Computer and Computer and Internet BasicsInternet Basics
A Computer is a device thatA Computer is a device that
accepts inputaccepts input
processes dataprocesses data
stores datastores data
produces outputproduces output
(all according to a series of stored instructions)
Computer system consists of:Computer system consists of:
Hardware: Hardware: microprocessormicroprocessor
Peripheral devices: Peripheral devices: input and outputinput and output
Software: Software: programsprograms
Computer NetworkComputer Network
Two or more Two or more computers that are computers that are
connected and connected and share data and share data and
programsprograms
LAN is a local area network
Computer FunctionsComputer Functions•Words, symbols, numbers, sound, Words, symbols, numbers, sound, pictures, program instructionspictures, program instructionsInputInputInputInput
•Program calculates, sorts modifies dataProgram calculates, sorts modifies data•Uses microprocessor or CPUUses microprocessor or CPUProcessProcessProcessProcess
•Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)•Storage is permanent (disk)Storage is permanent (disk)StoreStoreStoreStore
•Results of processingResults of processing•Reports, graphs, documents, picturesReports, graphs, documents, pictures•Printer or monitorPrinter or monitor
OutputOutputOutputOutput
•Remember to periodically save your work Remember to periodically save your work and and ALWAYSALWAYS keep a backup copy!!!!! keep a backup copy!!!!!Save!Save!Save!Save!
Categorizing ComputersCategorizing Computers
CostCostCostCost
UsageUsageUsageUsage
SizeSizeSizeSize
CapabilityCapabilityCapabilityCapability
Less Powerful ComputersLess Powerful Computers
•Handheld computer/PDAHandheld computer/PDA•Handheld computer/PDAHandheld computer/PDA
•Videogame consoleVideogame console
–Sony PlayStationSony PlayStation®®
•Videogame consoleVideogame console
–Sony PlayStationSony PlayStation®®
•PC/microcomputerPC/microcomputer
•WorkstationsWorkstations
•PC/microcomputerPC/microcomputer
•WorkstationsWorkstations
More Powerful ComputersMore Powerful Computers
ServerServer– Supplies network computers with dataSupplies network computers with data
MainframeMainframe– Large, expensive, powerful, many usersLarge, expensive, powerful, many users– Reliability, data security, central control Reliability, data security, central control
importantimportant
SupercomputerSupercomputer– Fastest and most powerfulFastest and most powerful
Computer SystemComputer System
Computer + input devices + output devices + storage devices
Peripherals
System UnitSystem Unit
Power SupplyPower Supply
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
Circuit BoardsCircuit Boards
Input/Output DevicesInput/Output Devices
MonitorMonitor
KeyboardKeyboard
MouseMouse
ModemModem
PrinterPrinter
Speakers/sound cardSpeakers/sound card
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
Floppy disk driveFloppy disk drive
Hard disk driveHard disk drive
CD-ROM driveCD-ROM drive
DVD driveDVD drive
CD writerCD writer
Zip / Jaz disksZip / Jaz disks
Data vs. InformationData vs. Information
Data (symbols) used by computersData (symbols) used by computers
Information (meaningful) used by peopleInformation (meaningful) used by people
DataData
Binary number Binary number system to define system to define electronic dataelectronic data
0 or 10 or 1
BitBit
Byte (8 bits)Byte (8 bits)
FilesFiles
Collection of data on a storage Collection of data on a storage mediummedium
Data file (passive) Data file (passive)
Executable file (active)Executable file (active)
Filename and extensionFilename and extension
Resume.docResume.docWord.exeWord.exeImage.jpgImage.jpg
System SoftwareSystem Software
Helps the computer monitor itself Helps the computer monitor itself in order to function efficientlyin order to function efficientlyOperating systemOperating system– Master controller of all computer Master controller of all computer
activitiesactivities
Popular operating systemsPopular operating systems– PCs: Microsoft Windows, Mac OSPCs: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS– Handhelds: Windows CE and Palm OSHandhelds: Windows CE and Palm OS– Servers: Linus and UNIXServers: Linus and UNIX
PlatformPlatform
Mac and PC compatibility is an Mac and PC compatibility is an issueissue
Apple computer = Mac platformApple computer = Mac platform
Original IBM computer = Original IBM computer = Windows or PC platformWindows or PC platform
Microprocessor + Operating systemMicroprocessor + Operating system
Application SoftwareApplication Software
Microsoft PowerPointMicrosoft Excel
Designed to carry out a particular
task
Internet Basics (Cyberspace)Internet Basics (Cyberspace)
Internet is a collection of Internet is a collection of local, regional, local, regional, national and national and international international
computer networks computer networks that are linked that are linked
together to exchange together to exchange data and distribute data and distribute processing tasks.processing tasks.
Internet TerminologyInternet Terminology
Backbone: defines main Internet Backbone: defines main Internet routesroutes– Constructed and maintained by major Constructed and maintained by major
telecommunications companiestelecommunications companies
TCP/IP:TCP/IP:– Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
ProtocolProtocol
Internet TerminologyInternet Terminology
Server softwareServer softwareIP AddressIP Address: unique : unique number for each number for each Internet computerInternet computerPacketsPackets: small chunks : small chunks of data ready to travel of data ready to travel the Internetthe InternetRouterRouter: helps send : helps send along the packets to along the packets to correct destinationcorrect destination
Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
E-commerceE-commerce
E-mailE-mail
Web SitesWeb Sites
Chat GroupsChat Groups
Internet RadioInternet Radio
Download Or UploadDownload Or Upload
UsenetUsenet
Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony
Instant MessagingInstant Messaging
Modem Internet ConnectionsModem Internet Connections
Dial-up connection via modem Dial-up connection via modem (56K)(56K)
Cable modemsCable modems– Network card and cable modem requiredNetwork card and cable modem required– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-upAlways-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
Faster Internet ConnectionsFaster Internet Connections
ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)(Integrated Services Digital Network)– 64K or 128K64K or 128K– Always-on and expensiveAlways-on and expensive
DSL DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)(Digital Subscriber Line) and xDSL and xDSL– Up to 125 times faster than dialupUp to 125 times faster than dialup
DSS DSS (Digital Satellite Service)(Digital Satellite Service)– 500K500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching stationNeed proximity to a telephone switching station
Internet Service Provider (ISP)Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Provides internet access to Provides internet access to businesses, organizations and businesses, organizations and individualsindividualsProvides telecommunications Provides telecommunications equipmentequipmentUser ID and password requiredUser ID and password requiredConnects you to backboneConnects you to backboneEmail account monthly feeEmail account monthly feeShould have local access telephone Should have local access telephone numbersnumbers
World Wide Web BasicsWorld Wide Web Basics
Files interconnected via hypertextFiles interconnected via hypertext
Web pages make up a web siteWeb pages make up a web site
Home PageHome Page
Links or hyperlinksLinks or hyperlinks
Web serversWeb servers
World Wide Web BasicsWorld Wide Web Basics
URLURL– No spaces and Case sensitiveNo spaces and Case sensitive– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTML (Hypertext Markup HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)Language)– .htm or .html file extension.htm or .html file extension
Document nameDocument nameand filenameand filename
extensionextensionFolderFoldernamename
Web Web serverservernamename
Web Web protocolprotocolstandardstandard
http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm
Using BrowsersUsing Browsers
Can type URLsCan type URLsHTML tags tell browser how to display web HTML tags tell browser how to display web page data page data Back, forward and stop buttonsBack, forward and stop buttonsSetting a home pageSetting a home pagePrint optionsPrint optionsHistory listHistory listFavorites and bookmarksFavorites and bookmarksEdit and FindEdit and Find
Microsoft Internet Explorer® and Netscape Navigator®
Search EnginesSearch Engines
KeywordsKeywordsKeywordsKeywords
E-mail BasicsE-mail Basics
Account = Mailbox Account = Mailbox
MessageMessage
AttachmentAttachment
ASCII vs HTML formatASCII vs HTML format
NetiquetteNetiquette
userid@computer
E-mail SystemE-mail System
E-mail serversE-mail servers
Store-and-forward technologyStore-and-forward technology
TypesTypes– POP (Post Office Protocol) used via ISPPOP (Post Office Protocol) used via ISP– IMAP (Internet Messaging Access IMAP (Internet Messaging Access
Protocol)Protocol)– Web-based like Hotmail or YahooWeb-based like Hotmail or Yahoo
E-mail SystemE-mail System
TechTalk: Boot ProcessTechTalk: Boot Process
Power upPower up
ROM runs bootstrap programROM runs bootstrap program
POST (Power-on self-test)POST (Power-on self-test)– Identifies and checks peripheralsIdentifies and checks peripherals
ROM loads operating system ROM loads operating system from hard disk into RAMfrom hard disk into RAM
Checks configuration and Checks configuration and customization startup routinescustomization startup routines– Safe Mode if this process is not successfulSafe Mode if this process is not successful
IssueIssue
How Private is E-Mail?How Private is E-Mail?
The Internet for Beginners
The Itinerary
• Introduction to the Internet
• Segments of the Internet
• Introduction to the browser
• How to speak "URL"
• Curriculum tie-ins
• How to find what you want
What is the Internet?• Computers connected together are called a
network.
• Networks let computers share programs and information.
• The Internet is a network of many smaller networks made up of millions of personal computers connected to thousands of host servers.
Everyone’s computer connected!
Segments of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Gopher
• Telnet
• FTP
• Newsgroups
World Wide Web (WWW)
• Includes text and pictures
• Hypertext and non-linear
• Sound and video can be accessed
• Point-and-click
• Use a Web browser to access
Example of a WWW Page
Gopher
• Text-based
• Menu-driven and linear
• Precursor to World Wide Web
• Accessible through a Web browser
Example of a Gopher page
Telnet
• A way of using distant computers as if you were right there in person
• Used to access large databases, like libraries
• Need a special Telnet program to use
Example of a Telnet session
Electronic Mail (E-mail)
• Electronic mail allows you to send and receive electronic messages
• Fast and convenient
• Can also include attachments like files and pictures with e-mail messages
Example of Netscape Mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• FTP is a way to share files and programs
• Download files from large archives to your own computer
• Done via the browser or a special piece of FTP software
Example of FTP Archive
Newsgroups
• Bulletin-board discussion groups based on various topics
• Thousands exist
• A good place to get information about an area of interest
• Remember that the responses come from all types of people
Example of Newsgroup Reader
Using The World Wide Web
Web Browsers
• A computer program that lets you access the WWW and “browse” the Internet for information
• Common browsers :
Netscape Navigator
Internet Explorer
Mosaic
Web Sites
• A single group of many pages dealing with the same topic and written by the same person is called a Web site.
• A Web site is like a magazine with many articles. A home page is like a front cover that tells what is inside.
Hypertext Links
• Underlined words on a Web page that allow you to jump to another place or Web page
• They look like this : the survey included
• Hidden codes are attached to these words
• This coding is called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
More on Links
• The links might be in the form of pictures such as
• Links might lead to text, video, or sounds• When you move your cursor over a link, it turns
into a pointing finger
The Browser Toolbar : Netscape
To go forward one page
To go to the home page
To find a word on that page
To print that page
To stop a page from loading
To move backward one page
To open a dialog box to type a URL
The Browser Toolbar : Internet Explorer
To movebackwardone page
To moveforwardone page
Stop
Refresh
Start Page
Searchthe Net
Read Newsgroups
Open Favorites
Add toFavorites
ChangeFont Size
EditSource
SendOpen
Uniform Resource Locators
• A URL is the unique address assigned to each page on the Internet
• Your browser uses the URL to find information located on another computer and to retrieve the corresponding page situated on that server
Anatomy of a URLhttp://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/eval.htm
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Address of ISP
Networkdomain
Directory on the server
File name (HTML format)
Different Protocols on the Net
http:// hypertext transfer protocol (WWW)
ftp:// file transfer protocol
gopher:// gopher site
news: newsgroup
telnet://telnet
mailto: e-mail address
Different Domains on the Net
.com commercial
.net network
.edu educational
.org organization
.net network
.mil military
.gov government
Speaking “URL”
http://www.capecod.net/~kschrock/index.htm
h-t-t-p colon slash slash
w-w-w dot capecod dot net
slash tilde kschrock
slash index dot htm
Internet
• E-mail projects
• Internet resources for teachers
• Internet curriculum integration
• WebQuests
E-Mail Projects
E-Mail Projects
•Person-to-person exchanges
•Information collections
•Problem-solving projects
Person-to-Person Exchanges
• Keypals : e-mail penpals
• Global classrooms : 2 or more classrooms studying the same topic
• Electronic appearances by special guests
• Electronic mentoring by subject experts
• Impersonations : participants communicate with each other in character
Information Collections
• Information exchanges : jokes, slang, etc.
• Electronic publishing : collaborative
• TeleField Trips : sharing real field trips electronically with others
• Pooled data analysis : data collected at various sites and combined in a database
Problem-Solving Projects
• Information searches : collaborative hunts
• Electronic process writing : peer edits
• Sequential creation of a poem, story, etc.
• Parallel problem-solving : answers to a posed question shared electronically
• Simulations in "real" time
• Social action projects : action-oriented
Locating Online Projects•E-mail Classroom Exchange
http://www.iglou.com/xchange/ece/index.html
•Newsgroups http://www.indiana.edu/~eric_rec/comatt/nwsgrps.html
•Listservs http://k12.cnidr.org:90/lists.html
•Web sites for educatorshttp://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/ed.htm
Food Guide Pyramid
•Site provides information about the food pyramid and an illustration
•Have students create a survey for their classmates to find out how healthy their eating habits are and enter the results in a database or spreadsheet
http://www.servtech.com/public/cecarlin/maypotm/food.htm
International Games
•This site contains information about popular games in other parts of the world
•Discuss the differences between games played in the US and the world
•Have students mark a world map with names and locations of the sports
http://www.usa1.com/gands/
WebQuest
An inquiry-oriented activity in which some or all of the information that learners interact with comes from
resources on the Internet
Critical Attributes of a WebQuest
• Introduction
• Interesting task
• A set of information sources both print and Internet
• Process description
• Guidance in organizing information
• Conclusion
Further WebQuest Information
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/
webquest/webquest.htm
How To Find What You Want
Directories vs. Search Engines
Directories• Lists of Web sites
added by a human• May be general or
subject-specific• Yahoo : general• Kathy Schrock's
Guide for Educators : subject-specific
Search engines• An index built by a
computer program that goes out and collects data
• More inclusive than a directory
• Keyword searchable
Successful Searching
•Combining terms is called Boolean logic
•Combine terms to both expand and limit your search
•Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows this
Boolean Logic : AND
Limits your search
Women & History
Only returns pages with both of these terms on them
Boolean Logic : OR
Broadens your search
Women or History
Returns every page with either of these terms on them
Boolean Logic : NOT
Limits your search
Women not History
Only returns pages that contain one but not the other term on them
Sites to Refer To
•Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/
•WebQuests in Our Future : The Teacher's Role in Cyberspace
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/webquest/webquest.htm
•Differences Between Search Engines and Directories
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/mystery/mystery1.htm
Welcome to Internet Basics
Uses of the Internet
Real Time Data/Information Publish Student’s work To find Unique Sources of Information Communicate
What is the Internet? World Wide network
of computer networks
Even more simply—millions of computers around the world connected with wires
These “connections” allow the computers to communicate and share information
How Do You Get Connected?
Using a Modem What you need:
Internet Software Computer Modem Standard Phone or
Cable Internet Service
Provider
How Do you Connect to the Internet?
Connecting Directly Advantages
• Always connected• Can connect many
computers using one T1 line
• Very fast Disadvantages
• High Cost• High Maintenance
How Do I Get Resources From the Net?
Launch a Browser Browsers are the software used to
access the Internet.
URL—Uniform Resource Locator
Every computer has a unique URL WWW.whitehouse.gov
Suffixes
.com = Commercial .edu = Educational .org = organizations .mil = military .net = networking .us = country
INTERNET BASICS
What is the Internet?• A worldwide network of computers• Allows access to send and receive
information almost instantly• Combines the immediacy of broadcast with
the in-depth coverage of the newspaper• Provides access to numerous reference
materials such as library collections, museums, and research facilities
What’s a Web browser?
• Reads the HTML text and converts it into a page you can read
• Finds, retrieves, views, and sends information• Used to send/receive electronic mail • Used to participate in newsgroups• Used to look for text and graphics on the WWW• Netscape and Internet Explorer are the two most
popular browsers; Opera is considered the fastest.
What’s a URL?
• Uniform Resource Locator
• Internet file address
• Consists of four parts: • protocol
• domain/server name
• path
• file
www
gotoltc.edu
Example of a URL
http://www.southwest.tec.wi.us/???????
http is the protocol
www.gotoltc.edu is the domain/server
is the director/path
is the document/file
What do the domain/server names mean?
• .edu - educational institution
• .com - commercial enterprise
• .org - nonprofit organization
• .gov - government organizations
• .net - for networks• .mil - for military
services• .int - for organizations
established by international treaty
What is HTML?
• HyperText Markup Language
• Programming language used to build web sites
• Contains standard codes (tags) that determine how a page will look
• Tags allow for the hyperlink connections across the internet
What’s on the Toolbar• Back -moves backward through the pages
you’ve viewed, beginning with the most recent
• Forward - moves forward through the pages you’ve viewed using the Back button
• Stop - halts the process of the action being performed (usually downloading a page)
What’s on the Toolbar• Refresh - updates any web page that has
been previously viewed and stored
• Home - returns you to the page that you have designated as your Home Page
• Search - displays a choice of internet search engines and a place to enter the key words for your search
What’s on the Toolbar• Favorites - displays a list of the sites that
you’ve saved as Favorites
• Print - prints the page you’re viewing
• Find - allows you search the page you’re viewing for certain words/phrases
What is a search engine?
• A service that indexes, organizes, rates, and reviews web sites
• Different search engines work in different ways
• Some rely on people to maintain a catalog of web sites
• Some use software to identify key information on sites
Which type of search engine is best?People catalog sites• looking for a broad,
common topic• want to yield fewer
results• want to yield higher
quality results• Yahoo! is a good
example
Software catalogs sites• looking for a rare, less
common topic• want to yield more
results• Excite is a good
example
General searching tips . . .
• Use more than one search engine
• Read the “About” page--many search engines have detailed information pages about how to get the best results
• Be specific with your searches (search on golden retriever, not dogs)
• Get more results by being general
Ways to refine your search . . .• Exact phrase - enclose the phrase in quotation
marks • Group parts of the search - enclose parts of the
search in parentheses• Various forms of a word - add an asterisk to the
end of the word (good if a word might end in s, ing, or ed)
• Use a + sign or the word and to search for two or
more words on the same page
Let’s try a search!
1. Select three search engines such as:ExciteYahooGoogle
2. Enter in two words you want to research such as: food + habits
3. View the following three slides for the results.
Results of Excite search• Entered food + habits
• Received 3, 621, 420 results
• Offers a selection of related words to add to your search
• Offers a link to booksellers for related books
GoogleResults of the Google Search
• Entered food + history
• Received 556,000 results
• Offers search tips
• Offers advanced search
Results of Yahoo! search
• Entered food + habits
• Received 483 results
• Offers a selection of related words to add to your search
• Offers a means to search within the results of the current search
How to spot the links
• Move the pointer over the page
• When the pointer changes to a hand, the item is a link
• A link can be a picture, a three-dimensional image, or colored text (usually underlined)
• Click on the link to go to another page (inside or outside of the current site)
How to Bookmark a Web page
• Go to the page you want to add
• On the favorites/bookmark menu, click Add to Favorites/Bookmark
• Use the default name that is shown, or rename the page (do whichever helps you identify the site quickly and accurately)
How to copy/paste text from web pages• Highlight the text you want to copy by
clicking the left mouse button and moving over the text
• Once text is highlighted, right click and select Copy
• Go to word processing application such as MS Word
• Right click, select Paste
Word.lnk
How to copy graphics from a web site
• Move the pointer over the graphic you want to copy
• Right click on the mouse
• Select Copy
• Go to word processing or other application
• Right click, select Paste
How to save graphics from a web site• Move the pointer over the graphic you want
to save
• Right click on the mouse
• Select Save Picture As
• Browse to the folder where you want to save the file
• Click Save
How to create a desktop shortcut to a web page • Go to the page you want to add to your
desktop
• Right click on the mouse (position the pointer over the text of the page, not over a graphic)
• Select Create Shortcut
Yahoo!.url
What is the Internet?What is the Internet?
Computers connected together are Computers connected together are called a network.called a network.
Networks let computers share programs Networks let computers share programs and information.and information.
The Internet is a network of many The Internet is a network of many smaller networks made up of millions of smaller networks made up of millions of personal computers connected to personal computers connected to thousands of host servers.thousands of host servers.
The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web
A global network of information serversA global network of information servers Information may be in the form of text, Information may be in the form of text,
audio, video, or animationaudio, video, or animation Many millions of sites containing Many millions of sites containing
documents with links to other documentsdocuments with links to other documents Fastest growing area of the InternetFastest growing area of the Internet
History of the InternetHistory of the Internet
Started in 1969 by the Advanced Research Started in 1969 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)Projects Agency (ARPA)
The Department of Defense wanted a system The Department of Defense wanted a system that would still work if part of it were destroyedthat would still work if part of it were destroyed
In 1983, the research computers that were In 1983, the research computers that were networked became ARPANETnetworked became ARPANET
History ContinuedHistory Continued
In 1986 the National Science In 1986 the National Science Foundation took the initiative and ran Foundation took the initiative and ran the network backbonethe network backbone
In 1995, the NSF stepped out and In 1995, the NSF stepped out and commercial providers took over the commercial providers took over the InternetInternet
The Internet is useful when you The Internet is useful when you need to know something that is...need to know something that is...
not in your textbooks or librarynot in your textbooks or library based on data collected by the governmentbased on data collected by the government likely to require specialized knowledgelikely to require specialized knowledge best understood from eyewitness accountsbest understood from eyewitness accounts fast-breaking newsfast-breaking news
The Internet is not useful for...The Internet is not useful for... in-depth historical informationin-depth historical information a quick overview or definition of a topica quick overview or definition of a topicThe Internet is also good for:The Internet is also good for: collaborating on projects with students all over collaborating on projects with students all over
the worldthe world finding and contacting expertsfinding and contacting experts
getting real-world experience in researching getting real-world experience in researching and evaluating informationand evaluating information
publishing students’ projects and publicationspublishing students’ projects and publications
The Internet is not a substitute for :The Internet is not a substitute for :
face-to-face interaction with other students face-to-face interaction with other students and teachersand teachers
drawing, writing, building, planting, or any drawing, writing, building, planting, or any other type of hands-on activitiesother type of hands-on activities
Evaluation of Web PagesEvaluation of Web Pages
Evaluating Information on the NetEvaluating Information on the Net
Who wrote it?Who wrote it? When was it written?When was it written? Why was it written?Why was it written? Is it biased?Is it biased? Is it authentic?Is it authentic? Is the author an Is the author an
expert?expert?
Is the page easy to use?Is the page easy to use? Is the page free from Is the page free from
HTML errors?HTML errors? Are the graphics useful?Are the graphics useful? Can you verify the Can you verify the
information?information? Is a bibliography Is a bibliography
included?included?
Evaluation CriteriaEvaluation Criteria
Technical & design aspectsTechnical & design aspects
NavigationNavigation
Authorship and authorityAuthorship and authority
ContentContent
Technical and Design AspectsTechnical and Design Aspects
Does the page extend beyond the sides of Does the page extend beyond the sides of the monitor?the monitor?
Are there useful headings and Are there useful headings and subheadings?subheadings?
Are grammar and spelling correct?Are grammar and spelling correct? Is multimedia appropriately incorporated?Is multimedia appropriately incorporated? Does the use of graphics impair the loading Does the use of graphics impair the loading
of the page?of the page?
NavigationNavigation Is there an image map? Text alternatives?Is there an image map? Text alternatives?
Links back to home page from other pages?Links back to home page from other pages?
Is the site "user-friendly"?Is the site "user-friendly"?
Is the resource organized logically for its intended Is the resource organized logically for its intended audience?audience?
Do all the links (internal & external) work?Do all the links (internal & external) work?
Authorship & AuthorityAuthorship & Authority Is the page signed with a name & address?Is the page signed with a name & address?
Is information about the author given?Is information about the author given?
Is the author affiliated with a recognized Is the author affiliated with a recognized institution?institution?
Does the author's affiliation seem to bias the Does the author's affiliation seem to bias the information?information?
ContentContent
Is the purpose of the site stated?Is the purpose of the site stated? Is the date of last update included?Is the date of last update included? Does the site contain original information?Does the site contain original information? Is a bibliography included?Is a bibliography included? Is the information verifiable in a traditional Is the information verifiable in a traditional
print source? Does it add to the existing print source? Does it add to the existing body of knowledge about the topic?body of knowledge about the topic?
How to Approach the InternetHow to Approach the Internet
Don’t get frustratedDon’t get frustrated Keep it simpleKeep it simple Give yourself time to exploreGive yourself time to explore ““Mess with it!”Mess with it!” Find a mentor to helpFind a mentor to help Look for personal interests Look for personal interests
firstfirst
Web BrowsersWeb Browsers
A computer program that lets you access A computer program that lets you access the WWW and “browse” the Internet for the WWW and “browse” the Internet for informationinformation
Common browsers :Common browsers :
Netscape NavigatorNetscape Navigator
Internet ExplorerInternet Explorer
MosaicMosaic
Example of a WWW PageExample of a WWW Page
Parts of a Browser WindowParts of a Browser Window MenuMenu Tool BarTool Bar URL FieldURL Field
Document Document viewing areaviewing area
Status BarStatus Bar
The Browser Toolbar : NetscapeThe Browser Toolbar : Netscape
To go forward one page
To go to the home page
To find a word on that page
To print that page
To stop a page from loading
To move backward one page
To open a dialog box to type a URL
To movebackwardone page
To moveforwardone page
Stop
Refresh
Start Page
Searchthe Net
Read Newsgroups
Open Favorites
Add toFavorites
ChangeFont Size
EditSource
SendOpen
The Browser Toolbar : Internet The Browser Toolbar : Internet ExplorerExplorer
World Wide Web BrowserWorld Wide Web Browser Allows you to view WWW sites which contain text, Allows you to view WWW sites which contain text,
pictures, and soundpictures, and sound
Netscape vs. Internet Explorer vs. MosaicNetscape vs. Internet Explorer vs. Mosaic
After installation, browsers must be configured for After installation, browsers must be configured for your machineyour machine
Easy to move back and forth between pages due to Easy to move back and forth between pages due to cachecache
Browser Configuration & Helper ApplicationsBrowser Configuration & Helper Applications
The browser can display text and certain The browser can display text and certain formats of picturesformats of pictures
For other formats the browser needs to have For other formats the browser needs to have “helper applications” configured“helper applications” configured
Example:Example:
If you choose a sound file, you have If you choose a sound file, you have to have told the browser what piece of to have told the browser what piece of software on your machine is to be run to software on your machine is to be run to play the fileplay the file
Web SitesWeb Sites
A single group of many pages dealing with A single group of many pages dealing with the same topic and written by the same the same topic and written by the same person is called a person is called a Web siteWeb site..
A Web site is like a magazine with many A Web site is like a magazine with many articles. A articles. A home page home page is like a front cover is like a front cover that tells what is inside.that tells what is inside.
HTML : Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML : Hypertext Markup Language
The standard set of codes used on the The standard set of codes used on the Internet to design and view World Wide Web Internet to design and view World Wide Web pages.pages.
These pages are basically plain text files These pages are basically plain text files with special codes inserted throughout to tell with special codes inserted throughout to tell a computer’s web browsing software how a computer’s web browsing software how the document should appear and behave on the document should appear and behave on the screen.the screen.
HypermediaHypermedia
The Internet supports many different The Internet supports many different
formats of informationformats of information Text filesText files PicturesPictures PhotographsPhotographs Sound filesSound files Video filesVideo files
Hypertext LinksHypertext Links
Underlined words on a Web page that allow Underlined words on a Web page that allow you to jump to another place or Web pageyou to jump to another place or Web page
They look like this : the They look like this : the surveysurvey included included Hidden codes are attached to these wordsHidden codes are attached to these words This coding is called Hypertext Markup This coding is called Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)Language (HTML)
URL: Uniform Resource LocatorURL: Uniform Resource Locator ““Address” of a file on the InternetAddress” of a file on the Internet
Contains type of Contains type of protocolprotocol followed by the followed by the computer namecomputer name, , directorydirectory and and file namefile name
http://http://www.capecod.net/www.capecod.net/Wixon/Wixon/wixon.htmwixon.htm gopher://gopher://gopher.boombox.micro/gopher.boombox.micro/ ftp://ftp:// wuarchive.wustl.edu/wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/windows/pub/windows/psp3.zippsp3.zip mailto:mailto:[email protected]@capecod.net
EFFECTIVE SEARCH EFFECTIVE SEARCH STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES
How to easily find what you are How to easily find what you are looking for on the Internetlooking for on the Internet
What’s a search engine?What’s a search engine? An Internet tool which will search for Internet sites An Internet tool which will search for Internet sites
containing the words you designate as your search containing the words you designate as your search terms.terms.
Provides results back to you in the form of links to Provides results back to you in the form of links to those sites which include the terms you are looking for.those sites which include the terms you are looking for.
Search engines search databases of information that Search engines search databases of information that have been collected by automated computer programs.have been collected by automated computer programs.
How does a search engine know How does a search engine know about things on the Net?about things on the Net?
If search engine finds it while its “spiders” If search engine finds it while its “spiders” are out collecting data from the Web are out collecting data from the Web servers. The information is put into a large servers. The information is put into a large database that the user searches.database that the user searches.
If a publisher of a Web page registers the If a publisher of a Web page registers the site with the search engine.site with the search engine.
What’s an Internet subject directory?What’s an Internet subject directory?
Subject directories organize Internet sites by Subject directories organize Internet sites by subject.subject.
Created by a human.Created by a human.
Users conduct their searches by selecting a series Users conduct their searches by selecting a series of progressively narrower search terms.of progressively narrower search terms.
May contain a search element.May contain a search element.
Which is better to use?Which is better to use? Directories allow more control and allow the user Directories allow more control and allow the user
to browse.to browse.
Search engines leave the searching pattern to the Search engines leave the searching pattern to the computer program and can be used to find more computer program and can be used to find more specific resources.specific resources.
Cons:Cons:– With directories, there is a fixed vocabularyWith directories, there is a fixed vocabulary– With search engines, you get excessive hitsWith search engines, you get excessive hits
How can I improve my use of search engines?How can I improve my use of search engines?
Learn how to use wildcards and Boolean Learn how to use wildcards and Boolean operators.operators.
Wildcards allow you to search simultaneously Wildcards allow you to search simultaneously for several words with the same stem.for several words with the same stem.
Boolean operators allow you to combine terms Boolean operators allow you to combine terms to broaden or narrow a search.to broaden or narrow a search.
How do I use a wildcard?How do I use a wildcard?
A wildcard is a special character that can be A wildcard is a special character that can be appended to the root of a word so you can appended to the root of a word so you can search for all possible endings to that root.search for all possible endings to that root.
Example :Example :
Doing a search on Doing a search on whal*whal* would returnwould return
whale, whales, whaling, whalerswhale, whales, whaling, whalers
What’s a meta-search engine?What’s a meta-search engine? A meta-search engine doesn’t create it’s A meta-search engine doesn’t create it’s
own database of information.own database of information.
A meta-search engine searches those of A meta-search engine searches those of other engines and directories.other engines and directories.
By using multiple databases, the results are By using multiple databases, the results are more comprehensive, but slower to receive.more comprehensive, but slower to receive.
What are some effective search Strategies?What are some effective search Strategies?
Decide whether a search engine or a Decide whether a search engine or a directory will be best for your purpose.directory will be best for your purpose.
When using a search engine, be a specific When using a search engine, be a specific as possible.as possible.
Try different search engines.Try different search engines.
Read the “tips” and help files that are Read the “tips” and help files that are included with most engines.included with most engines.
Review of AltaVistaReview of AltaVista Size : 31 million URL'sSize : 31 million URL's Interface : simple and advanced; Boolean Interface : simple and advanced; Boolean
and truncation availableand truncation available Helpful online instructionsHelpful online instructions Results ranked by relevancyResults ranked by relevancy Results can be shown as compact or Results can be shown as compact or
detaileddetailed Also includes the ability to search UsenetAlso includes the ability to search Usenet
Review of ExciteReview of Excite Size : 50 million URL'sSize : 50 million URL's Interface : simple, but no advanced Interface : simple, but no advanced
options at the beginningoptions at the beginning Help is clearly written, but not detailedHelp is clearly written, but not detailed Allows Boolean searching, and finds Allows Boolean searching, and finds
similar sitessimilar sites Also allows searches of Usenet and Also allows searches of Usenet and
includes a subject directoryincludes a subject directory
Successful SearchingSuccessful Searching
• Combining terms is called Boolean logicCombining terms is called Boolean logic
• Combine terms to both expand and limit Combine terms to both expand and limit your searchyour search
• Most search engines have an advanced Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows thisfeature that allows this
Search ToolsSearch Tools
Directory Directory [Subject [Subject
Search]Search]
Search Engine Search Engine
[Keyword [Keyword Search]Search]
Search Engine Search Engine
[Keyword [Keyword Search]Search]
Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica Britannica AltaVista / GoogleAltaVista / Google DogpileDogpile
LookSmart LookSmart Excite / HotbotExcite / Hotbot Mamma Mamma
Yahoo*Yahoo*
Infoseek / Infoseek / Northern LightNorthern Light Metacrawler Metacrawler
OneKey Fast OneKey Fast Snap Snap SavvySearchSavvySearch
Preferred Search ToolsPreferred Search Tools
Directories vs. Search Directories vs. Search EnginesEngines
DirectoriesDirectories Lists of Web sites Lists of Web sites
added by a humanadded by a human May be general or May be general or
subject-specificsubject-specific Yahoo : generalYahoo : general Kathy Schrock's Kathy Schrock's
Guide for Educators Guide for Educators : subject-specific: subject-specific
Search enginesSearch engines An index built by a An index built by a
computer program computer program that goes out and that goes out and collects datacollects data
More inclusive than More inclusive than a directorya directory
Keyword searchableKeyword searchable
Directory SearchDirectory Search1.1. A directory search tool searches for information A directory search tool searches for information
by subject matter. It is a search that starts with a by subject matter. It is a search that starts with a general topic and moves to more specific sub-general topic and moves to more specific sub-
headings. This search method is called a headings. This search method is called a Subject Subject Search. Search.
Tips:Tips: Choose a subject search when you want Choose a subject search when you want general information on a subject or topic. You can general information on a subject or topic. You can find find links in the references provided that will lead links in the references provided that will lead to specific to specific information you want. information you want.
Advantage:Advantage: It is easy to use. Also, information It is easy to use. Also, information placed in its database is reviewed and indexed first placed in its database is reviewed and indexed first by by
skilled persons to ensure its value.skilled persons to ensure its value.
2.2. A A search enginesearch engine tool searches for information tool searches for information through use of keywords and responds with a list through use of keywords and responds with a list of of references or hits. The search method it references or hits. The search method it employs is employs is
known as a known as a Keyword SearchKeyword Search..
Tip:Tip: Choose a keyword search to obtain specific Choose a keyword search to obtain specific information, since its extensive database is likely information, since its extensive database is likely to contain the information sought. to contain the information sought.
Advantage:Advantage: Its information content or database is Its information content or database is substantially larger and more current than that of a substantially larger and more current than that of a directory search tool. directory search tool.
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Not very exacting in the way it Not very exacting in the way it indexes and retrieves information in its database, indexes and retrieves information in its database, which makes finding relevant documents more which makes finding relevant documents more difficult. difficult.
Key Word SearchKey Word Search
Directory With Search EngineDirectory With Search Engine
3. A directory with search engine uses both the subject and keyword search methods together. In the directory search part, the search follows the directory path through increasingly more specific subject matter. The subject and keyword search is thus said to be coordinated. The further down the path the keyword search is made, the narrower is the search field and the fewer and more
relevant the hits.
Directory With Search Engine #2Directory With Search Engine #2
Tip: Use when you are uncertain whether a subject or keyword search will provide the best results.
Advantages: Ability to narrow the search field to obtain better results.
Disadvantages: This search method may not succeed for difficult searches.
Some search tools use search engine and directory searches independently. They are said to be non-coordinated.
Multi-Engine Search ToolMulti-Engine Search Tool
4. . A A multi-engine search toolmulti-engine search tool (sometimes called (sometimes called a a meta-searchmeta-search) utilizes a number of search ) utilizes a number of search engines in parallel. The search is conducted engines in parallel. The search is conducted by keywords using common operators or by keywords using common operators or plain language. It then lists the hits either by plain language. It then lists the hits either by the search engine used or by combining the the search engine used or by combining the results into a single listing. The search results into a single listing. The search
method it employs is known as a meta method it employs is known as a meta search.search.
Multi-Engine Search Tool #2Multi-Engine Search Tool #2
Tip:Tip: Use to speed up the search process Use to speed up the search process and to avoid redundant hits. and to avoid redundant hits.
Advantage:Advantage: Tolerant of imprecise search Tolerant of imprecise search questions and provides fewer hits of likely questions and provides fewer hits of likely greater relevance. greater relevance.
Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Not as effective as a search Not as effective as a search engine for difficult searches. engine for difficult searches.
Search ExercisesSearch ExercisesFor those just starting to learn the search process, For those just starting to learn the search process, this segment is recommended to help you this segment is recommended to help you understand how the process works. The following is understand how the process works. The following is the general procedure: the general procedure:
Connect to the Internet via your browser [e.g. Connect to the Internet via your browser [e.g. Netscape or MS Explorer] Netscape or MS Explorer]
In the browser’s location box, type the address [i.e. In the browser’s location box, type the address [i.e. URL] of your search tool choice. Press Enter. The URL] of your search tool choice. Press Enter. The Home Page of the search tool appears on your Home Page of the search tool appears on your screen. screen.
Type your query in the address box at the top of the Type your query in the address box at the top of the screen. Press Enter.screen. Press Enter.
Search Exercises #2Search Exercises #2
Your search request travels via phone lines and the Your search request travels via phone lines and the electronic backbone of the Internet to the search electronic backbone of the Internet to the search tool’s Web site.tool’s Web site.
There, your query terms are matched against the There, your query terms are matched against the index terms in the site’s database. The matching index terms in the site’s database. The matching references are returned to your computer by the references are returned to your computer by the reverse process and displayed on your screen. reverse process and displayed on your screen.
The references returned are called "hits" and are The references returned are called "hits" and are ranked according to how well they match your query.ranked according to how well they match your query.
• Combining terms is called Boolean logicCombining terms is called Boolean logic
• Combine terms to both expand and limit Combine terms to both expand and limit your searchyour search
• Most search engines have an advanced Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows thisfeature that allows this
Successful SearchingSuccessful Searching
How do I limit a search?How do I limit a search?
Using the Boolean operator Using the Boolean operator “and”“and”
Example :Example :
– The search string The search string heart and diseaseheart and disease will only provide will only provide links to sites that have links to sites that have bothboth of these terms. of these terms.
– Documents which have just one of the terms will be Documents which have just one of the terms will be ignored.ignored.
– You can narrow it more by using You can narrow it more by using andand more than once. more than once.
How do I broaden a search?How do I broaden a search?
Using the Boolean operator Using the Boolean operator ““oror””
Example :Example :
– The search string The search string drama or theater drama or theater will return will return links to sites that have links to sites that have eithereither of these words of these words present.present.
– You can broaden it even more by using You can broaden it even more by using oror more more than oncethan once
Limits your searchLimits your search
Women Women && History History
Only returns pages with Only returns pages with bothboth of these terms on themof these terms on them
Boolean Logic : ANDBoolean Logic : AND
Broadens your searchBroadens your search
Women Women oror History History
Returns every page with Returns every page with eithereither of these terms on themof these terms on them
Boolean Logic : ORBoolean Logic : OR
Limits your searchLimits your search
Women Women not Historynot History
Only returns pages that Only returns pages that contain one but contain one but notnot the other the other
term on themterm on them
Boolean Logic : NOTBoolean Logic : NOT
Boolean Search - detailsBoolean Search - detailsUses Uses ANDAND, , NEARNEAR, , OROR and and NOTNOT to connect words and to connect words and phrases phrases [i.e. terms][i.e. terms] in the query. in the query.
ANDAND requires that both terms are present somewhere within requires that both terms are present somewhere within the document being sought. It does not promise any the document being sought. It does not promise any association between terms and thus broadens a search. association between terms and thus broadens a search. When unrestricted, it can produce an enormous number of When unrestricted, it can produce an enormous number of hits. hits.
NEARNEAR requires that one term must be found within a certain requires that one term must be found within a certain number of words of the other term. It generally indicates number of words of the other term. It generally indicates that the query terms it connects are within about two to that the query terms it connects are within about two to twenty-five words of each other, depending on the search twenty-five words of each other, depending on the search engine. This makes it more likely that there is an engine. This makes it more likely that there is an association between the terms, thereby helping to narrow association between the terms, thereby helping to narrow the search. the search.
[There can be a complication when query terms have no [There can be a complication when query terms have no operators between the terms. Some search engines assume operators between the terms. Some search engines assume AND as the default between the terms, while others assume AND as the default between the terms, while others assume NEAR. Therefore, it is more exact to use a [+] before each NEAR. Therefore, it is more exact to use a [+] before each term rather than leave a space.] term rather than leave a space.]
OROR requires that at least one of the terms is present. requires that at least one of the terms is present.
NOTNOT excludes any document containing the term. excludes any document containing the term.
• When using these operators, remember to capitalize them When using these operators, remember to capitalize them as shown above.as shown above.
Example:Example: "house OR home OR dwelling" "house OR home OR dwelling"
Details ContinuedDetails Continued
Synonyms significantly improve the odds of finding Synonyms significantly improve the odds of finding documents that you want. The more synonyms you documents that you want. The more synonyms you use, the more you weight their importance. When use, the more you weight their importance. When needed, use a dictionary or thesaurus to find useful needed, use a dictionary or thesaurus to find useful synonyms. synonyms.
NOTNOT excludes even a single use of the term in the excludes even a single use of the term in the document. It is most suitably employed to reduce a document. It is most suitably employed to reduce a large number of irrelevant hits when other large number of irrelevant hits when other measures have failed. measures have failed.
Example:Example: canine NOT dog canine NOT dog
Details FinishedDetails Finished
Directory [Subject Search]Directory [Subject Search]
Type Type http://www.yahoo.com in the location box of in the location box of your Internet Browser [e.g. Netscape Navigator or your Internet Browser [e.g. Netscape Navigator or MS Explorer].MS Explorer].
Press Enter. The Press Enter. The Yahoo!Yahoo! Home Page is displayed. Home Page is displayed. From the subject list provided, choose and click a From the subject list provided, choose and click a category of your interest to follow. Choose titles category of your interest to follow. Choose titles that are increasingly more specific until there are that are increasingly more specific until there are no more options of interest offered.no more options of interest offered.
Scroll through the references or hits, and click a hit Scroll through the references or hits, and click a hit that interests you to get an abstract or title of the that interests you to get an abstract or title of the reference.reference.
Search Engine [Keyword Search]Search Engine [Keyword Search]
Type Type http://www.infoseek.com in the location in the location box of your Internet Browser and press Enter box of your Internet Browser and press Enter to access the Home Page. Using keywords, to access the Home Page. Using keywords, type your question or query into the location type your question or query into the location box. Click Find. Examine the hits of interest box. Click Find. Examine the hits of interest and click one to access the reference.and click one to access the reference.
Multi-Engine Search – Keyword SearchMulti-Engine Search – Keyword Search
Type Type http://www.savvysearch.com in the in the location box of your Internet Browser and location box of your Internet Browser and press Enter. Type the same keyword press Enter. Type the same keyword query as used in [2] above. Compare the query as used in [2] above. Compare the hits with those obtained in [2].hits with those obtained in [2].
Keyword Search OperatorsKeyword Search OperatorsOperators are the rules or specific instructions used Operators are the rules or specific instructions used for composing a query in a keyword search. A well-for composing a query in a keyword search. A well-defined query greatly improves the chances of defined query greatly improves the chances of finding the information you are looking for. While finding the information you are looking for. While each search engine has its own operators, some each search engine has its own operators, some operators are used in common by a number of operators are used in common by a number of search engines. The following are among the most search engines. The following are among the most used operators.used operators.
If a query asks for American customs rather than "American If a query asks for American customs rather than "American customs", the responses will be for the words American and customs", the responses will be for the words American and customs separately, in addition to the coupled words. This customs separately, in addition to the coupled words. This increases the number of irrelevant hits enormously.increases the number of irrelevant hits enormously.
Use phrases whenever you can appropriately; they are one Use phrases whenever you can appropriately; they are one of the most effective means of sharpening meaning and of the most effective means of sharpening meaning and narrowing a search. narrowing a search.
Example:Example: +"search the www" +"tutorial for beginners and +"search the www" +"tutorial for beginners and non-experts"non-experts"
This example is a much more definitive query than the This example is a much more definitive query than the following following ExampleExample:: +search +www +tutorial +beginners +search +www +tutorial +beginners +non-experts+non-experts
1.1. Parentheses & Phrases. . .Parentheses & Phrases. . .
2.2. Parentheses & PhrasesParentheses & Phrases
Words enclosed within double quotation marks mean an Words enclosed within double quotation marks mean an exact phrase, or reasonably close to it. More often, it is exact phrase, or reasonably close to it. More often, it is
treated like a single term.treated like a single term. Query Example:Query Example: “tutorial for “tutorial for beginners”beginners”
• Put quotes ("....") around words that Put quotes ("....") around words that mustmust appear appear together and in the order you specify. Let's say you together and in the order you specify. Let's say you are trying to find information on Disneyland. Previous are trying to find information on Disneyland. Previous searching gave you a lot of results for Walt Disney searching gave you a lot of results for Walt Disney World but few for the smaller Disneyland. World but few for the smaller Disneyland.
Solution:Solution: Search on the following: Search on the following:
+disney vacation -florida -world - Result excludes references +disney vacation -florida -world - Result excludes references that would have favored Walt Disney World. that would have favored Walt Disney World.
3.3. Parentheses & PhrasesParentheses & Phrases
Put phrases in parentheses Put phrases in parentheses [nesting][nesting] to narrow a search. to narrow a search.
Example:Example: search +["tutorial OR guide"] +["beginners search +["tutorial OR guide"] +["beginners And non-experts"]And non-experts"]
In the search process, phrases are searched before the other In the search process, phrases are searched before the other terms in the query, which narrows the search area for the terms in the query, which narrows the search area for the non-phrase terms.non-phrase terms.
A phrase is a sequence of words that has a particular A phrase is a sequence of words that has a particular meaning and is formed by enclosure within double quotes. A meaning and is formed by enclosure within double quotes. A phrase is treated as a single term and is usually searched as phrase is treated as a single term and is usually searched as such. such.
Examples:Examples: "American customs" +"Man of the Year“ +"Time "American customs" +"Man of the Year“ +"Time Magazine" Magazine"
4.4. Plus / Minus TechniquesPlus / Minus Techniques
• Uses [+] before a term to retrieve only the Uses [+] before a term to retrieve only the documents containing that term. It is similar to documents containing that term. It is similar to the Boolean AND. the Boolean AND.
• Uses [-] before a term to exclude that term Uses [-] before a term to exclude that term from the search. It is similar to the Boolean from the search. It is similar to the Boolean NOT. NOT.
Do not leave a space between the operator Do not leave a space between the operator and the term that follows.and the term that follows.
Query Example:Query Example: +search +tutorial –course +search +tutorial –course
Example #2:Example #2: +apple –computer –macintosh +apple –computer –macintosh
5.5. Stemming [Truncation]Stemming [Truncation] The use of the The use of the stemstem or the main part of a word to search for or the main part of a word to search for variations of the word [e.g. the stem "sing" searches sings, variations of the word [e.g. the stem "sing" searches sings, singer, singing and sing-a-long]. Stemming can be automatic, singer, singing and sing-a-long]. Stemming can be automatic,
or it may require use of a or it may require use of a wild cardwild card, symbolized by an , symbolized by an asterisk asterisk [*][*] to initiate. to initiate.
Query Example:Query Example: sing sing**
To include variations of a keyword, use the wild card symbol To include variations of a keyword, use the wild card symbol [*][*] after the stem of the word. This broadens a search to after the stem of the word. This broadens a search to retrieve documents that otherwise would be missed.retrieve documents that otherwise would be missed.
ExampleExample:: col col**
This search includes the words: color, colors, color, coloring, This search includes the words: color, colors, color, coloring, colorant. Do not use stemming if it introduces too many colorant. Do not use stemming if it introduces too many irrelevant terms.irrelevant terms.
6.6. Case SensitiveCase Sensitive • Use lower case for query terms except for proper Use lower case for query terms except for proper
names. names.
• Treat adjacent capitalized words as a single proper Treat adjacent capitalized words as a single proper name, e.g. George Washington. name, e.g. George Washington.
• Separate proper names from each other a comma. Separate proper names from each other a comma.
Query Example:Query Example: George Washington, Thomas George Washington, Thomas JeffersonJefferson
Capitalization rules apply to proper names as taught Capitalization rules apply to proper names as taught under under basics. However, it is more definitive to treat a basics. However, it is more definitive to treat a multiple-word name as a phrase, by enclosing it multiple-word name as a phrase, by enclosing it within double quotes. within double quotes.
Example:Example: "Gone With The Wind" "Gone With The Wind"
7.7. FieldsFields
There are many fields, but the two you are most likely to find There are many fields, but the two you are most likely to find useful are Title and URL. When you think a term is likely to useful are Title and URL. When you think a term is likely to be in a particular field, use the term in that query. The field be in a particular field, use the term in that query. The field symbol that precedes the query may differ among search symbol that precedes the query may differ among search engines. engines.
For example, it can be For example, it can be titletitle or or tt, and , and urlurl or or uu..
Examples:Examples: title:"search www tutorial " title:"search www tutorial "
url:generalelectric.comurl:generalelectric.com
Field choices are usually found in the vicinity of the query Field choices are usually found in the vicinity of the query box or reached by clicking an appropriate link.box or reached by clicking an appropriate link.
8. Planning8. Planning
Your search for a specific item in a world of Your search for a specific item in a world of information can be difficult, especially if the information can be difficult, especially if the search is done without any planning.search is done without any planning.
Understand what it is you want and the different Understand what it is you want and the different ways you can type in the query you want.ways you can type in the query you want.
Information DistributionInformation Distribution
Information on the Internet is located Information on the Internet is located on many millions of computerson many millions of computers
No one agency has jurisdiction of the No one agency has jurisdiction of the Internet; everyone plays a partInternet; everyone plays a part
What is the Internet?
• A network of networks– computers using the same protocol
• Physically it is:– Fiber Optic Cables– Traditional Phone Lines– Computers
• Powerful Servers• Work Stations
– Linking Equipment• routers, gateways
Brief History of the Internet
• 1969 - ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
• 1973 - Development of TCP/IP– Transmission Control Protocol– Internet Protocol– Packets of data are sent in bursts of 0s and 1s
• 1982 - UNIX Local Area Networks using IP• 1986 - NSFNET to connect Supercomputer
Centers (San Diego, Cornell, Urbana-Champaign, Pittsburgh)
Brief History (cont.)
• 1991 - NREN– National Research and Educational Network
• 1992 - NII– National Information Infrastructure
• 1997 - UNII– Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure for
wireless communication
• 1997 - Internet II– High speed experimental 14,000 mile backbone
What does the Internet Provide?
• High Speed Communication
• Access to Resources– many are free– many are becoming fee based
• Publishing Opportunities
• Distance Education
• Virtual Communities
• Business Environment
Tools to Use on the Internet
• Electronic Mailing Lists
• Web Browsers
• TELNET (Remote Login)
• File Transfer Protocol
• Newsgroups
• HTML Publishing
How Large is the Internet?
• 50,000+ networks
• 10 million+ Internet Hosts
• 47 million adults in USA (end of 1996)
• 260,000+ Usenet Sites
• 70 million+ web pages
• Exponential Growth
• For more information see:– http://www.fas.org/cp/netstats.htm
As Fast as Light? Internet Speeds
• vBNS (650 megabits/sec)• OC3 (155 megabits/sec)• T-3 (45 megabits/sec)• T-1 (1.5 megabits/sec)• ISDN
– 128 kilobits/sec– 64 kilobits/sec– 56 kilobits/sec
Internet Speeds (cont.)
• Modems– 56 kilobits/sec– 33.6 kilobits/sec– 28.8 kilobits/sec– 14.4 kilobits/sec
• New Technologies– Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (6-8
megabits/sec)– Cable Modems (10 megabits/sec)
Internet Issues: What’s Happening Now?
• Rapid Growth Rate
• Increased Commercialization
• Digitizing Projects
• “Global Village”
• Virtual Communities
• Connectivity Options Increasing
Internet Issues: What’s Going to Happen?
• Continued exponential growth
• Broad-band technologies
• Government regulation?
• Increased commercialization
• Increase of community networks
• Connectivity will cease to be a barrier
Internet Attitudes
• “Everything should be free!”
• “Anything should be allowed.”
• “Newbies are a pain!”
• “Give me more speed!”
• “Nothing of real value is on the Internet!”
• “If it’s on the Internet, it’s not copyrighted.”
Internet Basics• History of the Internet
– ARPANET– NSFNET– ISPs– Internet Investment Bubble
• Technology of the Internet– A Network of Interconnected Networks– TCP/IP Protocol Suite– IP Addresses– Domain Names– Client and Server Applications
History of the Internet
• Defense Dept. - Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network starts in 1969
• TCP/IP protocols defined by 1977-1979
• TCP/IP Internet begins operation in 1980
• MILNET Separates from ARPANET in 1983
• ARPANET becomes NSFNET in 1987
• World Wide Web concept begins in 1989
History of the Internet
• Internet Society (ISOC) takes over control of Internet Architecture from DOD in 1992
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) take over control of Internet itself from NSF in 1995
• ISP Dial-up User Market Shares in 2002– America On-line (AOL) 34%– Microsoft Network (MSN) 16%– Earthlink 6%
History of the Internet
• By 2000, the Internet had grown to:– Over 100 Million Users– On 100 Thousand Networks– In 209 Countries
History of the Internet
• Since 2000 - An Internet Investment Bubble– Industry overestimated future Internet growth– Telecom companies overbuilt network facilities– Telecom companies went deeply into debt– Their suppliers overbuilt equipment inventories– Telecom companies started failing / bankruptcies– Their suppliers had to write off excess inventories– NASDAQ has plunged over 75% since 2000– Telecom investors have lost their “shirts”
Technology of the Internet
• A Network of Interconnected Networks
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• IP Addresses
• Domain Names
A Network of Interconnected Networks
Access to the Internet
• Local Area Networks– Many computers in one location (UMB labs)
• Dial Up Modems on Telephone Lines– Most common for home users in 2002
• High Speed (Also called “Broadband”)– Cable Modem (on same wire as your cable TV)– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) on a phone line
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Architecture and protocols are documented in “Request for Comments” (RFCs)
• TCP/IP on virtually every computer now!– TCP = Transmission Control Protocol– IP = Internet Protocol
• All Internet data is transferred in IP packets
• Routers transfer IP packets between networks
IP Addresses
• Each host on the Internet has an IP address• Some hosts “own” a permanent IP address
– Web Servers– Your PC if permanently connected to your ISP
• Many hosts only “rent” their IP address– Your PC if you dial up to your ISP
• A router has an IP address on each network to which it is attached
IP Addresses
• Dotted Quad Notation for an IP address
• Each IP packet has a source and destination address (similar to a letter in the US mail)– From: 202.47.104.3– To: 101.78.44.19
• Routers find paths between IP addresses and forward IP packets where they need to go.
Domain Names
• Hosts that have a permanent IP address are usually assigned a Domain Name also
• Users access host via an “easily remembered” name instead of a “cryptic” IP address– e.g. “u19.cs.umb.edu” or “www.fidelity.com”
• User host communicates with Domain Name Server (DNS) to translate name to IP address
• Sometimes that step is noticeable to the user, e.g when it doesn’t work correctly or introduces delay.
Domain Names
• Read the hierarchy of a Domain Name like a postal address (most specific to least specific)
• Postal Address:– Number, Street, Town, State, Zip_Code, Country
• Domain Name:– Host_Name.Network_Name.xxx
• Value xxx has significance (.com, .net., edu) or is a code for the country (.us, .uk, .fr, .tv)
Client and Server Applications
• “Client” application is located on the user’s computer and it communicates with a server on another computer to perform the work.
• “Server” application is located on a central computer that is accessible by many users.
• Client-Server communication is supported via TCP/IP protocols over the Internet.
• The first popular Internet application• Email Addresses:
user_name@[email protected]
• Email Protocols and Servers– Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) Server
to send email– Post Office Protocol (POP) Server to get email
• Advantages– Faster than Postal Service (“Snail Mail”)– Provides a permanent record / accountability– Time shifted (sender and receiver don’t need to
be available for communication at same time)– No revelation of your identity or home location– No cost on a “per message” basis.
• Disadvantages– May be slower than phone call or face-to-face– Provides a permanent record / accountability
(Note: Accountability is a double-edged sword!)– No clues to recipient’s reactions (No body
language or facial expressions are visible)– Spam (Unwanted commercial solicitations)
• Guidelines for Use– Never say anything that you would not want to
see on the front page of tomorrow’s newspaper.– Avoid angry/harassing statements (“flaming”)– Be careful with humor, irony, sarcasm. If used,
add an Emoticon to make your intention clear, e.g. “Of course, you are an idiot! ;-)”
– Be careful with use of broadcast mailing lists
What IS the Internet?
“A network of networks based on the TCP/IP protocols, a community of people who use and develop these protocols, and a collection of resources that can be reached from those networks.”
-- Krol & Hoffman
Frequently Asked Questions
• What IS the Internet?
• How does the Internet work?
• What can I do on the Internet?
• How do Internet addresses work?
• Is the Internet really as “bad” as I hear?
Internet Basics’ Goals
• To answer some of the Internet’s biggest FAQ’s
• To show you how the Internet really works
• To teach you how to read Internet addresses
• To do all of this in ENGLISH!!
US Military Intelligence
• Needed a way to hook up all of the mainframes in the USA
• Needed a system that could withstand a direct nuclear attack
• Needed a system without a central command
TEXAS and the Internet?
• Suburbs = LANs• Cities = Servers• Interstates =
Communications lines• Networks
IP Packets
• Everything that is sent over the Internet is sent in an IP Packet.
• IP Packets can contain anythingIP Packet
IP Packet Routing
• TCP– Universal “rules” of the
Road
• IP Addresses– 255.255.255.255
IP Packet
Domain Name System (DNS)
Converts “English” names
www.yahoo.com
into “Machine” (IP) names
204.71.177.73
IP Packet Routing
• You write an e-mail letter.
• Hit “send”• Mail is sent to your
Internet Service Provider’s mail server
IP Packet
IP Packet Routing
• Mail server “resolves” addresswhitehouse.gov
198.137.241.30
• Mail server breaks your letter into a whole bunch of packets
IP Packet
IP Packet Routing
• Mail server ships packets to the router
• Router ships packets to the next “city”
IP Packet
Questions Routers “Ask”
• Is this packet broken?• Is this packet for me?• In which general
direction should this packet be sent?
IP Packet
At the Final Destination
• Mail server “collects” all of the packets
• Puts all of the packets back together (in order)
• Delivers the e-mail to your mailbox
IP Packet
What can I do on the Internet?
• Communicate• Login• Download• Publish• PLAY!
How can I get on the Internet?
• Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
• Commercial Online Service– AOL– CompuServe– MSN
• Internet Service Provider
• Work/School
Modems
• Converts digital signals to analog signals
• Modem at the other end turns the analog signal back into a digital signal.
Modem Speeds
The InternetBaud Speed Transfer Rate14.4 14,400 bps 1 page every 2 seconds28.8 28,800 bps 1 page per second56 K 56,600 bps 2 pages per secondT1 1.5 million bps 47 pages per secondT3 45 million bps 1,410 pages per second
Internet2 (I2)Baud Speed Transfer RateOC-3 155 million bps 4,857 pages per secondOC-12 622 million bps 19,489 pages per second
Internet Addresses
• Machine addresses (IP or DNS)
• “Personal” addresses (e-mail)
• Resource addresses (Web pages, gopher directories, etc).
:)
Machine Addresses
• IP Addresses255.255.255.255
• DNS Addresseswhitehouse.gov
www.yahoo.com
ua1vm.ua.edu
Hi
E-Mail Addresses
• The world of e-mail is bigger than the Internet
• E-mail goes to a person, not just a machine [email protected]
Parts of an E-mail Address
• The address of the user’s mail server– IP Address 204.71.75.150
– DNS Address campus.mci.net [email protected]
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
The /dir/file/ stuff may be optional
The protocol, the ://, and the machine address are REQUIRED
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http Web pages
ftp File Transfer Protocol
gopher Gopher Directories
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http://www.yahoo.com/
ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/
gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
REMEMBERREMEMBER
E-mail addresses have @ symbols
URLs have ://
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
The machine address can be either a DNS Address or an IP Address
Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http://www.yahoo.com/
ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/
gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/
Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses– DNS or IP address
• Personal Addresses– [email protected]
• Resource Addresses– protocol://machine.address/dir/file
Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses– whitehouse.gov– 198.137.241.30
• Personal Addresses– [email protected]
• Resource Addresses– http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses– whitehouse.gov– 198.137.241.30
• Personal Addresses– [email protected]
• Resource Addresses– http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Machine Addresses -- Domains
EDU Education
MIL Military
GOV Non-Military Government Sites
COM Commercial Organizations
[email protected]://www.yahoo.com/
Machine Addresses -- Domains
NET Network Sites
ORG Other Organizations
UK United Kingdom
CA Canada
AU [email protected]://www.yahoo.com/
Proposed Domains
FIRM Businesses
STORE Stores
WEB Web Providers
ARTS Cultural Orgs.
REC Recreation
INFO Information
NOM Nomenclature
[email protected]://www.yahoo.com/
Reading Internet Addresses
204.162.80.181
http://204.162.80.181/
http://cnet.com/
www.biography.com
www.cnn.com
thomas.loc.gov
www.buy.com
www.nlm.com
new.careerpath.com
www.kbb.com
www.teldir.com
www.un.org
www.hoovers.com
www.usatoday.com
HPL Catalog
HPL Aspire
HPL Kids Page
HPL Interactive
HPL Internet Links
HPL Internet Links
HPL Internet Links
Search Engines & Directories
Yahoo! www.yahoo.com Go To www.goto.com Search.Com www.search.com HotBot www.hotbot.com Infoseek www.infoseek.com Excite www.excite.com Lycos www.lycos.com
Yahoo!
Yahoo!
Yahoo!
Dog Boots
The Internet
What is it?• A large, growing, connection of over 10,000 networks
and 30+ million users in over 60 countries.
• Shared communications over phone lines and other communications media (cable, fiber, satellite)
• Initially provide the exchange of electronic mail coded as standard ASCII text messages. Each message was small (1-10K) - one page. Now communications includes:
– high-resolution color images
– full-motion video and video conferencing
– voice, sound, half duplex phone
• Growth is phenomenal (20% per month)!
The Internet Timeline1956 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st satellite; USA
Department of Defense (DOD) forms Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1962 Packet-switched network concept
1969 DOD starts ARPANET for networking research
1974 Protocol for packet internetworking Transmission Control Program (TCP)
1981 BITNET (Because Its Time Network) provided widespread email access.
Minitel is deployed across France by French Telecom
1982 Internet Protocol (IP) established TCP/IP
1984 Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced and number of host is 1,000
1986 NSFNET created a high speed backbone (56Kbps) to interconnect supercomputer centers
1987 Number of hosts breaks 10,000
1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 and NSFNET is upgraded to T1 line (1.544 Mbps)
Commercial email carrier (Compuserve) connects to the Internet
The Internet Timeline (continued)
The Internet Timeline (continued)
1990 ARPANET ceases to exist;
MCI mail connects to the Internet
1991 WAIS released by Thinking Machines Corporation to aid information search
Gopher released by U of Minnesota
1992 WWW released by CERN (a physics research institute in Switzerland)
Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
NSFNET upgraded to T3 line (44.736 Mbps)
The Internet Timeline (continued)
1993 WWW annual growth rate 341,634%Whitehouse goes online [email protected]
United Nations & World Bank go on-line.
US National Infrastructure Act championed by Al Gore.
Mosaic developed by National Supercomputer Center
PC Flowers established Internet florist
The Internet Timeline (continued)
1994 Communities become wired to the Internet For example, Blacksburg, WV - bus & movie schedules on-line, town meetings, etc.http://crusher.bev.net/index.html
US Senate and House go on-line
Mass marketing frenzy on the Internet
USA sales at cybermalls grows to $200 million versus $50 billion in catalog sales & $1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales.
1995 *.com sites exceed *.edu sites
An Overview of Telecommunications Hardware Design Issues
• bandwidth - data rate or speed
• distance - LAN, WAN
• expandability - add nodes to network
• errors - equipment reliability, fault tolerance, validity
• security
Media• twisted-pair wires - phone lines
• coaxial cable - cable TV
• fiber optics - glass filaments diameter of hair transmit light
• microwave - use high frequency bandwidths
• satellite - acts as relay station. 3 in geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above Earth give global coverage. Iridium Project with 72 low orbit satellites for cellular phone connection anywhere in the world.
An Overview of Telecommunications Feature public leased T1 - T4 CableAvailability good good good goodExpandability fair fair fair good
Error rate 10-4 10-5 varies 10-8
Security fair fair fair poorDistance fair fair good 10 milesEnvironmental zoning, right-of-way, airplanes, etc.Data rate 0 - 14.4 K 19.2 - 56 K 1.5 - 271 M 3 - 45 M
Feature Microwave Satellite Fiber RadioAvailability good fair good poorExpandability good good poor good
Error rate 10-6 10-7 10-9 10-3
Security poor poor good poorDistance 30 miles global good variesEnvironmental FCC, dish FCC, dish few FCC, legalData rate 45 M 50 M 1 - 271 M 9.6 K
An Overview of Telecommunications
Modem modulation / demodulation• digital-to-analog conversion required
except for ISDN Integrated Digital Services Network
• bps = number of discrete cycles per second
• baud rate reflects modulation of signal to send more than one bit of information per cycle (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) = 4 signals / cycle)
• 14.4K bps over public lines is common
digital signal digital signalanalog signal
modem modemcommercial phone line
An Overview of Telecommunications
Transmission Modes• Asynchronous allows transmitter to send signal one
character at a time at irregular intervals. 7 data bits = 27 = 128 standard ASCII codes
• Synchronous requires continuous transmission between two devices. If no data are ready, idle characters are sent to maintain synchronization.
Start D ParityTIBATA Stop
StartFrame
HeaderAddress
ErrorChecking
StartMessage
Message256 - 1024+Characters
StopFrame
EndMessage
An Overview of Telecommunications Circuit switching uses a physical connection
between two points for the duration of the call (e.g., most voice carriers except AT&T / RBOC).
Packet switching use a logical connection and dynamic routing; down node causes rerouting but the packets get through (This was the goal of ARPANET in nuclear war!)
An Overview of Telecommunications
Transmission Control Protocol• TCP carries on dialog between client and server
• IP routes the data across the web of networks
• Separates information into packets for transmission
• Assembles received information; if a packet is garbled it only asks for that packet again. Smarter than most modem protocols
ClientServer
Network DNetwork C
Network A Network B
An Overview of Telecommunications Internet Protocol (IP)
• IP address is the numeric version of an addressopim.wharton.upenn.edu = 130.91.161.85
• Domain Name System (DNS)
com = commercial
edu = education
gov = US government
mil = US military
net = network providers
org = nonprofit organizations
int = international organizations
Internet Applications Telnet - remote computer access FTP - transfer files between computers E-mail - asynchronous electronic mail chat, talk, etc - synchronous e-mail user must
be on-line chat [email protected]
Newsgroups - (e.g., tin is one type) Finger - to find out public information for a
particular user finger [email protected]
Browsers for WWW - netscape, Mosaic Information search - gopher, WAIS, veronica
Gopher developed at University of Minnesota in 1991
Distributed document search and retrieval• Search Archie database file server - index of anonymous
FTP files
• Telnet to libraries
• VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives) indexes thousands of resources in gopherspace, letting you search by keyword.
Example• At UNIX prompt type: gopher.library.upenn.edu
• Browse / navigate with arrow and return keys
• Choose business resources
• Choose EDGAR - SEC
• Search for a company (e.g., Microsoft)
• Type q to quit
World Wide Web• Wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative
aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents
• Allows finding / browsing Internet information using hypertext pointers to other documents. Other documents can reside anywhere on the Internet.
– read the Wall Street Journal http://update.wsj.com
– go on a tour of the Whitehousehttp://www.whitehouse.gov
– find a jobhttp://careers.computerworld.com
– track delivery of your FEDEX packagehttp://www.fedex.com
– go shopping at a cybermallhttp://www.commerce.net
World Wide Web Uniform Resource Locator (URL) allows
access to nearly any kind of data or Internet service
• Standard codes http://www.ic.gov
– first part before colon is access method - HyperText Transport Protocol
– part after colon is an address or object, e.g., the CIA
• Other examples
– telnet://library.princeton.eduto access Princeton University Library
– ftp://guru.cern.ch/to access files from the WWW virtual library at Cern in Switzerland
– gopher://world.std.com:70/
Electronic Commerce The Information Era is here!
Knowledge is Power! Universal access to information will change
the nature of business• NOT “location, location, location” but
connectivity, connectivity, connectivity!
• The Internet allows you compete over boundaries in
– time
– geography
– language / cultural barriers
• Global communication of technology, ideas, and processes
• New markets open up and competitors change
Electronic Commerce $200 million in USA cybermalls sales in 1994
$50 billion in catalog sales$1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales
• 1998 projection for Internet sales is $5 billion!
• CompuServe average sale is $70
• Prodigy is largest seller of airline tickets in the USA
• Online users are affluent, open-minded, highly educated
• 1994 CompuServe 2.4 M; AOL 1.75 M; Prodigy 2.1 million
Lobo Enterprises; Pasadena, Californiaexcellent example of a well-organized electronic catalog for a niche market
• http://www.hot.presence.com/hot/
• Hot sauce catalog with products like Nuclear Fire, Endorphin Rush, and Gib’s Bottled Hell
Electronic Commerce Benefits of online services for customers and
marketers:• Convenience - open 24 hours/day 365 days/year
• Information - store and display more product information than TV, newspaper, direct mail, phone book, radio or magazines
• Fast response to market - update information on the fly
• Reduce printing and postage cost
• Build relationships - there can be a high-level of interaction with online customers
• Fewer hassles - consumers deal with virtual salespeople
• Interactive medium - newsgroups, mailing lists, discussion groups, electronic mail, custom catalogs
The Future Why bother printing books?
• Too expensive to print - read hypertext version on line
• Publishers predict most technical material will be digital
What if everyone shopped at cybermalls?• What happens to the city tax base?
• What about the loss of contact with people?
• How would people handle delivery of food / perishables?
What if everyone subscribed to digital newspapers?
• How would you design advertising?
• How do you entice consumers to view your ad?
• Interaction, updates, instant information
Internet Value Chain:Customer Relations
InternetCapability
CompanyBenefits
Opportunitiesfor advantages
Marketing &Product Research
Sales & Distribution Support &Customer Feedback
Increased marketshare
Lower costmargins
Enhanced customersatisfaction
Data for market research
Establishesconsumer response to newproducts
EnvironmentalScanning
Reaches newcustomers
Low cost distributionmethod
Electronic catalogs
Multiples contact points at no additional cost
Access to customer comments online
More staff in contactwith customers
Immediate response to customer problems
Internet Value Chain:Inputs from Supplies
InternetCapability
CompanyBenefits
Opportunitiesfor advantages
Pricing &Ordering
Delivery/OrderTracking/Inventory
ProductSupport
Lower cost ofobtaining materials
Faster, more flexibledelivery
Improved reliability and performance
Easy, efficient access
Informationconstantlyupdated
Not locked to a proprietary system
Faster turnaround
Improves planning
Less inventorystockpiled
Direct access toexpertise
Interactive
Faster problemresolution
Internet Value Chain:Internal Operations
InternetCapability
CompanyBenefits
Opportunitiesfor advantages
GlobalConnectivity
R&D / SharingDistributed Resources
Location-Independent Work
International reach
Flexibility and effectivenessin information based activities
Increasedproductivity
Savings in telecommunications
Improves connections tobusiness partners& customers
Promotes globalawareness
Facilitates businesspartnerships and joint ventures
Disseminatesresources morebroadly
Shortens development time
Flexible workarrangements
Telecommuting andcontract employees
Virtual teams basedon expertise, notlocation
The Internet
What is the Internet?
• Computer Network– any group of two or more computers linked
together by cabling, telephone lines, or other media
– users can communicate and share resources
• Internet– thousands of academic, business, and
government networks connected together
Computer Network
Internetworking - A Network of Networks
Network 1 Network 2 Network 3
Network 5Network 4
Communications Protocols
• Most computers on early Internet used the UNIX operating system
• Need to connect dissimilar computers with different operating systems
• A suite of communications standards, protocols, was developed which is now the required method for communication on the Internet– TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
What is the WWW?
• World Wide Web– originally developed by physicists in Geneva, Switzerland
to exchange data and research materials with other scientists
– The Web gathers Internet resources from all over the world into menu pages or screens on your computer
– Pages are connected together using hypertext links, which enable you to jump from one link to another
– Part of the Internet
• the most current and most updated
• constantly changing resources
• using a browser you can access other parts of the Internet
INTERNET
Hardware Requirements
• A personal computer
• Access to an Internet “host” provided to you by an Internet access provider
• Physical connection– network cable– modem and telephone line– cable modem
Communications - Modem and Telephone Line
Software Requirements• Internet protocol, TCP/IP
– provided by the Internet access provider
• A version of TCP/IP that can be transmitted over a telephone line or cable– Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), or
– Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
• Internet front-end software application– the software you interact with to find and use Internet
resources
– Netscape Communicator
Accessing the Internet
• Internet access provider– gives you your Internet host name and user
name– supplies
• software you need to connect
• protocols such as TCP/IP
• front-end software such as Netscape Communicator
Types of Access Providers• Corporate
– large company or educational institution that has a network that is already connected to the Internet
• Free-Net– free municipal computer networks that connect to the
Internet, ex. Public library
• Commercial– Internet access provided for a fee– User dials into that provider’s host from their own
computer by using a modem and telephone line.
A Corporate Internet User
INTERNET
Yourlocal network
connection
Youroffice
Internet connection
Using a Free-Net
Publiclibrary
Yourhome
INTERNET
Using a Commercial Internet Access Provider
Youroffice
Accessprovider
Modem
INTERNET
User Name andFull Internet Addresses
• Each individual user on the Internet has his or her own user name– ex. [email protected]– ex. [email protected]
Top Level DomainsName Type of Enterprise
.com Commercial organizatons
.gov Government bodies
.edu Educational institutions
.mil Military institutions
.net Computer networks
.org Other types oforganizations
Home Page
• The first screen you see when you start Navigator– District Five Home
Page• www.spart5.k12.sc.us
Navigator Toolbars
Navigation toolbar
Location toolbar
Personal toolbar
Universal Resource Locators (URLs)
• The standard naming methodology for location information
• Syntax: sourcetype://hostname/path/filename– sourcetype - identifies the type of application used to
access the information– hostname - specifies where the host resides– path - identifies the path that is taken to the file
• http://www.yahoo.com/ (type in this URL)
Using Yahoo’s List of Subjects
• Click on the Computers & Internet link
• Click on the following sequence of links:– Internet– Online Teaching and Learning– Teacher Resources
Searching the World Wide Web
Search Tool URLAlta Vista http://altavista.digital.com/
Excite http://www.excite.com/
InfoSeek http://www.infoseek.com/
Lycos http://www.lycos.com/
Magellan http://www.mckinley.com/
WebCrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/
Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com/search.html
Search Services• Search Engines
– perform simple, one-word searches by using phrases or special symbols
• Web Guides– Perform simple and complex searches, and also have lists of categories
from which you can narrow down your search
• White & Yellow Pages– Search for people’s email addresses
• Topic Specific– Search for specific information, depending on the tool
Practice Searching
• In the Navigation toolbar, click on the “Search” button
• Click on the Excite link
• In the search field, type weather
• Click on “Search”
• Go back to the Excite web page and search for a topic of your choice
Using Boolean Operators
• Click on the “Back” button to go back to the Excite search service
• In search field type:• weather + Spartanburg + SC
• Click on “Search” button
• Scroll down to see links to Spartanburg’s weather information
Search Tips• Computers follow instructions literally
• Check spelling carefully
• A topic that is too global, ex. “computers”, will cause too many documents to be found
• A topic that is too specific may bring up no matches
• Refine your searches by using special symbols such as “”,=,-,+, and Boolean operators such as AND, OR, NEAR. Each search tool has a unique syntax for Boolean operators and most provide a Help page for this.
Meta Search Engines
• Meta search engines search many search engines at once:
• Dogpile www.dogpile.com• Highway 61 www.highway61.com• MetaFind www.metafind.com• MetaSearch www.metasearch.com
Bookmarks
• Netscape saves the location of a document in the Bookmarks menu
• Bookmarks are stored on the hard disk of your computer in a file called bookmark.htm
Using Bookmarks
• Click on the “Bookmarks” button
• Point to the “Travel And Leisure” folder
• Click on “The Weather Channel”
• Go to some of the other links in your Bookmarks menu
Adding Bookmarks
• In the Location field type: www.pbs.org
• Click on Teacher Source link
• Click on the “Bookmarks” button
• Click on “Add Bookmark”
Organizing Bookmarks• Click on the Bookmarks button, and choose Edit
Bookmarks• To create a new folder, click on “Bookmarks for…”
– Click “File” “New Folder” and type: yourname’s folder. Click on OK
– Drag your PBS Teacher Source bookmark into your folder
• Click on your folder• Press the delete key on your keyboard• Close the Bookmarks window
Use the “Bookmark Icon”
• Create a “Teaching Resources” folder
• Find to the “Bookmark icon” on the Location toolbar
• Drag the “Bookmark icon” to the “Teaching Resources” folder in your bookmarks menu to place the bookmark in the folder
Securing your Internet Account
• Choose a safe password
• Encrypt your data– converts it to a form that is readable only by
those to whom you give your personal decryption key
• Avoid Internet Viruses– if you download a program, check it
immediately for viruses
Plug-ins
• Software programs that you can add to supplement Netscape’s capabilities– ex. A plug-in may give you the ability to play
audio samples or view movies
• You can download plug-ins to your hard disk by using instructions that come with the plug-in
Internet Basics
Terminology
add-on
a software program that works with another program, enhancing its features.
address book
component of e-mail programs to store names, electronic addresses and other details about specific identities.
animated GIF
web page graphic that combines several GIF graphics in one file and in a sequence. Animated GIF's are widely used on the Internet because they do not require a special player.
anonymous FTP sites
file transfer servers where you do not need a password to log on and access files. Sometimes you need to use the password "anonymous," hence the name.
antivirus program
a utility that searches electronic files for computer viruses and removes any found.
Archie
program that searches FTP servers for any files by filename.
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Exchange, code that represents English characters as numbers, used to represent text and transfer information between computers.
attachment
an electronic file attached to an e-mail.
bandwidth
the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given amount of time, typically expressed as bits per second (bps).
bit
a binary digit, the smallest unit of information, a one or a zero.
the smallest unit of electronic information, a bit an hold either of two variables, 0 or 1.
BCC
blind carbon copy, a copy of an e-mail message sent to a second recipient without the address appearing in the original mailing.
bookmarks
Netscape Navigator's method of marking and organizing web page addresses as links for later use.
bounce
an e-mail message that is returned, or "bounced" back, due to an unknown or obsolete e-mail address.
browser
a software application used to access the World Wide Web and view web pages
bulletin board
an electronic message center where users post messages for other users to later read and comment on.
byte
a unit of information containg eight bits, capable of representing an alphabetic character.
cable modem
a modem designed to utilize cable television lines and therefore capable of transmitting more information with more bandwidth and faster connection speeds.
bache
electronic folder that temporarily stores most recently downloaded web files, allowing faster display of reaccessed files.
chat
real-time, text-based communication on the Internet.
client
software program that requests files or makes other requests of a server
Collabra
the newsreader software that comes with the Netscape Communicator suite.
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
script that transfers data between a client and a server, often used in interactive web pages such as forms.
component bar
offers buttons to access the various components of the Communicator suite.
compression
compacts data into a smaller file size by scanning a file and eliminating duplicate areas by replacing them with reference codes.
cookie
electronic file transmitted from a server to a Web browser and sent back to the server when a new file is requested. Cookies are stored on the browser.
cybercast
broadcast over the Internet.
cyberspace
the non-physical space created by computers, such as the Internet.
DHTML
Dynamic HTML, allows page content to change in reaction to user input without communication with the originating server.
dail-up account
internet access account that enables a computer to connect to the Internet via an ISP computer using a modem.
database
a collection of related information that can be searched.
document window
displays the active Web page.
domain name
names used in URL's and corresponding to one or more IP addresses. Domain names always carry a suffix, the top-level domain name such as com or edu. Domain names in a URL are case sensitive.
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Internet service that translates domain names into their numeric IP numbers
download
to copy electronic data from another computer to your computer over a network.
electronic commerce (e-commerce)
business conducted online.
electronic messages transmitted over any computer network.
executable
a file that a computer can execute, such as a software program.
external viewer
a program that a browser launches automatically to open files not supported by the browser.
firewall
programming designed to prevent Internet users from accessing parts of an Internet server.
forum
a discussion group where users share information on a particular topic of common interest.
frame
a section of a document window, divided areas of a browser display showing distinct web pages.
freeware
copyrighted software that is provided free for anyone's use.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
a common protocol that facilitates transferring any type of electronic files over the Web.
gif or GIF
compressed graphics file format supported by all graphics Web browsers, the most common graphics file format used on the Web.
gigabyte (GB)
unit of electronic information storage capable of holding 1,073,741,824 bytes.
home page
the Web page that appears when you start Netscape Navigator, the index or default page of a particular Web server, folder, or person's Web site.
history list
a web browser's list of sites visited since launching the browser.
history window
a web browser feature with a list of sites visited, providing searchable data on each site, including title, URL, when first visited, when most recently visited, and how often visited.
home page
the entrance page to a Web site with multiple pages; a Web page about a person or company; the start page for a browser.
host
a computer connected to a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet, with a unique IP address; a computer that stores resources or provides a service for other computers on a network.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
the protocol computers use to transmit Web documents between computers, identified by the prefix "http://" of the URL.
hypertext documents
electronic files containing links that can be selected to move to another part of the document or to another document altogether.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
programming language used to create documents displayed by Web browsers, a logical language to format documents that can be universally understood on different computer platforms and by different Web browsers.
imagemap
a single graphic that serves as more than one hyperlink.
inbox
folder in an e-mail program where incoming messages are stored until moved to another folder or deleted.
inline image
a graphic displayed along with text in a Web page.
Integrated Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
e-mail retrieval protocol thatallows storage of messages on the remote server instead of downloading them to the client computer.
Internet
a global network of computer networks that use standard protocols to exchange information, the largest network of computer networks.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
companies that sell access to the Internet to other users.
IP address
the numerical identifier for a computer connected to a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet. IP addresses consist of a set of four numbers from 0 - 255 and separated by periods. For example 199.104.230.26.
Java
the programming language developed by Sun Microsystems used forcreating applications that can be run over the Web, computer language designed to be run on any computer regardless of the operating system.
JavaScript
language developed by Netscape to add functionality andenhancements to Web pages.
jpg or JPEG
pronounced "jay-peg," a compressed graphics format supportedby all graphical web browsers, second of the most common image formats used on the Web. The acronym stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
kilobyte, KB
unit of electronic storage capable of holding 1,024 bytes.
link
that portion of a hypertext document that allows for moving to another part of the document or to another document altogether.
list
a specified group of Address Book entries that allows you to send an e-mail message to a group of people without manually selecting each individual addressee.
local area network
computer network that covers a relatively small area, such as a single building or company, and allows for sharing devices such as printers or services such as Internet connection.
location bar
identifies the address of the Web page displayed in the browser window.
mailer form
a form in a Web page that sends an e-mail message.
mailto link
a link in a Web page that opens the default e-mail program and addresses a message to a specific address. The specified URL begins with "mailto:" followed by the e-mail address.
megabyte (MB)
the unit of electronic storage capable of holding 1,048,576 bytes.
menu bar
groups commands by menu name, clicking a menu name opens a menu of commands or submenus.
META tags
HTML tags that provide information about a Web page, such as author, keywords, description, character set and authoring program.
modem
device that enables a computer to connect to other computers via a telephone or other transmission line
navigational guide
a list, index or directory of Web pages organized by themes or subjects.
navigation buttons
tool bar buttons used to move among Web pages, includes, Back, Forward and Home.
Netcsape Communicator
a software suite for using the World Wide Web.
network
two or more computers linked together to exchange data.
newsgroup
a forum on the Usenet network with a specific topic of interest, used by participants to read, post and reply to messages.
news reader
special software used to receive message posted to newsgroups.
news server
a server that manages and stores the messages posted to various newsgroups.
password
a personal code that verifies that you have the right to access a computer, file, server or other electronic area or component.
personal toolbar
customizable toolbar that displays buttons you can click to jump to Web pages.
plug-ins
software programs that extend the capabilities of other programs.
Portable Document Format (PDF)
file format that captures formatting information from various publishing programs and enables them to appear exactly as intended on other computers.
post
a message sent to a newsgroup or bulletin board.
Posting
the act of sending an e-mail message to a newsgroup or bulletin board.
Post Office Protocol (POP)
a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a server. POP3 clients must download their mail to their local computer to read it.
protocol
procedure or format a computer uses to transmit or exchange files, enabling computers of different platform types to communicate in a standardized fashion.
query
a request in question form that directs a search engine to find documents that contain the specified word, phrase or other component.
response time
the amount of time it takes to complete a link.
search engine
database software that retrieves information based upon query parameters.
self-extracting files
compressed files capable of extracting its compressed files without a separate decompression program.
server
computer that receives and fulfills requests to provide specific services on a network.
shareware
a copyrighted software program distributed on the honor system that you can try before buying.
start page
the Web page that appears when a Web browser is launched.
status bar
indicates the status of the document you are retrieving from the Web server.
Suites
packages of seamless, integrated and specialized software applications. Internet suites might include a browser, an e-mail capability, a web page creation capability and others. Groups of integrated software products.
T-1
a dedicated Internet connection capable of supporting a transfer rate of 1.544 Mbps.
tag
a command inserted into a file specifying how portions of the document are formatted are to be treated by the browser.
target
a new location in the same hypertext document that you are moved to by a link.
telnet
program that allows a computer to dial another computer and act like a terminal of the remote computer.
text link
a word or phrase in a hypertext document that is typically underlined and colored differently that functions, when selected, to move the browser to a different web page or a different place in the page.
thread
a batch of newsgroup messages that follow a single line of conversation.
thumbnail
a smaller version of a graphic, typically used inline with a link to the larger version to minimize the size of a web page.
title bar
identifies the active Web page in the window.
top level domain
suffix attached to Internet domain names referring to either geographical location or a characteristic of the host organization or company.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
the standard suite of protocols used to connect computers on the Internet and onintranets.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
the address of a Web page.
upload
to transfer a file from your computer to another computer.
Usenet
the world-wide network of over 14,000 bulletin boards called newsgroups.
user ID
is a name that identifies you on a network. The portion of an e-mail address preceding the @ symbol is a common example.
virus
a destructive program code in an executable file.
Web page
a hypertext document on the World Wide Web.
Web server
a computer connected to the Internet that provides electronic files to other computers.
Webring
a collection of Web pages on a single topic that link to each other.
World Wide Web (WWW)
the network of HTML files stored on Web servers and interlinked with hyperlinks, thereby creating a "web" of interlinked files.
zip files
a common compression format created by MacZip for Macintosh, WinZip for Windows and PKZIP for DOS.