4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 1
Diversifying Rice-Based Farming Systems in the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project
with the System of Rice Intensification(Paper for presentation in the World Rice Research Conference,
Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004)
Felipe Rafols Jr., Allan Gayem, Ligaya Belarmino, Flor L. Magbanua, Rene Q. Nombre, Joel A. Basiao, Carlos S. Salazar, Edgar F. Tagarao,
Elmer T. Nepa, Pacifico E. Calibayan, and Roger C. Lazaro
(SPISP Stakeholders: Farmers, Staff and Consultant)
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 2
Outline of the Presentation
• Information on Philippines Irrigation and Improvements-Expectations from the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project in its revitalized PIM&T.
• Motivation for establishing the Pilot
Techno-Demo Farms with the IAs.
• Some Results todate, Extended Analysis,
and Future Further Plans.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 3
SPISP SubProject Location Map SPISP SubProject Location Map
Region VI
Visayas West
Region VI
Visayas West
Region VII
Visayas Central
Region VII
Visayas Central
Region XIII
Caraga Mindanao
Region XIII
Caraga Mindanao
Region XII
ARMM Mindanao
Region XII
ARMM Mindanao
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 4
Climatic Types and Topography• In the Visayas
the wetter and drier months are quite distinct, and generally the topography is quite hilly.
• In Mindanao, in general, rainfall is almost uniformly distributed thru out the year with flat topographic features.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 5
Innovations Introduced in SPISP• Watershed Management: Rehabilitation and Protec-
tion to improve water harvesting and reduce (soil and streambank) erosion as well as sedimentation.
• Proportional weirs, in lieu of steel gates, with an orifice provided to pass the conveyance loss, and
• a built-in slit, to assure that no standing water remains within the irrigation canal network and to keep snails, schistosomiasis host, from thriving.
• Canal lining reduces maintenance cost as well as speeds up irrigation water flow velocity that will prevent the snails from hanging around.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 6
Motivation for SPISP, NIA & IAs• With water savings, expand the irrigable area,
and eventually convert part of the rice land into diversified crop land.
• Ultimate Purpose: To produce enough rice for self-sufficiency requirement and to….
• Diversify into high-valued cash crops that may provide cash to buy rice elsewhere whenever the production falls below expectation.
• Eventual Goal: Further diversification to include livestock and/or aquaculture farm for extra income- assurance/insurance plus resources for composting.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 7
Options in the Pilot Techno-Demo Farms
• Margate rice production system, popularized in the Philippines in the 70’s, was simply an intermittent irrigation and drainage scheme.
• Some similarities with SRI, developed in the 80’s, at Madagascar, and now being promoted in Asia.
• Total Quality and Production Management (TQPM) proposed by the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)
• Features: Water savings of up to 50% while crop yield could be at least double from present yield with continuously basin flooded irrigation.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 8
Margate MonumentDipolog, Zamboanga, Mindanao
Courtesy of Mr. Mike D. Lopez
30 years ago
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 9
SRI from Madagascar
• A Jesuit priest, Father Henri de Laulanié, in Madagascar is considered the SRI developer helped launch the not-for-profit organization, ‘Association Tefy Saina’ meaning "to improve the mind."
20 years ago
From 1 plant
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 10
SRI Yields in Mindanao SPs• In Mindanao, at a one-ha.
techno-demo farm established at the CARAGA Regional Irrigation Manager’s personal farm with poultry waste, used as a major component of self-produced, organic matter.
• The Mestizo PSBRC 72H Hybrid rice variety grown the SRI way yield 8.90 t/ha on a 40 x 40-cm. grid plant spacing.
• In Gibong Right Bank Subproject at the Caraga Region of Mindanao the Farmer-President of the Federation of IAs joined in following the first SRI pilot techno-demo farm.
• The SRI Inbred IR64 rice variety gave a 7.50 t/ha yield in a 35 x 35-cm plant spacing compared to 4.59 t/ha from a hybrid PSB RC 72H rice planted at usual random spacing.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 11
SRI Results in SPISP, MindanaoSub-Project Area
Rice
Variety
Spacing
cm x cm
Yield
tonsha-1
Net P/ha
Income
Water Saved
1st Trial
Caraga HyB72H 40 x 40 8.90 42,000 ~45-73%
2nd Trial
Gibong HyB72H Random 4.59 23,500 N.A.
InBIR64 25 x 25 6.50 ditto
35 x 35 7.50 38,482 ditto
45 x 45 6.80 ditto
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 12
SRI Yields at the Visayas SPs• In the Visayas Barangay
Balicotoc, an originally rainfed area supplied with irrigation pump, the Inbred C64 rice variety was grown the SRI way
• Yield was 7.33 t/ha from 35 x 35-cm plant spacing surpassing the 3.67 t/ha yield from 10 x 30-cm spacing from the Total Quality & Productivity Management (TQPM) approach with a booster chemical fertilizer.
• Also in the Visayas in Magballo Communal Irrigation System, SRI growers used registered PSB RC18 rice variety.
• The yields ranged from 2.83 – 5.50 tons/ha (the highest from 40 x 40-cm plant spacing), these were slightly lower than the first attempt and attributed to possible toxicity build-up from long years of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 13
Total Quality & Productivity Management (TQPM) vs SRI
• TQPM is similar to SRI with booster inorganic/chemical fertilizer until the organic fertilizers has enhanced the micro-organism population in the soil community.
• The TQPM pilot techno-demo plots did show a quick initial response from the chemical fertilizer with very dark green leaves but
• SRI plots with organic fertilizer that initially showed yellowing leaves eventually prevailed.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 14
TQPM (left) & SRI (Right)
Booster effect obvious
Lighter color start
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 15
SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 1/2Sub-Pro-ject
AreaVariety/
Cooperator
Spacing
cm x cm
Yield
Tonsha-1
Net P/ha
Income
Water Saved
1st Attempt Wet Season 2003
Balicotoc InbredC64 Random 2.66 7,592
Rainfed but TQPM 10 x 30 3.66 11,130
Pump Assisted SRI 35 x 35 7.33 26,512 ~ 71 %
3rd Attempt Dry Season 2004
Magballo PSBRC 18 Random 2.70 6,443 ~ 38 %
Communal Hernanie 35 x 17.5 2.83 6,641 ~ 68 %
Irrigation Domingo 35 x 35 3.04 7,521 ~ 68 %
System J.E. Caldito 35 x 35 4.30 15,972 ~ 71%
Anselma 30 x 30 4.73 10,757 ~ 61 %
Colendres 40 x 40 5.54 15,931 ~ 61 %
Range 2.83-5.54 6.6 –16.0k
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 16
Soil Test Results at Balicotoc & Magballo SRI Test Sites
Farmer- Land Crops SoilCooperator's Area Grown pH Org Fer N P K
Name Hectare Low Med High Low Med High Deficient Sufficient (Bags)
F. Rafols Jr. 0.70 Rice 6.2 X X X 10 45 40 0
A. Gayem 0.27 Rice 7.6 X X X 10 60 45 45
A. Collendres 0.21 Rice 6.0 X X X 10 45 45 45
J. E. Caldito 0.25 Rice 6.0 X X X 10 45 45 45
H. Domingo 0.36 Rice 7.6 X X X 10 45 45 45
Bacolod City, Negros Occidental: Soil Laboratory Center
Magballo-Balicotoc-Canlamay Integrated Irrigation Schemes
Nitrogen,N Phosphorous, P Potassium,KIndicative Nutrients Availability in the Soil Recommendations
Soil Test Results and Fertilizer Recommendation for SRI Trial Participating Rice Farmers
kg/ha
Magballo: Site of Second Trial on SRI in the Visayas, Irrigated with Run-of-the-River Diverted Water Since 1985
Balicotoc: Site of First Trial on SRI and TQPM in the Visayas, Rainfed and Newly Opened Land for Rice, Pump Irrigated
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 17
SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 2/2Sub-Project
AreaSeason/
Cooperator
Spacing
cm x cm
Yield
Tons/Ha
Net P/ha
Income
Water Saved
4th Attempt Wet Season May – Jun ’04
Magballo J. Tubola 35 x 35 3.46 12,705 N.A.
Communal R. Abelida 35 x 35 4.76 21,286
Irrigation A. Gilvero 30 x 30 5.60 27,878
Average 4.61 20,623
Range 3.46 – 5.60
12.7 – 27.9 k
5th Attempt Dry Season Jun – Oct ‘04
Magballo J.E. Caldito 25 x 25 4.92 13,369 N.A.
Communal A. Collendres 25 x 25 4.81 15,531
Irrigation H. Domingo 25 x 25 3.54 6,157
Average 4.24 11,686
Range 3.54 – 4.92 6.1 –15.5 k
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 18
11stst SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farms SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farmsat Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2at Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2
FarmersFarmersPracticePractice
PracticesSpacing
cm x cmLand Area
Production(Sacks:Tons)
Gross
Income
Expenses
PhP/Ha.
Net
Income
RandomRandom 1 Ha.1 Ha. 66.3066.30 2.652.65
18,54018,540 10,94810,948 (1.69)(1.69)
7,5927,592
TQPMTQPMTechno-Techno-DemoDemo
10 x 30 10 x 30 200 m200 m²²0.02 Ha.0.02 Ha.
91.5091.50 3.663.66 27,45027,450 16,32016,320
(1.68)(1.68) 11,13011,130
10 x 40 10 x 40 200 m200 m²²0.02 Ha.0.02 Ha.
75.0075.00 3.003.00 22,50022,500 15,43615,436
(1.46)(1.46) 7,0647,064
SRISRITechno-Techno-DemoDemo
25 x 2525 x 25
35 x 3535 x 35
45 x 4545 x 45
133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.
125.00125.00 5.005.00 37,50037,500
29,86529,865(1.26)(1.26) 7,6347,634
133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.
183.33183.33 7.337.33 54,99954,999 28,48728,487
(1.93)(1.93) 26,51226,512
133 m133 m²²0.013 Ha.0.013 Ha.
154.18154.18 6.176.17 46,25446,254
26,64526,645(1.74)(1.74) 19,60919,609
Profitability (*.**) = Gross Income/Expenses)
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 19
2nd SRI Results at Magballo CIS, the Visayas SPs 2004 2/2
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 20
Productivity/ProfitabilityAnalysis:SRI & TQPM in SPISP
Participant Spacing Gross Gross Net Farm Profitabiity Cost, PesosVariety (cm x cm) Income Expense Income Gross In/Ex per Kg.
/Yield (t/ha) Caraga, MindanaoRIM Mindanao 40 x 40 cm Hybrid PSBR72H 8.90 t/ha. 71,200 29,412 41,788 2.42 3.30Traditional Practice RandomHybrid PSBR72H 4.00 t/ha. 32,000 19,770 12,230 1.62 4.94Gibong SP, MindanaoSRI 35 x 35 cmInbred IR 64 7.50 t/ha. 63,683 25,200 38,482 2.53 3.36Traditional Practice Random Hybrid PSBR72H 4.59 t/ha 42,228 18,695 23,532 2.26 4.07
Balocotoc, VisayasMr. Felipe Rafols, Jr. 35 x 35 xm Inbred C64, SRI 7.33 t/ha 54,999 28,487 26,512 1.93 3.62Mr. Felipe Rafols, Jr. 10 x 30 cmInbrid C64, TQPM 3.66 t/ha. 27,450 16,320 11,130 1.68 4.15Balicotoc, Visayas RandomInbrid C64, Trad 2.65 t/ha. 18,540 10,948 7,592 1.69 3.84Magballo, The VisayasMs. A. Colendres 40 x 40 cmReg. PSBRC 18, SRI 5.50 t/ha. 45,200 29,270 15,930 1.54 5.32Mr. J.E. Caldito 35 x 35 cmReg. PSBRC 18, SRI 4.30 t/ha. 38,260 22,258 15,972 1.72 5.18Mr. H. Domingo RandomReg. PSBRC 18, Trad. 2.70 t/ha. 23,460 17,017 6,423 1.38 6.30
Ph Pesos/Ha.
Productivity/Profitability and Cost per Kg. AnalysisThe Visayas and Mindanao, The Philippines
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 21
Productivity & Profitability Comparative Analysis with SRI in Sri Lanka
Enterprise Budgets Yield Gross Gross Net Farm Profitability ProductionPractice (kg./ha.) Income Expense Income Gross In/Ex Cost
Season mean Rupees/Kg.(2000-2002)
SRIYala (Minor Season) 5,299 34,899 18,907 15,992 1.85 11.10Maha (Major Season) 5,763 36,720 20,436 16,285 1.80 8.70
ConventionalYala 3,910 27,017 18,600 8,417 1.45 13.30Maha 3,757 23,871 16,381 7,490 1.46 11.90
Sri Lanka Rupees/Ha. (Farm Wage)
Kalhota and Kurunegala Districts, Sri Lanka
Productivity/Profitability and Cost per Kg. Analysis
Namara, R. E, et.al. (2003) Prospects for Adopting System of Rice Intensification in Sri Lanka: A Socioeconomic Assessment. International
Water Management Institute, Kandy, Sri Lanka,. Report No. 75
Profitability=Gross Income/GrossExpense
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 22
Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 1/2
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 23
Updated Summary of Results:Oct.04 2/2
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 24
What is Next in the Immediate Future?• SPISP is already at the System Management and
Agricultural Development Plan Implementation Phase in the three core subprojects.
• The plan to extend the experiences of SRI to other Visayas SubProjects is expected soonest and a wider application of the Pilot Techno-Demo results is already on the drawing board.
• The socio-institutional aspects would also then be considered, focusing on adoption and dis-adoption rates cited in Namara, et. al. (2003) and
• Maybe a randomized complete block research if only to convince the unbelieving partners.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 25
That is all Folks!
Thank you for your patience.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 26
Effective Rain vs EvapotranspirationEff Rain and ETo-Luzon
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
Month
Eto, mm/m Eff, Rain, mm/m
Eff Rain and ETo-Visayas
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
Month
Eto, mm/m Eff, Rain, mm/m
Eff Rain and ETo-Mindanao
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
Month
Eto, mm/m Eff, Rain, mm/m
Water Balances in the Major Islands of the Philippines and at SPISP’s
Sub-Projects
Obtained with FAO’s WATPOW & CLIMWAT Computer Program
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 27
Philippine Irrigation Statistics-2003 est.Irrigation
System
Number
Counted
Area, ha. Served
Per Cent
Of Total
Tons/ha Yield
% Crop
Intensity
National 192 690,000 51 137
Communal 6,700 490,000 36 104
Pump Lift 4,000 147,000 13
Total
Irrigable
10,892 1,354,000 100 ( 43%) 3.70 ave.
Potentially Irrigable
Hectare3,130,000
(100%) 2.00 ave.
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 28
SRI Subproject(SP) Sites’ StatisticsInitial
Pilot SRI Sites
Service Area
Ha.
Rice Crop
Ha.
Diversified Crops
Ha.
Cropping Intensity
%Mindanao:Gibong RB, SP, Caraga
2,583
4,786
380
200
Visayas:
Magballo SP, NeOcc
737
458
872
181
Can-asujan SRIP, Cebu Island
772
738
806
197
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 29
Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on Conveyance Loss and a Slit to avoid standing water collecting upstream
Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on Conveyance Loss and a Slit to avoid standing water collecting upstream
Can-asujan SP Cebu, The Visayas
Gibong RB Core SP, Mindanao
Proportionate Share
Maintain UniformWater Levels
SchistosomiasisUnfriendly
4-8 Nov. 04 Japan:SRI in NIA's SPISP 30
Comparative Mean Values of ET, P and Total Water Requirements (WR)
Irrigation
technique
EvapoTrans-
piration, mm
Percolation, P, mm
Totals
WR, mm
Conventional
Flooding
765 515 1,280
Water
Saving (SRI)
689 169 858
Difference 67 346
(67%)
422
Mao Zhi. (1996) Environmental impact of water saving irrigation for rice. In: M.Smith, L. S.Pereira, Eds, Irrigation scheduling: From theory to practice. Proc. of the ICID/FAO workshop on irrigation scheduling. 12-13 Sep. 1995; Rome (Italy). P141-146.