
chloresis of leaves, significant reduction in plant height, shoot
and root dry weight of chickpea.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
32
45. HERBICIDES AND THEIR DOSES
EFFECTS ON Asphodelus tenuifolius CAV.
IN CHICKPEA
Muhammad Ishfaq Khan, Gul Hassan and Imtiaz Khan
Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University,
Peshawar, PAKISTAN
The study aims to determine dose requirements of herbicides
for controlling A. tenuifolius on farmer’s field in chickpea
during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Five herbicides pendimethalin,
s-metolachlor, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, MCPA and isoproturon
with four doses were studied in the trials. MCPA produced
phytotoxic effect on weed and crop and completely inhibited
crop and weed growth. Isoproturon was less effective on A.
tenuifolius with less phytoxicity on crop. Best seed yield was
recorded in pre-emergence herbicides (1164 and 1150 kg ha-1
)
at high dose as compared to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (1088 kg ha-
1). Next year (2006-2007) again the same herbicides were
tested while MCPA due to its phytotoxicity on crop was
replaced by clodinafop propargyl (post-emergence). Almost
similar results were recorded with the only difference of
herbicides clodinafop propargyl. The best seed yield of 1109
kg ha-1
was recorded each for pendimethalin and s-
metolachlor which was however, statistically similar with
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (1107 kg ha-1
). Lower (½x) and 1X
doses of post emergence herbicides produced good results as
compared to 1.5X. While Pre emergence herbicides was
effective at 1.5X dose.
46. EFFECT OF RATES AND METHODS OF
APPLICATION OF PENTHALENE PLUS
(PENDIMETHALIN + PROMETRYN) ON
CONTROL OF WILD ONION (Asphodelus
tenuifolius) IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
Muhammad Sibtain1, Asif Tanveer, Rashid Ahmad
2,
Muhammad Yaseen3.
1Department of Agronomy,
2Department of Crop Physiology,
3Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of rates and
methods of application of Penthalene plus (Pendimethalin +
prometryn) on control of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius)
in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at Agronomic Research
Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in the year 2007-
08. Experiment comprised of six treatments including two
rates and two methods of application of Penthalene plus viz.
2500 ml ha-1
foliar spray, 2500 ml ha-1
sand mix broadcast
application, 3000 ml ha-1
foliar spray and 3000 ml ha-1
sand
mix broadcast application. Manual weed control (hoeing) and
weedy check were also included in the experiment for
comparison. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with four replications. Weed density,
fresh and dry weight of weeds per unit area, yield and yield
components of chickpea were significantly affected by
different doses and application methods of Penthalene plus.
Maximum number of weeds (240 m-2
) and dry weight (434 g
m-2
) was observed in control and minimum number of weeds
(7.75 m-2
) and dry weight (13.52 g m-2
) of weeds was
observed in foliar application of Penthalene plus @ 2500 ml
ha-1
. Maximum seed yield was obtained with Penthalene plus
@ 2500 ml ha-1
applied either sand mix broadcast (2261 kg
ha-1
) or foliar spray (2227 kg ha-1
) and it was 409 and 375 kg
ha-1
more than weedy check (1852 kg ha-1
), respectively.
Manual weeding gave 520, 145 and 111 kg ha-1
more yield
than weedy check, foliar spray and sand mix broadcast @
2500 ml ha-1
, respectively. It is recommended that Penthalene
plus @ 2500 ml ha-1
either foliar spray or sand mix proved to
be the best alternative of hand weeding with respect to
controlling weeds and increasing yield in chickpea.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 33
47. SCREENING OF SOME PRE AND POST
EMERGENCE HERBICIDES TO
CONTROL WEEDS IN CHICKPEA (Cicer
arietinum L.) UNDER RAINFED
CONDITIONS
Muhammad Ansar, Adeel Anwar, M. Arif, M.
Nadeem and Adnan Zahid
Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN
A field study was carried out to evaluate the performance
of various herbicide treatments on yield and quality of
chickpea during the year 2007-08 at Koont Research
Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi in order to address the problem of weeds
infestation problems in chickpea under rainfed conditions
of Pothwar. RCBD design used having three
replications. Two pre-emergence weedicide Stomp 330
EC, Dual gold 960 EC at two dose level and two post-
emergence weedicide puma super 75 EW, topic 15 WP
were applied at different levels along with hand weeding
and control treatments. The data were recorded on grain
yield (Kg ha-1
), weed biomass (Kg ha-1
), germination
count m-2
, plant height (cm), number of pods plant-1
,
number of seed pod-1
, biological yield (Kg ha-1
) and 1000
grain weight (g). The results of the treatments showed
that highest grain yield (401.0 Kg ha-1
) was obtained by
hand weeding followed by puma super 75 EW @ 1.2 lit
ha-1
(319.8 Kg ha-1
) against the control treatment (212.2
Kg ha-1
). So hand weeding performed best but it is
practical at lower level and where labor is cheap and easy
available otherwise the spray with puma super 75 EW @
1.2 lit ha-1
appeared to be best for control of weeds in
chickpea under rainfed conditions.
48. ADOPTABILITY OF POST EMERGENCE
WEEDICIDE FOR COTTON PRODUCTIVITY
Dilbaugh Muhammad*, Muhammad Naveed Afzal**, Ilyas
Raza**and Muhammad Azam Mian**
University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan, Pakistan-60800
Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, PAKISTAN
Productivity of field crop is the result of interaction of several
agronomic, environmental and social factors. In field crops, wide
row crops are the most affected by weed intensity. Weeds affect in
reduction in yield is mainly due to a smaller number of bolls per
plant. The weed population is not static but changes in response to
growing conditions, control procedures and cropping sequence. Field
experiments was laid out under randomized complete block design
in four replicates at the Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan
during the 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effective weed control
measures, seed cotton yield and yield components of cotton. The
treatments were Mechanical weeding (Inter-culturing four times),
Round Up 490 G/L @ 4.7 L ha-1
(Glyphosate 2.303 kg a.i. ha-1
),
Manual weeding (three times), Mechanical weeding + Manual
weeding, Round Up 490 G/L + Mechanical weeding, Round Up 490
G/L + Mechanical weeding + Manual weeding, and untreated. Seeds
of c.v. CIM-496 was dibbled on last weak of May. Round Up 490
G/L @ 4.7 L ha-1
was applied (protective) 30 days after planting.
Results indicated that chemical alone and in combination with
mechanical weed control methods gave effective weed control and
significantly higher seed cotton yield and yield components against
untreated. The interactive effect of Round up 490 G/L 4.7 liter ha-1
+
Mechanical weeding + Manual weeding gave maximum weed
control of 94 and 89% broad and narrow leave weed control over
untreated respectively at 60 days after sowing.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
34
49. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) IN BIRJAND
REGION
Hasan Barati Mahmoodi1, Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi
1 ,
Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel2, Sohrab
Mahmoodi1 and Narges Sheikhzade Mohammad Abadi
3
1 The University of Birjand, Amirabad Campus, South
Khorasan, Birjand 97175/331, Iran,2. Faculty of Agriculture,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,3. Horticulture Expert,
Shahrood University of Technology, IRAN
In order to study the effects of mechanical and chemical
methods of weed control, and also their integrated effects, in
cotton, Varamin cultivar, an field experiment was conducted
at the Agricultural Research Station, the University of Birjand
during 2008, using a randomize complete block design with
12 treatments and four replications. Treatments were Trefelan
(trifluralin 48% EC) 960CC ai ha-1
(pre-planting), Sonalan
(ethalfluralin 33.3% EC) 999CC ai ha-1
(pre-planting),
Envoke 75WG (trifloxysulfuron sodium) 11.25 gr ai ha-1
+
adjuvant (citogit 2/1000) post-emergence at 2-8 leaf stage of
cotton, once cultivator at 5-8 leaf stage of cotton, using twice
cultivator at 4-6 and 8-10 leaf stage of cotton, Trefelan +
Envoke, Sonalan + Envoke, Envoke + cultivator, Trefelan +
cultivator, Sonalan + cultivator. There were also two other
treatments including weed pulling during all season as well as
no control at all. The type and the number of weed species
were recorded three times using random quadrats. At fifteen
and thirty days after herbicide application, the effects caused
by the herbicides (EWRC methods) were recorded again. The
crop height and number of branches and bolls per plant were
measured in four plants in each plot. Results showed that
applying “Envoke” along with “Citogit” and integrated
treatments of Envoke + Sonalan and Envoke + Cultivator
were the most effective treatments in respect to increase of
cotton bolls number, number of branches, opened bolls and
plant height and produced the highest yield. These treatments
also decreased total dry weight and density of all weeds, more
than other treatments. Thus it seems integrating Envoke with
other weed management option, especially non-chemical
tools, can lead to effective weed suppression in cotton.
50. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WEED CONTROL
METHODS ON WEED DYNAMICS AND THE
YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION
(Allium cepa L.)
Mohammad Ibrahim Karimi and Gul Hassan
Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop protection
Sciences
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, PAKISTAN
An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm,
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) to figure out the effect of
different mulches and herbicides on weeds control as well as on
yield and yield components of onion. The transplanting of onion
was done during the second week of March 2008. The
treatments included were five herbicides (viz. glyphosate @
2.28, paraquat @ 0.75, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 0.729, s-
metolachlor @ 1.2 and pendimethalin @ 0.853 kg ai. ha-1
),
wheat straw mulch (6 t ha-1
), saw dust (8 t ha-1
), hand weeding
(twice) and a weedy check. Glyphosate and paraquat were
applied as post-emergence to weeds, pendimethalin and mulches
were applied as pre-emergence to weeds and crop and
fenoxaporop-p-ethyl was also applied as post-emergence to
weeds and crop. During the course of studies, the data were
recorded on weed mortality percentage, weed density (m-2
),
relative density % (m-2
), fresh and dry weed biomass (g m-2
),
number of leaves plant-1
, size of onion bulbs (ml), onion bulb
diameter (cm), plant height (cm), number of onion bulbs (m-2
),
onion yield (kg ha-1
) and economic evaluation. Maximum weed
mortality percentage was recorded in pendimethalin (76%),
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (68%), s-metolachlor (67%) and hand
weeding (62%). Similarly, the maximum number of leaves
plants-1
were found in hand weeding (4.9) and glyphosate (4.85)
and minimum in the weedy check (2.45). The tallest plants were
found in glyphosate and pendimethalin (31.2 & 30.9 cm) and
the shortest plants were detected in saw dust (23.4 cm). The
maximum yield of onion was recorded in pendemethalin (15.39
t ha-1
) and minimum bulb yield was recorded in weedy check
and saw dust (3.62 & 4.21 t ha-1
). Regarding the economic
evaluation, the chemical control method (pendimethalin,
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and parquat) and hand weeding were
economical as compared to the physical and cultural methods,
especially applying pendimethalin and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl were
the most economical treatments.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 35
51. HERBICIDE EFFICACY ON THREE ANNUAL
GRASS WEEDS IN DIFFERENT SOILS
A. Rahman and T.K. James
AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240,
NEW ZEALAND
Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum dichotomiflorum and Setaria
pumila are among the major problem weeds in maize,
sweetcorn and many vegetable crops in New Zealand. The
efficacy of several pre-emergence herbicides on these weeds
was investigated in different soils in pot experiments. These
soils were collected from the top 10 cm of seven maize fields
with different cropping histories. The herbicides used were
dimethanamid, alachlor, metolachlor, two formulations of
acetochlor and proprietary mixes of acetochlor with atrazine
or metribuzin. Plastic pots filled with soil were seeded with
10 seeds of individual grass species and herbicide treatments
were then applied with a precision pot sprayer. A further 10
seeds of the same grass species were sown at 2-weekly
intervals for 8 weeks to test the duration of residual weed
control. The number of emerged seedlings was counted in
each pot at 2 weeks after each planting. Metolachlor was the
most effective chemical for controlling E. crus-galli and P.
dichotomiflorum. For S. pumila, similar levels of control were
achieved by all treatments evaluated. Generally, all the
herbicides were less effective in soils with a long history of
maize growing where up to 3 times more seedlings emerged
than in soils with only 1-2 years of maize cropping.
52. BIO EFFICACY OF SAND MIX APPLICATION
OF PRE EMERGENCE OF HERBICIDES
ALONE AND IN SEQUENCE WITH
IMAZETHAPYR ON WEED CONTROL IN
RELAY CROP OF BLACKGRAM
A.S.Rao, G.Subba Rao, and M.Ratnam
Integrated Weed Management Unit,Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
University,Lam farm, GUNTUR-522 034, A.P., INDIA.
A field Experiment was conducted during winter season of
2007-08 and 2008-09 to study the bio efficacy of sand mix
application of pre emergence herbicides, pendimethalin 1.0
kg/hac, pretilachlor 0.5 kg/hac, oxyfuorfen 0.12 kg/hac,
imazethapyr 0.063 kg/hac alone and in sequence with post
emergence application of imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac on weed
control in blackgram grown as relay crop. Result indicated that
sequential treatments were found to superior to individual
applications. Among the sequential treatments, pre emergence
sand mix application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/hac fb.
Imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac at 20 DAS significantly reduce weed
growth and recorded the highest seed yield (1113 kg/hac), net
monetary returns (Rs. 2255 kg/hac) and B:C ratio (!:3) and was
on par with other sequential treatments, oxyfuorfen 0.12 kg/hac
fb Imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac and also with hand weeding at 15
and 30 DAS. Uncontrolled weed growth caused 61 percent
reduction in seed yield.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
36
53. POPULATION DENSITY AND SELF-
THINNING OF Brassica juncea (L. CZERN)
VAR. ENSABI
Abbas Fallah Tossi and Baki Haji Bakar
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603
Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
The effects of density on the growth rate and survival of
individual plants as well as changes in population structure
and self-thinning were experimentally evaluated in Brassica
juncea (L. Czern) Var. Ensabi at five densities (5000, 10000,
20000, 40000 and 80000 seeds m-2). The biomass (dry
weight) of root, stem and leaf was measured for ten times after
drying from the 10 to 100th days after planting. It was applied
at 10 day intervals. The relationship between the total dry
matter weights per plant and plant densities of survivors for
populations of Brassica juncea (L. Czern) Var. Ensabi
showed that each population will start to thin along a line of
slope from -3.7 to -1.2 until it reaches the maximum standing
crop. Mortality during the phase of self-thinning is largely
among individuals suppressed by the ensuing growth of
neighbours, resulting in increased shading within the
canopies of neighbouring plants. The total dry matter (m-2)
was constant over a wide range of densities because
individual plant displayed density-dependent reduction in
growth rate and hence in individual plant size, in particular,
because the reductions in mean plant weight compensated
exactly for increase in density.
54. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONCENTRATIONS OF [Brassica juncea (L.)
Czern. Var. Ensabi] ETHANOL EXTRACTION
FOR WEED MANAGEMENT
Abbas Fallah Tossi and Baki Haji Bakar
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603
Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
The wild species of Malaysian brassica [Brassica juncea (L.)
Czern. var. Ensabi] with its pungent and slightly bitter aromatic
taste has been planted by Malays and natives in the Malaysian
states of Sabah and Sarawak. Some allelochemicals persent in
this plant extract may, directly, prevent or promot germination
and seedling growth when environmental conditions are
conductive to growth and establishment. The crude ethanol
extracts were prepared using extract concentrations of
10.8,14.28 ,18 and 30 gL-1
of leaf, stem and root materials. The
extracts were tested with the widely used radish seed and
barnyard grass seed. Radish seed germination was inhibited at
all concentrations of ethanol extraction from leaves. The
inhibition of root and shoot growth was also observed in the
Barnyard grass and Radish seeds. Both species were susceptible
to allelopathy by extracts isolated from leaf, stem and root of
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. Ensabi and also their rate of
germination, root length and shoot length in were decreased
upon the application of both type of extractions. Results shown
both species were susceptible to effect of extracts isolated from
leaf, stem and root of ensabi and may utilization that allelopathy
control the timing of barnyard grass germination and seedling
establishment.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 37
55. ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF
DIFFERENT CROP RESIDUES ON THE
GERMINATION DYNAMICS AND SEEDLING
GROWTH OF Cyprus rotundus
Abdul Khaliq1*
, Amar Matloob1, M. Farooq
1 and
Farheena Aslam1
1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, PAKISTAN
Crop residues are well known for their chemical (allelopathic)
and physical effects on subsequent crops and weeds. Pot
studies was conducted during summer 2009 to evaluate the
allelopathic influence of different crop residues viz. sorghum,
sunflower, brassica applied alone or in combination with each
other on germination and seedling growth of Cyperus
rotundus-a troublesome weed of summer season. Chopped
residues at 12 t ha-1
were incorporated into the soil and a
weedy check was also maintained. Six tubers of C. rotundus
were sown in each pot. The experiment was triplicated in
completely randomized design. Data on germination traits
[time to start germination, time to 50% emergence (E50), mean
emergence time, emergence index and final germination
percentage] and seedling growth (root and shoot length and
dry weight) were recorded. Initiation of germination and E50
was delayed (2-3 days) by all the crop residues and their
various combinations. Combinations of residues showed
synergism and appeared more effective than sole application
of either of them. Sorghum and brassica residues when
applied in combination did not allow any tuber to sprout.
Final germination was inhibited by 38-42% by sole
application and 23-100% by combination of crop residues.
Residues also exerted a pronounced negative influence on
seedling shoot and root length of that ranged from 23-100 and
17-100%, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights were
suppressed by 50-100% and 47-100%, respectively. The
reduction in growth and dry weight accumulation was
attributed to the release of phytotoxic compounds from crop
residues.
56. OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN
FERTILIZER LEVEL FOR MAXIMUM
COLONIZATION OF MYCORRHIZAE ON
ROOT OF CORIANDER PLANTS
F.S. Ali,G. Zayed,O.A. Saad and E. Abdul-Mohsen
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, EGYPT
This work aimed to determine the optimum nitrogen
fertilization rate that lead to maximum benefits of vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculated to the root zone of
coriander plants grown in clay or sandy soil. The lowest
values of roots colonization with mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen
uptake, phosphorous uptake, shoot dry weights, root dry
weights and seed yield were obtained with the non-treated
control plants in the clay and sandy soils. The inoculation
with VAM-mycorrhizae without nitrogen fertilization
substantially increased these parameters as compared with the
non treated control plants. In the non-fertilized control pots,
mycorrhizal colonization was higher at clay soil than at sandy
soil. These pot experiments have already shown the existence
of an optimum N fertilizer rate of 37.5-75 mg (NH4) NO3 kg-1
soil for maximum colonization of mycorrhizae on coriander
roots in clay soil and 75-112.5 mg (NH4) NO3 kg-1
soil for
sandy soil. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer level to more
these levels led to negative effects on the mycorrhizal
colonization and consequently on mycorrhizal benefits. The
soil properties have been shown to modify the effects of
fertilization on mycorrhizal colonization. Therefore, the
benefit of N-fertilization should be evaluated keeping
secondary effects caused by changed mycorrhizal formations
in mind.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
38
57. DISTRIBUTION OF SOME WEEDS IN THE
POTATO FIELDS OF NAZIMABAD,
TEHSIL GOJAL, GILGIT, PAKISTAN
Arshad Ali Shedayi and Ihsan ilahi
Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram
International University Gilgit, PAKISTAN
Northern Areas of Pakistan (now renamed as Gilgit-
Baltistan) lie at latitude 72-75 ˚E and longitude 35-37 ˚N.
Due to favorable climatic conditions and other factors the
whole area has become a potential potato seed growing
nursery for food as well as cash crops. Nazimabad, a potato
growing village of Gojal Valley is located near Sost at an
elevation of 2720m with summer temperatures ranging
from 10 ˚C to 30˚C. The nights are usually cool. Apple and
apricot are the main fruit trees of the area, while spring
wheat, maiz and potato are main food and cash crops.
Potato is grown in May/June, these mature in
September/October, thus affording one crop a year. For
potatoes the soil is ploughed well with addition of organic
manure and synthetic fertilizers. As the farmers can ill
afford weedicides (herbicides), these are not applied during
early stages of growth; similarly, no insecticides and
fungicides are used. Weeds are removed by hoeing only
during the early stages of growth. However when the crop
has matured, the weeds are not removed by hoeing, the
method usually practiced. Thus some weeds make their
appearance when the crop is mature and the tubers are in
various stages of development. The potato fields are
irrigated twice in a week. Soil texture observed is sandy
loam. To determine any ill effects of the weeds, survey was
made to identify distribution, density, cover and frequency
of weeds. For this purpose quadrates measuring 1m x 1m
were used (Hussain, 1989). Ten random potato fields were
selected and two quadrates in each field were laid down to
list, count and measure their maximum cover and height of
each species during September, 2009. Weed species were
classified into frequency and constancy classes (Hussain,
1989). Plants were identified with the help of pictorial book
(Novak, 1966) and flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1971-
1995; Ali & Qaiser, 1995-2004). The most frequent
families were found as follows; Chenopodacea 100%,
Poaceae and Apiaceae 90%, Asteraceae 85%,
Papillionaceae 80%, Brassicaceae and Caryophylaceae
65%, Apiacea and Polygonaceae 25%, PlantagInaceae
20%, Convolvunaceae and Caricaceae 10 and 5%
respectively.
58. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MULCHES AND
HERBICIDES ON WEED AND POTATO (Solanum
tuberosum L.)
Hidayatullah Hidayat and Gul Hassan
Department of Weed Science NWFP Agricultural University,
Peshawar PAKISTAN
An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm,
NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD), to figure out the effect of different
herbicides and mulches on weed dynamics and potato crop. The
planting of potato was done on first of March 2008. The treatments
included in the experiment were Roundup 480 g/lSL (glyphosate
@ 0.47 kg a.i.h-1
), Sencor 70WP (metribizin @ 0.75 kg a.i.ha-1
),
plastic mulches (black & white), organic mulches (wheat straw @
5 t ha-1
and saw dust @ 6 t ha-1
, hand weeding and no weeding.
The herbicides were applied as post emergence to weeds prior to
emergence of the crop, whereas the mulches were applied pre-
emergence to the crop as well as weeds. There were four
replications and eight treatments. Each treatment had a plot size of
8 x 1.5 m2. Data were recorded on the number of weeds (m
-2),
fresh and dry biomass (g m-2
) of weeds five weeks after planting
the crop. The data were also recorded on the yield and yield
components of potato as well as the economics of different
treatments. Maximum number of weeds were found in weedy
check (155.3 m-2
) and the lowest were found in hand weeding
(18.5 m-2
). Highest weed fresh biomass was found in weedy check
(130.9 g m-2
) which was statistically at par with saw dust (114.3),
while the lowest fresh biomass of weeds was found in hand
weeding (10.2 g m-2
), glyphosate (13.23 g m-2
) and metribuzin
(22.17 g m-2
). Similarly dry biomass of weeds was the highest in
weedy check (30.63) and the lowest dry biomass was found in
hand weeding, glyphosate and metribuzin (2.42, 3.05 and 5.35 g
m-2
, respectively), while rest of the treatments were statistically at
par. The maximum plant height was recorded in metribuzin (97.75
cm), and minimum plant height was found in weedy check (51.65
cm), which is statistically at par with saw dust, black plastic and
wheat straw (56.75, 57.45 and 61.25 cm, respectively). The largest
tuber diameter was recorded in hand weeding (5.14 cm) and
glyphosate (4.99 cm), while the smallest tuber size was recorded
in saw dust, weedy check, black plastic and wheat straw (3.31,
3.43, 3.48 and 3.48 cm, respectively). Number of tubers plant-1
were maximum in hand weeding (16.17), which was statistically at
par with glyphosate (15.48) and the minimum number of tubers
were recorded in white plastic (7.35), which was statistically at
par with the rest of the treatments except metribuzin. The yield kg
ha-1
was the maximum in hand weeding and glyphosate (13750,
13580 kg ha-1
, respectively) and the minimum tuber yield was
found in weedy check (6004 kg ha-1
). The herbicides treated plots
were better in economic return as compared to the mulches and
hand weeding, while among the herbicides the most remunerative
treatment were metribuzin and glyphosate.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 39
59. EFFECT AND COST BENEFIT RATIO OF
DIFFERENT WEEDING METHODS ON THE
YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER
AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIOS OF KARAK
Khalid Iqbal1 , Zahid Hanif
2, Muhammad Sulaman
3,
Imtiaz Khan4, Ijaz Ahmad Khan
4 and Muhammad Ishfaq
Khan4
1Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra.
2School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALLIA. 3Ahmad Wala Research Station , NWFP, Karak
4Department of Weed Sciences, NWFP, Agricultural
University, Peshawar-PAKISTAN.
An Experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research
Station Ahmad Wala, Karak, NWFP- Pakistan, during rabi
season 2006-07 for elaborating the effect of weeding methods
on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The
experimental design was Randomized Complete Block
(RCB) with split plot arrangement. A four replication and
three varieties were used for this experiment. The experiment
comprised of four treatments i.e. control, hand weeding one
time, normal hand weeding two times and weedicide. The
weedicide Isoproturon was applied @ 0.741 kg a.i ha-1 as a post
emergence. The data were recorded on number of weeds m-2
,
number of productive branches plant-1
, number of pods plant-
1, number of grains pod
-1, 1000 grain weight (gm), grain yield
kg ha-1
and cost benefit ratio. Number of weeds m-2
, number of
productive branches plant-1
, number of pods plant-1
, number
of grains pod-1
, 1000 grains weight (gm) and grains yield kg
ha-1
were significantly affected by different treatments.
Maximum grain yield was produced by normal hand
weeding two times treatment (1429.90 kg ha-1
) and proved to
be the best one, while lowest grain yield (777.95 kg ha-1
) was
recorded in weedicide application. Similarly maximum
number of pods plant-1
(52.50), number of grains pod-1
(2.42),
number of productive branches plant-1
(6.42), 1000 grain
weight (235.58 gm) and highest grain yield (1429.90 kg ha-1
)
was recorded in normal hand weeding two time
treatment.The analysis raveled that herbicide application was
proved to be uneconomical for control of weeds in chickpea
under agro-climatic conditions of Karak.
60. EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED WEED
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR
SUGARCANE
Muhammad Sarwar Cheema, Shahid Bashir and Fayyaz
Ahmad
Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub.Agriculture Research
Instiute, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN
A field study was conducted at Sugarcane Research Institute
Farm, Faisalabad during 2008-2009 to evaluate integrated weed
management for sugarcane Randomized Complete Block
Design, having three replications was used in the experiment.
The treatments including (1) Amytrin + Atrazine @ 3.75 kg ha-
1 (2) Amytrin + Atrazine (Scop @ 1.90 kg ha
-1 + inter-row
cultivation (3) Hand weeding in cane rows + inter-row
cultivation (4) inter-row cultivation only (5) Hand hoeing and
(6) weedy check. Statistical analysis of data showed that weed
density as well as yield related parameters were significantly
affected by different treatments. In general weed management
practices suppressed the weeds and increased the yield related
traits. However, Amytrin + Atrazine @ 1.90 kg ha-1
pre-
emergence + inter-row cultivation was most effective and
economical than hand hoeing or inter-row cultivation by tractor.
It was further concluded that chemical control along with one
inter-row cultivation during Tillering gave higher cane yield and
cost benefit ratio (1:13:85) while least cost benefit ratio 1:7:25
was observed in hand hoeing along.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
40
61. HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS
OF MANGO LEAVES AGAINST Parthenium
hysterophorus L.
*Arshad Javaid
1, Sobiya Shafique
1, Qudsia Qanwal
2 and
Shazia Shafique1
1Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan 2Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-
Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN
The present study was undertaken to investigate the herbicidal
activity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves against
parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Aqueous
leaf extract of 15% concentration (on fresh weight bases)
significantly reduced germination, shoot length and biomass,
and root biomass of parthenium seedlings. In a leaf residue
incorporation pot trial, 2% residue incorporation treatment
significantly suppressed root and shoot biomass of
parthenium while a 5% residue treatment completely stopped
the growth of the weed. Five flavonoids namely (-)-
epicatechin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside(1), 5-hydroxy-3-(4-
hydroxylphenyl) pyrano⌠3,2-g⌡chromene-4(8H)- one (2), 6-
p-hydroxybenzyltaxifolin-7-O-β-D glucoside (Tricuspid) (3),
Quercetin-3-O-α-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside
(4) and (-) epicatechin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-
2H chromene-3,5,7-triol) (5) were isolated from leaves. In a
laboratory bioassay, 50 ppm solutions of compounds 3 and 4
caused yellowing of the parthenium seedlings. A 250 ppm
solutions of compound 4 also significantly reduced
germination, and root and shoot length of parthenium
seedlings. The present study concludes that compound 4
exhibit herbicidal activity against parthenium weed.
62. MANAGEMENT OF PARTHEMIUM WEED:
NEW STRETEGIES FOR COMPLEMENTING
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Asad Shabbir 1
,Steve Adkins1, Kunjitapatham Dhileepan
2and Chris O’Donnell
1
1 School of land Crop & Food sciences The University of
Queensland, St Lucia Australia,2 Alan Fletcher Research
Station, Sherwood. Brisbane AUSTRALIA
Parthenium hysterophrus L. commonly known as parthenium is
a weed of global significance affecting many countries
including Australia. In Australia, parthenium mainly occurs in
grazing areas in Queensland, where it causes severe human and
animal health problems, agricultural losses and environmental
problems. Currently biological control is the most widely used
management tool for parthenium in Queensland. To date, 11
biological control agents (9 insects and 2 rusts) have been
released in Australia where many of the agents are known to be
established in the field. However, the impact of biocontrol is
highly variable, and still parthenium is a major weed of concern
in many areas in Queensland. There is a potential to integrate
other management options with the existing biological control to
enhance the effectiveness of the existing biological control
agents. Competitive displacement of parthenium with native and
introduced beneficial plants has shown potential in different
parts of the world including Australia, India and Pakistan. But
the combined effectiveness of biological control and
competitive pasture plants are yet to be studied in detail. Hence,
a study was initiated to quantify the combined effect of
competitive pasture plants with biological control agents on
parthenium growth and reproduction. This includes glass house
experiments at Alan Fletcher Research Station (AFRS) and field
trials at two different locations in central Queensland (Monto &
Injune). The results from this study will provide an insight into
how much more effective biological control agents will be in
managing the weed in the presence of the competitive plants in
different conditions.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 41
63. EFECT OF NITROGEN RATE ON WEED
DENSITY, WEED COMMUNITY AND
POTATO YIELD
Behnaz Pourmorad Kaleibar1, Hamid Reza
Mohammaddoust2, Ali Asghari
2, Gholamali Nateghi
1
Ms. Students, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran; 2.
Assist. Prof., University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IRAN
Management of chemical fertilizer can affect on weed control
and decrease its damages. To study effect of nitrogen rate on
weed structure and potato yield, an experiment was conducted
at the experimental farm, Alarugh, Ardabil, during 2007. Data
show that increase of nitrogen rate had not a significant effect
on weed density, but weed dry increased. So application 200
kg N ha-1
increased weed dry mass 2.5-3 times compared with
control (no fertilizer) or 100 kg N ha-1
. Maximum potato yield
(32 t ha-1
) achieved by 100 kg N ha-1
.
64. SCREENING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND
WEEDS FOR ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY
EVALUATION BY RECENT METHODS
Muhammad Ibrar Shinwari1, Maryum Ibrar Shinwari
2
and Yoshiharu Fujii 3
1
Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue,
Islamabad-Pakistan.,2
Himalayan Wildlife Foundation
Islamabad-Pakistan., 3National Institute of Agro-Environmental
Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
Medicinal Plants are a global resource of medicines and are
extremely important for human health as well as pharmaceutical
industry. The cultivation and regeneration practices of medicinal
plants have been often stressed in this respect. But it is also a
fact that the adverse effects from allelochemicals arising from
some plants and crops may reduce production in agricultural
fields and managed forest systems. Hence it has been realized
that there is a dire need to evaluate the chemical effects of prior
plants, residues, associated plants and even auto-toxic potential
that may occur in wild plants or cropping systems. Pakistan has
6000 higher plant species with hundreds of Indigenous/Invasive
Medicinal plants and Weeds. But information about allelopathic
screening of very few plants and weeds of Pakistan has been
available. In the present study 100 Pakistan plants have been
subjected to allelopathic evaluation using 3 different methods.
The plant species under investigation have been evaluated by
subjecting their seedling roots, leaf litter and volatiles through
application of Plant box, Sandwich and Dish pack methods. The
results obtained from 3 different methods have been statistically
analyzed and the mean average values have been calculated for
risk assessment. According to results, among top ten inhibitory
species, Tagetes minuta appeared to be the most noxious species
among all due to maximum inhibitory effect shown on the
Lactuca sativa growth followed by Melilotus officinalis,
Hyoscyamus niger, Malva neglecta, Puccinellia distans,
Melilotus alba, Datura stramonium, Lantana camara, Vicia
hirsuta and Mirabilis jalapa while Rumex crispus, Plantago
lanceolata and Rumex conglomerates have shown minimum
inhibitory effect. It is very important to conduct Allelopathic
screening experiments on further Pakistani species to find out
highly allelopathic plant species for allelochemical isolation.
The results obtained could be utilized as benchmark information
for further research on the elucidation of chemicals involved in
the allelopathy in nature. Hence the information obtained could
also be helpful in the development of new and potent bioactive
chemicals from natural products. The results of this research
will not only be useful for academia, researchers, herbicide/
pesticide, and herbal/pharmaceutical industry but can also be
utilized for biological control of weeds against different
economical crops of the country.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
42
65. EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITION ON
BEING ALIVE, DORMANCY AND
GERMINATION OF Capsella bursa-pastoris.
E. Hesami
College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of
Shoushtar.IRAN
To study dormancy, viability and germination of Capsella
bursa-pastris, an experiment was conducted at College of
Agriculture, Shoushtar University (Iran), in 2009.the
experimental design was Completely Randomized Design,
with four replications. Treatments were in different storage
conditions (room, refrigerator and soil) and specie Capsella
bursa-pastris. After one month storage, seeds of each species
were checked for dormancy and germination. To determine if
no germinated seeds were alive, Tetrazolium Test was done.
The results showed that germination percent of the species in
soil was the highest and the lowest germination was seen in
refrigerator. However, viability of these species in refrigerator
and room condition were higher rather in than soil.
66. TOLERANCE OF SUGARBEET VARIETIES TO
DODDER (Cuscuta campestris) UNDER FIELD
CONDITIONS
F. Falahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.
Falahati Rastegar1
Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN
Field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) has the most diverse and
numerous host ranges among the Cuscuta species and extensive
infestation to dodder is reported in some sugerbeet, alfalfa and
vegetables production regions of Iran. At present few resistant
varieties of normally susceptible plant species have been
developed or identified, none are available in Iran. In this study
field studies during 2008-2009 were conducted to test and
charachterize the tolerance of commercial sugarbeet varieties to
dodder. The field experiment used a randomized complete block
with 3 replications. Treatments were three varieties of sugarbeet
included Castille, Flores and Laetitia and control treatments
(varieties of sugarbeet without dodder infection). The results
showed a significant difference in all traits measured that
included percentage of dodder and sugerbeet growth, sugerbeet
and dodder wet and dry weight, shoot and root length. In this
experiment Flores variety exhibited tolerance to the parasite
weed and Castille was known as susceptible variety.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 43
67. EVALUATION OF GROWTH PROPERTIES
OF SOME SUGARBEET VARIETIES IN
RESPONSE TO DODDER INFECTION IN THE
GREENHOUSE
F. Falahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.
Falahati Rastegar1
Contributions from faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad-IRAN
Dodder (Cuscuta) species are obligate shoot parasites that
attaches to plants belonging to diverse families. Recently
extensive infestation to dodder is reported in some sugerbeet
production regions of Khorasan province. Greenhouse studies
were conducted during 2008-2009 to evaluate growth
properties of five commercial sugerbeet (Beta vulgaris)
varieties to dodder at the Agricultural Research Station and
Greenhouse, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The type of
greenhouse experiments design was completely randomized,
with 5 replications. Treatments were five varieties of
sugarbeet included Castille, Paulina, Brigitta, Flores and
Laetitia and control treatments (varieties of sugarbeet without
dodder infection). The results showed that dodder infection
was affected significantly growth percentage of of dodder and
sugerbeet, sugerbeet and dodder dry weight and the number
of houstorium in each treatment. In this experiment Flores
variety with 2% and Castille with 83% infection to dodder
respectively exhibited tolerance and susceptible to the parasite
weed and Laetitia with 16% infection was known as mediocre
variety.
68. POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
DODDER BY FUNGI ISOLATED FROM
DISEASED SPECIMENS IN IRAN
F. Fallahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.
Falahati Rastegar1
Contributions from faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad-IRAN
Parasite weeds are the most important yield reducing factor,
among them dodder (Cuscuta campestris) is an obligate parasite
which parasitize a variety of hosts, belonging to different
botanical families. Recently extensive infestation to dodder is
reported in some sugerbeet production regions of Iran.
Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. are considered to have
potential for the biological control of dodder. The aim of this
study was to assess the pathogenic ability of Alternaria sp. and
Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from diseased stems of
dodder and the effect of spore concentration, dodder growth
stage and dew period of the pathogenicity of these fungi isolates
against C. campestris. The results showed that Alternaria sp.
didn't have any effect on different dodder growth stage but the
pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum increased with
increasing spores concenteration and length of dew period. The
highest level of plant pathogencity was before the contact of
dodder and its host and infection in older plants decreased.
These experiments confirm the potential of F. oxysporum as a
mycoherbicide under specific environment conditions.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
44
69. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SAFFRON
AND CARAWAY ON GROWTH PROPERTIES
ON WILD OAT (Avena fatua) IN THE
GREENHOUSE
F. Fallahpour, M. Ghaemi, H. Ehyaee
College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
IRAN.
In recent years, allelopathy has received special attention by
researchers in integrared weed management (IWM). To study
the effect of different amount of Caraway (Carum carvi) and
Saffron (Crocus sativus) on growth of wild oat (Avena fatua)
seedling an experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad. The type of design was completely randomized,
with 3 replications. The plants residues (zero, 1, 2, 3, and 6 %
(W/W)) were added to the pot soil. Traits that measured were
included root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight,
green area of plant and root area. Seedlings showed different
response to different amount of Saffron and Caraway
residues. Increasing residues of Caraway resulted in
increasing 34.32% of green area and 32.19% of shoot dry
weight in wild oat. In the most traits increasing residues of
Saffron had a decreasing trend. Caraway residues had
stimulating effect on seedling growth of wild oat and shoot
dry weight were more influenced by Caraway residue than
root dry matter.
70. IMPACT OF HERBICIDES AND DIFFERENT
MULCHES ON WEEDS FLORA AND YIELD OF
TOMATO
Fazal Munsif1, Abdur Rab
2, Muhammad Arif
3 and Shafique
Haider2
1Agricultural research institute Tarnab,
2Department of
Horticulture,NWFP Agricultural University
,Peshawar,3Department of Agronomy, NWFP, AUP-
PAKSITAN
The experiment on Impact of herbicides and different mulches
on weeds flora and yield of tomato was conducted at
Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab during kharif growing
season 2008. The experiment was carried out in Randomized
Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement having three
replications. Herbicides application treatment i. e. Stomp 330
EC @ 4 lit ha-1
, Dual Gold 960 EC @ 2 lit ha-1
and Control was
allotted to main plot as pre emergence herbicides, while
mulches treatments i. e. wheat straw, polythene (white),
polythene (black), Newspaper, and Control to sub plots after 10
days of transplanting. The hybrid Romeo was grown in plot size
of 4 x 1.3 m -2
. Results indicated that both herbicides
significantly reduced weeds flora, its biomass and improve yield
and yield components as compared to control where no
herbicides was sprayed. How ever Stomp perform superior than
Dual Gold in all parameters. Likewise various mulches
considerably reduced weed infestations along with the
enhancement of yield. Similarly mulch treatments also
significantly reduced different weeds flora and overall weed
density m-2
, weed fresh and dry weight m-2
, increase number of
fruits plant-1
, plant height and fruit yield of tomato as compared
to bare soil. In case of interaction, plots where stomp was
sprayed and news paper was mulch resulted in better weed
control, long stature plants and higher fruits per plants.
Maximum fruit yield was recorded in plots were stomp was
sprayed in black plastic mulch. Higher weed infestation, lower
fruit yield, number of fruits plant-1
and short stature plants were
recorded in control and bare plots. Cost benefit ratio was higher
for news paper fallowed by stomp. On bases of higher cost
benefit ratio it is concluded that news paper and stomp as a pre
emergence herbicide should be used for obtaining higher
production and minimum weed infestation.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 45
71. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF FENNEL,
BORAGE AND ARTEMISIA ON GROWTH
PROPERTIES OF WILD OAT (Avena fatua) IN
THE GREENHOUSE
H. Ehyaee, F. Fallahpour, M. Ghaemi, A. A. Chitband
College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
IRAN.
In this investigation, effects of different percentage of plants
residues of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), borage (Borago
officinalis) and Artemisia (Artemisia absinthium) on seedling
growth properties of wild oat (Avena fatua) were studied. The
type of design was completely randomized, with 3
replications. The plants residues (zero, 1, 2, 3, and 6 %
(W/W)) were added to the pot soil. Traits that measured were
included root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight,
green area of plant and shoot/root length. The results showed
a significant difference in all traits. No seed germinated in the
treatments of Artemisia 2% and borage 6%. The most and
least amount of green area of plant were observed in fennel
6% (15.94 cm2) and Artemisia 1% (1.43 cm
2), respectively. In
the traits of root and shoot dry weight the highest amount
were in the treatment of Artemisia 3% (0.41g) and fennel 6%
(0.17g), respectively. Increasing residues of plants in all
treatments resulted in decreasing of green area and shoot dry
weight in wild oat but fennel treatments had increasing
effects.
72. CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT IN PEA
(Pisum sativum L.)
Ijaz Ahmad Khan and Mehreen Aqeel
Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop Protection
Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar-
PAKISTAN
To study the effect of chemical weed management on edible pea
(Pisum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted at
Malakandher Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University,
Peshawar during 2007-2008 using Randomized Complete Block
(RCB) design, having three replications. The experiment
comprised of 5 herbicides, hand weeding and a weedy check.
The herbicides included post-emergence herbicides fenoxaprop-
p-ethyl@ 0.75 kg, isoproturon @ 0.36 kg, metribuzin @ 0.35
kg, clodinafop propargyl @ 0.05 kg and glyphosate @ 0.62 kg
a.i ha-1
. The data were recorded on weed density (m
-2) before
herbicidal
application, weed density (m-2
) after herbicidal
application, weed density (m-2
) at first picking, days to 50% pod
formation, plant height at maturity (cm), number of pods plant-1
,
pod length (cm), number of seeds pod-1
, 100 seed weight (g),
shelling percentage, phytotoxic effect of herbicide on pea crop
and pod yield (kg ha-1
). All the parameters except weed density
m-2
before herbicidal application and number of seeds pod-1
were significantly affected by different herbicidal treatments.
Minimum weed density m-2
after herbicidal application (11.36)
was recorded in hand weeded plots followed by metribuzin
(19.20) and glyphosate post emergently treated (20.73) plots.
Post-emergent clodinafop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl
treated plots availed maximum days to 50% pod formation with
a severe phytotoxic effect on pea plant. Pod yield (4237 kg ha-1
),
pod length (7.30cm) and number of pods plants-1
(36.87) were
the maximum in hand weeded plots, followed by glyphosate
treated plots which was applied on weeds only while pea plants
were covered with plastic bags. It is therefore suggested that the
hand weeding could be substituted with the directed spray of
glyphosate based on its lower cost and adequate management of
weeds in edible pea.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
46
73. EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON CRITICAL
PERIOD FOR WEED CONTROL IN POTATO
Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Ali Asghari
1, Gholamali
Nateghi2, Behnaz Poormorad Kaleibar
2, Abdolghaum
Gholipoor1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, P.O. Box 179, IRAN
The critical period for weed control (CPWC) is the period in
the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled
to prevent unacceptable yield losses. A field research was
conducted in 2007 in Ardabil, Iran, to evaluate the effect of
nitrogen on critical period for weed control in potato.
Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates equivalent to 0, 100
and 200 kg N ha-1
. A quantitative series of treatments of both
increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-
free period were imposed within each nitrogen main plot.
Analysis shown that the addition of 100 kg N ha-1
delayed the
beginning of the CPWC in potato when compared with the 0
and 200 kg N ha-1
. The duration of CPWC in potato also
decreased when100 kg N ha-1
was applied. Maximum values
for potato yield belonged to the weed free plots and100 kg N
ha-1
. Practical implications of this study are that 100 kg N ha-1
could have been less intensive for weed management than 0
and 200 kg N ha-1
.
74. THE EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION ON
GROWTH AND RYE YIELD AS AFFECTED BY
ROTATION AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER
Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Aleksander Mihailovic
Tulikov2, Behnaz Pourmorad Kaleibar
3
1University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2 Agricultural university of
Timiriazev, Moscow-RUSSIA 3 MS Student, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Weeds are the most important treat in agroecosystems that cause
greatly losses to crop yield. An experiment was conducted at the
long-term farm, agricultural university of Timiriazev, Moscow,
during 2004 and 2005 to evaluate effect of weed competition on
growth and rye yield as affected by rotation and chemical
fertilizer. Planting systems (continuous and crop rotation) were
main plots and fertilizer application (NPK and no fertilizer)
were sup plots. Data shows that NPK application increased rye
height. Presence or absence of weed has not a significant effect
on rye height. Analysis show that presence of weeds decreased
light penetration into crop canopy. Crop rotation and NPK
application declined effect of weed competition on rye yield.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 47
75. PARTHENIUM WEED RESEARCH AIDS
MANAGEMENT OF THIS WEED IN THE
AGROECOSYSTEMS OF ETHIOPIA AND
PAKISTAN
Stephen Adkins and Chris O’Donnell
University of Queensland St. Lucia,
AUSTRALIA
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) has been
present in Australia for about 50 years, in which time it has
spread from isolated infestations to establish core populations
in central Queensland with scattered and isolated plants
occurring south into other parts of the country. Its main effect
is upon livestock production, but it is also causing health
concerns in regional communities. To help coordinate actions
on its management a National Parthenium Weed Management
Group (PWMG) and under this group has formed a
Parthenium Weed Research Group (PWRG) has been formed.
Funding coming from this National Program and other
sources has supported the PWRG group to undertake a
collaborative and technology exchange research program in
the areas of biology, ecology and management. PWMG
studies have been undertaken in two main areas: 1) biology
and ecology and 2) management. Research in the area of
biology and ecology has included studies on the evaluation of
competitive plants to displace parthenium weed, the use of
process-based simulation models to monitor and predict
future spread and abundance under present and future climate
conditions, the effect of the weed on human health and the
ecology of its seed-bank. Management research has centred
on the development of biological control approaches using
plant-feeding insects and pathogens. The effectiveness of
biological control is also being monitored through long term
studies on seed bank size and dynamics, and fire as another
potential management tool, is being evaluated. In addition to
this important research, an effort has also been made to spread
the most important findings and management outcomes to the
wider community through an extension and education
program driven by PWMG. These developments within
Australia in parthenium weed management are now being
applied to countries such as Ethiopia and Pakistan where their
weed managers are preparing for the rapid spread of this weed
from already established widely dispersed populations.
International linkage projects in both Ethiopia and Eastern
Africa, and Pakistan are working towards global management
solutions for this most serious invasive species built around
biological control and environmental management.
76. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON
CRITICAL PERIOD FOR WEED CONTROL
IN POTATO
Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Ali Asghari
1,
Gholamali Nateghi2, Behnaz Poormorad Kaleibar
2, and
Abdolghaum Gholipoor1
1Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University
of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, P.O. Box 179, IRAN,2
Ms. Student, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
The critical period for weed control (CPWC) is the period
in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be
controlled to prevent unacceptable yield losses. A field
research was conducted in 2007 in Ardabil, Iran, to evaluate
the effect of nitrogen on critical period for weed control in
potato. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 100 and 200 kg
N ha-1
. A quantitative series of treatments of both
increasing duration of weed interference and length of
weed-free period were imposed within each nitrogen main
plot. Analysis shown that the addition of 100 kg N ha-1
delayed the beginning of the CPWC in potato when
compared with the 0 and 200 kg N ha-1
. The duration of
CPWC in potato also decreased when100 kg N ha-1
was
applied. Maximum values for potato yield belonged to the
weed free plots and100 kg N ha-1
. Practical implications of
this study are that 100 kg N ha-1
could have been less
intensive for weed management than 0 and 200 kg N ha-1
.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
48
77. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPHATIC
EFFECTS OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus)
EXTRACTS ON PROSTRATE PIGWEED
(Amaranthus blituides) AND LAMBSQUARTERS
(Chenopodium album) GERMINATION AND
SEEDLING GROWTH
Hasan Barati Mahmoodi1, Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi
2,
Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel3
and Narges
Sheikhzade Mohammad Abadi4
1,2The University of Birjand, Amirabad Campus, South
Khorasan, Birjand 97175/331, Iran 3Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, IRAN 4Horticulture Expert, Shahrood University of Technology,
IRAN [email protected]
In order to evaluate the allelopathic effect of cucumber shoot
extracts on prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blituides) and
lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) germination and seedling
growth, an experiment was conducted as completely
randomized design with 8 replications in growth chambers.
Treatments were included the water extracts of cucumber
shoot in 6 levels (0(control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100%). According to results, all studied traits of prostrate
pigweed and lambsquarter germination and seedling growth
were affected by different concentrations of cucumber shoot
extracts, significantly. As concentration of extracts increased,
germination percentage, germination rate, radical, shoot and
total weights, radicle and shoot lengths, radicle/shoot weights
ratio and radicle/shoot length ratios decreased significantly.
Results showed that extracts of cucumber shoot had more
inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth than germination;
also root length was more sensitive than shoot length to
cucumber extracts in both species. In general, prostrate
pigweed was the most sensitive to allelochemical material,
therefore it seems that shoot extract of cucumber is toxic
enough to affect the germination and seedling growth of these
weeds and it has a good potential to be used as a non-
chemical approach for weed control in organic farming.
78. Alternaria alternate, A POTENT
MYCOHERBICIDE FOR MANAGEMENT
OF Chenopodium album
*Iffat Siddiqui¹ and Rukhsana Bajwa²
¹Lahore College for Women, University, Lahore
²Institute of Mycology and Plant pathology department,
University of the Punjab,
Quaid-e- Azam campus, 545900, Lahore PAKISTAN.
A new foliage disease was found on Chenopodium album
L. (family chenopodiaceae) in Punjab, Pakistan. Symptoms
of this disease start with brown necrotic spots which
coalesce to form large irregular blotches which blight the
entire leaf. Infected leaves suddenly wilt, dies, and drop off
quickly. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was identified
and confirmed as causal agent. The mycoherbicidal
potential of A. alternata against C. album was tested both
under growth room and field conditions.In growth room
trials, the effects of various inoculum concentrations of A.
alternata (105,10
7 and 10
9 conidia/ ml
-1) on disease
development was studied at different growth stages of the
host plant (5-10 leaf, 10-15 leaf and 20-25 leaf/flowering
stage) at various dew period (100 % humidity for 12, 18
and 24 h) and temperature (20, 25 and 30 C) regimes. To
enhance the mycoherbicidal potential of the pathogens,
different formulations viz. 1 & 2% Gelatin,1 & 2%
carboxymethylcellulose(CMC),1:1Gelatin and CMC, 10 &
20% canola oil emulsion, were used. The pathogenicity of
A .alternata increased with increasing spore concentration
and length of dew period. A spore concentration of 109
conidia mL in 20% canola oil emulsion with 24 hr dew
period caused 100% mortality of C. album plants at 5-10
and 10-15 leaf stages. The highest levels of plant mortality
were obtained at temperatures 25 and 30 ºC. The field trials
were conducted to verify the laboratory results. In field
trials, C. album plants were co-cultivated in 1:1 ratio with
wheat varieties Inqalab 91 and Punjab 96. The
mycoherbicidal application of A .alternata with conidial
concentration of 109 conidia mL induced 100% mortality in
C. album. The blight disease significantly reduced the
biomas of target weed species. Consequently, increase of
21% and 40% was observed in grain yield in Inqalab 91 and
Punjab 96 respectively.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 49
79. WEED SEED SPREAD BY VEHICLES: A
STUDY FROM SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND,
AUSTRALIA
I. Khan, C.O’Donnell, S. Navie, D. George and S. Adkins
The University of Queensland, The Tropical and Subtropical
Weeds Research Unit, School of Land, Crop and Food
Sciences, Brisbane, QLD AUSTRALIA.
Weed seeds are spread from infested to uninfested areas by
many biotic and abiotic mechanisms, and this aids their
continued invasion of an area. Studies on weed seed spread by
vehicles in the south-east Queensland, Australia were
conducted in the autumn and winter of 2009, to investigate
the role of vehicles in the promotion of weed seed spread. A
mean of 397 viable seeds were isolated from utility vehicles
in autumn after they had undertaken routine field work in the
surrounds of Brisbane. These seeds were either directly
attached to the vehicle or contained in mud attached to
different parts of the vehicle. The highest number of monocot
seeds were isolated from the underside (123.7 per vehicle)
followed by the back mudguards (77.5), the cabin (43.5) and
finally the front mudguards (37.8). Seeds from dicots were
also found on the underside (44.8), cabin (20.17), back
mudguards (18.50), front mud guard (9.17), engine (5.17) and
tyres (1.16). Within the seed collected there were 60 species
from 21dicot and 2 monocot families, with 14 species coming
each from the Asteraceae and Poaceae. This data will be
compared to similar sets collected in spring to gain an
appreciation of the effect of season on vehicle weed seed
transport. The early implications from the present study are
that vehicles do transfer large numbers of viable weed seeds,
this seed is carried on several parts of the vehicle and any
cleaning procedure used to remove weed seeds needs to
concentrate on both external and internal surfaces of the
vehicle.
80. IMPACT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON
PURPLE NUTSEDGE (Cyperus rotundus L.)
GROWTH AND TUBER CHARACTERISTICS
Javaid IqbaL1*
, Zahid A. Cheema2, M. Safdar
1 and M.
Ali1
1College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200,
2
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-PAKSITAN
Various pot studies were conducted to quantify the effect of
fertilizer, population pressure, growing period, high and cool
temperature on tubers viability and herbicidal effect on
tubers re-generation. In the fertilizer trial different ratios of
N and P (0:0, 1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 2:2, 3:2, 3:3) were tested against
different growth parameters of purple nutsedge. Increase in
fertilizer rates enhanced shoot biomass by 59 to 960%,
underground biomass by 21 to 279%, tubers numbers by 50
to 579% and tubers biomass per pot by 21 to 348 %.
Interestingly per tubers weight was decreased by fertilizers
application. In the second trial five tubers per pot were
planted. Above and under ground biomass and tuber
characteristics were recorded after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days
after sowing (DAS). Increasing growth period shoot density
was increased by 50 to 850%, Shoot biomass by 99 to 403%,
under ground biomass by 10 to 649%, tuber numbers by 39
to 1122%, and tubers biomass per pot by 22 to 982% as
compared to the first record of the data (15 DAS). Increase
in growth period decreased per tuber weight by 2 to 11%. To
investigate the population pressure, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tubers
were planted in pots and observations about above and
underground biomass and tuber characteristics were recorded
after 75 DAS. Shoot density was increased by increasing
numbers per pot by 78 to 151% as compared to the
plantation of 5 tubers per pots. Shoot length, shoot biomass,
underground biomass, number of tubers per pot and tubers
weight were significantly increased up to the planting of 15
tubers per pot then deceased by planting 20 tubers per pot.
Planting higher densities of tubers decreased per tuber
weight by 93%. To investigate the viability, tubers were
subjected to drying in hot (42±3°C) temperature for 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 days (2nd
week of May). Higher temperature up to
three days delayed sprouting of tubers gradually, after that
heating, tubers lost their viability. Tubers were also
subjected to freezing temperature. Initially tubers were
placed in deep freezer for one day and observed no
sprouting. Freezing temperature was found more deleterious
to tubers viability than hot temperature. In another trial ten
tubers per pot were planted and glyphosate (Round up
490GL) and paraquat (Gramoxone) were applied 60 DAS (at
maximum above ground biomass production).
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
50
81. EARLY POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES
FOR WEED CONTROL IN GROUNDNUT
(Arachis hypogaea) AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS
ON THE SUCCEEDING CROP OF SESAME
(Sesamum indicum L.)
K. Subrahmaniyan, P. Kalaiselvan, P. Veeramani and P.L.
Viswanathan
Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Vridhachalam, Tamil Nadu 606001.-INDIA
Field experiments were conducted during post rainy seasons
of 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 to evaluate the efficacy of
early post emergence herbicides application on weed control
and yield of groundnut and also to determine the effects of
imazethapyr and quizalofop ethyl applied to groundnut on the
growth and yield of sesame sown during the following season.
The different treatment includes unweeded control, weed free
treatment, pre emergence application (PE) of pendimethalin in
combination with hand weeding, early post emergence
herbicides imazethapyr and quaizalofop ethyl @ 50, 75 and
100 g a.i/ha alone at 20 days after sowing (DAS) and in
combination with PE pendimethalin at 25 DAS. Imazethapyr
applied as post emergence at the recommended rate of 75 g
a.i/ha caused little injury to groundnut but did not affect the
yield. No visible injury was observed with Imazethpyr @ 50 g
a.i/ha and quizalfop ethyl @ 50 and 75 g a.i/ha. Though the
post emergence herbicides effectively controlled the annual
grasses and sedges, the broad leaf weed, which emerged
before the application of herbicides at 20 DAS posed a major
threat to the groundnut crop, which clearly indicated that
application of post emergence herbicides alone at 20 DAS
was not effective in controlling the weeds and requires a pre
emergence herbicide application. The dominance of the weed
species Gynandropsis pentaphylla and Acalypha indica were
observed with the post emergence application of quizalofop
ethyl at 20 DAS alone even at the higher doses which
exhibited the resistance of both the species to quaizalofop
ethyl. Though the weed density were similar between the
weed free treatment and PE pendimethalin + POE
imazethapyr (75 g a.i/ha), the growth and yield parameters
and pod yield (2525 kg/ha) were significantly higher with PE
pendimethalin + POE imazethapyr (75 g a.i/ha), which was
followed by PE pendimethalin + POE quizalofop ethyl (75 g
a.i/ha),. The net return (Rs. 32325/ha) and BCR (2.56) were
also highest with PE pendimethalin + POE imazethapyr (75
g a.i/ha). The results further indicated that both the early post
emergence herbicides (Imazethpyr and quizalofop ethyl)
applied to groundnut crop was not injurious to the succeeding
Sesame when applied as alone or in combination with pre
emergence herbicides. The PE application of pendimethalin
@ 1.0 kg ai/ha + POE application of imazathypyr at the
recommended rate of 75 g ai/ha.
82. STUDY ON SOME EFFECTIVE FACTORS
INFLUENCING SEED DORMANCY OF
DODDER AND AMARANTH
M. Ghaemi, H. Ehyaee, F. Fallahpour
College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
IRAN.
Dodder (Cuscuta campestris) and amaranth (Amaranthous
vulgare) are the most important weeds that causes yield loss
of many crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to
evaluate the effect of different factors enhancing seed
germination of dodder and amaranth at physiology laboratory
of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad by completely
randomized design with four replications in 2009. Treatments
were potassium nitrate (3 levels including 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06
g/lit), sulfuric acid (98%) with four levels for amaranth seeds
(30, 60, 90, 120 seconds) and five levels for dodder seeds (1,
5, 15, 30, 50 minutes), sand paper (with grade of 100 and
150), scarification and distilled water (control). The results
showed that different levels of potassium nitrate didn’t have
any effect on dodder and amaranth seeds germination. In the
case of amaranth seeds, the most and least percentage of
germination were observed in sulfuric acid treatment with
120s (98.75%) and distilled water treatment (23.75%),
respectively and the highest rate of germination was obtained
at emery paper (100) with amount of 12.03 seed germinated
per day. In the case of dodder seeds, the most and least
percentage of germination were observed in sulfuric acid
treatment with 50min and distilled water, respectively.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 51
83. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF Lantana
camara LEAF EXTRACT ON GERMINATION
AND GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF SOME
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST CROPS IN
BANGLADESH
M.K. Hossain and Md. Nazmul Alam
Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, BANGLADESH,
[email protected], [email protected]
Lantana camara, an invasive weed in the secondary degraded
and plantation forests of Bangladesh is becoming a problem
not only competing with the crops but also exerts
alleochemicals on associate crops. The present study showed
that water soluble allelochemicals of Lantana camara inhibits
the germination and initial growth of both the selected
agricultural (Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Vigna sinensis,
Cucurbita pepo, Abelmoschus esculantus, Amaranthus
tricolor) and forest crops (Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia
falcataria, Albizia procera.) in the laboratory conditions. The
results revealed that different concentrations of Lantana
camara leaf extracts caused significant inhibitory effect on
germination, root and shoot elongation and development of
lateral roots of the receptor crops. Bioassays also indicate that
the inhibitory effect was proportional to the concentrations of
the extracts and higher concentrations had the stronger
inhibitory effect, whereas, the lower concentrations showed
stimulatory effect in some cases.
84. GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF
LINSEED (Linum ustitatissimum L.) TO
FERTILIZER LEVELS AND WEED-CROP
COMPETITION PERIODS
M.A.Nadeem, R. Syed, A. Ali, M. Tahir and K. Mubeen
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-PAKISTAN
A field experiment was conducted to observe the growth and
yield response of linseed (Linum ustitatissimum L.) to weed-
crop competition periods and fertilizer levels. The experiment
was laid out in randomized complete block design with split
pot arrangement by placing weed-crop competition periods in
sub plots and fertilizer levels in main plots. The experiment
was replicated thrice with net sub plot size of 1.8 × 4m. The
treatments comprised of seven weed-crop competition periods
(no competition, competition for 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days
after emergence and throughout competition) and two
fertilizer levels 90 + 40 kg N + P2O5 ha-1
and 180 + 80 kg N
+ P2O5 ha-1
. The dominant weeds in the experimental area
were Phalaris minor, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus
arvensis and Rumex dantatus. ANOVA techniques were used
to analyze the data collected for various observations on the
growth, quality and yield of linseed. The growth and yield
characteristics like number of plants, plant height, number of
branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of
seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and total
biomass were affected significantly by weed-crop competition
periods and increasing fertilizer levels. All the characteristics
were decreased progressively by increasing weed-crop
competition periods while all the components were increased
progressively by increasing fertilizer levels in linseed. The
total density and biomass of weeds increased with increasing
weed-crop competition periods. The combined effect of weed
free with 180 + 80 kg N + P2O5 ha-1
gave the significant
results as compared to other interactions of treatments. The
seed yield decreased progressively with increasing weed
control period. The significantly maximum seed yield was
recorded in weed free plots. The seed yield was affected
significantly by fertilizer levels. The significantly maximum
seed yield was recorded in weed free plots. The interactive
effect of fertilizer levels and weed-crop competition periods
for seed yield were significant. It was concluded that weeds
should be controlled within 30 days of emergence of crop and
should be fertilized at the rate of 180 + 80 kg N + P2O5 ha-1
to
get economic yield of linseed.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
52
85. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC
POTENTIAL OF STRAITS RHODODENRON
(Melastoma malabathricum L.) EXTRACTS
*M.Faravani1, B.B.Baki
1 , K..Awang
2 and D.R. Syamsir
2
1Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya,
509603 Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA 2Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 509603
Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae) is a weedy
invasive shrub in arable lands, abandoned farmlands,
secondary forest openings and derelict areas in Malaysia. We
assessed the allelopathic activity of crude extracts of M.
malabathricum in the laboratory. The aqueous extracts were
assayed from fresh materials with concentrations of 0, 50,
100, 150 and 200 gL-1
while the aqueous of oven-dried
materials were with concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160, and
200 gL-1
. The crude methanol extracts were prepared using
extract concentrations of 10.80, 14.28, 18.00 and 30.00 gL-1
of shoot and root materials. Inhibition of seed germination of
radish prevailed at concentrations in excess of 200 gL-1
in the
aqueous extract of dried materials, while with methanol
extract similar inhibition were observed at concentrations of
14.28 - 30 gL-1
. Total inhibition of root and shoot growth was
also observed in the barnyardgrass. Both species were
susceptible to allelochemical extracts isolated from shoot and
root of M. malabathricum. Root and shoot lengths of radish
and barnyardgrass decreased with application of the extracts.
The results were discussed from the view point of using the
extracts as a natural herbicide to control barnyardgrass and
other susceptible weed species by arresting seed germination
and seedling growth and establishment.
86. POTENTIAL OF AN INVASIVE AQUATIC
PLANT DUCKWEED (Wolffia spp.) AS A FISH
FEED IN TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) FRY
REARING
M.H.S. Ariyaratne
National Aquatic Resources Research & Development
Agency,
Colombo-15, SRI LANKA
The trial was carried out at National Aquatic Resources
Research & Development Agency (NARA), Colombo for a
period of 41 days. Six cement tanks (1.6m x1.0m x
0.5m)=0.75 m3 were used. The tanks were cleaned, washed
and filled with tap water up to 45 cm. After 5 days, O.
niloticus fry (initial weight= 0.0754±0.0441g) were stocked
according to the stocking density of 500 fry m-3
. Fresh
duckweed (Dw) and commercial feed (Cf) were the 2 feed
types used in this trial and tested in triplicate. Tanks were
selected randomly for these 2 feed types. Feed was provided
twice per day at a daily rate of 5% of body weight. Twenty
fish in each tank were sampled weekly to determine average
weight and the feeding rate was adjusted accordingly. pH and
temperature (air & water) were measured daily and Nitrite-
nitrogen (NO2), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3) and Total Ammonia
Nitrogen (TAN) were measured weekly. The rearing period
was lasted 41days. Average Daily Growth (ADG), Specific
Growth Rate in weight (SGR-W), Feed Conversion Ratio
(FCR) and % survival rates were determined, in respective
tanks. The Mean ADG and Mean Final body weight of the
fish fed on Cf and Dw (0.0261±0.0076, 0.0061±0.0018 g/day
and 1.1450±0.2839, 0.2875±0.0802 g) were not significantly
different, respectively (p<0.05).Nevertheless, the SGR-W and
the mean % survival rates of the fish fed on Cf and Dw
(6.7604±1.7589, 5.0463±0.8496 and 44.6±16.35, 25.5± 6.74)
were significantly different(p>0.05). The FCR of the Cf and
Dw feed types (1.003±0.6097 and 4.2066±0.2462) were not
significantly different (p<0.05), respectively. The mean water
temperature (29.3±1.3936) and the mean pH in Cf
(8.56±0.5361) and Dw (8.72±0.6206) provided tanks were not
significantly different (P<0.05). The mean toxic Ammonia
(NH3) in Cf and Dw provided tanks (0.0587±0.0596 and
0.0403±0.0307 mg/l) were significantly different (p>0.05).
The aquatic plant Wolffia could be used as fish feed for
Tilapia fry rearing. Further research will be needed to
determine optimal amounts. A use of this nature would reduce
the nuisance value of Wolffia considerably, and it could no
longer be considered an invasive plant.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 53
87. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY IN Prosopis
farcta (MESQUITE)
M.T.Alebrahim, E.Kazerooni, R. Majd
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad,
IRAN. [email protected]
Knowledge about weed biology is very important to find
approaches in sustainable management of weeds that guide us
to control of them without chemical material (herbicides).
Prosopis farcta is one of the most important noxious weeds in
Iran particularly in dray lands. It is a perennial broadleaf weed
in the fabaceae family. The mechanism of propagation in this
weed is by seed production. Its presence has been observed,
particularly in warm and dry places and found extensively in
pastures, fallow, waste and cultivated fields. One of the major
problems for weed control is the presence of dormancy in
weed seeds. Prosopis farcta is one of the dominant weeds in
the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore the effect of
mechanical (sandpaper and scalpel), chemical (sulfuric acid
and sodium hydroxide), scarification and boiling water on
breaking dormancy in two ecotypes of Prosopis farcta seeds
were examined. For mechanical treatments, seeds were
abraded 10, 20 and 30 times with two kind of sandpaper or
scarified with scalpel. Seeds were also soaked in boiling water
for 2, 5 and 10 min. For chemical treatments, the seeds were
soaked for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min in sulfuric acid or
10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min in 50%, 70% and 90% sodium
hydroxide solution. A completely randomized design with 4
replications of 25 seeds in Petri dishes was used. Germination
was obtained through scarification with scalpel (89%, 68.2%),
sulfuric acid (72.8%, 54.2%) and boiling water (53.6%, 28%),
in Borazjan and Kashmar ecotypes respectively. Sodium
hydroxide (22.6%, 1%) and sandpaper (19.2%, 3.5%) were
not effectiveon both ecotypes, particularly in Kashmar. In
general Kashmar showed more hardseedness than Borazjan
ecotypes.
88. WEED PROBLEMS IN SUGAR CANE AND
THEIR CONTROL IN THE SUDAN
Makkawi A. A. Rahman
Research and Development Department, Kenana Sugar Co.,
SUDAN
Sugar cane crop suffers badly due to weed infestation.
Brachiaria spp., Ipomea cordofana, Rottboellia
cochinchinesis, Elusine india, Digera alternifolia, Euphorbia
acalyphoides, Panicum hygrocharis, Cynodon dactylon,
Cyperus rotundus and Striga hermonthica are the most
common weeds of sugar cane in the Sudan. Application of
herbicides supplemented with hand or mechanical weeding is
the main method of weeds control. Pre emergence application
of different formulations of pendimethalin, atrazine and
ametryne renders excellent general weed control . Post
emergence application of asulum give effective weed kill.
The control of perennial weeds, C. dactylon and C. rotundus
in sugar cane fields is difficult, but glyphosate is used for its
control in fallow lands. S. hermonthica is controlled by spot
application of 2,4-D just before flowering.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
54
89. EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION PERIODS
ON WEEDS AND YIELD OF BLACK SEED
Muhammad Ather Nadeem, Asif Tanveer, Abrar Hussain
and Asghar Ali
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.-PAKISTAN
Field experiment were conducted at Agronomic Research
Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to study the effect
of different weed competition periods on weeds and yield of
blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) locally known as kalwanji
during winter 2005-06 and 2006-07. Weeds were allowed to
compete with crop for 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 days after sowing
and throughout the growth season along with weed free
treatment. Phalaris minor, Convulvulus arvensis and
Chenopodium album were the dominant weeds in the
experimental area. The results revealed that weed density and
weed dry weight increased with increase in weed competition
periods. The maximum seed yield was recorded in weed free
treatment and seed yield decreased significantly with each
increased competition period. The minimum seed yield and
maximum weed density and dry weight was recorded in
weedy check.
90. COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENTS OF
PARTHENIUM WEED WITH BENEFICIAL
NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PASTURE
PLANTS
Naeem Khan, Chris O’Donnell and Steve Adkins
School of Land Crop and Food Sciences, the University of
Queensland-AUSTRALIA
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an annual
broadleaf invasive weed from the family Asteraceae. It is a
threat to the pasture lands of Central Queensland and has the
potential to convert much traditional pasture land into
parthenium dominated communities. This study was initiated
to identify useful competitive pasture plants that were able to
displace parthenium weed. Initial trials were undertaken in the
glasshouse then the best plants tested in the field at two
parthenium infested sites in central Queensland. In the
glasshouse addition series competition trials were used where
30 species were tested and 10 most competitive species were
tested in the field condition. Purple pigeon grass, Guinea
grass, Buffel grass and Indian blue grass, Bull Mitchell grass,
Kangaroo grass, Pitted blue grass and Hope Mitchell grass
were the most competitive (from high to low). The remaining
pasture plant species were found as poor competitors against
parthenium weed. Buffel Grass, Kangaroo grass, Bull
Mitchell grass, Indian blue grass, Purple pigeon grass and
Seca stylo were tested at Injune and Buffel Grass, Indian blue
grass, Butterfly pea, Creeping blue grass, Digit grass and
Rhodes grass were tested at Monto. Replicated trials using
randomised block design were carried out at central
Queensland in the parthenium infested pastural area with 7
most competitive glasshouse screened plants. Purple pigeon
grass, Rhodes grass, Buffel grass, Queensland blue grass and
butterfly pea (from low to high) significantly out competed
and reduced parthenium weed dry biomass. These findings
showed that the introduced and native pasture species could
be useful to manage parthenium weed on sustainable basis in
field conditions.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 55
91. FUNDICIDAL EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES
AGAINST SOIL, BORNE PATHOGENS OF
CHICKPEA
Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal, M. Ashraf Zahid and Umer
Iqbal Pulse Programme, National Agricultural Research Centre,
Islamabad.
Given the rise in labor costs, herbicides have an increasing
importance in modern agriculture. They are usually applied to
the soil, either pre or post emergence. They may also affect
non target soil borne phathogens. The present investigation
was under taken to evaluate the fungi toxic effects of
herbicides on Marophomina phaseolina (stem canker),
Selerotinia sclerotiorum (stem rot). Sclerotium rolfsii (collar
rot), Rhizoctonia solani (wet root rot) and Fusarium
oxysporum (wilt). It was indicated that the test herbicides
suppressed the radial growth of the colonies of all five
pathogens. The extent of reduction in both growths of
colonies due to Tribunil was generally higher than Dicuran
MA60 WP. Tribunil decreased the growth of M. phaseolina,
S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum by 50% or more and
completely stopped the growth of S. rolfsii Diccurn MA 60
WP effectively decreased the colony growth of S. rolfsii
(100%) and S. sclerotiorum (60%). Selerotium rolfsii
exhibited very high sensitivity to both the herbicides
compared to other species. The results suggested that the
fungi -toxic behavior of herbicides is not similar.
92. IN VITRO EFFICACY OF PLANT LEAF
EXTRACTS AGAINST Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
Shahid Ahmad Khanzada1, Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal
1 and
Abida Akram2
1National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad
2University of Arid Agricultruaure, Rawalpindi
Aqueous plant leaf extracts of Calotropis procera (L.), Cannbis
sativus (L.) and Datura alba (Nees) @ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% on
the mycelial growth of Selerotium rolfsii Sacc. Were evaluated
by poisoned food technique. The fungus was grown on chickpea
seed meal agar medium (CSMA) for bioassay. D. alba and C.
procera were found effective @ 1.5 and 2% followed by
C.sativus (2%) in reducing the mycelial growth of fungus over
the non-amended control. In case of selerotial production the
leaf extracts of D. alba and C. procera at the concentration of
2%.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
56
93. STUDY OF ALLELOPATHIC PLANT
PRODUCTS, MULCHES AND
HERBICIDES FOR WEED
MANAGEMENT IN TOMATO AND
ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT
P. Saravanane1 and O. S. Kandasamy
2
1 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture &
Research Institute, Karaikal, UT of Puducherry- 609
603, INDIA 2Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore,641 003,INDIA
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the most
important vegetable crop in the Indian sub continent.
Weed infestation is the key factor responsible for
yield loss in tomato. Hence, an field experiment was
conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, India to study the impact of allelopathic
plant products, polyethylene mulches and chemical
herbicides on the weed spectrum and yield of tomato.
Laboratory assessment of the herbicide residue by
bioassay technique and its possible impact on the soil
microbial population was also studied. Best results in
terms of tomato yields were obtained with black
polyethylene mulching with higher weed control
efficiency. No residual toxicity was observed by the
use of chemical herbicides in tomato for weed
management.
94. ECOLOGY, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF SOME
EXOTIC-INVASIVE WEEDS ON FEDERAL LANDS IN
BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Raj Prasad, J. Benner and S. Bundel
Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z
1M5- CANADA
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), Gorse (Ulex europaeus) Daphne
(Daphne laureola) and English ivy (Hedera helix), are four prominent,
invasive plants that pose a serious threat to Garry oak and associated
ecosystems on federal lands in Victoria, British Columbia. These plants
colonize disturbed areas quickly, form dense monospecific stands,
remain persistent for a long time and defy any easy eradication program.
They suppress and inhibit the growth of native plants and ultimately
arrest forest succession. Several federal departments including the
Department of Environment, Department of National Defence,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Department of Indian Affairs and
Parks Canada have expressed great concerns regarding their rapid
incursion, adverse impacts and the resulting degradation of native
habitats. With a grant from the Department of Environment and the
Department of National Defence, we conducted research to examine the
population dynamics, phenology and control methods of these invasive
plants on federal lands near Victoria, B.C. Of the several methods of
control tested, including manual cutting, application of a registered
herbicide (Release- triclopyr), a fungal bioherbicide (Chondrostereum
purpureum), and a commercial plastic mulch, it was found that some
treatments (mulch and herbicide) provided 100% efficacy on resprouting
behaviour of all four invasive species. While one bioherbicide
(Fusarium tumidum) was very effective on Scotch broom under the
greenhouse conditions, it was not applied under field conditions. The
other bioherbicide (Chondrostereum purpureum) produced a variable
response when applied under the field conditions. Manual cutting was
found to be the least effective. Also a novel prospective bioagent
(Phomopsis sp. denovo) was isolated from dying and dead samples of
Daphne from the field and results from laboratory, greenhouse and field
conditions suggest that it may hold great potential for control of Daphne.
Continued and additional research is necessary to determine the
appropriate formulations of these bioagents as well as the effectiveness
of the different and integrated control treatments over a period of years.
A new technology using superheated water (Aquacide) to kill vegetative
shoots of gorse did not offer long term control nor was it found to be cost
effective.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 57
95. ALLELOPATICAL EFFECT OF
SAFFLOWER AND SUNFLOWER
RESIDUE ON SEED GERMINATION
AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN
SOME POACEAE SPP.
Rozbeh Farhoudi1, Ehsan
Kafashan1, Adel Modhej
1
Islamic Azad University,
Shoushtar Branch, IRAN
Experiment was carried out to evaluation the
allopathic effects of sunflower and safflower
aqueous extracts on germination, seedling growth
and catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity in
Hordeum spontaneum, Lolium spp., Phalaris spp.
and Wheat (Triticum aestivum). The experimental
arrangement was two factorial with 3 replications.
Factor 1 included 4 levels of aqueous extract
concentration (0, 5, 10 and 15 volume percent) and
factor 2 included Hordeum spontaneum, Lolium
spp., Phalaris spp. and Wheat (Triticum aestivum).
Results showed increasing the concentration of
sunflower and safflower extracts, decreased
germination percentage, seedling growth, seedling
fresh weight and catalase activity but increased cell
membrane leakage, mean germination time and
peroxidase activaity. In highest level of sunflower
and safflower extract, highest and lowest
germination percentage, seedling fresh weight and
peroxidase activity showed in Hordeum spontaneum
and Wheat (Triticum aestivum). These results
showed negative effect of sunflower and safflower
extract on germination and stability of wheat
seedling.
96. INVESTIGATION THE ALLELOPATIC EFFECTS OF
AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF SUNFLOWER ON
GERMINATION AND CATALASE ENZYME ACTIVITY
IN CANOLA (Bracica napus), WILD MUSTARD (Sinapis
arvensis) AND MALLVA COMMON (Malva sylvestris)
Rozbeh Farhoudi1
Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, IRAN
Experiment was carried out to evolution the allopathic effects of
sunflower aqueous extracts on germination and catalase enzyme activity
in canola, wild mustard and mallow. The experimental arrangement was
factorial included 4 level of aqueous extract concentration(0, 20, 40 and
60 volum percent) and 3 level of plants(canola, wild mustard and mallow)
in 4 replications. Results showed Increasing the concentration of
sunflower extracts, decreased seed germination percentage in canola and
wild mustard but did not affect in mallow. Increasing sunflowe aqueous
extracts of significantly decreased seedling weight, shoot and root length
in canola and wild mustard but decreased catalase enzyme activity in
musturd.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
58
97. ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF TWO
ASTERACEOUS WEEDS AGAINST
Macrophomina phaseolina
*Rukhsana Bajwa, Sobiya Shafique and Shazia
Shafique Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology,
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus,
Lahore, PAKISTAN.
The antifungal activities of shoot and root extracts
of two Asteraceous plants species viz. Parthenium
hysterophorus L. and Ageratum conyzoides were
determined against Macrophomina phaseolina
(Tassi) Goid., the cause of charcoal rot disease of
sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). A measured
reduction in M. phaseolina biomass was observed
due to aqueous extracts of different concentrations.
Lowest concentration of 2% of both root and shoot
extract of P. hysterophorus markedly suppressed the
biomass. Whereas in case of A. conyzoides 4% of
both root and shoot extract was proved most
effective.
98. USE OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES TO PRODUCE
VERMICOMPOST IN COCONUT PLANTATIONS OF SRI
LANKA
S.H.S.Senarathne
Agronomy Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, SRI LANKA
Vermicomposting is a well known technology adapted to produce a
valuable bio-fertilizer from any kind of organic waste in coconut
plantations. Weeds growing commonly in coconut plantations and cover
crops, Gliricidia sepium are grown as a N source in coconut plantation are
good organic sources for vermi compost production. The experiment was
carried out to evaluate the quality of vermicompost produced by different
weed or plant species residues those are commonly available in coconut
plantations and also to evaluate the effect of these different plant species
residues on the earth worms’ activity in the vermicomposting process.
Vermicompost was produced using different plant species collected from
coconut plantations. Variation of earthworms’ population and their initial
and final weight were measured. Nutrient analysis was conducted to
estimate the amount of N, P, K and organic matter content in
vermicomposts produced by different plant species. The highest N
content and highest worm growth rate were found in the vermicompost
produced using Puereria phasioloides, Gliricidia sepium, Cassia tora and
Tephrosia purpurea. The highest P content was recorded in
vermicompost samples produced using Tithonia diversifolia and Panicum
maximum. Tithonia diversifolia, Puereria phasioloides, Cassia tora and
Gliricidia sepium show significantly higher K content than the other plant
species residues. Organic matter content was significantly high in vermi
compost produced by Tithonia diversifolia, Puereria phasioloides,
Gliricidia sepium, Cassia tora and Hyptis suaveolens. Worm
multiplication rate was significantly reduced in vermicompost samples of
Lantana camara, Chromoleana odorata and Vernonie zeylanica due to
certain chemical compounds present in these plant species. The results
suggest that Gliricidia sepium, Tephrosia purpurea, Cassia tora and
Tithonia diversifolia are the best species for composting when compared
with other selected weed species in coconut plantations.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 59
99. EVALUATION OF SELECTED
BROAD LEAF HERBICIDES FOR
THE CONTROL OF WILD RADISH
(Raphanus raphanistrum) IN TEF
(Eragrostis tef) CROPPING SYSTEMS
OF ETHIOPIA
Kassahun Zewdie
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
P.O.Box 2003, Addis Abeba, ETHIOPIA
Field experiments were conducted at three locations
of central highlands of Ethiopia to develop efficacy
data for three candidate broad leaf weed killer
herbicides. The experiment was arranged in a
Randomized Complete Block Design with three
replications. Results revealed that visual assessment
of general and individual weed control score on
Starane M, Derby and Mustang gave equally
effective control and showed similar score at all
scoring time. The herbicides did not differ on their
effect on weed biomass among themselves.
However , But the differences in weed biomass
between the herbicides and the untreated weedy
check plots were highly significant. The weed
population affected the number of tef spike per
meter square and number of seeds per spike. In line
with this, the least number of seeds was recorded on
the uncontrolled check plot. The seed yields from
untreated weedy check plots were significantly
lower than the rest of all treatments. Seed yields
obtained from Mustang treated plots were higher
than the rest herbicides including hand-weeding
treatments. Unanimously all treatments were
significantly better than the untreated weedy check
in weed control as well as seed yield increment.
Above all the highest efficacy and degree of
selectivity makes Derby a promising potential
herbicide that could replace the current standard
check. None of the tested herbicides were toxic to
the crop.
100. Parthenium hysterophorus: A HIGHLY PROBLEMATIC
WEED IN ETHIOPIA
Kassahun Zewdie1 and Wondi Mersie
2
1Holetta agricultural Research centre, Ethiopia, P.O.Box 2003-
ETHIOPIA [email protected] 2Virginia State University-USA
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) of a neo-tropical origin
introduced to Ethiopia some thirty years back and attained a major weed
status in Ethiopia with in a quite short period. It has an aggressive
invasive character invading pasture, irrigated and cultivated land and
irrigation canals at an alarming phase of natural pasture grasses as well as
native plant species. This paper illustrated that the current status and
distribution of the weed in Ethiopia, results on assessment based on
opinion pools made on the impact of the weed on crop production,
livestock production and the environment in general. The paper also
suggests future actions to be under taken to reduce the spread and
minimize the negative impact of Parthenium hysterophorus.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
60
101. EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND LIGHT
INTENSITY ON WEED SPREAD: THISTLES -
A CASE STUDY
Shahida Khalid and Sadar Uddin Siddiqui
National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road,
Islamabad-PAKISTAN
Weeds are part of a dynamic ecosystem wherein, competition
among weeds and crops for nutrients is not independent of
competition for other resources. The ability of a species to
better utilize available nutrients can also provide an advantage in
competition for water and light. The emergence and growth of
weeds is tightly linked with the temperature, soil moisture and
light intensity. This study on the growth characteristics of
thistles (Carthamus oxyacantha, Centaurea iberica and
Silybum marianum) under different light and moisture
conditions was carried out to see behavior of weed spread
along with growth influences. C. oxyacantha plants adapted to
the lack of moisture by reduction in the plant size and could
produced flowers and seeds even at the lowest subjected
moisture. Silybum marianum was found well adapted to
survive under different moisture levels. Whereas, Centaurea
showed a potential to proliferate under all tested light
intensities.
102. EFFECT OF WEED-CROP COMPETITION ON
GROWTH AND YIELD OF GARDEN CRESS
(Lepidium sativum L.)
Shahzad, M., A. Tanveer, M. Ayub, K. Mubeen and N.
Sarwar
An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of weed-
crop competition period on the growth and yield of Lepidium
sativum L. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with four
replications. The dominant weeds were Phalaris minor,
Anagalis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis
and Medicago denticulata Maximum density and dry weight of
the weeds were recorded in plots with competition throughout
the season and the minimum was observed in weed-crop
competition for 40 days after emergence. Maximum seed yield
was recorded in plots where weeds were not allowed to grow
followed by weed-crop competition period of 40 days after
emergence while the minimum was recorded in plots where
weeds competed with the crop throughout the period. The
results lead to the conclusion that 40 days after emergence is
found to be the critical period of weed-crop competition in L.
sativum grown in field. So weeds should be controlled before 40
days after emergence in garden cress for getting maximum
yield.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 61
103. CULTIVATION OF Pleurotus sajor caju
ON WEED PLANTS
Shakil Ahmed*, Samavia Mubeen*, M. Adnan
Saeed*, Azeem Hadier* and Shahjahan Baig**
*Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology,
University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590
**FBRC, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozepur
road Lahore-PAKISTAN
Lignocelluloses are the building blocks of all plants
and are ubiquitous to most regions of our planet.
Their chemical properties make it a substrate of
enormous biotechnological value. Selective weeds
can be used successfully as substrates for Pleurotus
sajor caju (Fr.) Singer cultivation. Weeds are not
only proved as the alternative substrate for
Pleurotus sajor caju cultivation, they also can
significantly increase the protein content and reduce
the production time. Supplementation of weed
substrate with rice straw increases the accumulated
growth of mushroom. In the present investigation
Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara,
Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridus have
been identified as the best substrate for Pleurotus
sajor caju, when it was mixed with rice straw (1:1,
wet wt/wet wt) for mushroom cultivation. The
fruiting time for P. sajor caju was also less on
Lantana camara than on any other weed substrates
tested in the present investigation. The
Chenopodium album was the least suited weed for
oyster mushroom cultivation. The main problem of
oyster mushroom cultivation on weed substrates
was found to be low yield in the second flush that
could be overcome by blending weed plants with
rice straw. The protein contents of the fruit bodies
obtained from Parthenium hysterophorus and
Ageratum conyzoides were not only better than rice
straw but also from the rice straw supplemented
weeds.
104. INVASION OF Assystasia gangetic SUBS.Micrantha IN OIL
PALM PLANTATIONS IN INDONESIA
Soekisman Tjitrosoedirdjo, Denny Kurniadie, Sri.S.Tjitrosoedirdjo
,Imam Mawardi, Sri Widadayanti, Fadil Lubis and Dad Resiworo
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, INDONESIA
There were 3 different taxa of Assystasia observed in Indonesia,
A.nemorum, native to Java Island, A. gangetica subs. gangetica originated
from India, both planted as ornamental plants and A. gangetica subs
micrantha originated from Africa, an invasive weed in oil palm
plantations in Indonesia. All oil palm plantations in Indonesia were
invaded by A.gangetica subs.micrantha. Various herbicides, such as
paraquat, glyphosate, metsulfuron methyl and their mixtures were tested
and found to be effective in the labaratorium, but apparently it required
intensive management in the field and in most cases could not be met.
Cultural technique using Mucuna bracteata proved to be effectively good
to control this Asystasia
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
62
105. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON
ESTABLISHMENT AND NODULATION OF
Hippophae rhamnoides (SEABUCKTHORN) IN
HYDROPONIC CULTURE
Syed Rehmat Ullah Shah and Per-Olof Lundquist
Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, SLU,
Uppsala, SWEDEN
The plant Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn) is a
medicinal plant having a wide range of medicinal values
against different diseases. This plant is found in cold
temperate areas of the many European and Asian countries.
This plant having an extensive root system play a major role
in soil ecosystem and has a symbiotic relationship with
Frankia to fix environmental nitrogen. In this study different
combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus were used to
achieve better growth and nodulation in hydroponic condition.
High nitrogen had a toxic effect on plants in combination with
low phosphorous while with high phosphorous initially plant
started browning but with the time most of the plants
recovered with formation of more than one shoots per plant.
Low Nitrogen and high phosphorous gave better results in
term of growth and nodulation while less growth was
obtained when low nitrogen is applied with low phosphorous.
106. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PLANTS BASED
PRODUCTS FOR Striga hermonthica CONTROL
IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor) UNDER
SUDANESE FIELD CONDITION
Umsalama abdelmageed Ahmed, Tahany Monagy Alamun
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences, Dalang University, Dalang, SUDAN
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the most important cereal crop in
Sudan in both terms of production and consumption, it is
extremely affected by a tremendous parasitic weed Striga
hermonthica causing serious crop yield losses. Three successive
field experiments were conducted at Dalang, Sudan, from 2008
to 2009, to evaluate the efficiency of four plants (Azadirachta
indica, Ocimum basilicum, Lawsonia alba and Cissus
quadrangularis) based products on Striga seed germination,
Striga seedling mortality, time of 50% to Striga seedling
emergence and mortality. The treatments were arranged in a
completely randomized design using five replications. All four
plants based materials were significantly reduced Striga seed
germination and causing considerable Striga seedling mortality
which was both highest in the treatment with C. quadrangularis
plant material. C. quadrangularis plant materials caused 50% of
Striga seedling mortality at about 40 days after the first seedling
emergence (FSE) while the other plants materials caused 50%
seedling mortality at about 60 days of FSE. The effect of the
four plant materials under study on the time of 50% Striga
seedling emergence was inconsistence through out the three
trials. Suppression of S. hermonthica seed germination by
allelochemicals released by the plant materials under study is
suggested as the mechanism for reduction of S. hermonthica
infection and can be act as an effective component of an
integrated Striga control program compatible with the limited
resources of small-scale subsistence farmers.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 63
108. STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERSITY AT DNA
LEVEL AMONG VARIOUS BIOTYPES OF
WILD OATS (Avena species)
Zahid Hanif*1, Zahoor Ahmad Swati
1, Imtiaz Ahmad Khan
1
,Sabz Ali2 and Imtiaz Khan
3
1Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
NWFP, Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN
Email: [email protected] 2 National Agricultural Research Council-Islamabad
3Department of Department of Weed Science, NWFP
Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN
.
Weeds cause considerable losses (25-30%) to common wheat.
Wild oat is highly competitive grassy weed of Rabi crops,
especially, associated with the wheat crop and causes
approximately 60 % out of total weed losses. In the present
study, genetic diversity of 10 biotypes of wild oats (Avena
species) were analyzed using 9 Randomly Amplified
Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 Simple Sequence Repeat
(SSR) primer sets. RAPD and SSR primers revealed high levels
of genetic polymorphisms among the various biotypes of wild
oats. RAPD primers GL-A03, GL-A04, GL-A12, GL-B07, GL-
B19, GL-C07. GL-D17, GL-D18, GL-E05 and SSR primer sets
gdm 86-2B and gdm 87-2D amplified 2.1, 4, 2.4. 3.8, 3.7, 4.78,
2.33, 4, 2.58, 1.2 and 3.1 loci per biotype, respectively. Range
of genetic distances estimated by using individual primers was
from 0 – 100 %, indicating that these biotypes were genetically
very diverse and possess a high amount of polymorphism.
Preliminary PCR amplification results suggest that the two
wheat chromosome specific SSR markers (gdm 86-2B and gdm
87-2D) could be used successfully to investigate genetic
diversity in wild oats. Wild oat biotypes showing maximum
genetic distances (D.I. Khan white biotype and Swat biotype)
should be used in future breeding programs for improving the
genetic base of wild oat germplasm, while using it as a food or
feed crop.
107. APPLICATION OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY IN
WEED SCIENCE; CASE STUDY: ATRAZINE
DEGRADATION IN SOIL BY USING NANO
ZERO VALENT IRON
Yasser Nikparast, Mohhamad Hassan Rashed Mohasel
and Reza Ghorbani
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, P.O.Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad.-
IRAN [email protected]
Nanotechnology is being considered as the current industrial
revolution which will not leave any aspects of science
unaffected. It is an interdisciplinary technology, blending
different sciences to make everything smaller as well as more
efficient. In weed sciences, nanotechnology could be
applicable in a range of nano-sensors and nano-remediation of
herbicide pollution to nano-herbicides and controlled-released
nano-formulations. Nano-sensors, with their smaller size,
higher accuracy and lower cost, can improve the precision
herbicide application. Reformulation of nano-scale herbicides
within micro-capsules which can be released under specific
conditions will significantly decrease the environmental risk
and presence of herbicide residue. Several studies have
investigated some nano-particles for degradation of
environmental pollutants such as herbicides. Some oxidant
and reductant nano-particles for instance have been used for
pollutant remediation and promoting the beneficial microbial
communities. Because of their smaller size and vast active
surface, nano-particles are more active and more flexible
against dispersion. Unique features of nano-materials make
them good candidates to be applied in weed management in
future. A series studies have recently been started faculty of
agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the results
of preliminary trials showed the feasibility of Atrazine
degradation in soil by application of nano zero valent iron.
The main and accurate experiments are currently under
progress and their results will be presented in the conference.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
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109. CHARACTERIZATION OF ALIEN FLORA OF
THE KASHMIR HIMALAYA: TAXONOMIC
PATTERN, ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
Zafar A. Reshi*, Anzar A. Khuroo and G.H. Dar
Department of Botay, University of Kashmir, Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir, INDIA
The ecological and economic damage caused by alien
invasive species is the rationale for the selection of “Trends in
Invasive Alien Species” as one of 22 Headline Indicators to
measure progress towards the Convention on Biological
Diversity’s target of reducing the rate of loss of biodiversity
by 2010. It is in this context that a structured inventory of
alien species of different taxa inhabiting terrestrial, freshwater
and marine environments in different phytogeographical
regions is necessary to provide the basis for prevention and
control of biological invasions. Such an inventory of alien
plant species of the Kashmir Himalaya based on well
established spatio-temporal stages of invasions is presented.
The alien flora, comprising 436 alien plant species, belonging
to 269 genera and 73 families, is also characterised with
regard to its taxonomic composition, growth form, geographic
origin, purpose of introduction and habitats invaded. Invasion
stage-based characterisation of the alien flora revealed that
119 species belonged to invasion Stage-II (alien species that
have been introduced, but not yet established), 107 to Stage-
III (alien species that have established), 56 to IVa (alien
species that are widespread but occasional), 77 to IVb (alien
species that are localised but dominant) and 77 to Stage-V
(alien species that are widespread and dominant; invasive).
Representation of annuals and perennials was more or less
uniform across different stages of invasion, but representation
of aquatics and trees was higher at stage V. Irrespective of
their stage of invasion, most of the alien species were of
European and Asian origin and were mostly introduced
unintentionally. Though the species at lower stages of
invasion were usually restricted to human or semi-natural
habitats, but the natural habitats were also invaded by
widespread and abundant alien species (Stage-V species).
Implications of such structured inventories in the
identification of drivers, pressures, impacts and management
strategies for biological invasions are also highlighted.
110. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT RELATIVE LIGHT
INTENSITIES ON Eupatorium odoratum
GROWTH
Zh.W. Fan1, J.H. Zhang
1,2, and L.Zh. Liu
1
1Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy
of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Monitoring
and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien
Pests, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Pests
Detection and Control for Tropical Agriculture of Hainan
Province- [email protected] 2College of Environment and Plant Protection, University of
Hainan, Hainan 571737, CHINA
In this paper, the main stem height, main stem leaf number and fresh and
dry weight of Eupatorium odoratum L. were measured in different
relative light intensities in the field experiment. The results showed that
appropriate shade (about 38% light intensity) at the beginning of 3 or 4
months was advantage to increase Eupatorium odoratum high growth
and leaf number, but not to its biomass accumulation. At the end of
experiment, the higher was relative light intensity, the better increased
Eupatorium odoratum stem, leaf and root dry weight. The order of
height, leaf number and total dry weight of Eupatorium odoratum was
100% light intensity > 38% light intensity > 16% light intensity > 3%
light intensity. Eupatorium odoratum could not flower normally when
relative light intensity was 16% or less. Light intensity should impact the
invasion of Eupatorium odoratum. This research has important
significance for control of Eupatorium odoratum.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 65
111. WEED CONTROL IN GREEN BEANS
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) WITH SOIL-APPLIED
HERBICIDES
Zvonko Pacanoski1 and Gordana Glatkova
2
1Faculty for Agricultural Sciences and Food, Ss. Cyril and
Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia; 2 Institute of
Agriculture, Skopje, R. MACEDONIA
Field trials were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate
weed control in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with soil-
applied herbicides. The weed population in the both years was
consisted mainly of summer grasses and broadleaves weeds.
The weediness in the both years was relative high. Weed
density in the untreated control plots was 146.0 plants per m-2
in 2005 and 176.2 plants per m-2
in 2006. The most dominant
weeds in both years were Echinochloa-crus galli and
Portulaca oleracea. Efficacy of herbicides was ranged of
77.9% (ethalfluralin) to 92.5% (pendimethalin) in 2005, and
92.6% (ethalfluralin) to 99.7% (imazethapyr) in 2006,
respectively. Lower herbicide efficacy in 2005 was due to
dryer soil conditions after herbicide application. Green beans
were not visibly injured by any of herbicide treatments in
2005, but linuron and prometryn caused 13.8 and 15.3%
transient injury in 2006. Green beans yield was markedly
affected by herbicide efficacy, particularly in the second year,
where a yield was similar to that of the weed-free control.
112. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF Parthenium
hysterophorus L. EXTRACTS ON SEED
GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SOME
IMPORTANT CROPS OF NWFP.
Gul Hassan and Anees Amin
Department of Weed Science
NWFP Agricultural Unviersity Peshwar-PAKISTAN
P. hysterophorus being an alien invasive weed is threatening the
biodiversity of Pakistan. To study its allelopathic potential, a
laboratory based study was undertaken during September and
November 2008 in Weed Research Laboratory, Department of
Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar,
Pakistan to investigate the allelopathic potential of aqueous
extracts of P. hysterophorus leaves against mungbean, sorghum,
millet and maize. The fresh leaves of P. hysterophours were
dried in shade and grinded. The powder was soaked @ 25gL -1
,
50 gL -1
and 75g L-1
. Ten seeds of each species were placed in
Petri dishes and extracts were applied when needed. Control
was also included for comparison. The experiment was laid out
in completely randomized design with three replications. The
findings show that with the increasing concentration of P.
hysterophorus, the germination percentage,, seedling length and
seedling weight of all the species tested were significantly
decreased. Thus the present study suggests that P.
hysterophorus adversely affects the agronomic crops and needs
to be properly managed. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of
parthenium could lead as tool of weed management into the
arsenal of weed managers. Further studies are suggested to
explore the different aspects to successfully use parthenium for
weed management.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
66
113. PHYTOSOCIOLOGY ALONG THE
ROADSIDES OF DISTRICT SWABI NWFP,
PAKISTAN
Gul Hassan and Anees Amin
Department of Weed Science
NWFP Agricultural Unviersity Peshwar-PAKISTAN
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a fast maturing annual native
to the subtropics of North and South America and now a
rapidly spreading invasive weed in Pakistan. To evaluate its
distribution and density a phtosociological survey was
conducted in five villages randomly selected in District
Swabi, NWFP viz. Ismaila, Nawekaley, Swabi, Zaida and
Topi. The mean data across the 5 locations studied reveals
that the flora along the roadsides is predominated by Cynodon
dactylon with the highest relative density of 29.2% among all
the species. It was followed by Digitaria sanguinalis.
Trianthema portulacastrum, Parthenium hyesterophorus,
Cannabis sativus, Amaranthus. viridis and Xanthium
strumarium with relative densities of 19.9, 11.8,11.3,10.8,6.3
and 2.2%, respectively. At different locations it was observed
that C. sativa was replaced by P. hysterophous, while at other
places they occurred in mixture. Regarding the distribution of
C. dactylon, showed its highest relative frequency (24.7%) at
village Swabi. The data further manifests that
P.hysterophorus infestation was buffered and almost uniform
at all villages along the roadsides, however its maximum
relative frequency (23.5%) was recorded at Topi followed by
22.2, 20.2, 18.0, and 15.2 % in Nawekaley, Ismaila, Zaida and
Swabi, respectively. X. strumarium and A.viridis possessed
the smallest relative frequency at most of the sites examined
thereby indicating them as unimportant among the weed flora
of the target area. Determination of Importance value
indicated that Cynodon-Digitaria-Parthenium community
dominated at Ismaila, Nawekaley and Zaida. At Swabi proper
Cynodon-Trianthema-Digitaria community dominated,
whereas at Topi Cynodon-Parthenium-Cannabis community
was evidenced. Looking at the overall distribution of flora in
Swabi district the Cynodon-Digitaria-Parthenium community
predominates.The dominance and rapid spread of P.
hysterophorus in wastelands dwindled the local flora, is
attributable to its invasive capacity due to its allelopathic
properties, higher growth rate, rapid flowering and higher
fecundity. Thus, the weed is spreading rapidly along the
roadsides, into agricultural fields and on wastelands. Thus, it
is suggested that sustainable management tactics need to be
adopted to minimize its forecasted losses to the agriculture of
target area.
114. NEW FORMULATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON THE USES OF
GLYPHOSATE IN INDIA
Abhijit Bose1 and. M.C. Pandey
2
1General Manager – International Business
[email protected] 2National Development Manager
Excel Crop Care Limited, 13, Aradhana Industrial Development
Corporation, Near Virwani Industrial Estate. Goregaon (East),
Mumbai 400063.INDIA
The environment plays major role in the physical development
of plants. The size, shape, and thickness of leaves, cuticle, wax
deposition, and changes in the water and nutrient status within
plants are crucial. These changes affect glyphosate efficacy in
several ways viz., interception, retention, penetration,
translocation to the site of action. Prevailing environmental
conditions also, before, at and after application affect glyphosate
performance. It is effective at lower dosage / ac. Product can be
easily transported. This formulation can be better used in cotton
for weed management in inter-rows with the help of foam
nozzle and cleaning of bunds & channels. Thus, reducing the
hosts of CLCV and mealy bug. In recent researches pre-sowing
weed control through SSB (Stale Seed Bed) by glyphosate with
post sowing method of hand weeding twice recorded
significantly higher seed cotton yield (1815 kg / ha ) and was
comparable with pendimethalin 1.0 kg / ha followed by one HW
on 45 DAS (1798 kg/ha).(Source: Effect of stalebed technique
of weed management on yield and economics of cotton. S.
Sanbagavalli, deptt of Agronomy, Madurai. Weed Symposium,
02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India). For effective control of
Rottboellia cochinchinensis, pre – emergence application of
pendimethalin 1.5 kg / ha in cropped fields and post emergence
spraying of glyphosate 3.0 kg / ha under non crop or fallow
seasons effectively manages Rottboellia cochinchinensis, a
thorny problematic grassy weed in black clay soils of Tamil
Nadu.(Source: C. Nithya et. al., TNAU, Coimbatore. Weed
Symposium, 02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India). Tuber
treatment with cytokinin (0.01%) followed by application of
glyphosate @ 3.0 kg / ha on third day controlled the tuber
emergence by 92%. Pre – emergence control of purple nut sedge
(Cyperus rotundus L.) using growth promoting substances in
combination with herbicides (Source: D.Ravisankar et. al.,
TNAU, Coimbatore. Weed Symposium, 02.08.09, TNAU,
Coimbatore, India). Directed application of glyphosate 41% SL
15 ml / lit of water could reduce the density of Cyperus rotundus
effectively. Higher yield and economic returns were obtained in
glyphosateb41% SL 15 ml /lit of water.(Source: Post emergence
herbicidal management of perennial sedge (Cyperus rotundus
L.) in banana. N.K. Prabakaran, TNAU. Weed Symposium,
02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India).
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 67
115. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF Bracharia
brizantha And Bracharia milliformis ON SEED
GERMINATION OF SELECTED PLANT
SPECIES
S.H.S. Senarathne1,
D.N.M. Dissanayaka2 and
L. P.
Vidhana Arachchi2
1Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, SRI LANKA
2 Faculty of Agricultural Science, Sabaragamuea University
of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, SRI LANKA
Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria milliformis are widely
grown improved pasture species of the coconut plantations in
Sri Lanka. Field observations indicated that the above grass
species suppress ground vegetation in coconut plantations.
Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the
allelopathic effect in B. brizantha and B. milliformis using
their root extracts from where they possibly release
allelochemicals to the soil environment. Root exudates,
aqueous extracts of fresh and dry roots and soils where B.
brizantha and B. milliformis are grown were investigated to
verify their allelopathic effect on seed germination percentage
of five bioassay species namely; Raphanus sativas, Capsicum
annum, Lycopersicum esculantem, Crotalaria juncia and
Chromoleana odorata. Fifty seeds from each bioassay species
were placed in petri dish containing root exudates, root
extracts, contaminated soil and percentage of seed
germination were examined after 3 days. The experiment was
repeated four times. Seed germination percentage of C.
annum, L. esculantem and C. odorata was significantly
inhibited by B. brizantha contaminated soil. However, the
degree of inhibition varied among the bioassay species. The
fresh aqueous root extract of B. brizantha was highly
phytotoxic and it significantly reduced seed germination of all
the bioassay species than dry root extract. The maximum
reduction in seed germination of all the bioassay species was
caused by root exudates of two grass species. It is evident
from the results, that root aqueous extracts; root exudates and
rhizosphere soil of B.brizantha and B. milliformis species
suppresed seed germination of five bioassay species. Results
also suggested that these responses were attributed to an
allelopathic effect which should be investigated further in the
field.
116. PLASTICITY FACILITATES Anthemis cotula TO
INVADE DIVERSE HABITATS
Irfan Rashid1,2
*, Zafar Reshi2 and Yu Long Feng
3
1Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Baramulla-
193101, University of Kashmir, J&K, INDIA 2Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190
006, J&K, INDIA 3Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Kunming 650223, CHINA
In view of the significant contribution of phenotypic plasticity in
survival and spread of invasive species in heterogeneous
adventive environments, present study was carried out on
natural populations of Anthemis cotula L. (Stinking mayweed)
growing in habitats that differ in disturbance. The vegetative
(stem height, number of lateral branches, root mass, and shoot
mass) and reproductive (number of disc florets per plant and per
capitulum and number of capitula per plant) traits exhibited
significant phenotypic plasticity across such habitats. Number of
disc florets per plant (used as the measure of fitness) was
highest (19235.37) in riparian populations and lowest (2429.09)
in populations growing in habitats with relatively low
disturbance. Fitness in populations supported by habitats with
high disturbance was 5183.85 disc florets per plant. Although
the number of disc florets per capitulum did not vary
significantly across populations supported by different habitats,
the number of capitula per plant ranged from 148.10 in riparian
populations to 20.74 in populations growing in low disturbance
habitats. Among the vegetative attributes, stem mass and
number of lateral branches per plant varied significantly across
populations supported by habitats with different disturbance
regimes. Quantification of the phenotypic selection acting on
these vegetative and reproductive traits estimated through use of
selection differentials and gradients varied in sign and strength
across the sites which indicates that different traits are favoured
under different habitat conditions. Comparison of the
phenotypic plasticity of A. cotula with a con-familial alien but
less invasive Galinsoga parviflora allows us to conclude that
phenotypic plasticity not only enables the former to maintain
fitness across a broad range of environments but also contributes
significantly to its invasiveness in Kashmir Himalaya.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
68
117. WEED FLORA OF Curcuma longa FIELDS OF
DISTRICT KASUR, PAKISTAN
Justina Jane Tahira, Salik Nawaz Khan, *Ruqia Suliman
and Waheed Anwar
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore
54590, PAKISTAN
District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan shares more than 80% of
Turmeric production. Surveys of fields from twenty six
localities of the district were undertaken during two
successive years to study the distribution of various weed
species in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) fields. A total of
fourteen weed species belonging to 8 angiospermic families,
were recorded in the fields of Turmeric. Sonchus aspera L.,
Chenopodium album L., Rumex dentatus L., Ageratum
conyzoides L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cynodon dactylon
Pers., Oxalis corniculata L., Malva parviflora, L,.
Malvestrum cromandlianum L., Trifolium resupinatum
L.,Euphorbia prostarta L., Phalaris minor Retz., Cirsium
arvese L..were found to be the most prevalent weed species
occurring in 90% or more studied areas during one or the
other growing season. The frequently occurring weeds with
absolute frequency of more than 80% were S. aspera, C.
album, M. cromandlianum, C. dactylon and R. dentatus. Other
densely populated weed species with absolute density above
were A. conyzoides, C. arvensis, , Euphorbia prostrata and C.
dactylon. The study highlighted the need to manage the weed.
118. MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATION IN SOME
WEED OF Curcuma longa FIELDS OF DISTRICT
KASUR, PAKISTAN
Ruqia Suliman, Salik Nawaz Khan, Waheed Anwar and
Justina Jane Tahira
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore 54590,
PAKISTAN
Detailed study in district Kasur for association of vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) with weeds of Curcuma
longa fields. For this purpose fourteen weed species Sonchus
aspera L., Chenopodium album .L, Rumex dentatus L.,
Ageratum conyzoides L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cynodon
dactylon Pers., Oxalis corniculata L., Malva parviflora L.,
Malvestrum cromandlianum L., Trifolium resupinatum L.,
Euphorbia prostarta L., Phalaris minor Retz., Cirsium arvence
L, belonging to eight angiospermic families were studied for
arbuscular mycorrhizal association. The colonization was
maximum on Sonchus aspera L and Phalaris minor Retz.
Ageratum conyzoides L. and Rumex dentatus were poorly
colonized. As Sonchus aspera L.and Ageratum conyzoides
belonging to family Astereaceae showed different rate of
colonization resulting that there is no association of their
family characteristics, but association of these weeds exists with
Curcuma longa and other weeds of the fields.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 69
119. Parthenium hysterophorus: AN EMERGING
THREAT FOR Curcuma longa FIELDS OF THE
KASUR DISTRICT, PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)
Waheed Anwar, Salik Nawaz Khan, Justina Jane Tahira
and Ruqia Suliman
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore
54590, PAKISTAN
In Pakistan Kasur District contributes more than 80 % in
turmeric production. The fields of Curcuma longa L along
with its surrounding were surveyed and marked to study the
distribution and development pattern of an alien invasive
weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) into fields of
Kasur District. For this purpose fields of Curcuma longa L in
five villages of the district comprising on 4 hectare cultivated
crop and five fields where crop is being cultivated regularly
since 5 years were marked for investigating weed
development pattern. The farmers of marked fields have a
concept that weeds can not affect the Curcuma longa fields
due to its medicinal nature. Parthenium development pattern
inside the fields was observed at different stages of crop. The
excessive parthenium growing adjacent water channels have
maximum percentage of parthenium inside the fields with
other major weeds while its percentage was less inside those
fields whose adjacent water channels were clean or having
less parthenium incidence. Observation showed that canal
water channels play critical role in the development of
Parthenium inside Turmeric fields. Environmental conditions
of Curcuma longa fields is favoring Parthenium to invade and
dominate, therefore there is need for observation and an
urgent Parthenium management strategy for restricting further
spread in the fields of Curcuma longa L.
120. DISTRIBUTION OF WEEDS OF GROUNDNUT
(Arachis hypogaea L.) FIELDS IN POTOHAR
REGION OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Salik Nawaz Khan, Noor Zaman and Shakil Ahmad
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore 54590,
PAKISTAN [email protected]
Groundnut is a popular cash crop in Potohar region of Punjab,
Pakistan. In Potohar region Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum and
Rawalpindi districts are included. The present studies report the
weeds associated with groundnut crop. A total of 45
angiospermic species belonging to 15 families were found
growing in association with groundnut. Maximum number of
species (17) belonged to family Poaceae followed by Asteraceae
(6). Cynodon dactylon was found to be the most frequently
occurring and densely populated weed with average absolute
frequency (AF) of 79% and average absolute density (AD) of
1.99.The less frequent species was Cleome brachycarpa with
average AF 13.3% and average AD 0.24. Distribution frequency
was found associated with crop management factors especially
the field sanitary to previous crop.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
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121. MANAGEMENT OF Phalaris minor BY Withania
somnifera
Shazia Shafique, Sobiya Shafique and Arshad Javaid
Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, PAKISTAN
Phalaris minor Retz. is one of the most problematic weeds of
wheat in Pakistan. In the present study herbicidal activity of a
solanaceous medicinal plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
was studied against this weed. In laboratory bioassays,
aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts of 5, 10 and 15%
w/v (fresh weigh bases) of root and shoot of W. somnifera
were applied. Methanol shoot and root extracts showed the
highest toxicity resulting 21–71% decline in germination,
40–72% in shoot length, 50–99% in root length and 32–83%
in plant biomass of P. minor. Aqueous extracts were proved
comparatively less toxic than methanol extracts where
generally highest concentration of 15% exhibited pronounced
toxicity against the target weed species. There was up to 48%,
51%, 99% and 55% suppression in germination, shoot length,
root length and plant biomass, respectively, due to 15%
aqueous root and shoot extracts. Generally, n-hexane extracts
of both root and shoot exhibited insignificant or stimulatory
effects against shoot length and plant biomass. In foliar spray
bioassay, aqueous and methanol shoot extracts of 10% w/v
(on dry weight bases) concentrations were sprayed on one-
and two-weeks old pot grown P. minor seedlings. Two
subsequent sprays were carried out at 5 days intervals each.
Aqueous extract significantly reduced the shoot and root dry
biomass of one-week old P. minor plants. In residue
incorporation bioassay, crushed shoots of W. somnifera were
incorporated in the soil at 1, 2,…5% w/w. P. minor seeds
were sown one week after residue incorporation and plants
were harvested 45 days after sowing. The lower
concentrations of 2 and 3% significantly reduced while higher
concentrations of 4 and 5% of residue incorporation
completely arrested the germination of P. minor. The present
study concludes that both root and shoot of W. somnifera
contain herbicidal constituents against P. minor.
122. PHYTOTOXICITY OF Datura metel AGAINST
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Sobiya Shafique, Arshad Javaid and Shazia Shafique
Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN
Herbicidal activity of Datura metel was evaluated against
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), a noxious alien
weed. In a laboratory bioassay, effect of aqueous, methanol and
n-hexane shoot and root extracts of 5, 10, 15 and 20% w/v (on
fresh weight bases) concentrations of D. metel was tested
against germination and seedling growth of parthenium. Both
aqueous and methanol extracts markedly suppressed
germination and seedling growth of parthenium. Generally, the
effect of shoot extracts was more pronounced than the effect of
root extracts. In foliar spray bioassay, aqueous and methanol
shoot extracts of 10% w/v (on dry weight bases) concentrations
were sprayed on one- and two-weeks old pot grown parthenium
seedlings. Two subsequent sprays were carried out at 5 days
intervals each. Both aqueous as well as methanol extracts
significantly suppressed shoot length, and shoot and root
biomass of one- and two-weeks old parthenium plants. In
residue incorporation bioassay, crushed shoots of D. metel were
incorporated in the soil at 1, 2,…5% w/w. Parthenium seeds
were sown one week after residue incorporation and plants were
harvested 40 days after sowing. Incorporation of 2–5% residues
significantly reduced germination by 47-89%. Residues of 4 and
5% concentrations significantly suppressed plant biomass by 90
and 97%, respectively. The present study concludes that root
and shoots of D. metel contain herbicidal constituents for the
management of parthenium weed.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 71
123. DNA SEQUENCE DATA DIVIDED INTO
GROUPS FOR PRASTTIC PLANT
Naila Rozi and Nasir-ud-Din Khan
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi,
PAKISTAN
In this paper we focus on variation of DNA sequence among
herbicides plant. Acetolactate synthesis also known as
acetohydroxyacid synthesis is the first enzyme in the
biosynthesis pathway .weed biotype have been reported in 95
weed species worldwide there are 17 amino acid upon which
substitution in the gene confers inhibitor resistance in plant,
yeast, bacteria.
124. HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF METABOLITES
OF Trichoderma spp.
Sajjad Ali and Arshad Javaid
Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN
The present study was designed to evaluate the herbicidal
activity of culture filtrates of four Trichoderma spp. namely T.
harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, T. reesei and T. viride, against
Avena fatua L., a problematic weed of wheat. In a laboratory
bioassay, original (100%) and diluted (50%) culture filtrates of
T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii significantly reduced shoot
and root growth of A. fatua seedlings. Generally, only 100%
culture filtrates of T. reesei exhibited significant effect while the
effect of filtrates of T. viride was insignificant against shoot and
root growth of the target weed species. In foliar spray bioassay,
pot grown 1-week and 2-weeks old test weeds plants were
sprayed with 100% culture filtrates of the four Trichoderma spp.
thrice with five days interval each. Culture filtrates of all except
T. viride significantly diminished root and shoot biomass of A.
fatua plants in 1-week old plants treatment. Present study
concludes that metabolites of T. harzianum, T. reesei and T.
pseudokoningii can be used for the management of A. fatua.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
72
125. ETHICS OF WEED CONTROL
Robert L. Zimdahl
Professor Emeritus, University of Colrado, Fort Collins
Colorado, USA
Those engaged in agriculture including the sub-discipline –
weed science possess a definite but unexamined moral
confidence or certainty about the correctness of what they do.
This paper examines theorigins of that confidence and
questions its continued validity. The basis of themoral
confidence is not obvious to those who have it, or to the
public. In fact the moral confidence that pervades agriculture
and weed science is potentially harmful because it is
unexamined. This paper advocates analysis of what it is about
agriculture's moral confidence and its interactions with the
greater society that inhibits or limits agriculture's
development and contributions. All engaged in agriculture
should strive to nourish and strengthen the aspects of
agriculture that are beneficial and change those
that are not. To do this we must be confident to study
ourselves, our institutions, and be dedicated to the task of
modifying the goals of both.
126. MANAGEMENT OF Macrophomina phaseolina BY
AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF WEEDS OF FAMILY
CHENOPODIACEAE
Muhammad Amin and Arshad Javaid
Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of the
Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, PAKISTAN
In vitro antifungal activity of aqueous leaf, stem, root and
inflorescence extracts of three Chenopodium spp. viz. C. album
L., C. murale L. and C. ambrosioides L. was evaluated against
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) G. Goid., the cause of
charcoal rot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Aqueous
extracts of all the parts of the three tests Chenopodium species
invariably and significantly reduced the biomass of target fungal
species. There was 34-90%, 40-94% and 52-85% reduction in
fungal biomass due to different aqueous extracts of C. album, C.
murale and C. ambrosioides, respectively. Highest antifungal
activity was exhibited by 4% root extract of C. murale followed
by 4% root extract of C. album resulting in 94 and 90%
suppression in test fungal species biomass, respectively.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 73
127. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PLANTS
BASED PRODUCTS FOR Striga hermonthica
CONTROL IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor)
UNDER SUDANESE FIELD CONDITIONS
Umsalama abdelmageed Ahmed, Tahany Monagy Alamun
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences, Dalang University, Dalang,
SUDAN
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the most important cereal crop
in Sudan in both terms of production and consumption; it is
extremely affected by a tremendous parasitic weed Striga
hermonthica causing serious crop yield losses. Three
successive field experiments were conducted at Dalang,
Sudan, from 2008 to 2009, to evaluate the efficiency of four
plants (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, Lawsonia
alba and Cissus quadrangularis) based products on Striga
seed germination, Striga seedling mortality, time of 50% to
Striga seedling emergence and mortality. The treatments were
arranged in a completely randomized design using five
replications. All four plants based materials were significantly
reduced Striga seed germination and causing considerable
Striga seedling mortality which was both highest in the
treatment with C. quadrangularis plant material. C.
quadrangularis plant materials caused 50% of Striga seedling
mortality at about 40 days after the first seedling emergence
(FSE) while the other plants materials caused 50% seedling
mortality at about 60 days of FSE. The effect of the four plant
materials under study on the time of 50% Striga seedling
emergence was inconsistence through out the three trials.
Suppression of S. hermonthica seed germination by
allelochemicals released by the plant materials under study is
suggested as the mechanism for reduction of S. hermonthica
infection and can be act as an effective component of an
integrated Striga control program compatible with the limited
resources of small-scale subsistence farmers.
128. EFFECT OF BIO AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY
OF SQUASH (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Taha Z. Sarhan, Ghurbat H. Mohammed and Jiyan A. Teli
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University
of Duhok-IRAQ
The aim of this study was to obtain high production with better
quality of tow squash cultivar by using biofertilizer and
organic fertilizer .The result revealed that the biofertilizer
(Azotobacter) alone or with organic fertilizer (Sheep residues)
caused height positive different in shoot characteristic ,and
increase all quantitative yield characteristics and quality traits
in both cultivar. The interaction between bio and organic
fertilizer was significant in it is effect and caused positive
improve in studied characteristics for both cultivar.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
74
129. DISTRIBUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
PARTHENIUM WEED IN PESHAWAR VALLY
-NWFP
Haroon Khan and Dr. Gul Hassan
Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University
Peshawar-PAKISTAN
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) is one of the worst
weeds for agriculture, the environment and human health in
NWFP, Pakistan, and has been accidentally introduced into
Pakistan, infesting huge areas of Punjab and NWFP. The
weed is rapidly replacing the local flora of Pakistan due to the
absences of their natural enemies. An exploratory weed
survey of different districts of NWFP (Swabi, Mardan,
Charsadda and Peshawar) was undertaken during 2009 to
generate knowledge of distribution, socio-economic and
environmental impacts of Parthenium. The Parthenium is well
established in Swabi, Mardan and Charsadda districts while
present in Peshawar district with little and isolated infestation.
The survey depict that P. hysterophorus was found to be the
most frequent and dominant species in road sides, waste land,
grazing land and around the crops with (56 %), (18 %), (12
%) and (10 %) respectively. At also infest orchards at
Charsadda district. According to the interviewed farmers there
is several ways for spreading of Parthenium, among these two
prominent are water (41 %) and vehicles & machinery (28 %)
responsible for its fast spread. These losses are yield reduction
(46 %), labor problems for weeding (18 %), and quality
reductions (15 %). Further (10 %) of the total respondents
noted that this weed has infested grazing lands, thus causing
forage shortage. Parthenium reduce (30 %) yield in crops like
maize, sorghum and vegetables while 70 % losses in grazing
land. Field crops attack by parthenium weed was sorghum (36
%), maize (27 %) and vegetables (25 %). Because of recent
introduction of Parthenium weed in the Peshawar valley, it
did not show a heavy health problem, however (5 %) of
farmers are conscious that Parthenium weed cause allergy and
dermatitis. Parthenium weed in the valley is mostly control
through hand weeding (61 %) and tillage (14 %), which are
labor intensive practices. The finding of study revealed that P.
hysterophorus cause significant losses to our natural
ecosystmen.
130. PROXIMATE AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF
MAJOR WEEDS FOUND IN PESHAWAR
Rahamdad Khan and Muhammad Azim Khan
Department of Weed Science
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar PAKISTAN
Sixteen weed species comprising grassy and broadleaf were
evaluated for their nutritional worth for livestock feeding in this
war hit zone of NWFP, Pakistan. The weed samples were
collected from Peshawar valley (Pakistan) randomly in spring
2009 at flowering stage. The finely ground samples were
analyzed in the Department of Animal Nutrition, NWFP
Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan. The DM, Ash, CF,
CP, NDF and ADF content ranged between 95 to 96.44%, 8.93
to 13.30%, 31.20% to 6.21%, 26.62 % to 7.88 %, 79.08% to
30.99%, and 57.73% to 41.16% in different weed species.
Maximum nutritional values were recorded in Dichanthium
annulatum, Cynodon dactylon, Avena fatua, Convolvulus
arvensis, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus viridis. Mineral
analysis showed that most of the species were rich in Ca, Zn,
Cu, Fe, Na and Mg where highest values were recorded in
Oxalis debilis, Rumex crispus, Medicago polymorpha,
Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus viridis, Portulaca oleracea.
The mineral content of broad leaf weeds were higher than
grassy weeds. Overall the species studied has good nutritional
value to be used for the fodder purposes. More extensive study
is required to explore the nutritional values of all other weed
species.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 75
131. SOIL SOLARIZATION; AN ORGANIC
APPROACH OF WEED CONTROL IN ARID
ENVIRONMENT
Muhammad Azim Khan
Department of Weed Science
NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, PAKISTAN
Soil solarization as a weed control method is least studied in
the countries having hot climate. To investigate the potential
of soil solarization for weed control, field study was
conducted at Pakistan Academy for Rural Development,
Peshawar, NWFP Pakistan during June 2009. Field was
ploughed well to make fine seedbed and then irrigated upto
field capacity. Two days after irrigation, the plots were
covered with transparent polyethylene films in Randomized
Complete Design in such a way that the treatments were
different periods of solarization. viz., 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75
days. Control (no solarization) was also included for
comparison. After termination of solarization, the individual
plots were ploughed manually and cauliflower nursery was
transplanted in November, 2008. Results of the data showed
that soil solarization not only increased the nutrients status of
the soil but also greatly destroyed the seeds/seedlings of two
worst weeds of the world (Cirsium arvense and Sorghum
halepense). Similarly, the density of all the weed species
recorded was decreased but the density of leguminous weeds
was not affected. Due to increasing nutrients status, the
growth of cauliflower was superior in solarized plots.
Interestingly, soil erosion could be controlled and the
moisture could be retained by using the used sheets after
solarization in arid regions of the world. The instant results
advocate that soil solarization should be done before sowing
of nursery or high value vegetable crops. This method could
be successfully implied to stop the erosion, conserve soil
moisture and increase the organic matter and other minerals in
the soil. Thus this approach provides unlimited opportunities
for the farming community living in the arid zones.
132. PARASITIC FLOWERING PLANTS IN JORDAN,
THE PRESENT STATUS AND POSSIBLE
MANAGEMENT
JAMAL R. QASEM
Department of Plant Protection
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Jordan
Amman, JORDAN
Phone: + 5355000-22515 Fax: 962-6-5300806
Parasitic flowering plants are problematic species, of a high
concern to farmers, and of potential threat to agriculture and
forestry in Jordan. Recent field search revealed the occurrence
of 8 parasitic genera belong to 6 plant families in the country.
Parasitic plants found belong to the families; Orobanchaceae
(Orobanche and Cistanche), Cuscutaceae (Cuscuta);
Santalaceae (Osyris and Thesium); Cynomoriaceae
(Cynomorium); Viscaceae (Viscum) and Loranthaceae
(Loranthus). Parasites were found attacking a wide host range
of plants of wild herbs, field crops, forage plants, range land
shrubs, forest and fruit trees. They are spread in different
biogeographical regions with clear variations in their ecological
tolerance. Many of the hosts recorded and certain parasitic
species are first time reported. Possible management of these
parasites based on recent research findings, some
recommendations and experience of local farmers are mentioned
and discussed.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
76
133. STUDY OF WEED MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES ON WEED CONTROL
AND CROP RELATED TRAITS ON YIELD OF
MAIZE CROP.
Akhtar Ali Shah* and Muhammad Aslam Khan**
* Farm Manager Pakistan Academy for Rural Development
University town, Peshawar: [email protected].
** Instructor Agriculture Extension, Pakistan Academy for
Rural Development, University town Peshawar, PAKISTAN
A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Farm of
Pakistan Academy for Rural Development Peshawar during
Kharif 2008. The experiment was conducted in randomized
completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. Ten
treatments were kept in each replication i.e. Primextra Gold
720 SC (s-metachlor + atrazine) pre-emergence @,Primextra
Gold 720 SC (s-metachlor + atrazine) post-emergence @,
Pendimethaline @, Atrazine 38 SC (atrazine) post emergence
@, Dual Gold 960 EC (s-metachlor) @, Paper mulching 15
days after emergence of the crop, Plastic mulching 15 days
after emergence of the crop, Hand weeding 15 days after first
irrigation, Hoeing after 2nd
irrigation in Wathar condition and
un-treated check (Control). The parameter found significantly
affected were Weed density m² 25 and 75 days after sowing,
Dry biomass of weeds (m‾²) 25 and 75 days after sowing,
Plant Height (cm), Cob Height (cm) , Cob Length (cm),
Number of plants at harvest, Number of grains cob‾¹, 500
grain weight (g), Grain yield (t ha‾¹). Statistical analysis of the
data showed that weed density along with dry biomass as well
as yield related traits of maize were significantly affected by
different treatments. In general weed control methods
suppressed the weeds and increased the yield and yield related
traits. However, plastic mulching was most effective followed
by paper mulching , primextra gold pre-emergence and
pendimethaline spray.
134. EARLY WATERGRASS (Echinochloa oryzoides)
AND LATE WATERGRASS (Echinochloa
phyllopogon) CONTROL WITH
FORAMSULFURON
Christos A. Damala1, Anastasios S. Lithourgidis2, and
Charalambos S. Lithourgidis2 1Department of Agricultural Development of Pieria, 28
th
Octovriou 40, 60100 Katerini, GREECE
Email: [email protected]. 2Department of Agronomy, University Farm of Thessaloniki,
57001 Thermi, GREECE.
Early watergrass and late watergrass are mostly weeds of rice
fields but they can also occur in corn fields particularly where
corn follows rice in various crops rotation systems. Pot
experiments were conducted to evaluate control of early
watergrass and late watergrass with foramsulfuron applied alone
and in mixture with dicamba, MCPA, sulcotrione, and
mesotrione. Foramsulfuron applied at 45 g ai/ha provided 82%
of early watergrass and 76% of late watergrass at the 3- to 4-leaf
growth stage, whereas efficacy was only 71% for early
watergrass and 62% for late watergrass at the 5- to 6-leaf growth
stage. Increased application rate of foramsulfuron provided
better control of both species at any growth stage, with the
highest application rate (59 g ai/ha) providing maximum control
of both species. Mixtures of foramsulfuron with dicamba or
MCPA showed lower control of both species than foramsulfuron
applied alone. Moreover, sulcotrione applied in mixture with
foramsulfuron improved control of both species, whereas the
addition of mesotrione did not affect control of both species
compared with foramsulfuron applied alone. It is concluded that
satisfactory control of early watergrass and late watergrass in
corn can be achieved with increased application rates of
foramsulfuron applied preferably at early growth stage. Mixtures
of foramsulfuron with either dicamba or MCPA can reduce
considerably the efficacy of foramsulfuron on both early
watergrass and late watergrass. On the other hand, mixtures of
foramsulfuron with either sulcotrione or mesotrione can be used
for broadening spectrum of control without affecting negatively
foramsulfuron activity on these grasses.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 77
135. A review on herbicide-resistance in Iran
Eskandar Zand1 and Javid Gherekh
1- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Weed
Research Department, Tehran, Iran.([email protected])
2-Gorgan University, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan,
Iran. ([email protected] ) IRAN
Herbicide resistance is an evolutionary event resulting from
selection pressure due to intense application of herbicides
with the same mode of action and presence of genetic
diversity among weed populations. More than 70% of arable
land in Iran is given over to cultivation of wheat, barley and
rice which are major crops in the country, while wheat alone
covers nearly 52%. During last four decades, 98 herbicides
belonging to different families have been registered in Iran,
25 of which are for selective control of weeds in wheat and
barley. Consecutive use of acetyl Coenzyme A carboxylase
(ACCase) inhibiting herbicides for control grasses which are
troublesome weeds in wheat in Iran, has resulted in resistance
of Avena ludoviciana, A. fatua, Phalaris minor, P. paradoxa,
Lolium rigidum to ACCase inhibitors in Ilam, Kermanshah,
Cheharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Fars and Golestan
provinces. Molecular studies showed that a single mutation of
isoleusine-1781-leusine (in A. ludoviciana and L. rigidum),
tryptophan-2027-cysteine and asparagine-2078-glycine (in
two P. minor biotypes) differentiated ACCase from the
susceptible one. To date there is no document about the
appearance of resistant weeds in fields of other crops in Iran.
136. Effect of time of application on efficiency of
sulfosulfuron (Apyros 75 WG) on different species
of wild barley (Hordeum spp.)
Baghestani Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Weed Research
Department, Tehran, IRAN
Population of different barley species is increasing due to
continuous applications of grass-weed herbicides in Iran. So,
introduction of more efficient herbicide options to control these
weeds is necessary. Sulfosulfuron is among highly efficient
herbicides but its efficacy depends on weed phenological stage.
Three experiments were conducted in 2006-2007 in greenhouse
facilities of the Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute,
Tehran to study the best application timing and number of
spraying of sulfosulfuron. Results indicated that among studied
herbicides, sulfosulfuron, and metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron had
the best efficacy in controlling the barley species. Sulfosulfuron
could best control Hordeum spontaneum when it was applied at
two- to six-leaf stage. The best application timing in case of H.
murinum and H. vulgare were at eight-leaf stage while that for
H. distichon was at two- to four-leaf stage. Overall, it was
concluded that application of sulfosulfuron at the proper stage of
the weed results in no increase in the herbicide application dose
and satisfactory result would be achieved by application of
sulfosulfuron at 27 g ha-1
. Delay in herbicide application results
in an increase in herbicide application dose or re-spraying.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
78
137. Mechanism of trifluralin resistance in Alopecurus
aequalis from Asia-Pacific region
Saima Hashim1, Mayumi Hachinohe
1, Yukari Sunohara
1
Hideki Ohdan2,
oHiroshi Matsumoto
1
(1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 2National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu
Okinawa Region). JAPAN
Trifluralin resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis have been
identified in wheat fields from northern Kyushu, Japan. A.
aequalis is a winter-annual grassy weed, causing substantial crop
losses. In this study we report mechanism of resistance by
isolating -tubulin genes (TUA) from A. aequalis, the site of
action of trifluralin. Two trifluralin-sensitive (S) 05J and 06AC
and four trifluralin-resistant (R) A. aequalis populations 05K, 05F,
05L, 06O collected at several prefectures in northern Kyushu,
were used for the bioassays. Absorption and translocation studies
were performed using 14
C (UL)-trifluralin with the A. aequalis
using 05K(R) and 05J(S) biotypes. Using degenerate primers, four
partial TUA genes were isolated from the complementary DNA
(cDNA) of A. aequalis. Using specific primers for each TUA
gene, four full-length TUA genes were cloned. For bioassays, 15-
days old seedlings of susceptible and resistant biotypes of A.
aequalis (three leave stage) were treated with 10-8
to 10-4
M
trifluralin. Plant growth was measured at 3, 5 and 7 days after
treatment in terms of total plant weight. Resistant biotypes were 5
to 60 fold resistant to trifluralin compared to the susceptible.
Absorption of 14
C-trifluralin from roots was slower in the R
biotype but little translocation to shoot occurred in the both
biotypes. The four full-length TUA genes cloned were designated
as AaTUA1 to AaTUA4. The deduced amino acid sequences of
these AaTUAs showed significant homologies to the TUAs of
barley, maize and rice. Sequence comparison of TUA genes
between 05K (R) and 05J (S) plants showed that TUA1 and TUA3
genes of 05K (R) biotype had each one base change within the
coding regions. One nucleotide change at position 604, from G
into T resulted in the change of valine into phenylalanine in TUA1.
In TUA3 the change of C into A at position 373 caused the change
of luceine into methionine. Our results provide preliminary
molecular explanation for the resistance of A. aequalis to
trifluralin, a phenomenon that has arisen as a result of repeated
exposure to this class of herbicides.
138. Reproductive Potential of Chenopodium album
L. in irrigated and non-irrigated wheat
fields of Upper Indus Plains, Punjab, Pakistan
Manzoor Ahmad Malik1 and Zaheer- ud-din Khan
2
Department of Botany, Government Dyal Singh College,
Lahore
Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore- PAKISTAN
Random collection of matured Chenopodium album L. and
wheat plants was carried out to assess the shoot length,
number of branches/Tillers, leaves & seeds and weight of
total & 100 seeds and biomass from non-saline irrigated,
partially saline irrigated and riverian non-irrigated wheat
fields of Upper Indus Plains covering districts of
Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Kasur, Lahore, Okara and
Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan, during April, 2004-08.
Chenopodium album L. was the tallest (102cm) in non-
saline irrigated wheat fields while short statured (51cm)
weed in partially saline wheat fields. In riverian wheat
fields, it was medium sized (75cm). Numbers of leaves
were greatest (57) in the fields of non-saline irrigated area
as compared to riverian wheat fields (17). Outside wheat
fields it was medium statured, much branched with leafy
appearance. Chenopodium album L. showed the maximum
number of fruits and seeds per plant (2100) in non-saline
irrigated fields, i.e. more than twice that of partially saline
wheat fields. Seed number (566) was reduced in fields of
riverian areas. Seed weight per plant was highest (1.35g) in
non-saline irrigated fields which was more than twice of
partially saline wheat fields. In riverian fields, seed was
lighter than other wheat fields. Weight per hundred seeds
of Chenopodium album L. showed that lowest reproductive
potential in riverian fields had the lowest individual seed
weight (0.05g). In non-saline and partially saline fields,
seeds were heavier (0.07g) than those of riverian fields.
Results indicated that biomass of Chenopodium album L.
was heavier (3.00g) in non-saline as compared to riverian
and partially saline wheat fields. Outside wheat fields,
Chenopodium album L.was more productive showing
maximum number of seeds (1400) and a biomass of 2.44g.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 79
139. Microbial Control of Broomrape (Orobanche
aegyptiaca) Using an Isolate of Fusarium oxysporum
Mansoor Montazeri
Department of Weed Research, Iranian Research Institute for
Plant Protection. IRAN
Broomrape (Orobanche spp.), which trapping nutrient from roots
of many dicotyledonous plants, has been distributed in most areas
of Iran and many countries in the world. Crop loss by this parasitic
weed, depends on its population, host plant species and climatic
condition, varied from 5% to 100% with an average of 40%. The
control of broomrape has proved to be exceptionally difficult,
because of its ability to produce a tremendously high number of
seeds which can remain viable in the soil over 10 years. There are
a number of control strategies including use of trap and catch
crops, soil solarization, chemicals and biological agents. Up to
present, chemical method showed no sufficient efficacy in control
of broomrape. However, recently studies with sulfonyl urea
herbicides have shown some promising results. For biological
control, some investigations have been conducted on the use of
Phytomiza orobanchiae, but this insect feeding only broomrape
seeds, so is not a desirable agent. At the present, microbial control
of this parasitic plant is widely under investigation in many
countries. Among all microbial agents, host specific isolates of
Fusarium spp.showed optimistic results. In the current research,
some pathogenic isolates of this fungus were obtained from
Egyptian broomrape (O. aegyptiaca) in Golpayegan, Karaj and
Varamin (Iran). In glasshouse experiment, the efficacy of three
premier isolates of Fusarium spp. in control of Egyptian
broomrape was evaluated 83% to 90%. The host range tests
indicated that broomrape is likely the specific host to these
selected isolates. The sporulation of one of the premier isolates in
a semi-defined medium with a C:N ratios of 5:1 or 15:1 was
higher than those with that of 40:1. Increasing the amount of
vitamins of liquid culture medium enhanced the sporulation of the
selected isolate. To being applicable of the isolates for broomrape
biocontrol, investigation on nutritional regimes during sporulation,
formulation and application method in the field are under
investigated.
140. Screening of new herbicides to control weeds in
chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated
conditions of Punjab, Pakistan.
Noor Muhammad, Abdus Sattar ,Muhammad Ashiq
Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomic Research,
Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2007-08 and 2008-
09, to evaluate the effect of different weedicides for
chickpea, which can be cost effective and acceptable to the
growers of this crop. Three pre emergence herbicides i.e.
Stomp 330E @ 3.00 or 3.50lit, Dual gold 960E @ 2.00 or
2.50 lit and Cruze 10SL @ 2.00 or 2.50 lit.ha-1
and two post
emergence herbicides Puma super 75EW @ 1.25lit and
Topik 45WG @ 250 gm ha-1
were tested. Hand weeding
and weedy check (un- treated) treatments were also
included in experiment for comparison of economics. Weed
control efficacy (WCE) was better in higher dose of pre
emergence herbicides i.e. Stomp 330E @ 3.50lit (94.6%),
Dual gold @ 2.50lit (90%) and Cruze 10SL @ 2.50litha-
1(85.36%) as compared to lower doses. WCE of post
emergence herbicides. i.e. Puma Super 75EW @ 1.25lit
(65.76%) and Topic 45WG@ 250 gmha-1
(58.41%) is lower
than pre emergence herbicides. Highest WCE (96.22%) was
recorded in hand weeding treatments (three at 15, 30,45
days after sowing). Highest Cost Benefit Ratio (C.B.R) was
in lower dose of pre emergence herbicides i.e. Stomp 330E
@ 3.00lit. (1:17), Dual gold 960E @ 2.00 (1:12) and Cruze
10SL @ 2.00 (1:16), while it was lower in hand weeding
(1:11) and post emergence herbicides i.e. Puma super
75EW @ 1.25lit. or Topik 45WG @ 250gmha-1
(1:3)
Key words: Pre emergence and post emergence herbicides,
WCE, CBR, Chick-pea. Weed control, Pakistan.
Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services
80
Launch of
in Pakistan by
Jaffer Agro Services
Pakistan is an agriculture based country, agriculture sector is contributing around 21% of the GDP. Pakistan is gifted by nature in form
of fertile soils, suitable & ample fresh water in our rivers & favourable climatic conditions. Active in the agriculture sector for last six
decades, the Jaffer Agro Services, or JAS, division’s of M/S Jaffer Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd. primary focus is the optimization of agricultural output. This it achieves through the supply of fertilizers and agrochemicals and providing consultancy services to farmers.
JAS has developed the expertise and ability to access the most appropriate and cost-effective technologies that meet the farming
community evolving requirements. One of the priorities in agriculture sector for JAS is to provide solutions to the farmers for increasing their yield; JAS is bringing a
new technology, smart formulation product in the segment of Non-Selective herbicide with the help of our Principal M/S Excel Crop
Care Limited – India who are leading the segment in Indian market i.e. MERA 71. Asian Weed Science Society Conference is the first forum where JAS is introducing this product in Pakistan and product will be made available for commercial sales through our
national level dealer network across Pakistan by July 2010. JAS field & development team is fully ready to take this product to the
farmers with full of enthusiasm & energy in order to improve the yield of our farmer by controlling weeds in their fields effectively.
MERA 71 SG
• A new technology, a smarter formulation of ammonium salt of glyphosate.
• The latest in salt and adjuvant technology • Broad spectrum, systemic high performance and non-selective herbicide.
• Mera is a soluble granular formulation and contains ingredients that serve to aid in neutralizing naturally occurring calcium and magnesium ions which can reduce overall herbicidal action.
• The new ammonium salt of glyphosate is highly soluble and more biologically active than other forms of glyphosate.
being very hygroscopic (moisture absorbing), the ammonium salt assists the faster uptake of active ingredient into weeds for quicker weed control.
• Mera with new technology, has a blend of non-ionic and cationic surfactants built into the formulation for its unique fast &
quick delivery system • In most situations, no additional adjuvants are required, but the exceptions are perennial weed control.
• Mera works mainly on the leaf surface to optimise spreading and maximise spray retention.
• Ammonia helps to improve the glyphosate salt’s efficacy by encouraging faster uptake and translocation to the roots. • It is broken down into naturally occurring phosphates and nitrates by micro-organisms in the soil like any other
formulations of glyphosate
• Mera can be used in non- cropped areas including roadsides, railroads and industrial sites, on golf courses in commercial application to residential sites and in ornamental nursery production.
• Mera controls more than170 annual and perennial weeds.
• A non-ionic adjuvant can be added to shorten the rainfast period if required. • Mera is low foaming, low toxicity and has no smell. it is available in 100g and 1kg packing.
Mode of action:
• Mera belongs to the group of herbicides called glycines. • It acts on the enzyme pathway and works by inhibiting the synthesis of amino acids essential for plant life.
• The inter cellular movement of ammonium ion is faster due to its size resulting in quick uptake and faster weed kill.
Product highlights • A new innovative glyphosate molecule - the ammonium salt of glyphosate. • It is easy to handle, measure and mix.
• Broad spectrum, systemic, trans-locative and non selective herbicide.
• Controls all types of grass, annual and perennial weeds. • Faster in absorption by weeds and quicker in action than any other systemic herbicides of its class.
Symptoms & precautions
• Symptoms of translocation and effect of control will be visible from 3rd day onwards. • Use plastic containers and hand operated plastic sprayers.
• Use clean water only.
• Soil moisture is must before spraying. • Weeds should be in good active vegetative stage.
• Use of guard is must when using in interrow application in cropped condition.
• Use of wfn/vlv nozzle helps in saving of chemical. • Avoid drift over other desired crops when recommending as inter row.
Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and
M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 81