SAND DATASCOM
Academic Research Materials
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
AND ITS MANAGERIAL EFFICIENCY IN
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
A THESIS FORMAT
www.research.sanddatas.com
THIS RESEARCH MATERIAL IS DOWNLOADABLE ON REQUEST
EACH DOWNLOAD IS CHARGED WITH A FEE PAYABLE IN NAIRA
SIMPLY REQUEST PERMISSION FOR DOWNLOAD
[email protected]+234 803 043 3711
ABSTRACT
BLANK
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The history of industrial revolution in developed and developing
countries have shown that small and medium scale enterprises are
the driving force of industrial development. The attentions of national
governments all over the world have, therefore, focused on funding and
supporting SME activities.
A major characteristic of small and medium scale enterprises
(SMES) worldwide is that they are generally managed by their owners
either as sole proprietorship or partnership. SMES are also largely
local in their areas of operation. They depend on internal sources of
capital and are relatively small size within the industry. Small and
medium scale enterprises are predominant in the private sector of the
Nigeria economy, but most of them are starved of funds. The relative
importance of the small and medium scale enterprise, however, differs
considerably form one type of business to another. The major areas of
business enterprise activities are in manufacturing, distribution of
products and rendering of services, some of which may involve the use of
products.
The experience of many countries indicates that small and medium
scale industries can meaningfully contribute to the attainment of many
economic development objectives. These include output expansion,
employment generation, even location of industries among regions in a
country, income redistribution, promotion of indigenous entrepreneurship
and technology, as well as production of intermediate goods to strengthen
inter and intra – industrial linkage.
DEFINITION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRY
There is no common definition of what constituted small and medium
scale industries in Nigeria. However, in 1996, the National Council on
Industry (NCI) classified industrial enterprise in Nigeria into four groups as
reviewed in their meeting need at Lokoja in 2003.
1. Cottage Industry: Enterprise with total cost (including working capital
but excluding cost of land) not more than N1.5 million with a labour size of
not more than 10 workers.
2. Small – scale Industry: Enterprise with total cost (including work but
excluding cost of land) above N1 million but not exceeding N4 million and with
labour size of between 11 and 35 workers
3. Medium – scale Industry: Enterprise with total cost (including working
capital but excluding cost of land) above N40 million but not exceeding
N150 million with labour size of between 36 and 100 workers.
4. Large – scale Industry: Enterprise with total cost (including working
capital but excluding cost of land) above N150 million and a labour size of
over 100 workers.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. The background of any business organization be it small or large is
finance, without money nothing could be done, no business can survive or
function without finance.
Finance plays very important / vital role in any business organization.
The meaning of finance in this study is very vital because many
business enterprises have collapsed because of poor financial administration.
Despite the important role played by finance, many organization i.e their
operator have no financial policy due to ignorant of various opportunities
open to them.
A lot of owners to withdrawn cash from their business account for their
own leisure purpose which automatically affect the running of the business.
In view of this, the research work is carried out to examine the financial
management of small and medium scale business with the view of finding
lasting solution to these problems.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Obviously many people (business men) have heard about small and
medium scale business but still do not know what it actually means; the
nature, and staff strength and composition in relation to staff strength and
establishment with its role to industrial and social development of the society
(country). Hence, this project work is purposely aimed of examining and
analyzing the various issues concerning business operations with absolute
research to Tuyil pharmaceutical Nigeria Limited in order to reflect the actual
meaning of small and medium scale business
It will be very important to state here that no business enterprise can
start as a large business but must first start as a small later develop to
medium and large scale business has we can see in the case of Tuyil
pharmaceutical Nigeria Limited. Before a business can be classified has been
staff strength, composition, equity share capital of the company. It is also
important for the owner / shareholders of the company to monitor the
activities of the company to progress and viable. It also helps reader who may
want to establish a business enterprise of their own.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Many enterprises have been declared bankrupt as a result of poor
financial administration, however for the purpose of this research work Tuyil
pharmaceutical Limited is used a case study which focus on the finance
department. It cover the period of 2001 to 2006 only.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The critical analysis of financial administration and its managerial
efficiency in business enterprise will go along way in helping the organization
to achieve it stated financial objectives and to survive in dynamic and
continuous changing environment
Moreover, the following are important for company to grow and viable:
1. It will assist enterprise to source for fund at a cheaper rate or
percentage increase.
2. It will help the organization to concentrate their fund on a profitable and
variable investment.
3. It will assist the management to solve the problem of liquidity in the
organization i.e meeting their short – term obligation.
4. It will facilitate the organization to put necessary machinery in place for
proper recording and book keeping in the organization so as to give room
for accountability.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A lot of constrains are encountered in this study among which are in
adequate finance, time is relatively small to allow for a comprehensive study.
Also the staffs of the organization to which the research instrument are given
reluctantly refuse to answer the question. This may be due to official reasons
and security purpose of the job.
Therefore, because of the problems mentioned above, the available date
and information should be interpreted with caution. It is also important to
mention that the work study does not cover the whole business enterprise in
Nigeria. It is limited to Tuyil Pharmaceutical Nigeria Limited only.
1.7 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS
i. Finance: Can be defined as all resource which are acquired and used by
management to plan, control and effectively coordinate the activities of
an organization in order to achieve the set objects. According to (AKINNUSI
AYODELE 1999 corporate business finance Ilorin SMS printing and
publishing company).
ii. Enterprises: A venture especially on calling for determination, energy
and initiative (KAITH LYMAN A AND GUBELLIN CARLOW 1975
introduction to business enterprise. New York: inc Graw Hill Book Coy).
iii. Business: Is defined as the sum of all activities involved in the
production and distribution of goods and services for private personal profit.
According to (Shumbon John A 1957 Business management an
introduction to business and industry New York Barrie and Noble Books).
iv. Management: Is the process of designing and maintaining an
environment in which individual work together in groups accomplishes
efficiently selected aim. According to (koontz H and C. O.O Donnel 1964
principle of management: McGraw Hill intimation student edition, Tokyo).
v. Efficient: Efficient in management means being able to achieve what one
wants to achieve, at minimum or least cost (to minimize cost inform of
time, energy, money, material etc maximize benefit). According to (A.S
Mohammed November 1997 in his book principle of management
volume).
vi. Administration: Administration can be defined as cooperative action by
people aimed of achieving a common purpose. According to (Olowu Dele
1991Nigeria public administration “past, present and future”
Shammeson C. I limited Ibadan).
vii. Small Business: According to company and Allied matter decree 376CD
of 1990, define small business as business whose annual turnover is not
more than Two million Naira (N2 million) but not exceeding N40 million
and Labour size of not more than 10 – 35 workers.
viii. Medium scale business: Enterprise with total cost including working
capital but excluding cost of land above N40 million but not exceeding
N150 million, with a Labour size of between 36 – 100 workers.
ix. Large scale business: Enterprise with total cost (including working
capital but excluding cost of land) above N150 million and a labour size
of over 100 workers.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL $ MEDIUM
SCALE BUSINESS AND FINANCE
Small and medium scale business differs in definition because it varies
from industry to industry and from one country to another country Typically,
what one may consider or say is a small or medium scale business in on
industry may be large scale business to another in term of equity share
capital, staff strength and their composition for example Bread making
industry may be term large scale to some people but to some like Automobile
Engineering company may be a very small scale because of the capital
intensity involves.
Small or medium scale businesses that are been owned independently
and which is not dominant in field of operation.
Small scale business enterprises are seen by central bank of Nigeria,
according to credit guidelines state small enterprise has those with annual
turnover not exceeding Forty Million Naira (N40m) excluding cost of land or
with maximum turnover not more that N40 million.
According to company and Allied Decree No: 1 of 1990 section 367 (2)
define small scale business enterprise as company whose annual turnover is
not more that N40 million or whose act asset value (net worth) is not more
than N1 million.
Hence, small scale business is defined as any business employing
reasonable number of people and whose investment in machinery and
equipment should be moderately considerable.
On the other hand, medium scale business are those with annual
turnover not exceeding N40 million with labour size of between 10 – 35
workers.
Definition of finance: According to I.M Pandify, finance can be defined in an
academic discipline that concerns with the study, the use and management of
all means of settlement available to small and medium scale business.
We can not conclude that finance is limited to funds settlements; it is
also an associated finance in small and medium scale enterprises.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS
According to center for economic development, any small and medium
business is characterized by at least two of the following features.
a. Management is independent usually the manager are also owners.
b. Capital is supplied and an individual or small group holds ownership.
c. The area of operation is mainly local, worker and owners are one home
commonly but market need not be local.
d. The business is small when compared to unit in its field.
Perhaps the most functional definition of small business is the one given
by the united nations industrial development organization (UNIDO) which
suggests that a small scale business is characterized by at least two of the
following:
e. Ownership and management are usually vested in the same industrial
individual that is, the management is not independent and the managers are
usually the owners.
f. The small and medium scale business controls small share of the
market and therefore constitute a little quote in the large size market.
g. Capital is made available by the owner and policy decisions are in the
hands of the individual or small group of entrepreneur.
h. The area of operation is localized and workers and owners concentrate
in the local community. Some also have branches in the towns but most of
such branches serve as mere depots.
i. The owners participate very actively in all decisions making in day to
day operational basis with a high degree of rigid control.
Generally, the characteristic of small and medium scale business can be
seen as follows:
a. They are owned and managed by private individual or group
b. They are usually localized and are not very big in size.
c. Their decisions are easily taken.
d. They need little or no legal formalities for existence.
2.2 SOURCES OF ADMINISTERING FINANCE TO SMALL AND MEDIUM
FIRMS
Financial activities give life to business when it is managed, but if it is
mismanaged, the business goes into immediate liquidation.
Finance is needed to obtain all other business resource. Its inadequacy
means that an organization cannot function properly. This call for the
attention of financial manager.
Sources of finance are generally classified into three via short terms
medium term and long term source of finance.
Short Term Finance: Short term is used when prospect are; that the debt
can be repaid within one year so when the period for which it is needed is
maintained. Short term debt is also used sometimes when the expectation of
payment is not very high. Examples of short term finance are commercial
bank credit, delaying payment to supplier advance payment by customer,
trade credit, factory commercial paper investory financing, retailed earning
etc.
Factoring: Factory means setting trade for immediate cash to a factory
whom changes commission. The procedure in this finance source is that firm
sells its account receivable to a factory
A factory is a bank or other financial institution; they buy the receivable
less a certain percentage as service charges will be the total amount to be
received by the selling firms. The only important thing here is that, the selling
firm can receive money before the accounts are matured.
Furthermore, the factory may or may not perform the function of risk
bearing.
Commercial Bank Credit: Here, shorts loan and largely overdraft are
negotiated and are largely function of long standing banker customer
relationship when a bank loan is extended to a customer such facilities are
generally made in a form of NOTE. Which is written and signed statement in
which the borrower agrees to repay the loan pins interest when due.
Delaying Payment by Customers: This is the cheapest way of financing by
making the customer to pay up promptly or in advance of goods they are yet
to be supplied. Some firms used the money collected for production and later
send the goods produced to their various customers.
Advance Payment by Customers: This is the cheapest way of financing by
making the customer to pay promptly or in advance of goods they are yet to be
supplied some firms use the money collected for production and later send
the goods produced to their various customers.
Retained Earnings: This earning is firm normal operation as well as gains
from such transaction as sales of plants and investments in marketable
securities or bank terms deposits which pay interest. Retained passed by the
board and are sometime called RESERVES.
Medium Term Financing: This refers to that financing source that requires
repayment at a period longer than one year. As average repayment period of
five years can be stated for this type of financing source.
Most commercial banks hardly entertain medium term source of
finance, because of the mode of operation and profit limiting ventures.
The three well – known terms financing sources are term loan, Hire
purchasing agreement and equipment.
Term Loan: This usually have maturity between financing two to six years
payments and are usually made on monthly, quarterly, semi – annual basis so
that the whole loan will have been mortised by this form of fixed assets are
usually expected to serve as security for this type of loan.
Hire Purchase Agreement: This is another method by which business
enterprise can make use of the assets without an initial payment without
actually paying the whole payment (cost) of the items that is an initial deposit
is made after which he can posses the asset. Under this arrangement the
buyer is allowed to pay a certain agreed sum periodically, until the cost is
paid after which the ownership of the asset passes over to him. The periodical
payment will cover the principle aim and interest.
Least Agreement: A firm can also raised fund by entering into agreement
with supplier of capital items. A lease is a contractual established obligation
by the lease to pay leaser or series payments for the use of certain assets. A
business can make use of expensive equipment without owing it through this
arrangement
Long Term Financing: The debt obligation created through the long term
financing sources takes longer than ten years to mature. Repayment period is
not less than ten years on the average long term financing can be divided into
equity financing and debt sources.
Equity Financing: These are those capital contribution made by the
business share holders or owners. This includes common stock, preference
stock, retained earnings etc.
Debt Financing: These are those capital contribution made by bonds which
can be secured or unsecured (mortgage bond and unsecured debenture).
2.3 FINANCING THE TRADITIONAL SMALL FIRM
According to J. Padtly the typical small business even the successful
one, can not look to the general capital properly, it may be able to obtain a
mortgage from a bank or saving and loan equipment may perhaps be
purchased under a conditional sales contract or be leased after the business
has survived a few years.
Bank financing may be available on a seasoned basis but not for
performance growth.
Trade credit will typically represent the bulk of out side financing (that
is funds not supplied by the owner) available to the firm.
Financial ration must be of major and covering importance to the small
firm. Such analysis on a regular basis is essential to ascertain whether the
firm is operating with requisite managerial efficiency where as a larger,
stronger firm may have the finance strength to fall below its industry
standards and still recover, the small firm is well advised to compare them
with industry standard
Working capital management is of overwhelming importance for most
small firm. Because that amount of funds available is limited, liquidity is
crucial.
Trade credit appears to be an easy way of obtaining funds yet trade
credit is obtained on terms that generally call for payment within 30 day,
since inventories typically represent a large percentage of total assets, a
small firm inventories policy must be stressed large firms usually offer credit
so to meet competition. Small firm may also have to extend credit. The large
firm is likely to have an established credit department but now does the small
firm evaluate credit risks? What volume of account receivable can be built up
without endanging both the solvency and the liquidity of business. All these
are critical questions for the manager of a small business current liability
management is also important for the small firm. Although trade credit is
relatively easy to obtain, it is often costly if discount are available but not
taken the effective interest of such credit can be extremely high as we know,
not taking discounts on term of 2 / 10 net 30 implies a 36 percent interest
rate. Also there is a temptation to be a perpetual slow payer, but these involve
dangers. Supplier may refuse and credit and may even quote higher prices.
As the volume of operation become larger the increased flow may give
the proprietor a false sense of affluence. He moves to a larger home with
spacious yard and pool, and he buys the lastest model car. Since his
business is going fine, he feels the firm can afford to take on more debt. What
he may be doing is bleeding his business or at least removing retailed earning
that is really needed to finance growth.
Many traditional small business industries are today being conducted
under franchise arrangement franchising represent a devise whereby the
training and experience required for a particular line of business is sold to a
proprietor on a rental contract basis. Sometime franchises also include a
valuable trademark or calls for the supply of some key items. The franchiser
may, though bulk buying be able to sell supplier to the franchisee at lower
cost than otherwise would be available. But as may worth while franchise
operators know obtaining a franchise is not necessarily the road to riches, the
owners of the franchised operation may be required to pay an excessive price
for the trade mark, especially inputs and suppliers or managerial advice.
In summary, three areas of finance are of the utmost importance to
firms in traditional small business industries. Firstly, the proprietor of the
traditional small business must rely on internal finance (retail earning) to a
great extent which would help the management to a larger firm.
Secondly, to survive in the long run, he must be somehow better play in
relative standard game in which financial ration analysis can help him to
excel.
The working capital management is critical to the small entrepreneur, if
he fails here, he will not remain solvent and his firm will go out of business.
2.4 FINANCING PATTERN OF A SMALL FIRM DEVELOPMENT a. STAGE FINANCING PATTERN
Formation Personal saving, trade credit, government agencies e.g SSICS, PBN, NACRDB
b. A Rapid Growth Internal financing, trade credit, bank credit venture capital.
c. Growth and Maturity Going public, money and capital markets.d. Maturity and Industry
Decline Internal financial, share purchase diversification, merger.
2.5 NEEDS FOR FINANCING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESS
ENTERPRISES
The persistent lack of finance for establishment and operation of small
and medium scales, occasioned by the inability and / or unwillingness of the
deposit money banks to grant long – term credit to the real sector of the
economy led to the establishment of development finance institutions and the
introduction of numerous finding programmes for the development of SMES,
particularly to the post independence era.
In spite of these institutions and funding programs highlighted like
(1) Small scale industries credit scheme
(2) National economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND)
(3) The agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF)
(4) Interest draw back programme by CBN commenced in too 2 with initial
capital of N2 million.
(5) The small and medium industries equally investment scheme (SMEIS),
there continued to be a persistent cry against inadequate finance for the
development of SME subsector. The deposit money banks that were
expected to grant adequate credit to the sector were hampered by the fact
that they borrowed short and had to tend short as well. Apart form this, the
risk associated with credit administration of small group of uncoordinated
producers that lacked adequate collateral was capable of diminishing.
Therefore, finance is very vital in business organization has it serves a
weapon against liquidation.
Small and medium scales enterprises need capital for the following reasons:
1. Capital expenditures
2. Increase inventories
3. Increase cost balance and other liquidity
4. Decrease in automatic liabilities mainly account payable.
5. For expansion purposes.
6. For contingencies.
2.6 PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH FINANCING SMALL AND MEDIUM
SCALE ENTERPRISE NIGERIA
According to F.O Okafor in his book financial management and revised
edition, the growth of any small and medium problems especially when it
comes to categorized into two aspects on the opinion of enterprises and other
on financial institution.
Financial institution, especially commercial bank generally, regards
small scale business as high risk and “sun set” enterprise. Consequently the
institution are afraid to grant the enterprise credit without adequate
protection against loss of investment by way of collateral, which the enterprise
often find difficult to provide, the measure that have so far taken by the
government to assist small and medium business have been directed toward
providing finance and technical services, but generally there has not been a
satisfactory coordinate scheme to help small and medium scale business in
Nigeria initially. It was small and medium scale business credit scheme that
was employ to act as its agent by federal government, which was established
in 1960’s but later Nigeria bank for commerce and industries was told to
assist government in channeling the credit to the industrialist simply because
small and medium scale business credit scheme authorities were
unenthusiastic to provide their effective matching funds partly because most
of the protect finances were unsuccessful.
The procedure made by the policy makes for delivering assistance to
small and medium scale business is to be found in the annual central bank of
Nigeria credit guideline, which diverted that a specified minimum proportion
of these banks loans and advance should be given to small and medium scale
business. But still as earlier mentioned, the commercial bank / merchant
bank prefer to pay central bank penalties than lending the small and medium
scale business because of the reason of great investment risk.
1987 / 88, Tuyil pharmaceutical limited requested for loan from
commercial bank but was rejected on a flimsy excuse that the industry is
state parasitical one could view the reason from the unenthusiastic nature of
commercial bank unwillingness to loan small and medium scale industrial
money.
More so, Tuyil pharmaceutical limited as a privates enter[rose applied
for loan in recent years after that of 1988 but was not granted, hence the
reason for government restriction on loan is in top gear which directly affected
the progress of the company since 1989, where the company has being
recording losses and low revenue because of inadequate fund.
Government policy also contributed to the improper financing of small
and medium scale business in Nigeria. The government policy can be as a
result of deregulation of interest rate, restriction on amount loan able, low
demand by government for their service and lack of necessary fiscal
incentives.
Tuyil pharmaceutical limited was reflected based on government
restriction which reduced the capacity of the company to increase production
for economic development of the nation.
Deregulation of rate of interest embarked by the government has
reduced the ability of the industrialist to seek for loan from the banks for
industrial growth. They also refused and charge high interest rate of loan to
discourage small and medium scale business to seek for loan in the bank.
This sector would be put to half for some period of time which directly
affects the economic development
Another factor which affects small and medium scale business is time
an application is made and the time the loan is given out. In most cases the
time lapses is always to long; which both the borrower and financial
institution contribute to the delay. This problem has from the past
contributed to the slow rate development of small and medium scale business
because the rate that the repayment time of loan is far and tend to make the
industrialist to relax his effort to work hard for loan recovery. In a case of
Tuyil pharmaceutical limited, ministry of commerce and industries lend them
the sum of N250, 000:00 in 1986 July, the term for loan was not stipulate,
but it was expected to be paid back when contract gotten were paid meaning
that if the contract is paid in 30 years time, then the loan will be paid then
this further show how time lag disturbs the progress of development.
Another problem facing small and medium scale extension of
commercial banks can only play limited role in development banking because
they prefer to give short term self liquidation loans such as bank overdraft.
This was so because the bulk of their resources structure and quick profit
motive. They are not in a position for long gestation period. Hence, financing
small and medium scale business can be difficult as they need long term loan
2.7 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM
SCALE ENTERPRISE IN NIGERIA
The contribution of the small and medium scale industries in promoting
industrial and economic development are well documented in the literature.
Specially, the SMIs can help in the achievement of the following economic
development objectives:.
1. Employment generation: Globally, employment generation is one of
most important reasons for promoting the development of small and medium
industries. This is more so in the developing countries in which a large
proportion of the labour force is unemployed. Studies have shown that SMES
account for a large proportion of employment size in many countries. In
Nigeria, the small and medium enterprises sub – sector has been expanding,
especially since the mid 1980s, following the prolonged recession in the
economy which forced many large enterprise to lay off large proportion of their
work force.
2. Utilization of local resources: Small and medium scale industries are
known for their creativity in the utilization of local raw materials, that so not
require high level technology to process. In Nigeria, for instance,SMIs are
concentrated in such enterprises as food processing, fextiles, wood works,
leather products soap and detergent sub – sector that require simple
technology and the raw materials are in abundance. Small enterprise also
recycles discarded by product of large firms as primary inputs in their own
production processes.
3. Output expansion: In many middle income economies, small and
medium industries contribute substantially to the national output. In Nigeria,
however, the output of the sector is low. Although the small and medium
enterprises, sector as a whole account for about 70 percent of total industrial
employment, its contribution to manufacturing output is estimated at only 10
15 percent, indicating very low productivity in the sector.
Also, smaller enterprises are more flexible than larger ones in meeting
new consumer requirements that utilize local resources.
4. Transformation of indigenous technology: All economies have
transited from household artisan industries over time to the modern
industrial set up which witnessed phenomenal upgrading in skills, machinery
and equipment and management practices. Historical evidence indicates that
most of today’s giant corporation began as very small firms. These include
equines of Dublin and Philips international of the Netherlands developing
countries can team from the experience of these giant and create a conducive
environment that will enable small and medium enterprise to adapt imported
technologies, modernize their process and grow to become large corporation.
5. Increase in revenue base of government: Through various firm of
taxes, including personal and company income taxes, SMIs contributes to
increasing government revenue.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TUYIL PHARMACEUTICAL
Tuyil was founded in Ilorin, Kwara State in 1996 as a small
pharmaceutical drug enterprise that made drugs available to people in Ilorin
and to the drug business outlets. Its played a positive role in Ilorin Township
as at the time it was established. Tuyil pharmaceutical industry was
established with just 10 staffs at No 22 stadium Road Ilorin, Kwara State on
1st of May 1996. Leadership, one of the staff represent the factory manager,
two represent the quality control manager in the laboratory while others are
staff working in the company.
The first product that was manufactured by the company was
paracetamol. Some few months later vitamin C tablets and Dide Karaole was
produced and in the same vain, Syrup itne start forming. Syrup and
suspension like misteny suspension and Tutrion and others were produced in
two to three years after the establishment of the industry. In 2005, Tuyil
pharmaceutical industry limited, moved to their main site which was located
along Yidi Road Ilorin, Kwara State. The site was commissioned on 2nd June
2005 by the Director General NAFDAC Prof Mrs. Dora Akuyili and the
Governor of Kwara State in person of Dr. Bukola Saraki. The company has
branches in Lagos, Kano Bida and so on. The company has over 500 workers
apart from factory manager, production manager and quality control manager,
administrative manager. The products now come in different form.
3.2 THE VISION OF THE COMPANY
It mission is to become one of the best drug producer in Nigeria and
even the world at large by being the undisputed leader in the National
Generics Industry. It differentiate itself by balancing its portfolio with Generic
and innovative activities by the strategic depth of its vertical integration.
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher adopted the following so as to get the necessary data
required.
1. Administration of questionnaire to selected staff of the organization
2. Face to face interview with some senior personnel of the establishment.
The questionnaires were designed to seek questions that are relevant to
the objective of the study, which formed the basis of the analysis in chapter
four.
3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
Although population is the group that a study is carried out on and
from which the conclusion is to be drawn. In several research work, the
population differ in sizes while some are large, some are small. In this study,
the population size used is based on the selected case study and a careful
and through examination of their activities and performances over past year
was looked into. However, in determining the sample size, the Ilorin branch of
the company that is Tuyil pharmaceutical industry was considered whole
population of all departments. The senior staff, the junior staff and few
members of top executive.
3.5 METHOD OF DATE COLLECTION
The researcher chose the use of questionnaire for this study because,
out of all the survey methods, it is most appropriate for this nature, in that it
helps to secure the needed information. The major primary data collection
technique used is the questionnaire type, for the simple reason that the
respondents are not easily accessible and time as got to be saved. The answer
given by the respondents were filled in the questionnaire and this serves as a
record that can be referred to any time.
However, this was supplemented by personal interview with the head of
departments, and some employees in the organization. It was designed to
sample respondent view about the research topic “financial administration
and its managerial efficiency in business enterprise” with the major objective
of identifying the success and managerial efficiency of financial
administration in small and medium scale business enterprise.
3.6 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION
The questionnaire in this study consists Ten (10) questions in all with
alternative answers to the question. The questionnaire was designed mainly
for the staff of Tuyil pharmaceutical industry Ilorin, to sample their opinion
on the critical analysis of financial administration and its managerial
efficiency in small and medium scale enterprise.
The distribution and collection of the questionnaire were personally
handled by the researcher. The conclusion of this research was based on the
statistical information gathered from the administered questionnaire
3.7 QUESTIONNAIRES ASSUMPTIONS
In designing the questionnaire, the following assumptions were made:
i. That the questions are simple and respondents would easily understand
them
ii. That the respondent will honestly answer the question, that is, as
objectively as possible without any basis.
iii. That the use of questionnaire as a source of collecting information for
this research project would help to get the needed information.
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
After collection of the data, tablets were draw to show the result of each
question and later those data were analysed and interpreted in accordance
with the response to the questions.
Responses collected through interview and questionnaires were
tabulated and assigned percentage. Chi – square as a statistical tool was
used. However, immense contribution during the hypothesis testing using the
simple percentage and tables and chi – square depicts:
Where; FR= frequency of respondents responses.
TN= Total Number of respondents of the population
100= constancy in the % of respondent for each item.
Contained in the questionnaire.
The formular for chi – square is:
X2 = n∑ (oj – ej) 2 ej Where: j = 1
oj = The observed or actual frequencies.
ej = The expected frequencies
n = number of categories
X2 = chi – square.
The decision rule: Reject Ho if X2 calculated is > critical value of X2.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 DATA INTERPRETATION FROM FIELD
This chapter is concerned with the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data collected from the field through the use of
questionnaire. The aim of this chapter is to present in tabular form, analysis
and interpret there upon the data and to also validate the research hypothesis
using the chi – square methods. The data collected were presented and the
analysis of the data was used as a basis for validation or refuting earlier
stated hypothesis.
In order words, this chapter brings into focus the view of the respondent
and the information used were details of data collected through the
questionnaires administered.
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
The focus here is the analysis and interpretation of data collected from
Tuyil pharmaceutical Ilorin and testing the hypothesis formulated through the
questionnaire administered to determine the impact of financial
administration and its managerial efficiency in business enterprises.
4.3 ANALYSIS OF RETURNED QUESTIONNAIRE
In analyzing the data, simple statistical description of averages,
percentages and chisquare were used.
Therefore, for the purpose of this project, simple statistical description of
percentage was used in analyzing the data collected.
A total number of thirty questionnaires were distributed and
administered out of which Twenty two were duly completed and returned.
The completed questionnaires were mutually processed and the data
were responses, representing a response rate of seventy three percent (73.3%).
SECTION ‘A’
Background of the respondentAge of the respondent
No of response Percentage
A 20 – 30 years 3 3/29 x 100 = 10.3%B 31 – 40 years 18 18/29 x 100 =
62.1%C 41 – 50 years 2 2/29 x 100 = 6.9%D 50 and above 6 6/29 x 100 =
20.7%Total 29 100%
Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: from the above table 10.3% of the respondents are between
the age of 20 – 30 years, the highest respondent are from those that fall
between the age of 30 – 40 years which is 62.1% and only 6.9% fall between
the age group of 41 – 50 years while 20.7% are those that are above 50 years
and above.
Table 4.3 ‘B’Years of establishment
No of respondent
Percentage
A 2 – 3 years 2 2/29 x 100 = 6.9%
%B 3 – 5 years 7 7/29 x 100 = 24.1%C 5 – 7years 12 12/29 x 100 =
41.4%D 7 years and above 8 8/29 x 100 = 27 .
6%Total 29 100%
Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: from the above table 6.9% of the respondents have been with the
company for 2 to 3 years, the highest respondents are those that fall between
5 – 7 years which is 41.4% while 7 years and above fall between 27.6%.
Table 4.3 (c)Education Qualification
No of Respondent
Percentage
A WASC / GCE NIL B OND 8 8/29 x 100 = 27.6%C HND / BSC 21 21/29 X 100 =
72.4%Total 29 100%
Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: from be above table 27.6% are those with OND holders while 72.4%
of the respondents falls between those that have HND / BSC holders.
Table 4.3 (d)
Ownership structure awareness of credit facilities and other necessary
information obtained.
Question: what form of ownership is Tuyil Ltd?
Form of ownership
No of respondent
Percentage
A One man business
18 18/29 x 100 = 62.4%
B Partnership 7 7/29 x 100 = 24.1%C Co – operatives 4 4/29 x 100 = 13.8%D Family business E Private ltd
company
Total 29 100%Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: from the above table, 62.1% falls into the highest
respondents representing one man business and seven respondents falls
between the percentage of 24.1% representing partnership while the
remaining falls between 13.8% representing co – operative form of business.
4.3 (e) Benefited
Question: Has Tuyil pharmaceutical benefited from the following credit facilities?
Credit facilities Aware Not aware
Total
A Nigeria bank for commerce & industry 21 8 29B Nigeria industrial development bank (NIDB) 18 11 29C Small scale industrial credit scheme
(SSICS)22 7 29
D Small and medium scale enterprises loan 26 3 29E National economic reconstruction find
(NERFUND)15 14 29
Total 102 43 145 100Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: form the above table 70.3% of the respondents are aware of
the credit facilities listed above and only 29.7% are those that are not aware of
the credit facilities.
4.3 (f)
Question: Has your company benefited from any of the facilities listed? If no
why?.Reason for not Benefiting
Nos of Respondent
Percentage
A Lack of information 8 8/29 x 100 = 27.6%B Interest rate charged 10 10/29 x 100 =
34.5%C No collateral security 10 10/29 x 100 =
34.5%D Small nature of
business Nil
E Difficulty 1 1/29 x 100 = 3.4%Total 29 100
Source: Field Survey 2006.
Comments: from the above table, 27.6% of the respondents boycotted
credit scheme because of lack of information while 34.5% one these
respondents that go for great scheme because of interest rate charged and no
collateral of security while only 3.4% respondents boycotted because of
difficulty in procedure of the loan.
Table 4.5 (g)
Question: Do you consider obtaining bank loan necessary in situation where
the capital base of the industry can not satisfy the financial requirement of
the business? Decision Nos of
RespondentsPercentage
A Strongly agree 6 6/29 x 100 = 20.7%
B Agree 11 11/29 x 100 = 37.9%
C Strongly disagree
5 5/29 x 100 = 17.2%
D Disagree 2 2/29 x 100 = 6.90%
E Undecided 5 5/29 x 100 = 17.2% Total 29 100%
Source: Field Survey 2006.
Comment: from the above table 20.7% of the respondents strongly
agreed, the highest respondents is from those that agree with 37.9% while
17.2% strongly disagreed, 6.9% and 17.2% are those respondents are
undecided.
Table 4.3 (h)
Question: Do you agree that, the establishment of various credit scheme
for financing small and medium scale business industries as significant
impact on the growth and development of small and medium scale business
in Nigeria?
Decision Nos of Respondents
Percentage
A Strongly agree 19 19/29 x 100 = 65.55
B Agree 7 7/29 x 100 = 24.1%
C Strongly disagree
3 3/29 x 100 = 10.4%
D Disagree E Undecided
Total 29 100%Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comment: from the above the table 65.5% of the respondents strongly
agree that the establishment of various credit scheme has benefiting effect on
small and medium scale industries while 24.1% of the respondents agreed
and 10.4% strongly disagreed.
Table 4.3 (i)
Question: Do you agreed that interest paid has serious effect on the
profitability of small and medium scale business?
Decision Nos of Percentage
RespondentsA Strongly agree 27 27/29 x 100 =
75.9%B Agree 7 7/29 x 100 = 24.1%C Strongly
disagree
D Disagree E Undecided
Total 29 100%Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comments: form the above table, it shows that 75.9% are those
respondents that strongly agreed that the interest rate has an adverse effect
on profitability of small and medium scale business and 24.1% are those
respondents that agreed. Nobody disagreed with the fact.
Table 4.3 (j)
Question: what was the initial working capital Tuyil Pharmaceutical
invested into the business?
Amount of capital Nos of Response Percentage A 1million –
500,000
B 500,00 – 100,000 8 8/29 x 100 = 27.6%C 100,000 – 50,000 16 16/29 x 100 =
55.2%D 50,00 – 10,000 5 16/29 x 100 =
17.2%E 10,000 – 5000
Total 29 100%Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comments: from the above table, 27.6% of the respondents are those
whose initial capital was between N500,000 – N100,000 and those with
working capital between N100,000 – 50,000 is 55.2% while 17.2% are those
whose working capital is between N50,000 to N10,000.
Table 4.3 (k)
Question: from what source did your capital come from?
Formal / Informal Nos of Respondents Percentage A Personal savings 12 12/29 x 100 =
41.4%B Relatives 2 2/29 x 100 = 6.9%C Co – operatives 7 7/29 x 100 =
24.1%D Loans 3 3/29 x 100 =
10.3%E Grants 5 5/29 x 100 =
17.2%F Other (not specified)
Total 29 100%%Sources: Field Survey 2006
Comments: from the above table, it shows that 41.4% are those
respondents that derive their finds from personal saving, 6.9% derive their
funds from relative, 24.1% derive their funds form co – operatives 10.3% from
loans while 17.2% derive their funds from grants.
4.4 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Chi – square is used to test the hypothesis of this study and the
formular is given as follow:
X2 = (oj – ej ) 2 EjWhere:
X2 = The calculated chi – square
Oj = A set of observed value
Ej = A set of expected value
The chi –square test according to hannagan (1982) is a non – parametric
test which is used to determine the significance of discrepantly existing
between the expected and the observed frequency of data. In other word, the
test will be used to establish the extent to which an assumption or the null
hypothesis is justified.
A level of significance of 0.05 was used in this analysis. Then the
calculated and tabulated chi – square was compared with each other.
A null hypothesis was then used to either reject or accept on the basis of
the result obtained from the comparison.
The null hypothesis is accepted if the calculated chi – square is less
than the tabulated chi – square on the other hand, a null hypothesis will be
rejected if the calculated chi – square is greater than the tabulated chi –
square.
In an instance, where the null hypothesis (Ho) as rejected, the
alternative hypothesis (Hi) will be accepted as an indicator of real situation.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 1
Research hypothesis: What form of ownership is Tuyil Pharmaceutical
company?
Form of Ownership No of Response
Percentage
A One man business 18 62.4%B Partnership 7 24.1%C Co – operatives 4 3.8%D Family business E Private ltd
company
Total 29 100%
Oj Oj Oj – ej (oj – ej)2 (Oj – ej) 2 Ej
18 9.7
8.3333 69.4435 7.1592
7 9.7
2.7 7.29 0.7515
4 9.7
5.7 32.49 3.3495
11.2602
X2 0.05 = X2 0.05 = 0.1032
11.2602 > 0.103
Ho: There is no significant difference between response and form of
ownership?
Test Of Hypothesis 2
Research hypothesis: Has Tuyil Pharmaceutical benefited from the
following credit facilities?
Table 4.4.2.
Credit facilities Aware Not aware
Total
A Nigeria bank for comm. And industry 21 8 29B Nigeria industrial development bank
(NIDB)18 11 29
C Small scale industrial credit scheme (SSICS)
22 7 29
D Small and medium scale enterprise loan 26 3 29E National economic reconstruction and
(Nerfund)15 14 29
Total response 102 43 145Percentage 70.3 29.7 100
Oj Oj Oj – ej (oj – ej)2 (oj – ej) 2
Ej21 20.4 0.6 0.36 0.017618 20.4 2.4 5.76 0.28222 20.4 1.6 2.56 0.12526 20.4 5.6 31.36 0.16415 20.4 5.4 29.16 1.4298 8.6 0.6 0.36 0.041
11 8.6 2.4 5.76 0.6697 8.6 1.6 2.56 0.2973 8.6 5.6 31.36 3.6414 8.6 5.4 29.16 3.390
10.055
X2 0.05 = X2 0.05 = 0.711. (4) (1) 4
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if X2 > X2 table
Otherwise do not reject Ho.
X2 10.05 >X2 0.711.
Ho: Reject hypothesis ho since there is no significant difference
between awareness of facilities and credit facilities.
Hi: There is significant different between awareness of facilities and
credit facilities.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The last chapter gives a general review of the whole research study. In
line with the major results highlighted and interpreted in chapter four, this
chapter take a step further to summarise notable findings arising from the
study. Recommendations based on findings are also discussed in the last
chapter.
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The research work was carried out within an environment that is not too
conducive in term of time factor. Although, the work still become worthwhile
despite the time constraint.
Likewise, the unco – operative attitudes of some of the respondents
which came as a deterrent to the success of this work. Never the less, the co –
operative actions of other respondents helped to cover up the sabotaging act.
The work has been able to come up with the following finding as
summarized despite the problems faced during the work.
The first chapter gives a comprehensive detail on the background of the
study, statement of the research problem, the justification of study, also
research objective, scope of study; it also shows briefly the research
methodology and research hypothesis intended to be used.
The second chapter focuses on the literature reviews. In the chapter, all
topic terms and concepts relating to the research exercise were carefully
defined and examined.
Chapter three, contains the research methodology in this aspects, two
types of sources of data collection were used namely primary and secondary
source. Questionnaires were used for deriving answer from workers while the
other required information were derived form secondary sources mainly from
journals, newspapers and publication of the company.
The forth chapter contains the analysis of data and its presentation.
Aspects under this chapter include, the analysis of the questionnaire
distributed, presentation of data and test of hypothesis. Chi – square was
used based on the result of the questionnaire.
However, finding and results form the test hypothesis shows that:
1. Tuyil pharmaceutical company is a one man business and derives its
capital form personal savings.
2. Tuyil pharmaceutical company is aware of credit facilities provided. By
the government
3. The interest rate charged on the credit facilities is high and discourage
company from obtaining it.
4. The interest rate charged has a serious impact on the profitability ratio
of the company.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Form the research, it could be seen clearly that financial administration
and its managerial efficiency has a vital role in the life of small and medium
scale business therefore its should be handle with care.
Generally, the impact of finance on any business organization is very
important and should be handling with care.
Furthermore, the government should try to reduce the interest rate
charged on loans given to businessman, if they want the companies to
progress and reduce poverty form our nation and the world at large.
In addition, the citizens should be encouraged to buy from products
that are made in our country rather than made abroad goods.
Finally, workers should be encouraged in form of training and
development on their job to appraise their level of skill and knowledge about
the job and monetary aspect should not be left out of it to boost their moral.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
In surveying the problems of small and medium scale business in
Nigeria, some observations have been made on what should addressed to
remove barriers studying in the way of small and medium scale industries
form attracting loans form financial institutions. The following were
recommended:
1. The government should set up interest free loan guarantee scheme so as
to enable small and medium scale enterprise have easy access to loan.
2. The government should also provide a place where expert advice and
data will be provided for the small and medium scale enterprise.
3. Wealthy individuals and institutions in the country should also set – up
trust and foundation that would complement the effort of the
government in providing assistance to small and medium scale business.
4. There is urgent need in the present economic dispensation to evolve a
new financing philosophy in leaving to the small and medium scale business
through favourable discount policies, development of credit formation
and exchange, to guarantee scheme and development of a completely new
orientation towards tending critical.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adebusuyi, B.S (1997): Performance Evaluation of Small and Medium
Enterprise (SMES) in Nigeria Bullion vol. 21 No4, Central Bank of
Nigeria
Adedoyin, I.S and Abidoye, A.G (2001): Principles of management in Nigeria.
Olad Publishers.
Adeoti, J.S (2000): Guideline on Preparation of research and structure thesis
Unpublished Paper University of Ilorin.
Aminu Nurudeen (1973): Financial management (2nd Edition) Ilorin Printing
and Publishing Company Unity Road.
Chennf Lee (2964): Foundation of Financial management (1st edition).
London
Heiz, W and Haroid H (1994): Management a Global perspective, USA Graw
Hill Company.
Ilori J.O and Arowomole K.A (2000): The Dynamics of Small and Medium
Scale Management (1st edition) Ilorin S.M.S Printing and Publishing
Company.
James E.V (1980): Financial Management and Policy (7th edition) London.
Koontz et al (1981): Management Tokyo Mc Graw Hill Book Company.
Owualah, S.I (2001): Small and Medium Scale Enterprising Challenges and
Changing Objective (A Global Perspective Paper Presented at the workshop
on SME financing organized by the chartered institute of Bankers of
Nigeria, Lagos Branch, 14th and 15th March.