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Nanobiotechnology,Bioproducts and
Sustainability: Where isAgriculture Going??
Dr. Norman R Scott
Biological & EnvironmentalEngineering
Cornell [email protected]
A National Planning Workshop:
NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGFOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS
Hongda Chen, USDA
Norman R. Scott, Cornell University
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A NEW SCIENTIFIC FRONTIER
Broad spectrum of opportunities
Research community
Industrial development
Planning Workshop Objective
The planning workshop objective was
to develop a science roadmap (strategic plan)
with recommendations for implementation of
a new program in nanotechnologies in the USDA
(as a partner in the federal NNI)
for agriculture and food systems.
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z Microfluidics, micro/nanoanalysis, lab on a chip
z BioNEMS, bionanoelectromechanical systems biodevices,
levers, sensors, pumps, rotors, motorsz Drug delivery/biochips, nanocapsules, nanoporous
materials, antiviral/antibacterial nanoparticles, nanotubes,nanoprosthetics
z Nucleic acid bioengineering, nucleic acid segregation
z Nanobioprocessing, cellular manipulation, self-assembly,biotissue/bioproducts manufacture
z Biosensors for food safety and environmental assessment,sensing, monitoring, and controlling bioprocesses in agricultureand food systems
z Nanomaterials, biopolymer composites, nanomembranes,nanowires, nanostructured materials from agriculturalsubstrates
z Bioselective surfaces, bioseparation technologies
Potential to revolutionizeagriculture and food systems
Significant focus for federalresearch investment
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
Formed in 2000
Involving 10 federal departments and agencies
Emphasizes long-term, fundamental research
Focused on discovering novel phenomena,processes, and tools
Supports new interdisciplinary centers and networksof excellence, shared user facilities
FY 2003 Congressional appropriations: $ 774M
FY 2004 Presidents budget request $ 847M
USDA increase from $1M to $10M (2004)
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AGRICULTURALNANOTECHNOLOGY THEMES
z Microfluidics (Matthew Wheeler)
z BioNEMS (Michael Ladisch)
z Drug Delivery/Biochips (Mauro Ferrari)
z Nucleic Acid Bioengineering (Dan Luo)
z Nanobioprocessing (Larry Walker)
z Biosensors (Antje Baeumner)
z Nanomaterials (Alexandra Navrotsky)
z Bioselective Surfaces (Harvey Hoch)
MicrofluidicsApplicationsz MIT technology review (2001) - one of ten
technologies that will change the world
z Markets
Point of care diagnostics
Discovery/screening (not just drug)
DNA manipulation and processing
Analytical instruments
Drug delivery
Sensing
Assisted Reproduction Bioproduction
Chemical engineering
Chemistry
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1).1). Food and water supply monitoring:Food and water supply monitoring:
--presence of residues, trace chemicals,presence of residues, trace chemicals,
antibiotics, pathogens, toxins);antibiotics, pathogens, toxins);
-- integrated, rapid DNA sequencing to identifyintegrated, rapid DNA sequencing to identify
genetic variation andgenetic variation and GMOsGMOs;;
--integrity of food during transportation and storageintegrity of food during transportation and storage
2.2. Animals health monitoring:Animals health monitoring:
--developmental biology;developmental biology;
--presence of residues, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins;presence of residues, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins;
--biobio--sensorssensors3.3. Environment monitoring:Environment monitoring:
--land, water and air pollution;land, water and air pollution;
--remote/distributed sensingremote/distributed sensing
Opportunities for Nanotechnology inOpportunities for Nanotechnology in
Agriculture and Food Systems ResearchAgriculture and Food Systems Research
Multi-disciplinary
Engineering
Medicine
Agriculture
Science
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
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Performance
Performance
TimeTime
19001900 19501950 20002000 20502050
Evolution of TechnologiesEvolution of Technologies
Vacuum TubeVacuum TubeTechnologyTechnology
RadioRadio
RadarRadar
TelevisionTelevision
SemiconductorSemiconductorTechnologyTechnology
TransistorTransistorRadioRadio
ComputersComputers
CellCellPhonesPhones The InternetThe Internet
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Wearable WirelessWearable Wireless
Internet AppliancesInternet Appliances
Molecular ElectronicsMolecular Electronics
NanoNano--RobotsRobots
Cooper, 2001Cooper, 2001
Branches of NanotechnologyBranches of Nanotechnology
Electronic NanotechnologyElectronic Nanotechnology
MicroMicro--MechanicalMechanical
Systems (MEMS)Systems (MEMS)
MicrofluidicsMicrofluidics
& Bio& Bio--ChipsChips
40mNeurons
Pt electrode
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NanoPUMP ImplantableDrug Delivery Device
IsoIso--osmoticosmoticelectrolyte primer solutionelectrolyte primer solution
Check valve (closed)Check valve (closed)AnodeAnode CathodeCathode PlungerPlunger
VentVentSwitch (open)Switch (open)
Release orificeRelease orifice
Drug/electrolyte solutionDrug/electrolyte solution
NanoporeNanopore membrane arraymembrane array
Battery packBattery packBiocompatible encasementBiocompatible encasement
Check valve (opened)Check valve (opened) Advancing PlungerAdvancing PlungerVentVent
Switch (closed)Switch (closed)
Released DrugReleased Drug
Drug/electrolyte solutionDrug/electrolyte solution
Enteric coatingprotects drug-loaded particles inacidic stomach
Capsuledissolves in
intestinesreleasing drug-loaded
particles
Particles adhere tointestinal wall andtransport contents intothe blood stream
Delivery:Transport through theGI Tract
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Two Directions inNanotechnology
Etching, etc.
Controlth
ebuildingblocks
Controlled Assembly
ControltheKnife
Novel materials and/or devicesNovel materials and/or devices
DNA Delivery to AgriculturallyImportant Animals
Percent changes between pST-treated pigs and controlsDaily Gain Feed/Gain Backfat Loin Eye Muscle
+15.2% -21.1% -24.8% +18.5% +9.9%
DNA vs. Protein Delivery (cost; safety;simplicity; etc.)
Bolus vs. Controlled Release Delivery DNA Encapsulation in Molded-Nanowells Multi-gene Delivery in Controlled Release
Polymers DNA-polymer Hybrid Materials for Delivery ).
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Agricultural and EnvironmentalAgricultural and Environmental
Bioprocess Engineering ResearchBioprocess Engineering Research
Molecular mechanisms of
polysaccharide degrading
enzymes,
Solid state microbial
processes and molecular
ecology,
Mechanisms and kinetics
of metal uptake and
sequestration in plants,
Molecular filtration andanalysis of biomolecules
Major research andMajor research and
development activities indevelopment activities in
the life sciences hasthe life sciences has
generated the need forgenerated the need for
materials, methods, andmaterials, methods, anddevices for sorting,devices for sorting,
separating, and analyzingseparating, and analyzing
proteins, DNA and otherproteins, DNA and other
biomoleculesbiomolecules..
Biomolecular Devices and AnalysisBiomolecular Devices and Analysis
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Background and RationalExample
Detection and quantification of DNA or RNA
Standard Procedure (Southern, Northern Blot)
Detection limit fmol
Analysis time 48 hours
Lab procedure
Simple, optical biosensors based on capillary action in a
membrane strip
Detection limit fmol
Analysis time 15 min
Portable procedure
Outcome and Impact of ResearchExample: Nanobiosensors and Milking
Approach: Location of an array of nanobiosensors directly
at the inlet of the milking machine to monitor for
the presence of bacteria in the milk of each cow
Outcome and Impact: Direct quality control of milk
Avoiding the spoilage of large quantities of milk
Obstacles: Not possible with current technology
(array
seconds
no pretreatment)
Requirements: Rapid detection (seconds)
No sample pretreatment (since in-line detection)
Continuous monitoring
Remote sensing capability
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Understanding Nanoparticles
and Nanoscale Phenomena
z can make agriculture more efficient and
z help mitigate environmental problems
Bioselective Surfaces for Nanotechnology inAgriculture
Manipulation of molecules and cells used in biosensors,nanobioprocessing, pest and pathogen control, catalyticprocesses, etc. all rely on surface selectivity for theseagents.
Functional bioselectivity of these surfaces is throughaffinity or repulsive physio-chemical properties.
Bioselective surfaces exhibit cell and bio-moleculeselectivity through topographical clues and ligand-receptorinteractions.
Also, size and shape exclusion can be used as selectiveparameters.
As such, bioselective surfaces constitute an integralcomponent of most nanotechnology based tools that will beused in agriculture---detectors and sensors, monitoringdevices.
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Other opportunities---applied/basicapplications
Biology of pathogen/pest/host interactions--e.g.,basic studies lead to concepts for possible approachto plant rust disease control
Rust diseasesRust diseasesRust diseases
appressorium
Stomata: onlysite of invasionfor rust fungi
OVERVIEWTransition to a Biobased Economy
Motivations for the transition from fossil fuels
Identification of raw materials for biobased system
Bioprocesses for energy and chemicals
Potential products and opportunities
The Sun Grant Initiative
Engineering and Science for sustainable
biobased industries
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Applied Research
Liberty Hyde
Bailey
Genetic Resources
Sun Grant Centers of Excellence
Education, Outreach,
Business OpportunitySystems thinking
Basic Research
Development
1 m
Agricultural ImportanceAgricultural Importance
))Agriculture as a sourceAgriculture as a sourcefor food, natural rawfor food, natural rawmaterials formaterials for
bioindustriesbioindustries andandenergy will increasinglyenergy will increasinglybe a major engine tobe a major engine todrive our transition to adrive our transition to asustainable world.sustainable world.
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Growing Agriculture(and Iowa) for the
BioEconomy
Biomass for Products, Fuel, and Power willtransition to a multi-product industry
Early 1900sand before
Late 1900s Mid 2000s
HeatHeat
HeatHeat
ElectricityElectricity
Ethanol (corn)Ethanol (corn)
CharcoalCharcoal
ChemicalsChemicals
ChemicalsChemicals
PlasticsPlastics
EthanolEthanol
BiogasBiogas
HeatHeat
ElectricityElectricity
Other fuelsOther fuels
CharcoalCharcoalBiomass feedstocks can be alteredBiomass feedstocks can be alteredto optimize the desired outputto optimize the desired output
IIOWAOWA IINDUSTRIESNDUSTRIES OOFF TTHEHE FFUTUREUTURE
BioEconomy ismore thanProduction
Production Trees Grasses Agricultural
Crops Agricultural
Residues Animal Wastes Municipal Solid
Waste
End-UsesProducts Plastics Functional Monomers Solvents Chemical Intermediates Phenolics Adhesives Hydraulic Fluids
Fatty acids Carbon black Paints Dyes, Pigments, and Ink Detergents Paper Horticultural products Fiber boards Solvents Adhesives Plastic filler Abrasives
FuelPower
Processing-Acid/enzymatichydrolysis
- Fermentation- Bioconversion- Chemical Conversion- Gasification- Combustion- Co-firing
PlantScience
Genomics Enzymes Metabolism Composition
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Industrial EcologyIndustrial Ecologyzz Industrial ecology is aIndustrial ecology is a systems approachsystems approach
drawing upon methods for analysis anddrawing upon methods for analysis andsynthesis from system science.synthesis from system science.
zz This systems approach focuses upon theThis systems approach focuses upon theinteraction of industrial systems and theinteraction of industrial systems and the
ecological systemsecological systems (local to global) of which(local to global) of whichthey are a part.they are a part.
zz IE seeks to redesign industrial activities toIE seeks to redesign industrial activities toreduce the ecological impact of human activityreduce the ecological impact of human activityto levels natural systems can sustain.to levels natural systems can sustain.
Many Businesses will Develop
Cargill DowLA/PLAFacility
BiomassRefinery
Energy Plant
WaterTreatment
WasteTreatment
FilmConverting
FiberConverting
SheetConverting
ChemicalPlant
Warehousing
Transportation
Biofuel
RegionalFeedstock
Plant
RegionalFeedstock
Plant
RegionalFeedstock
Plant
RegionalFeedstock
Plant
RegionalFeedstock
Plant
Animal Feed
Transportation
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The Sun Grant Initiative
Bring the best research for:
-Educating youth who will catalyze the transition
-Providing outreach to create
- Economic development
- Farm development
- Community development
-Engineering processes and systems
-Producing biocommodities and natural products
-Producing bioenergy-enabling technologies1 m
World is in Transition
z More people
z Greater Consumption ofMaterials & Resources
z Need to Reduce Poverty withoutDestroying the Environment
z Sustainable development
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Sustainability-Principal Concept to
Integratez Technological
z Economic
z Social
z Political Issues
To address environmentalprotection & economicdevelopment
Meeting the needs of theMeeting the needs of thepresent withoutpresent withoutcompromising the ability ofcompromising the ability offuture generations to meetfuture generations to meet
their own needs.their own needs.
WCED,1987WCED,1987
Our Common FutureOur Common Future
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Sustainable development is aSustainable development is a process ofprocess ofchangechange in which thein which the direction of investmentdirection of investment,,
thethe orientation of technologyorientation of technology, the, the allocation ofallocation ofresourcesresources, and the development and, and the development andfunctioning of institutions meet presentfunctioning of institutions meet presentneeds and aspirations without endangeringneeds and aspirations without endangeringthe capacity of natural systems to absorbthe capacity of natural systems to absorbthe effects of human activities, and withoutthe effects of human activities, and withoutcompromising the ability of futurecompromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs andgenerations to meet their own needs and
aspirations.aspirations.
Roy F. WestonRoy F. Weston
Linear SystemsLinear SystemsApproachApproach
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Incorporating Concepts ofIncorporating Concepts ofSustainabilitySustainability
GBISCGBISC((Global Biologically Integrated SustainableGlobal Biologically Integrated SustainableCommunities)Communities)
)) renewable energy systems;renewable energy systems;
)) total recycling;total recycling;
)) energy conservation;energy conservation;
)) lowlow--energy and close proximityenergy and close proximitytransportation for the work and livingtransportation for the work and livingenvironment;environment;
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GBISCGBISC)) managed ecosystems for treatment of wastemanaged ecosystems for treatment of waste
water, retention of wetlands and promotion ofwater, retention of wetlands and promotion oflandscape ecology;landscape ecology;
)) sustainable enterprises developed fromsustainable enterprises developed fromagriculturallyagriculturally--based biobased bio--industries, includingindustries, includingboth new molecular technologies as well asboth new molecular technologies as well asnewnew bioindustriesbioindustries compatible with communitycompatible with communityresources;resources;
)) infrastructure development to take advantageinfrastructure development to take advantageof the advances in information technologiesof the advances in information technologies
for communication, both internal and externalfor communication, both internal and externalto the community.to the community.
Distributed ElectricalGeneration
Combining a geographicalCombining a geographicalinformation system (GIS) andinformation system (GIS) andprocess engineering toprocess engineering to
design an agriculturaldesign an agricultural--industrial ecosystemindustrial ecosystem
Dairy manureDairy manure--derived distributedderived distributedgenerationgeneration
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Biogas Production
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
6/8/98 12/25/98 7/13/99 1/29/00 8/16/0
Cubic
Feet/Day
Biogas Produced
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1/1/99 4/11/99 7/20/99 10/28/99 2/5/00 5/15/00 8/23/00
Cubic
Feet/Day/Cow
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
6/8/98 9/6/98 12/5/98 3/5/99 6/3/99 9/1/99 11/30/992/28/00 5/28/00 8/26/0011/24/00 2/22/01 5/23/01 8/21/01
Energy produced and net energy togrid at AA Dairy
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
7/31/98 10/31/98 1/31/99 4/30/99 7/31/99 10/31/99 1/31/00 4/30/00 7/31/00 10/31/00 1/31/01 4/30/01 7/31/01
Date
kWh
/day
Energy Produced onFarm
Net Energy to the Grid
Difference = Energy Used onthe Farm
- 50 point moving average
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USEFUL HEAT
CO2
ELECTRICITY
Biomass Processing
& Methane Production
Fuel Cell
Cogeneration
Energy
Utilization
AnaerobicFermentationof Manure in a
Plug FlowBiodigester
FACTORIES AND OTHERENTERPRISES (EG.GREENHOUSES,PASTUERIZATION, FOODPROCESSING,etc.)
METHANE
Biogas
(Methane)
Home Heating
Electrical Supply CO2scrubber
H2S
scrubber
Compost orDry Bedding
Liquid separatedfrom Fibrous Material
H2S
Digester
Heating
Comparison of DifferentSystems in MeetingElectricity Needs
Cowpower to meet RuralHouseholds Electricity
Demand 5900 kWh/yr/hh
Cowpower to meet UpstateHouseholds Electricity
Demand @5900
kWh/yr/hh
Biogas ElectricityGeneration System
Number of
Households
%
Households
Number of
Households
%
HouseholdsDiesel En ine 19%
efficiency)
47,457 7.0 47,457 1.8
Fuel Cell (48%
efficiency)
118,813 18.7 118,813 4.4
Total Cowpower 280 Wh 19% efficienc 701 Wh 48% efficienc
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IntegratedEntrepreneurial
ApproachObviously reducing capital costs willObviously reducing capital costs willimprove the economic scenarios BUTimprove the economic scenarios BUTwe suggest that a potentially morewe suggest that a potentially moreinnovative and economicallyinnovative and economicallysuccessful route is to create businesssuccessful route is to create businessand community partnerships toand community partnerships toenhance the value of energyenhance the value of energyproduced, both electrical and thermal.produced, both electrical and thermal.
Examples might include enterprises suchExamples might include enterprises suchas greenhouses, aquaculture facilities,as greenhouses, aquaculture facilities,algal farming, various food and feedalgal farming, various food and feedprocessing facilities, and mostprocessing facilities, and mostcomprehensive of all,comprehensive of all, providing aproviding acommunitys energy and jobscommunitys energy and jobsneedsneeds..
Agricultural ImportanceAgricultural Importance
))Agriculture as a source forAgriculture as a source forfood, natural raw materials forfood, natural raw materials forbioindustriesbioindustries and energy willand energy will
increasingly be a majorincreasingly be a majorengine to drive our transitionengine to drive our transitionto a sustainable world.to a sustainable world.
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We do not want science floating in the skies. We want
To bring it down and hitch it to our plows.
(Anonymous Wisconsin farmer, from One Hundred Years of Agricultural
Research at Cornell University, 1987).
northeast sun grant center