Cytokine and Soluble Fas Ligand Response in Children with Septic
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) on CVVH Paden ML, Fortenberry JD, Rigby MR, Trexler AM,
Heard ML, Rogers K Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at EglestonDivision of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
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Sepsis and CRRT
In septic adults, CRRT• Improves hemodynamics (Kamijo Y. Intensive Care Med
2000;26(9):1355-9)
• Allows control of fluid balance• Maximizes nutrition• Improves survival with high flow ultrafiltration rate
(Ronco C, Lancet 2000;356:26-30)
Cytokine removal postulated as the basis for these effects (Bellomo R, Contrib Nephrol 2001;132:367-74)
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Sepsis and CRRT:Peak Concentration Hypothesis
Adapted from Ronco C, et al, Artif Organs 2003
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Controversy in Sepsis and CRRT
Previous adult studies question the ability for CRRT to lower cytokine levels• Concentration ≠ activity
Cytokine clearance in children has not been adequately studied
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Fas/Soluble Fas Ligand (sFasL) System
Apoptotic pathway in multiple tissues Fas in HUS induced renal failure (Masri C, et al. Am J
Kidney Dis 2000;36(4):859-62.)
• Levels correlate with: Development of oligoanuria Need for acute dialysis Decreased GFR at 1 year after injury
sFasL in ARDS (Imay Y, et al. JAMA 2003;289(16):2104-12.)
• Significant correlation between changes in sFasL and changes in creatinine.
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Hypothesis
Convective clearance of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and sFasL occurs in pediatric patients with acute renal failure (ARF) treated with CVVH.
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Study Design
Enrollment of all patients on CVVH:• Acute renal failure• Greater than 5 kg• < 18 years old
Technique• CVVH via Braun Diapact• Citrate anticoagulation• Ultrafiltration rate 35-45 cc/kg/hour• Cytokines measured by cytometric bead array from BD
Pharmagen Serial measurements of cytokines
• Pre-CVVH• 12, 24, 48 hours on CVVH• End of CVVH and 24 hours after
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Study Design
Bacterial septic shock defined as• Vasopressor dependent• Positive blood culture
Compared values in children with bacterial septic shock/ARF to non-septic ARF patients
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Results
• Septic Shock Patients
Age Disease Organism
14 mo HUS S. pneumoniae
15 yo Septic shock MRSA
14 yo BMT for AML S. hominis
16 yo T-cell ALL S. viridans
7 yo Ruptured appendix Multiple
17 yo Toxic Shock MSSA
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Results
Non-septic ARF Patients
Age Disease
16 yo Pulmonary edema
15 yo ALL, pancreatitis
14 yo Severe dehydration
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Results
Septic ARF Patient #5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
g/m
l)
Human IL-10
Human IL-6
Human IL-8
Pre
-CV
VH
12 H
ours
24 H
ours
48 H
ours
En
d o
f C
VV
H
24 H
ours
off
C
VV
H
12
Results
Non-septic ARF Patient #3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pg
/ml)
Human IL-10
Human IL-6
Human IL-8
Pre
-CV
VH
12 H
ours
24 H
ours
48 H
ours
En
d o
f C
VV
H
24 H
ours
off
C
VV
H
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Absolute cytokine changes in septic shock/ARF patients
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
IL-6 IL-10
Pre-CVVHEnd ofCVVH
Lo
g C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
g/m
l)
p<0.02* p=0.04*
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Absolute cytokine changes in septic shock/ARF patients
1
10
100
1000
10000
IL-8 sFasL
Pre-CVVHEnd ofCVVH
Lo
g C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
g/m
l) p=0.132
p=0.818
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IL-8 Percent Changes From Pre-CVVH Baseline
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
25012 Hours
24 Hours
48 Hours
End of CVVH
24 Hours offCVVH
Septic ARF Patients Non-septic ARF Patients
*p<0.03*** *
*
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Mean Percent Decrease in Septic Shock/ARF Patients
Cytokine Levels at the End of CVVH
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
% D
ecre
ase
From
Bas
elin
e
IL-6
IL-8
IL-10
Septic ARF Patients Non-septic ARF Patients
*p<0.05
* *
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Mean Percent Decrease in Septic Shock/ARF Patients
Cytokine Levels 24 hours after CVVH
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
% D
ecre
ase
Fro
m B
asel
ine
IL-6
IL-8
IL-10
Septic ARF Patients Non-septic ARF Patients
*p<0.05
* *
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Ultrafiltrate Cytokine Levels
IL-6 Ultrafiltrate Concentrations
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pg
/ml)
12 Hour
End of CVVH
Septic ARF Patients Non-septic ARF Patients
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Ultrafiltrate Cytokine Levels
IL-8 Ultrafiltrate Concentrations
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pg
/ml)
12 Hour
End of CVVH
Septic ARF Patients Non-septic ARF Patients
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sFasL Analysis
sFasL Response
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (p
g/m
l)
Septic ARF
Non-Septic ARF
12 h 24 h 48 h End of CVVH
24 h off CVVH
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sFasL Response
sFasL concentration pre-CVVH was similar in Septic Shock/ARF and non-septic ARF patients• Median 130 pg/ml (24-439)
Levels did not significantly decrease with CVVH (p=0.818)
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Conclusions
CVVH significantly removes both pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in pediatric septic shock/ARF vs. non-septic patients• Absolute decrease• Greater relative decrease in septic patients
compared to non-septic ARF patients• Convective clearance is likely mechanism
sFasL concentration is not changed by CVVH
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Implications
Effects of decreasing cytokines remain uncertain Future studies to evaluate cytokine clearance
• “Regular” CVVH• High Volume Hemofiltration• Different filters• Clinical outcome studies