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Page 1: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

Key Term Definition Grave goods Items buried with a body.

High status Rich, well educated and well connected. e.g. Lord Alan Sugar

Q

Name a Black Tudor that we studied.

___________________________________ Describe their story ___________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________

Name a Black Georgian that we studied.

___________________________________ Describe their story ___________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________

Put the time periods listed below in the

correct order along the timeline: A. Roman Britain

B. Anglo-Saxon England C. Medieval England D. Iron-Age Britain

Put the events listed below in the correct

order along the timeline: A. Columbus ‘discovers’ the Americas

B. Francis Drake sails around the world C. Battle of Hastings D. Elizabeth I gives the East India

Company a Royal Charter

Enoch Powell – Claim Two

‘The English can revert [return] to being the people we were before

the ships of Elizabethan and Stuart England set off to forge the first

British Emprie in the Americas.’

Circle the image which best shows what Enoch Powell believed pre-colonial (before the

Empire) England was like.

Last lesson we uncovered evidence that suggested Dark Ages England (England before

the Empire), wasn’t quite what Enoch Powell thought it was like.

This means we need to go further back in time to find out what Roman Britain was like. This

will help us to keep testing Enoch Powell’s second claim.

7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britain

500 1 500 1000 1500 2000

BC AD AD AD AD AD 1000 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

1000 AD AD AD AD

AD

Page 2: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

This is the Ivory Bangle Lady.

Her skeleton was found by archaeologists in

Sycamore Terrace in York in 1901. Testing

proved that she lived in York in roughly 380

AD (Roman Britain).

Recently, a new scientific technique called radioisotope

analysis (the bones are tested) has proved that either she, or her family

were immigrants to Britain.

Forensic science has also meant we’ve been able to reconstruct her face –

we can stare into the eyes of the Ivory Bangle lady!

However, historians and archaeologists have suspected since 1984 that the

Ivory Bangle Lady was an immigrant. They worked this out by studying

clues in her grave goods (items a skeleton is buried with).

Analyse the grave goods over the next 2 pages. Can you work out:

A. Whether the Ivory Bangle Lady was rich or poor?

B. Where the Ivory Bangle Lady, or her family, might have come from originally (where

they migrated from)?

Clue 1: The

Ivory Bangle

Lady was buried

inside a carved,

stone

sarcophagus

(coffin) similar to

the pictures.

Clue 2: The Ivory Bangle Lady

was buried with several items,

including:

- A blue glass jug

- A glass mirror

Glass was expensive in the Roman

World so these are high status

objects.

A burial with

grave goods.

Blue glass jug Glass mirror

Page 3: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

Clue 3: The Ivory Bangle

lady was buried with lots

of jewellery. She would

have been wearing most

of it when she was

buried.

Clue 4: The Ivory Bangle Lady was buried with two

bangles (bracelets).

The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

called Jet. Jet can be dug up from the ground not far

from York. It was a fashionable (and expensive) stone

that the Romans made jewellery from.

The pale (white) bangle in the picture is made from

ivory. Ivory is made from the tusks of elephants.

It is not known whether the Ivory Bangle Lady was the first to own the

ivory bangle, or whether it was a family heirloom, past down when family

members died.

Clue 5: Look again at

the reconstruction of the

Ivory Bangle Lady’s face.

The radioisotope analysis

suggested that she was

mixed race.

One of her parents was

white.

One of her parents was

black.

Silver locket (necklace)

Glass beads

Glass earrings

Page 4: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

You were asked to work out:

A. Whether the Ivory Bangle Lady was rich or poor?

B. Where the Ivory Bangle Lady, or her family, might have come from originally (where

they migrated from)?

What are your conclusions about the Ivory Bangle Lady?

You must use at least 2 pieces of evidence (facts) to back up each of your answers

(from her grave goods on the last page).

Use the map to help you with question B.

A. I think the Ivory Bangle lady was _____________________________________________

My evidence for this is ________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

B. ___________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Page 5: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

Archaeologists have discovered that the Ivory Bangle Lady, or her ancestors, were

indeed from Africa.

More specifically, it has been proved that the Ivory Bangle

Lady, or her ancestors were from sub-Saharan Africa (from a

country below the Sahara Desert).

Along with the Ivory Bangle Lady, archaeologists

found roughly 200 Roman skeletons buried near

Sycamore Terrace in York. Radioisotope analysis has

proved that 12% of the skeletons found were

immigrants from Africa, mostly North Africa.

More evidence of African migrants to Roman Britain was found in 1934, in a

village called Beaumont in Cumbria (coloured red on the map). A stone was

found underneath an old cottage that was being demolished (knocked down).

There was an inscription (writing) on the stone in Latin (the language spoken

by the Romans). It said that a unit (small army) ‘of Aurelian Moors’ had been

based at the nearby Roman fortress of Aballava.

The Aurelian Moors were a group of soldiers from

North Africa, probably Libya, Tunisia or Algeria.

Two Roman Emperors were named on the stone –

Valerian and Gallienus. This evidence means we can

work out the rough date the stone was made –

somewhere between 253 and 258 AD. This means

that Africans were definitely living in Britain at that

time.

The fortress at Aballava

was part of Hadrian’s

Wall, a 6 metre high wall

that stretched 84 miles

across the boarder

between England and

Scotland. There was a

fortress every mile along

the wall. Most historians believe that the soldiers who

manned the fortresses were from North Africa, or the

Middle East, countries such as Syria, Iraq or Iran.

There is also evidence of immigrants from modern day

France, Italy, Spain and other European nations living

in Roman Britain – it was a very diverse place.

This isn’t really a surprise. Rome (in modern Italy)

controlled a huge Empire in Europe, Africa and Asia.

North Africa

Sub-Saharan

Africa

Page 6: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

Complete task A (this page) or task B (next page)

1. What part of Africa was the Ivory Bangle Lady from?

Circle the area on the map.

2. What percentage of the 200 skeleton found in York were

immigrants from Africa?

_____________________________________________

C How many of the 200 skeletons found in York were

immigrants from Africa?

Write the number, not a percentage. __________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. What city in the north of England were the Ivory Bangle Lady, and the other 200

skeletons found? Circle one.

4. Where in the north of England was the stone with Latin inscribed (written on it) found?

5. What was the unit of soldiers based at Roman fortress at Aballava called?

6. Where were the soldiers from originally? Try to name 3 places. ___________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7. When was the stone made? Between ________________ and ________________

8. How many miles long was Hadrian’s Wall?

9. What two countries does Hadrian’s Wall separate? _____________________________

10. Where else did people migrate to Roman Britain from? Try to name at least 4 places.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

11. Why might this evidence prove Enoch Powell was wrong? _________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

North Africa

Sub-Saharan

Africa

York Cumbria London

Preston in

Lancashire

Leeds in

Yorkshire

Beaumont

in Cumbria

Aurelian

Jaws

Aurelian

Moors

Aurelian

Boers

84 miles 87 miles 74 miles

Page 7: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

C) Here, Olusoga links back to his

claim that Enoch Powell’s claims

in his speeches were incorrect.

1. How long before the Empire

(‘years of distant wandering’) did

the Beachy Head Lady live in

Britain?

2. How does his evidence prove

Powell was incorrect? __________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

3. What makes Olusoga’s evidence

so powerful here? _____________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

1) Here, Olusoga explains how

evidence has proved the Ivory

Bangle Lady was wealthy

1. Is it possible that the Ivory

Bangle Lady was Christian?

2. What evidence is there for this?

____________________________

____________________________

3. What do you think ‘high social

status’ might mean?

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

B. Black & British– David Olusoga

The now famous Ivory Bangle Lady is perhaps the most

significant individual to have emerged in York. On one of the

shards of her bones had been carved the inscription SOROR

AVE VIVAS IN DEO, which translates as ‘Hail sister, may you

live in God’, and suggests that she may have been a

Christian. In her sarcophagus were a number of luxury grave

goods: some blue glass beads, silver and bronze lockets,

two yellow glass earrings, two marbled glass beads, a small

round glass mirror and a blue glass perfume bottle. The

presence of these objects suggests that she was a woman of

high social status, from the upper strata of Roman York.

Another equally remarkable discovery was recently made in the seaside

town of Eastbourne, on the south coast of England. In 2012 local

archaeologists began to work their way through a collection of skeletons

excavated between 1900 and 1990. One skeleton was stored in a box

labelled ‘Beachy Head’. The remains were those of a young woman,

around five feet tall and probably in her early twenties. The

archaeologists arranged for forensic facial reconstruction to be carried out

by Professor Caroline Wilkinson, a leading figure in the field. Professor

Wilkinson was able to tell, merely by looking at the skull, that the skull of

the Beachy Head Lady was that of a sub-Saharan African. Radiocarbon

dating [test to discover the age of bones] placed the lady as having lived

around AD 125-245 and the results of the radioisotope analysis confirmed

she had spent much of her childhood in the south east of England.

The Beachy Head Lady was therefore a second-or third-century Afro-

Roman who had been brought up in the south of England and had either

been born in that region or was brought there very young possibly from

Africa. Over a millennium before the British people began their ‘years of

distant wandering’ and empire-building the Beachy Head Lady – the first

black Briton known to us – had lived and died in rural East Sussex, by the

English Channel coast with its white cliffs and green rolling hills.

Upper Strata

YES NO

100

years

500

years

1000

years Forensic facial

reconstruction

of the Beachy

Head Lady

White cliffs

near

Eastbourne

2) Here, Olusoga explains another

discovery.

1. What evidence has proved the

Beachy Head Lady was from sub-

Saharan Africa? _______________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

2. Why did Lionel Fitzherbert

Turpin migrate to Britain?

Page 8: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

Enoch Powell – Claim Two

‘The English can revert [return] to being the people we were before the

ships of Elizabethan and Stuart England set off to forge the first British

Emprie in the Americas.’

Circle the image which best shows what Enoch Powell believed pre-colonial (before the

Empire) England was like.

What evidence from today’s lesson might go against Enoch Powell? Make a list.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

How far do you agree with Enoch Powell’s second claim (claim two)?

A. Circle a number 0-10 (10 = 100% agree)

B. Circle a word from the table below that you think best fits the number your circled.

C. Explain on the writing lines why you circled that number – use the word you circled in

your explanation.

How far do you agree?

Wholly

Entirely

Predominantly

Largely

Partially

Somewhat

Oppose

Dispute

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Page 9: 7. What was England like before the Empire? Roman Britainbolderacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/... · bangles (bracelets). The black bangle in the picture is made from a stone

C Have we also found evidence to disprove Enoch Powell’s third claim?

Analyse Extract 3. Then circle the box which best summarises what Enoch Powell’s third

claim.

Extract 3: ‘For reasons which they could not comprehend the indigenous population found

themselves made strangers in their own country, their homes and neighbourhoods changed

beyond all recognition.’

What evidence might go against Enoch Powell? Think about all our lessons

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

How far do you agree with Enoch Powell’s second claim (claim two)?

A. Circle a number 0-10 (10 = 100% agree)

B. Circle a word from the table below that you think best fits the number your circled.

C. Explain on the writing lines why you circled that number – use the word you circled in

your explanation.

How far do you agree?

Wholly

Entirely

Predominantly

Largely

Partially

Somewhat

Oppose

Dispute

In the 1960s,

migration changed

nothing about the lives

of English people.

In the 1960s,

migration changed the

lives of English people,

but they understood,

and welcomed the

change.

In the 1960s,

migration changed the

lives of English people

and they did not know

why things had

changed.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________


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