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A fuzzy modeling approach to
wild land mapping in Scotland
Steffen Fritz, Linda See
and Steve Carver
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Paper outline
Aims of this study
Methods of wilderness mapping
The Scottish situation - Remoteness and Apparent
Naturalness
The internet questionnaire
Visibility and distance analysis
Incorporating Naismiths Rule with Dijkstras shortest
path algorithm to map remoteness
The fuzzy model for apparent naturalness
Combining remoteness and apparent naturalness
Further research
Conclusions
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Aims and Objectives
Develop a mapping tool to map perceived wild land areas on a local
level
Model can be applied to Scotland and to other areas in Europe
Model takes into account measurable factors such as remoteness
and apparent naturalness
Information is acquired with the help of an internet questionnaire
each individual produces a different wild land map
remoteness and apparent naturalness criteria can be combined and
weighted according to its importance
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Methods of wilderness mapping
The way you define wilderness will influence the way you
are going to map it.
Ecological vs perceptual definition
Rob Lesslie: undeveloped land which is relatively remoteand undisturbed by, the process and influence of settled
people
The whole of Australia was mapped using 4 criteria:
naturalness, apparent naturalness, remoteness from accessand remoteness from settlement
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Methods of wilderness mapping
Definition by Nash There is no specific material thingthat is wilderness. The term designates a quality that
produces a certain mood or feeling in a given individual
and, as a consequence, may be assigned by the person to a
specific place
Huxley (1974) "wilderness is where one feels oneself to be in awild place, according to the sensibility of one's particular experience
and knowledge on a global and local scale." Kliskey and Kearsley (1993) mapped multiple perceptions
on wilderness based on that definition.
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The Scottish situation
Landscape has been dramatically altered due to its
long settlement and land use history
since pure wilderness does not exist in Scotland
it is better referred to as wild land
people still value the land according to factors
such as remoteness and the absence of human
artefacts and as such perceive it as wild.
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The internet questionnaire
Questions
1. Profile
2. General questions about hiking 3. Mapping Remoteness - the long walk in
4. Impact of certain man man features on personal
wild land perception such as hill roads, roads,
builtup areas, isolated buildings, coniferousplantations, pylons, shielings (old crofts), grazing
(sheep, cattle), arable land, ski lifts
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Mapping Remoteness
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Mapping Remoteness
Using Naismith Rule (1892) to map pedestrian
travel times
Modified by Langmuir (1984)
5 km/h plus 0.5 hour per 300 m of ascent,
minus 10 minutes per 300 m descent for slopes
between 5 and 12,
plus 10 minutes per 300 m descent for slopesgreater than 12.
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Mapping Remoteness
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Non purist
low wild land
< 20 minutes
medium wild land
20 - 40 minutes
high wild land
40 - 80 minutes
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Purist
low wild land
< 60 minutes
medium wild land
360 minutes
high wild land
720 minutes
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Mapping Apparent Naturalness
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Mapping Apparent Naturalness
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The fuzzy Model
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Done on a 50m resolution using EDX data
for each feature (roads, hillroads, buildings,
built-up, coniferous plantations)
Euclidean distance was calculated for
visible and non visible features
Visibility and Distance Analysis
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Man Made Features
Roads
Hill Roads
Pylons
Coniferous Plantations
Grazing
Arable Land
built-up area
isolated building
ski-lift hydroelectric power plant
shieling
quarry
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Fuzzy Impact Map of Buildings
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Fuzzy Impact Map with OR operator
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Composite wild land map of purist
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Current Problems and Further Research
Visibility Analysis is very computational
intensive
OR operator for factor maps is problematic
length of feature is not taken into account
Validation - further research will focus on
interactive maps and some kind of ground truthing
Photographs as additional aid
Grouping of respondents - purist groups -
composite maps
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Conclusions
Wild land is not easy to map and it can only be done up to a certain
degree using measurable criteria
Internet questionnaire is very useful to capture information on overall
individuals perception of wild land
Naismith surfaces can be used to measure perceived remoteness
remoteness on a local level
Apparent Naturalness can be measured within a fuzzy modeling
framework
Applications:
Quantitative data on wild land is very useful in decision making e.g.
public inquiry, if then modeling
Relative wild areas can be objectively compared