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A Novel Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Designfor Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
by
Haseeb Shah, Sathyajith Mathew and Chee Ming Lim
RE PR INT ED FR OM
WIND ENGINEERING
VOLUME 38, NO. 4, 2014
MULTI-SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY5 WATES WAY BRENTWOOD ESSEX CM15 9TB UKTEL : +44(0)1277 224632 FAX: +44(0)1277 223453E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.multi-science.co.uk
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A Novel Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design forSmall Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
*Haseeb Shah, Sathyajith Mathew and Chee Ming LimCentre for Advanced Materials and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darusslam, Jalan Tingku link,
BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACTIn order to improve the performance of small horizontal axis wind turbines at low wind speed, this study designs a novel airfoil
section with an optimum transition ramp through multipoint inverse design method. A viscous analysis code is used to close
the design loop. Further, Shear stress transport-transition model in ANSYS-Fluent is employed with modified constants to analyze
the flow and aerodynamic performance of the airfoil at Reynolds numbers 60 000, 100 000, 200 000, 300 000 and 500 000.
Next we consider the designing of a 2m rotor from the new airfoil section using an evolutionary algorithm for optimization.
The power coefficient and self starting of a small 2m wind turbine is improved significantly with the chosen generator resistive
torque of 0.5Nm, the new airfoil section and the optimization technique for finding the optimal values of the parameters.
Keywords: Low Re airfoil, small wind turbine, separation bubble, ANSYS-Fluent, multi objective optimization
Received 5/1/2014; Revised 1/3/2014; Accepted 13/3/2014
1. INTRODUCTION
E=J ?@? @> ? ? ? J =J ? = ?
@ @ @ @> 2.6% @J @ 18% @ @=T =J @@? J 2050, @? @
I??@?= E?J A?J (IEA) 1. I? @? @ = @K@?= ? ? (HA*)
? >- (#) ?, >== HA* =@ @? @ =J >@ @= ?
S?= ?J >T ? @> @ ? =@?, @??, @ =?- ? J>.
>== HA* ? J IEC 61400P2 2 @@ @ ?@ >@ ? 200>2
=? @ @ @ @ 50 @ = HA*, >== HA* >?=J @ K, @ =@ J?@=
?> (R& O 500 000) =@? ? ? @ =. F@ >=J @? >== >?
? @ =J @? = 3P5. #@@, >== HA* @? ?== =@@? @ ?@? ?J ? =@@? @ ?@ =J ? 5.
>? ? >== ? >? :
1) E = = ? 2) E=J 5, 6. ? = >?=J =
? = >=J =? ? = 6. #, = > ? =
= "-- (L/D ) > " ? (CL).
? (9) ? ? J?> = >
? ? ? >>==J :
(1)
Q0 ? @ (> ? $>) @> ?@, Q @
@ J = ?J @@ ? 5. F@> E.1 ? @>? @ >== HA*
a =(Q Q )
Js
r
*C?? A: H , C? A? #= ? E?J ?, +? B? D=>,
=? ?=..
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? >@ J >?>K? @= ? @ @@ ? ?? @J?>
@ @> =. * = J ? ? @= = ? = >= ?
@J?> @>?. A@? @ @@ 5 @J?> @ @? ? =
? == J ? = = @? @ = ? @? ?= @
?@ ??@
?= ? ? @>? ? @ =@ @= 5. #@@, @ ?@
@J?> @ ? = @@ ? @ @? @.
*@?= @= ? @ ==-= $ACA ? $AA ?
>?=J @ @ H (R& > 3 106) ?/@ >> (5 105 =@J>? @
@= @? >== HA* @ @ @@ @>? @ =>? @? =
("B) =@R& 7 8 9. ? @ =@R& @= @>? ? = ==J @
= >@= , J = @ @?@== ? = =?. 10P12. A ?> @ >
? @? ? ? ? ??= @ >== HA* 7, 9, 13.
@? =@ R& @= @ ? (@
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, = >>?> ,H? 3& ? ? ?.
(4)
, * =>?
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=? =. #, K ? ?? > ? J>==J
= =? -? >? J ?==? K "B. >>?? =? ? F.2 ? =J ? > ? = ? >> ??
> "B ??
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? L/D ? = D> ? B3 ? ?
?= ? = ? (F.6). =, = ? ?
?? > = ? 1210 ? = ?
>=J = ? ? . H =? = ?,
= >J ? =? ?=J ? ? ??=J ? = ?.
A= +BD6166 >
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A= B3 C+"= 1.47 = 11 = = D>, E387 ? 6062 =J
C+" = 1.45, 1.23 ? 1.04 = 12, 12 ? 10 =J. AR&= 100 000 =
B3 D> ? 6062 =J ==J ? ?= = ? =
(F.8) >?=J =
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384 A $= " J?= $> A= D? >== HK?= A ? ?
Figure 11. UBD6166 structured grid mesh
(6)
?? ? ?>?J ?
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F = R& ? ? 12()P() "B =
? . ? ? ? >? ? == QR ? QR =J.
I? >? ? -?? =, ?J ? ? ? =? "B.
F >?? = >? = ?
>=J. "B =R& ? >>? > = R& = ?
? ?? ? >?> 9. >?> ? ? J ==.
#, ? J ? =, "B ? > ??
R&, =? K "B > ==J ?? R& ==.
?? 9 =? "B ? > =? =.A >>J =? ? ? >? ? > > -
?? ? F.13.
I? F:.13 =@ :@? ? >? @:? =@? :@:=T @ =? =@
?:@? @ ?= @ :?:? @ R& 600 00, 100 000 ? 200 000. A R& 60 000. F@ =@
? @ ?= @ :?:? : 2, =>:? @?J =J >:? @
:@? ? = :@:= >@@=J :=:? . A ?= @ :?:?
:? :@? @:? >@ > @==@ J ?::@? :@
>?. I : @? @> ==:@? = =@ :?@ :? @?J =J
/ 0.42, ? @ :@:= / = 0.46 @>:? "B.
A::@?==J, =? @?J =J =@ @ :=:? . F @>
4
:== 9 14
, = >@ @ =:? . * >@>? @?::@? @ =:? : =@ = @> :? :? =? 38, $. 4, 2014 377P392 385
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=? @?J =J :@?. F >? @ =? =@? =@ @ :=:? : >:?=J =:? = == :? CL- =@. :
::@?= :? :? ?@ >? @ =? =@ : ?. :>:= ? @ "B
>@>? : ? @ R& 100 000 ? 200 000 :@? ? >?
@ @ @> 9 2N. #@@ R& 200 000 "B : :== @ :== 16N. F>@,
@ :? :? =::@? >:?:? :?=? @ :@:= @? : =@ J
?:=. F@> CL = =@, @= =@ ? "B >@>? : : =
>:>> =: @ +BD6166 @ := =? =@ : @:? @ @ 80% @
:@:= :@? . *: :@:= : : :??::? @ @? @
@? :>:?: : =? ==. H@, @@ J :
: ?::@? ? @? : @>>? @ >@ := @>?
=:@?.
F> F.15 ()P() >>J = ? ? +BD6166 ?? ?=
< ? =- = = ?. = = ??
? ? 2D = > ? F=? ? -?? >=. A
60 000, 100 000 ? 200 000 J?> = >=J ? == 9N.
=>? ?J =J >? = ? =?
J ! ?? (F.15.). D J >?>= K "B ? =
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)b()a(
)d()c(
)f()e(
Figure 14. Velocity vectors on suction side of airfoil UBD6166 at = 13 predicted by SST-transition model for (a) Re = 60 000
(b) 100 00 (c) 200 000 (d) 300 000 (e)400 000 (f)500 000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
CoefficientofLlift.
CL
angle of attack , degree
Re= 60 000
Re= 100 000
Re= 200 000
Re=300 000
Re=400 000
Re= 500 000
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25
CoefficientofDrag,
Cd
angle of attack, degree
Re=60000
Re=10000
Re=200000
Re=300000
Re=400000
Re=500000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-0.02 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.28
CoefficientofLi,
Cl
Coefficientof Drag,Cd
Re=60000
Re=200000
Re=100000
Re=300000
Re=400000
Re=500000
Figure 15. (a) Lift plots (CL ) for airfoil UBD6166 at various Reynolds numbers (b) Drag plots (CD ) for airfoil UBD6166
at various Reynolds numbers (c) Drag polar plots (CL CD) of UBD6166 at various Reynolds number
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5. MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION
5.1. Methodology
? ? = @? @>K ?= @ .., @ >>> @. *
= ? @@ ? @>? @ >== HA* 2, 12. A? @=@?J =@>
>=-@ @>K@? ? ? ? J @ >>K @ @
? = ? @>?. I @ @? J ?@> =@? @ ? ?
? @ ? >= (? @ ? @ = =>?) @ @=?
@>K@? @=>. #@@, ? ? ?= @=@? @ = ?@>=J
? @ ? . * ? ?@? @? J >? =>? @ ?@>
=@? @ ?. ? @ @ = ? ?@ >> @-
== >? @. A ?@>= @@ ? = @ ? >? @ @> ?=
= @ =>?. C== = =>? >@>?> @J >=@J @ ?
C/ @>K = =>? ?, >?= = =>? @? @ ? @ ? @, 5 @ =. * @ @ DE >J J ?? @?
@=@? K ? @@ @=J @??. * ? ?@? >? :
F? (*) = (7)
, C ? ? ? >, T >K. F, >?
? ? C ? > >? J = ? " ?=
= ?J ? ? >. J? = " == >?
Q ?R >= = ?, = ? == =J ?
= ? == >? =. ? ? >= =
>??= >K?. Q??->?R = =>?
? ? = ? ? = ? ?, ? ?&
= ? ->??= >K? , ?==J, . ?= =?
2000, ? ?> ?? = 400, ? >> =?
> = > ? 20 ??. C >? ?= ?
aC C
C
a( )
max( )
(1 )(min(T ))
T (C )
p i
p
s
s 1
+ -
-
388 A $= " J?= $> A= D? >== HK?= A ? ?
(a)
(b)
Figure 16. Turbulent kinetic energy contour around airfoil UBD6166 at = 10 for Re = (a) 60 000 (b) 500 000
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>= ? >? ?T ? ?.
? >, T ? ? ? . I?
J 1.0. ? 6.10. ?? 3 =,
1.06 > ?. F, ? ? ? ? / =J. >?>> =? = 0.01 ? >>> 0.2,
? = , = >?>> ? >>> ??
>? ? ? 754 550>. F,
? == ? > ? ?. I? ?
.., Q = 0 ? >>> Q = 0.5
? ? . B = ? ? , ?
> = 0.7 0.8 ? 0.9 = ? ? == 9 ?R& ?= >
>=? > A?J-F=?.
5.2. Multi-objective optimization results
A ?, = = ? " =J ? > ? = = C. I? ? ? "= 0.7 =
C 0.46 ? > 1.2 ?, "= 0.8, 0.9 C 0.48 ? 0.5
? > 1.53 ? 1.75 ? =J. I ? = ? ? C? ? >. ? = >>
? > ?, ., Q= 0.5. ?? ? , ? F.17,
? ? . Q= 0.5 ? "= 0.7, C 0.475 ? > 3.1
?, = 0.8, 0.9 C 0.49 ? 0.498 ? > 3.34 ? 3.9 ?
=J. A > = G6403 ? = R& =?, +BD6166 =
> >? 2 > >== HA ? > ? ? ?J .
= ? ? ??->? = ? ? F.18. I ?
? ? =, = = ", ?
? =? = ? ? ? >=J >? >
= C. H, ? ? ? ?? = " ?
= = ? ? >?. I = ? ? > ? ?
? ?. > ==J ?= > ?
? ? . A=, C >>K > ? =J ? ?
?- = > ?. I? , => ?
>= = ? ? .
I? >??= >K?, ?= = >==J =J ? ?
= " > ? ? > ? >= =. +?
+BD6166 = ? Q = 0, = ? > ? " = 0.9 = =.
# Q= 0.5, "= 0.7, 0.8 ? 0.9 ? . I? ? = ?
>>> C ? > J 17%
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0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
PowerCoefficient,Cp
Starn me,Ts, Secondsg
Qr=0 Qr =0.5
Qr=0 Qr =0.5
a=0.8
a=0.9
UBD6166a=0.7
SG6043
a=0.7
a=0.8
a=0.9a=0.9
a=0.9
a=0.8
a=0.8
a=0.7
Figure 17. Paretofront comparison of the blade design using airfoil UBD6166 and SG6403 from [5]
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?=J 2% ? ? C ? "= 0.7 ? > J 25% 5%C =.
H?, = ? ? =0.8 ? J >>
? ? ? C.
6. CONCLUSION
? ? = = Q+BD6166R ? > =
? ? >== HA = ? . >= J
?? = >> ?? > >=? ? ? > ?
>K? ? ?. = >? J?> >?J ?==? "B >> ?? > >=. A= +BD6166, ?
==J J?> >? >
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6 #=J, .., A $""+( ' +5 R&7+% 3#& "*'*+ %"" ' 5*% 3#*& "+*$"*,
, F-3387, +C-60.
7 GM, ., =, #.., " J?= ?> = >== HK?= ?
?. *% E(*&&*(, 1997, 21, 367P380.8 ?=, ."., T)& &+3* ' "% #+"%& %&*(.$E" , 2000.
9 GM. ., =, #.., $ = >== K?= ? ?, J3"+ '
S+" E&(7 E(*&&*(, 1998, 120, 108P114.
10 =, #.., G==>, .., B?, A.., GM,., S3"7 ' +5-&&% "*'*+ %"",
%AECH =?-+A,1995, => 1.
11 =, #.., "J?, C.A., GM, ., $?>, C.., G==>, .., S3"7 ' +5-&&%
"*'*+ %"", %AECH =?-+A, 1996, => 2.
12 "J?, C.A., B?, A.., GM, ., G=?>, A., =, #.., S3"7 ' +5-
&&% "*'*+ %"", %AECH =?-+A. 1997, => 3.
13 =, #., #??, B.D.,? ??= J?> = ?
>== ? ?.J3"+ ' S+" E&(7 E(*&&*(, 126, 986P1001.
14 ">?, .B.., "-J?=-?>-=, A3"+ &*&5 F+3*% &$)"*$, 1983,
15, 233P239.
15 , H., ">, C.#., #, ., " J?= ?> = >== K?=
? ? =, S3"*"#+& '33& &&(7 2012 "% 10) SEE FORUM, 2012, B?
D=>.
16 ?=, ."., >, D.#., Q$E" = >= >== HAR.AEA, 1995,
??.
17 D=, #.," J?=-$> A= D? #.I..D= J: A
J,J3"+ ' A*$"', 1988, 25, 724P732.
18 =, #.., " ? ? " J?= ?> = ?, 2003, VKI +&$3& &*&.
19 G?, #..,L5 R&7+% N3#& A&%7"*$ "% T"**., I$ECH, 2012.
20 +?J I==? (+I+C)- A= ? , +I+C A= AJ?>
, D>? A E???.://..==?./>-=/.>=.
21 #?, ., "?J., , #. D., G?=K #=? I? A= D?, AIAA
J3"+, 1992, 30P11, 2618P2625.
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