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A Compendium Survey of International Access Management Practices and Concepts Kristine Williams (USA)
Basil Psarianos (Greece)
Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
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1) China: Zhen Yang, Tongji University and Zhongren Wang, Caltrans;
2) Poland: Marian Tracz, Stanislaw Gaca, and Mariusz Kiec, Krakow University of Technology;
3) South Africa: Hein Stander, AECOM; 4) South Korea: Jaisung Choi, University of Seoul; and
5) United Kingdom: Ioannis Kaparias, City University London.
Contributors :
Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Transportation Development
Ñ Transportation has achieved a high level of development in Ó Design; Ó Operation; Ó Technology.
Ñ Not everyone has benefiTed from this development
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World Safety Situation Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Death rate remains unacceptably high at 1.24 million per year
Source: World Health Organization
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WORLD ROAD TRAFFIC DEATH RATES PER 100 000 POPULATION
Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
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Access Management Rationale Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
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ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ 1ο
Οι διαστάσεις που υποδεικνύονται στο παραπάνω σχήμα, σε τι ποσοστό επηρεάζουν: α) τα τροχαία ατυχήματα; β) την κυκλοφοριακή ικανότητα της οδού; γ) τις καθυστερήσεις στην κυκλοφορία των οχημάτων;
ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ 2ο
Ποιες είναι οι ελάχιστες αποστάσεις Χ, Υ και Ζ του παραπάνω σχήματος ενός αστικού ανισόπεδου κόμβου τύπου «διαμαντιού»;
DrivewayWidth
CornerClearance
Flare
Corner Clearance Distance betweenconnections
Distance betweenconnections
radius
Right of Way
Setback
width width
Property Line
Driveway Location
Channelizing Islands
DrivewayLength
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What is Access Management? Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
8/29/2012
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Access�ManagementIs�the�careful�planning�of�the�
location,�type�and�design�of�access.Driveways
Medians
Median�Openings
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Interchanges
Class�GoalAccess�management�strategies�when�improving�a�corridorAccess�management�strategies�when�improving�a�corridor
• Capacity�Improvements
• Operational ImprovementsDemonstrate�how�to�use�
Operational�Improvements
• Safety�Improvements Not�site�specific�access�modifications�for�
individual�sites�unless�it�relates�to�the�road�improvement
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(Adapted from Access Management for Corridors, AM Training 2012)
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{ • Location
Medians
What is Access Management?
Driveways
Systematic control of:
• Spacing • Design • Operation
Street Connections Interchanges
Source:NY5 Access Management Plan
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Concept Implementation
Ñ U.S. has been a champion worldwide in developing and implementing the concept of Access Management in many States for more than 30 years
Ñ However this is an exception worldwide
Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Access Management Worldwide?
Ñ Pedestrian crossing on a divided high-‐‑speed highway in Africa;
Ñ Africa has the highest fatality rates per 100,000 population in the world (24.1)
Source: German Research Association for Road and Traffic Engineering-‐‑FGSV
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Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Access Management Worldwide?
Ñ Arterial access problems in Papua, New Guinea
Source: Transport Research Laboratory, U.K.
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{ { Casablanca, Morocco Marrakesh, Morocco
Access Management Worldwide? Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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{ { Sousse, Tunisia Sousse, Tunisia
Access Management Worldwide? Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Access Management Worldwide?
Ñ Access Design along a high speed divided road in Athens, Greece Ó Continuous and improperly designed driveways (km-‐‑long wide driveway!)
Ó Destruction of Sidewalk, Curb and GuTer function
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Access Management Worldwide? Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Dangerous Driveway Location in Nurnberg, Germany
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DRIVEWAY FOR A RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX ON MAIN ARTERIAL -‐-‐Main traf;ic yields to egress traf;ic from the right-‐turn curb -‐-‐
Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Findings from PIARC TC C.1
Source: H. J. Vollpracht, Infrastructure and engineering-‐‑How to make our towns safer? PIARC TC C.1
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Findings from PIARC TC C.1 Williams-‐‑Psarianos 2nd ICAM Shanghai, China – Sept. 25-‐‑27, 2014
Source: H.-‐‑J. Vollpracht, Infrastructure and engineering-‐‑How to make our towns safer? PIARC TC C.1
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{
Ñ Shortage of financial and human resources; and
Ñ Failure of policy makers to prioritize and take the necessary actions to strengthen Ó the legal, Ó economic and Ó technical decision-‐‑making framework of a country
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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What are the Reasons for non-‐‑utilization of the Access Management Benefits globally?
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Time to Change That!
Ñ TRB Access Management CommiTee AHB70 has initiated an action plan to advance the integration of access management in the transportation planning and design decision processes of nations across the globe
Ñ Step 1 is Preparation of an International AM Primer
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Historical Background
Legal Framework
Access Control Schemes
Roadway Function
Policies and Standards
Enforcement Schemes Land Use and
Development Regulation
Traffic Modes
Perspectives
Other
Int’l AM Primer
TRB-‐‑AHB70
Participating Countries Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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• U.S. Americas • S. Africa Africa • China • S. Korea Asia • Australia (just came in!) Australia • Germany • Greece • Poland • U.K.
Europe
{ OVERVIEW:
• In all countries, intersection spacing, signalization rules, and divided highway criteria apply for freeways (motorways);
• For other roads access schemes applied vary widely;
• Often no access control at all on subordinate roadway categories
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Roadway Function & AM
Streckenzüge und Netzabschnitteim Zuge einer Verbindung (Beispiel)
RAL – GrundlagenStraßenkategorien und Entwurfsklassen
Straßenkategorie Entwurfsklasse
Entwurfsklassen für Landstraßen in Abhängigkeit von der Straßenkategorie
Kolloquium Richtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen (RAL)18. Juni 2013 in Köln
Dr.-Ing. Thomas Räder-GroßmannINVER – Ingenieurbüro für Verkehrsanlagen GmbH, Erfurt
Straßenkategorie Entwurfsklasse
LS I EKL 1
LS II EKL 2
LS III EKL 3
LS IV EKL 4
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Connection between towns road sections
Functional classification of roadway network in Germany – CONCEPT OF SELF-‐‑EXPLAINING ROADS
Source: T. Raeder-‐‑Grossmann, Colloquium for Rural Road Design, Cologne, June 18, 2013
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Enforcement Schemes
Ñ U.S., China and S. Africa have strong enforcement schemes
Ñ Rest of countries provide indirect or ad hoc enforcement through urban planning or land use regulation
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Land Use Regulation
Ñ All countries provide for land use regulation
Ñ Town plans and land use regulations may be the best tools to improve AM practices all over the world
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Policies and Standards
Ñ U.S., China and S. Africa have AM Manuals
Ñ In U.K. a Chapter of the Design Manual for Roads explicitly refers to AM
Ñ In other countries land development manuals or procedures involve some AM Features
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Transportation Modes
Ñ Multimodal Approach associated with AM is found in Germany and U.K.
Ñ In U.S. the multimodal AM approach has been initiated
Ñ In all other countries there are guides and policies for pedestrian, bicyclist and transit design NOT directly associated with AM
{ { Shared Space in London, U.K.
Commercial Street in Germany
Transportation Modes Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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BEFORE AFTER Source: Ioannis Kaparias, City University London
STRASSENBAUdigital
http://127.0.0.1/stbindex.htm[28/5/2009 6:25:30 µµ]
die Sicherheit der Zu- und Ausfahrten der Grundstücke zu prüfen.
Gewerbestraße mit gegliedertem Lägsstreifen, Radverkehrsführung im Seitenraum, Buskap
Gewerbestraße mit Abbiegestreifen zur Erschließung großer GewerbeparzellenSource: Guide for the Design of Urban Streets, RAST, Cologne, Germany 2006
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Perspectives
Ñ Development perspectives vary between countries;
Ñ U.S. is striving to expand systemwide and corridor programs to support multimodal AM;
Ñ S. Africa is advancing systemwide AM requirements;
Ñ In most other countries value of AM is recognized by transportation community;
Ñ Nevertheless AM is receiving sporadic or limited implementation in access regulation and land development plans.
1. General lack of familiarity with contemporary practice of AM;
2. Lack of nationally accepted guidelines with local variations;
3. Limited tools to predict the impacts of AM techniques ;
4. Inadequate number of case studies and examples of successful practices;
5. Lack of government policy and programmatic support;
AM impeding Factors #1 Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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6. Numerous agency functions, jurisdictions, and levels of government;
7. Local stakeholder opposition; 8. Lack of resources; 9. Need for outreach and education of
agency management, staff, consultants, public officials, and the general public.
AM impeding Factors #2 Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Ñ Nations are in varying stages of developing the concept; Ñ U.S is currently working toward systemwide advancement of AM practices;
Ñ South Africa and China are also seeking to expand their AM programs and requirements;
Ñ In South Korea, Poland and Greece, the concept of AM is being introduced partially or occasionally, as opportunities arise;
Ñ In Germany and the U.K., AM practices are limited and more strongly focused on serving vulnerable road users;
Ñ The building blocks exist in every nation to begin integrating AM into urban planning and regulation, as well as major roadway planning, policy, and design.
Overview of Findings Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Next Steps Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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RESEARCH
• Prioritize and advance country-‐‑specific research on access management
• Include urban planning and transportation engineering considerations
COUNTRY CONTEXT
• Tailor the programmatic and technical approach to implementing access management to the societal and institutional context of the country
EVALUATION
• Test and evaluate the impacts of access management projects and actions relative to all modes of transportation
• Refine practices accordingly
NEXT STEPS Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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DOCUMENTATION
• Document case studies and examples of effective practices within the country for further national and international dissemination
• Share successful experiences with other nations having similar institutional and political contexts
DISSEMINATION
• Regularly convey the results of research and practice to the professional community, government agency staff, and public policy makers through conferences, training, and other means
AM MANUAL
• Prepare a national access management manual to document the national state of the practice and
• Provide a foundation for further advancements
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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PROMISE
TRB Access Management Commigee AHB70 is commiged to provide support for global advancement of the concept!
谢谢
Williams-‐‑Psarianos
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Kristine Williams, University of S. Florida (USA), [email protected]
&
Basil Psarianos, Nat’l Technical University of Athens (Greece) [email protected]