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presented
to
of
tbe
\Hniver0its
of
Toronto
falconer
from
tbe boohs
of tbe late
Sir
IRobert
falconer,
ifc.c.fl
president
cf
tbe
IHntversfts
of
Toronto,
1907*1932
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THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
AND
THEIR COMBINATIONS.
8/9/2019 A short treatise on the greek particles and their combinations.
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A
SHORT
TREATISE
THE GREEK
PARTICLES
AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS
ACCORDING
TO
ATTIC
USAGE.
BY
F.
A.
PALEY,
H.A.,
EDITOR OF THE GREEK
TRAGIC
POETS,
LATE
EXAMINER
IK
CLASSICS TO
THE
VXIVERSITY OF
LOUDOK.
CAMBRIDGE
:
DEIGHTON,
BELL,
AND
CO.
LONDON :
GEORGE BELL
AND
SONS,
YORK
STREET.
COVEKT GABDEN.
1881.
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LONDON
:
R.
CLAY,
SONS,
AND
TAYLOR,
BREAD
STREET
HILL.
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TO
THE READER.
THE
object
of
this
compendious
work
is
to
collect
Facts,
and
from them
briefly
and
yet clearly
to ex-
plain
Principles.
It
does
not
attempt
too
refined
distinctions
or
too
minute
classification,
but
it
points
out and
illustrates the
meaning
of the
Particles,
both
singly
and
in
combination,
leaving
to
the
observation
and
intelligence
of
the
student
to
mark
occasional
minor
deviations
from
the
established
usages.
It
is
designed
for
the
use
of
Schools,
and
is therefore
made as
simple
and
easy
as
possible.
These
'
Particles,'
it
is
well
known,
constitute an
important
and
a
characteristic
feature
of
the
Greek
Language,
especially
of
the
Attic
writings
of
the
best
period.
They
so
greatly
affect
the
tone,
con-
nexion,
or
irony
of a
passage,
that
a
correct
knowledge
of
their
uses
is
quite
a
necessary
condition of
accurate
Greek
scholarship.
Especially
is
it
important
to
the
right
interpretation
of the
Greek
Plays
and
to
the
idiomatic
composition
of
Greek
Iambics
too
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vi
TO
THE
READER.
often a
mere
IICXILS
verborum,
without
any
feeling
for or
knowledge
of the
real
spirit
of
Tragedy.
And
it
is
with a
view
to these
points
that
so
many
of
the
examples
are
taken
from
Tragedy.
In
fact,
poetry
is
stronger,
so to
say,
in
the
use of
particles
than
prose,
and
a
distinction
occasionally
has
to be
made
of combinations
which
are,
perhaps,
exclusively
poetical.
No
special
account
has
been
taken
of
epic
or
lyric
usages,
as
it
seemed
desirable
to
exclude
these,
though
in
many
respects
they
are
not
materially
different
from
the
Attic.
It
may
be
doubted
if
any
Manual
exists
which
explains
at
once
clearly
and
correctly,
and
in
a
conveniently
concise
form,
the
Doctrine
of
the
Greek
Particles.
Longer
works,
as
Hoogeven's,
1
and
ex-
positions
of
the
principal
uses
given
in
the
larger
Greek
Grammars,
are not
generally
accessible to
young
scholars,
or at
least,
they
are consulted with
some
reluctance.
Perhaps,
indeed,
it
is
not too
much
to
say,
that
in
consequence
of
this some
of
the
combinations
are
rather
imperfectly
understood,
and are
explained,
if at
all,
by
no
means
correctly.
Many
a
student
has learnt
to think a
ye
or a
8r}
a
mere
makeshift
to
the
metre,
when
it
really
has a
most
certain
and
definite
sense.
How
many,
we
may
1
I am not
writing
in
ignorance
that there are
others,
but
it
was
not
my
purpose
to
borrow
from
any.
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TO
THE
READER.
vii
fairly
ask,
could
give
a
true
account
'
of
76
in
Aesch.
Theb.
71,
and
Soph.
Oed.
Col.
1409,
or of
Sj
in
Ocd.
E. 66
and
Oed. Col.
1215
?
The
present
short
Treatise
is
entirely
original,
and
is under no
obligation
whatever to
any
work
existing
on
the
subject.
It
may
be
objected,
with
some
truth,
that
it
is difficult
to
define
what
should
be admitted
under
the
strict
definition
of
the
term
Particles.
If,
for
instance,
the
uses of
the conditional dv
and of
the
negatives
ov
and
p.i'i
are
included under this
head,
and
it
does
not
seem
reasonable
to
exclude them
it
is not
easy
to
write
briefly
on
subjects
involving
so
much
variety
in
idiomatic
usage.
The
best
course
is,
perhaps,
to
lay
down
clearly
the
general
principles
only
;
for
when these are
well
understood,
then the
details
can
be
well
filled
up,
like
a
picture
completed
from
a
good
cartoon.
Indeed,
the
greatest
difficulty
in a
work of
this
kind
is,
perhaps,
to
write
at
once
clearly
and
briefly.
For
examples
accumulate
to so
large
an
extent
that
a limited
selection
becomes
absolutely
necessary.
As
Hermann
has
written
a
long
treatise
on
av,
so
a
volume
of
no
small
size would be
required
to
treat
1
Some
will
smile
at
this
remark,
and
suy,
Truly,
a
worthy
subject
to
engage
the
thoughts
of
clever
men
But if
the
educational
use
of
learning
Greek is
just
in
proportion
to the
accuracy
of
the
knowledge
and
the
closeness
of
the
observation,
we
cannot
afford
to
despise
_si:ch
small
details of
language.
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vJi
TO THE
READER.
exhaustively
of
ov
and
firj
and
their combinations.
Still,
I
think
both
these
subjects
may
be well ex-
plained
at
moderate
length.
It has
been
iny
lot
to
know,
from
very
long
experiences
both as a
Lecturer
and an Examiner
in
Classics,
how
common
is a
confused
and
misty
con-
ception
of
the
logical
grounds
of
certain idiomatic
expressions,
and
how
little even
the
primary
distinction
of
objective
and
subjective
propositions
is realised
by
younger
students.
Thus,
whether
to
use
ov
or
JJHJ
in
Greek
or
(what
is not
very different)
the
indicative
or
the
subjunctive
in
Latin,
becomes a
frequent
cause
of
perplexity
in
composition,
and
it
is
only
by
un-
derstanding
the reasons of
things
that the
difficulties
can be mastered.
1
A
use
which
was
intuitive
in a
Greek
and
a
Eoman
is often
very
hard to
acquire
by
rule and
example.
But
much
may
be done
by
an
intelligent
survey
of
such
special
phenomena
as
are
presented
by
the
Particles.
The
fixed
uniformity
of their use
in
the
best
period
of the
language,
with
an
import
far
beyond
that
of
mere
expletives,
gives
them
a
high
place
in
the
scientific
analysis
of
the
language.
To
my
mind,
then,
so
far
from
being
a
dry un-
important
subject,
the
combinations
of the
Greek
Particles
are
full of
the
highest
interest,
as
being,
1
Prof.
Campbell (on Soph.
Track.
90)
even
says
that
'
The
whole
question
of
the
Greek
negatives
is still
indeterminate.'
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TO
THE
READER.
ix
so to
say,
an
elaborately
finished
part
of a
most
complex
and
beautiful
machinery.
That
a
few un-
inflected
monosyllables
should
determine
so
completely
the tone and
meaning
of a
sentence,
is
in
itself a curious
phenomenon
of
language.
Believing
that
from
long
and careful
observation,
I
understand
them
myself,
I
have tried to
make
others
do the
same;
and
I
only
hope
they
will
have
the
same
pleasure in
reading
which
I
have
had in
writing
this small
work.
A
few more
words
remain
to
be
said
on
the
pre-
dominance
given
to
quotations
from
the
dramatic writers
over those
from
the
prose
compositions
of the
best
age.
The
reason
is
simple;
the idioms
and
usages
of
the
Particles
are the
same,
but
they
are,
so to
say,
inten-
sified,
they
are much
more
frequently
and
pointedly
used
by
the Attic
poets.
Hence
it
seems
more
useful
to
give
illustrations
(say)
from
Sophocles
than
from
Thucydides
;
for
the more subtle
meanings
in
many
passages
of
the
Greek
Plays
are
too often
either
wholly
overlooked,
or
quite
wrongly
understood.
Plato
is one who
makes
a
great
use of
particles,
but
always
coincidently
with
the
Tragic
use
;
and that
use
can
be learnt
as
well
from
the one
source as
from
the
other.
To
fill
pages
with
examples
of
apa,
Srj, 76
or
re from
epic
poetry,
or
to
mix
up
with
the
Attic
the
Ionic
usages
of
Herodotus,
would
have added
much
to
the
bulk
and
perhaps
nothing
to
the
utility
of
this little
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x
TO
THE
READER.
Manual.
1
It
was
quite
necessary
too,
for
obvious
reasons,
to
explain
briefly
and
only
generally
the
uses
of ov
and
^
and
of the
particle
av.
My present
belief
however
is,
that
the
little
that
has
been
said
on these
most
difficult
monosyllables
sufficiently
indicates
the
true
principles
of
their
usage.
No
one has
any
claim
to
be a
sound
Greek
scholar
who
is
imperfectly
acquainted
with
these
and
the
other
particles
;
and
those
who
value verbal
and
grammatical
accuracy
in
a
classical
education
will
do
well
to
encourage
this
study
in
all
the
upper
classes
of
the Schools.
1
Baumlein's
work, Untersuchungen
fiber
Griechische
Partilclen,
(Stuttgart,
1861)
extends,
for
the
above
reason,
to more than
300
pages
of
rather
close
print.
LONDON,
1881.
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CONTENTS.
FACIE
oXXd
1
dv
3
dpa, dpa
11
yt
U
SVj
18
Sfjra, Sijeev
(Sfjfc)
24
fl
-7
Kai
30
Hv
and
B
34
(ATJV
35
ov
and
[iTJ
40
ovv 52
irep
GO
7ro>s
and
SITUS,
and
irws
and irov
enclitic
63
n-ov
interrogative
66
TOI
67
(I>S
71
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THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
aXAa.
THIS
word,
commonly
meaning
but,
and
often
nearer
in
sense
to
the
Latin
at
or av.tem
than
to
the
separative
sed,
was
in its
origin, perhaps,
the
plural
of
a\Xo
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THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
cri
&'
a\\a
yr)/j,as
Ylpia/jubwv
yafj,/3pb
0eol
TraTpwoi,
(Tvyyevea-de
y
aXXa
vvv.
Lat.
nunc
demum.
Soph.
^.
411.
a
TOVTO.
Ibid.
415.
'
a\X'
u/tet?
76
Kivfjcrai
TO
SvffirpocroiaTOV
KaTrpo
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AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS. 3
The
formula ov
yap
dXXa,
'
for
indeed,'
'
for of
course/
lit.
'
for
it
is
not otherwise
but,'
is
not
unfrequent.
K\voip
av'
ov
yap
dXXa
Set
Sovvai
/xep09.
Eur.
Suppl.
570.
d-TTiff.
ov
yap
dXXa
rod
TrapaQevros
77
\dpis.
Ar.
Equ.it.
1205.
V
av.
The uses
of
this
particle
may
be reduced
to
three
principal
heads.
(1)
It
combines
and
coheres
with
relative and
some
few other
quasi-relative
words
(irpiv,
in
case a
negative
precedes,
evOa,
pexP
1
'
^
et
')>
^
present
and
future
time,
to
express
indefiniteness,
like our word
ever
in
'
whoever/
'
whenever/
&c.
In
this
case it is
naturally
constructed with
the
subjunctive
mood. For
every
subfunctive
is
a
future,
implying
as
it
does
something
that
is
yet
to
be
proved
by
experience.
And
in
all
such
propositions
an
event
is
waited
for,
the
issue of
which
is
regarded
as a
present
uncertainty.
And
as
'
ever
'
forms an
integral part
of
our
words
'
whenever/
&c.,
and
we
are not
in
the
habit
of
writing
separately
'
when
ever/
or
'
what
ever/
so
ore
av and
64 av
are written
as one
word
o-rav
and
fy
(or
eav
again
shortened
to
av}.
So
oTrorai/,
C'TT^V,
eVetSav,
and
the
crasis av
for
a
av.
B
2
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THE
GREEK PARTICLES
09,
O
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
5
a likelihood
of
that
being
the case. Whether the
hypothesis
is
a
probable
one
or
not
is
immaterial.
The
young
student
should consider
the different
ideas
conveyed by
if
he
should
he
would,
and
if
he shall he
icill. He will thus learn
clearly
to
distinguish
Boirj
av,
el
%oi,
from
Sfaaei,
lav
exi3>
an(
^
yevoir
av
irav
Geov
de\ovro$
=
el
Oeo
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6
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
'
If
he
had
said
this,
he
would
have
said
what
was
false/
el
TOVTO
e\e%ev,
e-^feva-aro
av.
Which
implies,
'But
he
did
not
say
it,
and
therefore
he has told
no lies.'
The
real
meaning
of
the
phrase
is,
'
if
he
said it
(only
he did
not),
according
to
that
(ava TOVTO)
he
said what
was
false.'
The Eoinan
idiom
is
here
strikingly
different,
si
live
dixisset,
mentitus
esset.
Note
particularly,
that with the
optative
the
position
of
av
in
the
sentence is
usually
early,
that
is,
it
follows
some
emphatic
word,
which from
its
very
emphasis
stands
nearly
first.
It
thus much
more
frequently
precedes
the
verb
than
immediately
follows
it.
In
fact the Greeks
seldom
say ov
TavTa
Devoir
av,
or
ov
yevoiT*
av
TUVTO,
'
this
is not
likely
to
happen,'
but
nearly
always
OVK
av
yevoLTo
TavTa. And
generally, emphasis
is
expressed
by
the
position
-of
av,
as
in
719?
T-SjaB'
av
(p.
1).
When
there
are
two
emphatic
w
7
ords,
or
when
the
verb follows
long
after
the
introductory
av,
the
particle
may
be re-
peated,
as
/caXw?
av
TO, TOiaina
Trpbs
aBiicov
av
avBpa
So Ant.
466-8,
aXV av
tceivots
av
rfkyovv.
av
Ka/j,'
av
TOiavTp
%e//H
Ti/^CDpelv
6e\oi.
Oed. R.
139.
av ovS
av
io~%v(i)v
(frvyeiv.
Elect. 697.
Note
also,
that even
with
the
subjunctive
such
particles
as
aev, Be,
yap,
^aiXioTa,
often intervene
between
the
av
and the
relative
word,
as c5
/tev
av
TavTa,
89
fidXioTa
av
(70^09
77,
ol
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
7
A
peculiar
use of
av with au
historic
tense
contem-
plates
the condition
as
having
often
taken
place,
and
an act
or
event
in
consequence
having
frequently
occurred.
7rpo9
8e Tot)#'
6
fj,oi
/3a\oi
vevpoairaSrjs
arpa/cro?,
auro?
av
raXa?
Trpos
TOI)T'
av'
i
8'
eSei TL teal irorov
\aftelv,
TCLVT av
efeoTrcov
rdXa?
Philoct.
289.
evpero
TTOLV av
Bid
ra?
\nrapd.
AT.
^4cA.
640.
'
He
would
get
anything
he
asked
for,
through
that
complimentary
title
Athens
the
Bright
In the
optative
or the indicative
construction
(as
distinct
from
the
subjunctive
and
relative
use),
the
in-
finitive,
or
even
the
participle,
is
often
combined
with
av,
where
either of
these
represents
the
original
mood
Iry
some
change
of
the
syntax.
Thus,
trdvr
av
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THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
means on,
eirpa^ev
av
el
rfSwrfdij.
Lat.
se
facturum
fuisse
si
posset
or
potuisset.
Thuc.
viii.
66,
evr)
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
s,
a>
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10
THE
GKEEK
PARTICLES
are
lax
colloquial
usages
than
that
they
imply any
subtle difference
of
meaning.
Lastly,
though
a
perfect
tense,
1
active
or
passive,
cannot
take
av,
a
pluperfect
can
do
so. And hence
even
TT7roiij(70at
av is
good
Greek,
if
it stands
for
ejreTTOiijTO
av. See
Thuc.
ii.
103,
and
v. 46. So
Athen.
p.
351
A,
voplfyov
OVK
av
oimo?
cnro
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AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
11
But
we
have
07r&>5
av
avrrjv
dfavicreias
etVe
fioi,
Ibid.
759,
where
av,
though
strictly
belonging
to the
optative
verb,
follows
OTTO)?
from
its
natural
tendency
to
come
at
the
beginning
of
a
sentence.
It
should be
added,
that
an
optative
with
av
is
often
used as a
mild
or
polite
command
or
request.
Thus
X&>pot9
av
'
you
may
go,'
means,
as
it
would
in
English,
'go,'
lit.
'you
would be
for
going
(if
you
wished
to
please
me,
&c.).'
The above
are
all
the
main
facts
really
necessary
for
understanding
the uses of
av.
And it would
serve
no
purpose
to
encumber
this
short
and
plain
statement
of
the
doctrine
with a
number
of
examples.
apa,
apa.
The
root
of
this word
implies
connexion
and con-
sequence.
It
is one
of
the commonest
in
epic
(where
it is
often
little,
if
at
all,
more than a
metrical
supple-
ment),
and
is
very frequent
in
the Attic
poets
and
prose
writers,
especially
in
dialogue.
The most
usual
sense
of
apa
is
'
then,'
as
ap
?7/*et9,
o>
eoi/cev,
Soph.
El
.
kv
fjiei'
apa
Tot9
crv/jKfxovovfiev,
ev 8e
rot?
ov,
Plat.
p.
263,
A.
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AND
THEIK
COMBINATIONS.
13
speaker
was
not
previously
aware,
and
which comes
on
him
as
a
surprise,
or as a conclusion
to
be
now
first
deduced
from
the
circumstances
of
a
case.
Kdl
rovff
VTTOTTTOV
rjv
ap\
Eur.
And/'.
1088.
'
and
this,
it
seems,
was
regarded
with
suspicion.'
\P>^
V
'
JP-\
V-\ -\
>
/I
/
TO
6
ijv
ap
ovoev
a\\o
Tr\rjv
Vavetv
e/te.
Soph.
Track.
1172.
6
aT]fj,arovpyb
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14
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
The
strengthened
form
of
dpa
(compare
8rj
with
8e,
fjirjv
with
fj,ev)
is used in
strong
affirmations.
apa rovpyov,
ov/c
epov,
/ce/cX^crerat.
Aj.
1368.
Ta\aivr)s
apa
rfjarSe
av[Jt,
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
15
ws
ye
fiov
rov viov
OVK
e/cutra?.
Ar. Ar. 139.
The
most
ordinary
meaning
of
76
is
'
yes/
in
assenting
to
a
question
or
proposition.
xal
vvv
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16
THE
GEEEK
PARTICLES
It
is
often
added
to
09
and
6'cm?
in
the sense
of
quippe
qui.
vpwv
TrpTov
ere
09
76
eeXt>cra9
SacyioV,
Oed.
Tyr.
33-6.
qui
tributo liberaveris.
dX)C 01
6eoi
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AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
I
1
firj
fi
dTifj.dffr)Te
ye
6avovr
,
eVel
ov
fie ffivrd 7'
avdts
e^erov.
Oed.
Col
1409.
fir)
irpo?
dewv
fypovwv
y
a
Oed.
R. 326.
firj
8f)Ta
TOV
SIXTTTJVOV
a>8e
7'
altcia-rj.
Aj.
111.
76
TTpe/J-VodfV
7raV(ii)\6pOV
Aesch.
5^^.
71.
fir] &/T
6/109
7'
wi>,
w
reicvov,
Spd&rjs
raSe.
Eur.
>S^>p/.
320.
Here,
of
course,
the
76
may
emphasise
e'/Ao?,
'if
you
call
yourself
mine.'
So
too
in
Baceh.
951,
fir)
(TV
ye
ra
Nu/z&ii>
&io\e
Kareppivr)fivov
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18
THE GREEK
PARTICLES
Both
ei
76
and
eVei
76,
quomam
quidem,
siquidem,
are
common,
but
they
do not
require
special
illustration.
1
The
particle
ye
is
not used with
the
imperative,
and it
very
rarely
closely
follows
av,
Stf,
or
/AT/,
though
instances
of
each
do
occur.
(Here.
Fur.
517,
Ar. Thesm.
934.)
The
common
practice
of
rendering
j
'
at
least
'
is
much
more often
wrong
than
right.
In
truth this
is,
both
in
prose
and
poetry,
a
particle
by
which many,
and
sometimes
very
subtle,
senses
are
conveyed
;
and a
good
deal
of
the
higher
scholarship
is
implied
in the
right
understanding
of
it.
The
notion,
that it
was
often
a
mere
metrical
and
otiose
supplement,
must be
dismissed,
at all
events
in
the
interpretation
of
undoubtedly
genuine
passages
in
Attic Greek.
As
a
strengthened
form of
8e
it
has
nearly
the sense
of
ovv
and
apa,
'then.' The two
are
very
often
com-
bined,
as
> e
r)
r
;
.
crwyyovow
vaeis
epiv.
Eur.
Phoen.
1277.
rj/cet?
8e
8^
ri
rrja-Be
7*79
Ke^p^^ho^;
;
Suppl.
457.
(j,\.\e
t
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AXD
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
10
See
also
Orcst.
62,
101,
425, 580,
940.
Conversely,
ore
Sri
S'
occurs
Ar.
Eecl.
195,
827.
Sotcetre
Srj
/xoc
rfjcrSe
tcoivuvelv
%0ovo
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20
THE
GREEK PARTICLES
(&)
With
superlatives,
as
/LtaXto-ra
Stj,
v-^tcna
877
(Pers.
333),
fie^iaT^ 817
(Thuc.
viii.
1),
/caXXta-ra
877
(Eur.
Heracl.
794).
Very
often with
one or more words
intervening,
as
w
TWV
cnravTcw
Sf)
0a/j,dr(ov
e/Ltot
a\7t
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS. 21
AT.
Av.
139,
and
TTO\V
8rj
TTO\V
Srj
yvvalK
dpCarav
Xt'/*vav
J
A%povTiav
iropevaat.
Eur.
Alcest. 442.
(d)
With
imperatives
and earnest
exhortations,
as
eta
Sij,
Wi
&;', aye
Srf,
t'Xot Xo^trat,
rovpyov
ov%
e/ca?
roSe.
XO.
eta
BTJ,
^1O9
TrpoKtairov
7ra
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22 THE
GEEEK PARTICLES
Kal
Br)
BeSeyjjiai,'
rt?
Be aoi
rt/j,r)
pevet,
;
Eum.
854.
Kal
Br)
dvpwpa>v
OUTIS
av
aiSpa
(frpevl
r)
Baiftova BOJJ,Opov
rovfjiov
ov
Treidet
a-'
Bel
Brf
ere
8eli~ai
TO*
rpoirm
Bte(j)ddpijv.
'
Supposing
now
(as
I
dare
say
is
the
case)
that
my
assertion
of
virtue
does not
convince
you
: then it
is
for
you
to
show in what
way
I was
corrupted.'
Hippol.
1007.
Kal
Brj
irapeiKev,
'
suppose
that he
has
conceded
this.'
Hel. 1057.
The
same
combination
means
(a)
'
before
now,'
as
Kal
BTJ
Tt?
e/crav'
dyvoias
VTTO.
Aesch.
Suppl.
493.
(b)
'
Well,
then,'
as
Kal
Brj
\ej(i)
croi
TTOLV
ocrtwv
KaretBofjirjv.
Soph.
El.
892.
Kal
Brj
Xeyto
crof
TOV
vKpov
TI$
a/jr/w?
dd-fyas
ftefiijKe.
Antig.
245.
Kal
Brj
TreTre/iTTTfU
Koar^ov
ev
^epolv e\Q)V.
Theb. 468.
Kal
Brj
7repa
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
23
real
8t]
Ko/J.i%i
TrpocnroXtov
oS
eyyvBev.
Ibid.
544.
teal
Srj
TrapfjKTai
dyta
Taea>v
e/cas
1
.
Hcracl.
673.
/cal
8r)
Vi
fcparl (TTeavo9
Srj
av
/J.OL
TVpavvos
'Apyeia>v
eaei.
Aesch.
Ag.
1611.
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24
.
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
The
two
particles
are
separated
in
Hel.
1378,
&>
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AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
25
When
a
word is
repeated
with
assent, STJTO,
is
added,
as
Zeus
yevvTJrwp
Sot.
XO.
iSotTo
Srjra
Trpevfievovs
air
o/t/taro?.
Aesch.
&uppl.
202.
etSo>?
av
alcrav
rr/vSe
trvyyvoir]
/3poTOt
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26 THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
ov
&}T',
7Tei
rot
rrjv
/JLTJV
avriK
rffie
Oed.
Col
433,
436.
AN.
opa9
;
avrauSa?
ev
Katcois
9
OavovfJievot,.
Orest.
111 ).
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AND
THEIE
COMBINATIONS. 27
cti^
&f)0ev
OVK
eiSvta
rd^eipyacrfieva.
Ibid. 1320.
HA.
retceiv
p
e/3ov\T
dcrQevrj,
roMuSe
Sou
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28
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
See
Aj.
850,
1229.
This
formula,
used
also
by
Plato,
is
both
interrogative
and
emphatic.
The
question
is
more
common
with
ov
TTOV,
as
ov
TTOV
viv
'EXei/Tjs
alo~xpbv
&\ecrev
K\eo.
Ibid.
139.
See
also
^/.
1417,
^.
622, 1456,
Agam.
694
(^
iro\v9p^vov
alwva),
Phoen.
697,
jRAes.
266,
915,
Eel.
765.
17
xdpra
vei/cous
TOVTO
Spear
7rapoL^o/j.ai.
Aesch.
Suppl.
446.
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
29
tcdpra
Xa/nvrpd
KOI
,Kar
Sfifia
KOI
(frva-tv.
Soph.
Track. 379.
See
Aj.
1359,
EL
312,
Eum.
204,
Agam.
575.
In
Platonic
dialogue
we
often
find
77
yap
;
'
is
it not
so?'
77
jap
voi
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30
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
Sometimes
7j
simply
asks
the
question,
as
rj
ydp
TL
\oi7rbv
rfjSe
irrjfjbdTwv
epeis
;
Prom.
764.
7)
7rpo9
Safiapros
e^avia-rarai
Qpovwv ;
Ibid.
786.
Often too
it
means
sane,
'
in
sooth.'
rj
ou
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32 THE GREEK
PARTICLES
veaylas
yevov
epyoKTt,,
Kel
p,r)
T&>
Xfovw
irdpe
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
33
771 ?
TrapeffTfix;
Kal
Trpocru)
'
and
also
when
far
away.'
Aesch. Eum.
65.
So
Prom.
994,
teal ere &
ev
TOVTOI?
Xeya,
'
and
you
too
I
reckon
among
these.'
With
an
interrogation
Kal
TTW?,
Kal
Ti
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34
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
OI.
ical
T/5
;jpoi/o9
TOto-S' ecrriv
ovj;
e
IO.
(T^eSo^
Ti
irpocrdev
rj
crv
T^crS
yv
i^alvov.
Oed.
T.
735.
is a formula
very
often
used
where
a
practical
illustration is
given
of
some
preceding general
state-
ment.
Kai vvv
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
35
a8t/co?,
the Romans
generally
say
tu
Justus
es,
pater
iiiji'Mi'.s;
and
we
can
only
say
'You
are
honest,
while
your
father
is
dishonast.'
Both
fiev
and
Be
are often used
separately;
for
instance,
many
of
the
tragedies
commence
with
pev,
not followed
by any
antithetical
8e,
which
in
many
uses
may
be
mentally
supplied.
So
too
Trpcarov
pev
is
usually
answered
by
eTreira,
without
Be.
Very
often
8e
=
autem
merely
connects
or
combines a
narrative
;
and
equally
common
is
its
adversative use
'
but,'
=
at
or
sed.
Sometimes
it
is
used in
apodosi,
or to
resume
the
thread of
an.
argument
or
to
introduce a
question,
as
(f>pd
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36
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
It
has a
remarkable
tendency
to
be
followed
by
ye
with a
word
intervening.
Thus
ov
firjv
76
is nw
tamen
:
ov
ftrjv
art/Mol
7'
etc
6ea>v
redvrj^ofjiev.
Agam.
1250.
ov
fjiijv
aKOfjwracrTos y
e
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
37
opa
ye
/
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38
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
Oijpes
8e
Kripaivovcn
ical
/S/aoroi,
rt
fj.ijv
;
Aesch.
Suppl.
976.
~\yov
(Philebus)
it
occurs
thrice.
The
combination
^ p.r)v
has three
peculiar
meanings
:
(a)
In
taking
an
oath,
'
I
truly
will do
so-and-so.'
1
o>cr#'
opKov
avrct)
TrpocrftaXwiv
8i(afJ,0(rev
?} p,r]v
rov
a^^crrripa
TOv&e TOV
7rd6ov.
526.
In
expressing
a
threat.
7/r/
ert
Zeu?
Kaiirep
avOdSr}
TdTreivos.
Prom.
928.
T
C/J.OV
v
%i
fjtaxdpmv
irpvTavi^.
Ibid.
175.
7) jJbijv
crv
Kavev
TovBe
\V7rr]6el
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
Alcest.
64.
rl.
Ar.
Nub.
865.
ffv
Travaei
tcaiTrep
d>/io
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40 THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
(6)
The
same,
with
or
without
ye,
means,
'well,
but/
and
'
well,
then.'
tea
p.rjv
%pT)(Tfjto
OVKGT etc
carat,
SeSoptcws.
A
gam.
1149.
teal
firjv
7re7ra);ftJ9
y
o>?
Bpacrvvecrdai
TrXeov
fiporetov
alfjia,
aiyci09
ev
Sopot? pevei.
Ibid. 1159.
teal
fjbrjv
(frofloicri
y
avrov
e^e^vcrdfjujv.
Aj.
531.
ye TrpocnroXois
v\dcrcrerai.
Ibid.
539.
See also
El.
1045, 1188,
Prom.
1006,
Pers.
266,
Theb.
234,
Eur.
Suppl.
393,
697.
We
have
aXXa
/i^y
in
Pers.
235,
aXV
ot>8e
/ttj^v
in
Cho.
181,
'
yet
neither,'
and
in Eur.
Eel.
1047,
aX\'
ouSe
/u-^v
vau?
eariv
y
arwOelpev
av.
Ov
ri
firjv
occurs
in
Soph.
El.
817.
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
41
a
5
;
fjLij
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42 THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
firjo'eva
o/3ei(T0ai,,
which
is
a
general
proposition,
they
would
say, describing
the known
character and
habit of
A or
B,
and
speaking
of
a
fact,
rotoOro?
ecrrtv
ovBeva
(frofteirai.
rj
rocroi/S'
ToXfiijf
TrpoffcoTTOv,
&crre
TO-?
fia
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
4:;
Where
the
sense
is,
el
vopi&is
on
ov%
v$e'et
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44
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
sideration
gives
the
preference
to
the
subjunctive.
We
find
however
instances
of
the
future
where
the
subjunc-
tive cannot
be
used,
as
ov
pri
or'
K
TcovS'
eSpdvcov,
w
yepov,
aKovra
Tt?
dgei.
Soph.
Oed. Col.
177.
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
45
not
a
satisfactory
solution,
because
it
does
not account
for
the
subjective
JJLIJ.
Possibly,
it is
but an
interrogative
variety
of
the
former
idiom,
'
Is
there
no
chance
of
your
not
doing
?
'
i.e.
'
pray
don't
do.'
Or
thus,
'
Will
you
not
attend
to
the
command
fir]
TTOIIJO-TJS,
don't do
it?'
In
either
case,
the future
must be a
modification
of the
subjunctive,
from
the formula
being
regarded
as
a
simple
interrogative.
Where
the
participle
stands
for
the
verb
with
el,
^
is of
course
necessary.
So
/ca/eo?
av
irjv
fj.rj
Sptav
(or
8pd
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46
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
Svad\yr)To
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
47
Either ovBev
or TO
pySev
is used
in the
sense
of
nihili,
a
nobody
or a
mere
nothing.
Barely,
and
somewhat
inaccurately,
fj-qSev
is used
without
the
article,
where
strict
logic
requires
ovSev.
So
Ka-rn
fjirjBev
ep^erai
stands
for eVt
TO
wSev
in
Soph.
El.
1000.
When
a relative
conveys
any
notion of
indefiniteness,
or
purpose,
cause,
or
condition,
/AT;,
and not ov is
used,
affecting
even
the
participle
(
Tro.
1166).
Thus
ecfrewyov
evda
fir]
oiJrof'yUT/v.
Oed. R.
79.
Ti?
e/jbov
a&\i(t)Tepo
av
eirj,
ov
pr)
e^ecrri
CUJTWV
TIVI,
Be^ecrdai
;
Ib.
817.
Sometimes
(in
poetry
especially)
TO
^
stands
for
&5o-T6
firi,
'to
the
not
doing'
of
something being
re-
garded
as a result.
So
Agam.
552,
TO
/JLIJTTOT'
avdi?
fi.r)&'
ava
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
49
el
B' ov
TrapovcrTjs
ravrd
rev^ofiai
cre6ev,
Iph.
Aid.
995.
el
B'
ovtcer
should
be
read.
Or
if
a
participle
may
be
resolved
into
a
condition,
as
Philoct.
935,
aXX'
a>
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50 THE GREEK
PARTICLES
the
fiij
is
wrongly
used,
and
the verse
is
probably
an
interpolation.
A
similar
anomaly
occurs
in
Eur.
Herod.
533,
fvprjfia
ovv
p,rjT
dtcova)
//??$'
opca
;
Them,.
19.
A
very
peculiar
use
of
firj
occurs
in
strong
assever-
ations which
assume the
form
of
an oath.
t
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
51
We
can
only say
that
this
is
an idiom
;
it
is
hard
to
explain
it on
any
logical
principle.
From
ov&ev
aXXo
77,
nihil
a.Uv.d
quam
(an
accusative
of
the
object),
an adverbial
formula dXX'
77, pro.-
i,
came
into
use.
Thus
in Pers.
211,
6
'
oi)8ev
aXXo
y
77
the
full
sense
would
be
ovSev
aXXo
eVo/et
?;
-rrapel\e.
In
Ran.
227,
ov&v
yap
ear'
dXX'
^
oa^
we
clearly
trace the transition of
a\\o
to
a\Xa.
Similarly
in Pac.
475,
(reading
aXX',
not
aXX'
;
)
ovS'
otiBe
7'
elX/cov
ov&ev
apyelot
TraXat
aXX'
rj
KareyeXwv
rwv
ra\anrwpovfiiv(av,
the
word elX/cov is used
Trapa
Trpoa-SoKiav
for
CTTOIOVV,
'
they
have
been
doing
nothing
but
(else
than)
laughing.'
Hence
in
negative
sentences ovSev
aXX'
^,
OVK
aXX'
r),
became
very
common,
especially
in
Plato.
TO re
\OITTOV
/J,7)8eTepov
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52
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
The
phrase
ov
yap
d\\d is
also
elliptical.
K\voifjC
av'
ov
jap
d\\a
Bel
oovvai
//.epo?.
Eur.
Suppl.
570.
r]
crKMTrre
p ,
wSeXfi,
ov
jap
aXX'
'
for
indeed I
am
hard
up,'
lit.
'
for
it
is not but
that,'
&c.
Ar.
Ban.
58.
ovv.
The
simplest
meaning
of this
particle
is
'
therefore.'
%vfji,(3ov\ov
ovv
/A 7rf)\de6Spa
ftev
ovv,
&c.
But it
is
equally
common
in
the sense
of
'
nay
rather,'
imo
potius.
AI.
rj
fj,rj
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
5:',
w
A^xe
pov
7rpo
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54
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
v ovv
evoiS'
tceSvwv
Kan
irpayfjidruiv
av
rjOe\ov
7V&X7TO?
yeveaffat
-
7T/J09
Sfcrcre/3eui9
8' rV
e'ioi
roS'
eV
roiovSe
7Tpay/J,a
/AT)
KapavaxraL
^(OKpdrtj
&iaepeiv
Ttvl
TWV
TroXXwv
avOpunrwv.
Plat.
ApoL
p.
34,
E.
a\\
J
ovv
evvoLa
7'
av8w.
'
Well,
at
all
events
it is from
kindness that I
tell
you/
&c.
Soph.
jK.
233.
ovi/
e7rt(7Tft)
7'
ol
yu,'
artyttta?
ayeis.
Ibid. 1035.
out/
irpo^vvcrr]^
ye
TOVTO
Tovpyov,
Kpv(j)rj
8e
KpvTrre.
Ant.
84.
viz.
ere
OVKOVV
Trpos
ye
cr??
airearrovv
'
at least
I
did not
on a former
occasion
hold
aloof
from
your
view.'
Ibid.
993.
a\V ovv
e\eyo/Jicrd'
,
r]
(part?
8'
ou
ynot
Tritcpd,
Eur.
/wi,
1325.
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AND TIIEIR
COMBINATIONS.
55
OVKOVV
TTOT etc
TOVTOIV
ye
pr)
OTCinyXMV
ert
oSonropijcreis.
Ocd.
Col.
848.
See
also
7Wrf.
651, 924,
Oed.
Tyr.
565,
1357.
OVKOVV
av
eK(f)vyoi
ye
T^
Prom.
526.
a'XX'
oiJi/
eyw
'v\at;a
rovro
7'
ap/cecrat.
4/.
535.
In
some
of
these,
and
many
similar
passages,
the
force
of
76
seems
to
have
escaped
the
notice of editors.
The use
of
yovv
is more obvious.
a\V
el TO,
0vr]Tct)v
^111
KO,Taicrxyvecr&
en
yeveffXa,
rr,v
yovv
Trdirra
ftocrfcovcrav
\bya
aiSeiaP
avatcTOs
77X101*.
Oed.
R.
1424.
el
Kal
Tupavvels,
e^icrcareov
TO
yovv
i(T
dvTi\%ai.
Ibid. 408.
o~v
%aipe.
J
ovv
Phoen. 618.
The
particles
S
1
ovv
are
very
often
used
(a)
to
express
defiance,
mostly
with the
pronoun
of
the second
and third
person.
o
8'
ovv
TTOieLTO)' TrdvTd
TrpocrSoKrjTd
fioi.
'
Then let
him
do
it
There is
nothing
that
I
may
not
expect
to
happen
to
me.'
Aesch.
Prom.
956.
o
ovv
/oo)VTCt)V
aa
ra
Ar.
Aeh.
186.
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56
THE GREEK PARTICLES
ol
&
:
ovv
&PCOVTCOV
o
T4
/3oii\ovTai.
Lysist.
491.
8
ovv
trco,
/eel
^prf
jj,e
TravTeXw?
daveiv.
Oed.
Tyr.
669.
01
8'
ovv
r
ye\(i)VTO)v
KaTTt^aipovrwv
Karcoi$.
Aj.
961.
f)
6
ovv
edaOw
KCL\
TropeveaOa)
crTeyas.
Track.
329.
av
S'
ovv
Xey',
ei
aoi r&)
Xo^/w
rt9
rj&ovij.
Soph.
El. 891.
av
8'
oi;^,
eireiS?}
reptyis
r/Se
crot
TO
Spdv,
XP
x
ei
pt-
A
i-
114
-
Q-J)
8'
ovv
a/cove
rovpyov.
Track.
1157.
av
8'
ovv
Blwfce Kal
TTOVOV
7r\eov ri6ov.
Eum.
217.
(b)
With
el
or
^y
a
barely possible
contingeDcy
is
expressed,
'
but
if
he should
do
so-and-so,
then,'
&c.
This
idiom
also,
though
in
fact
common,
seems
but
little
understood.
el
S'
ovv
avdjKij
r^aS*
eTrippeiroi ry^?,
Aesch.
Ag.
1009.
el 8' ovv n
KaKTpeTTono
rov
irpoaOev
\6yov,
'or,
if
he
should,
deviate at
all
from his
former
statement,'
&c.
Oed.
Tyr.
851.
64
S'
ovv,
(pi\et
jap
TOVTO
fir]
ravTrj
peTteiv.
Antig.
722,
where
fir) o-oo?
fyvaet,
Ti?
earl
is to
be
supplied.
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AND
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COMBINATIONS.
57
el
TOI
8oKe?
IJOL,
xpijv
fiev
ov
d
dfiaprdveiv'
1
B'
OVV,
7T10OV
flOi,
'
but
if
you
did
go
wrong/
&c.
Hip-pol.
507.
el
8'
ovv,
fpoo
yap
KOI TO
o~ov,
iceivov
0e\a>v
eTT(i)(f)e\r)
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58
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
Both
OVKOVV
and
OVKOVV
occur,
where the
accented
syllable
alone has its
force.
In
all
cases
however
OVK
ovv should be taken
separately,
and
the
meaning
deter-
mined
by
the addition
or
absence
of the
interrogation.
With
wairep
the
particle
means
'
as in
fact.'
TO
/j,r]
7r6\iv
pev,
wcnrep
ovv
e^et,
TraOelv,
'
to
prevent
the
city
from
suffering
as
it has
suffered.'
Agam.
1142.
Kal
/Jirjv
Ti
(3v,
Teu/epc,
roOSe croc
yu,e\ew
'
dvrjp
tcelvos,
oxnrep
ovv
/j,\ei,
Aj.
990.
wcnrep
ovv aTrooXero
;
Cho.
88.
With
alternatives
expressed
by
eire
eire,
or
excluded
by
ovre
and
pyre,
we
find ovv
added to
one or
both
clauses
according
as
a
special
emphasis
is
conveyed.
en-
oveiprwv
'
whether
they
are
indeed
true,
or
whether &c.'
Agam.
474.
elV ovv
davovros
e'/re
Kal
coi>ro9
Trept
Hid.
816.
en-'
ovv
KO/jLi^eiv
86^a vitcrjcret
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS. 59
OUT'
ev
deaicri
vrpo?
Oewv
o
ovr ovv
/Sporeioi?
e/i
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60 THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
a(f)(a
6' ovv
dpSifJuai
fj,rj
TTOT'
dvrfjcrai
KCIKWV.
Ibid.
1444.
See
also
Ibid.
980,
985
;
Ant.
771,
925.
In
Heracl.
202,
/cat
yap
ovv means
'
for,
of
course.'
With
a
wish
or
prayer
ovv
adds
particular
point
to
the
neative.
p,rj
ri
TTOT ovv
t]v
en.
Orest.
1147.
firj
ri TTOT'
ei?
(ovv ?)
e/j,av
TTO^IV
licoiff
6
irals.
Ion 719.
Added to relatives
and
relative
particles,
ovv
gives
the
sense of
indefiniteness,
as
oario-ovv,
OTLOVV,
oirwcrovv.
Plato,
Symp.
p.
210, B,
TO
/cctXXo9
TO
eVl
oryovv
o-(a/j,art,
rw
67rt
erepy
crco/jLart
u86\(j)6v
ecm,
'
the
beauty
in
any
(one) body
is
akin
to
that
in
any
other.'
This
particle,
except
in the
epic,
is seldom
used
alone.
Eur.
Ale.
2,
#eo?
irep
wv,
'
though
a
god,'
and
Aesch.
Theb.
1041,
yvvyj
irep
ovo-a,
'
though
a
woman,'
and
Agam.
1547,
rdSe
pev
o-repyeiv
Suo-TrX^Ta
irep
OVT
are
among
the few
examples
from
tragedy.
Similarly
Cho.
495,
ovrca
yap
ov
TkQvY]Ka^,
ovSe
Trep
Oavcov.
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AND T1IEIR COMBINATIONS.
61
More common
is
KaiTrep
with
a
participle,
sometimes
separated,
as
p,(av
Kal
6eos
irep
Ipepw
TreTrXT/y/zepo?
;
i.e.
Kaiirep
#eo?
&v.
Ag.
117-1-.
d
iKvovpat
KOI
yvvij
Trep
ov.
Eur.
Orest.
680.
Very
rarely
Ka'nrep
is
used
with a
finite
verb,
as
in
Find.
Nem.
iv.
35,
e/i7ra,
Kaiirep
e%,
and
Plat.
Symp.,
p.
219, C,
icaiirep
e/cetvo
ye
W/ZT/I/
rt
elvai,
where
KO.LTOI
should
doubtless
be
restored.
eiTrep,
siquidem,
is
nearer
to our
'
since
'
than to
'
if,'
though
it
may
sometimes
be
rendered
'if,
as
is
the
case,'
e.g.
eiirep eipyaa-rai
rd8e,
'if,
as we
assume,
he
has done
this.'
Aj.
22.
It is followed
by
76
in
assent,
as
y
air
a/3%?? 7rpyfj,aTOs
KOIVWVOS
rjv.
Aesch.
Suj)pl.
338.
7'
^Opearov
acofia
/3a
roSe.
Soph.
El.
1216.
More
often
a word
intervenes,
as
KO.V
TO?
e/zoi?
ap
,
eiTrtp
ev
ye
Tocrt
rot?.
Aesch.
Cho.
215.
va,
TZKVOV,
eiTrep
eri
7
Oed. Col.
27.
eirrep
TL
7'
earl
ri}
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
63
vofil^ovar'
oixnrep
av
Travis
credev.
Eur. Med.
1153.
Where
perhaps
the
sense
is not
ova-rivas
av
but
ov(nrep
vofjii^oi
av,
'
the
very
same
whom
he
would
regard
as
his friends.'
The
correction
of Dobree
in
Soph.
El.
691,
a6tC
aTrep
vopifrTai
for
irevrdedX'
a
vofii^erai, though generally
adopted,
seems
inadmissible, and
the
passage
is
more
probably
an
interpolation.
TTOV
and
TTCDJ
enclitic,
and
TTW?
and
OTTO)?.
The
two
latter,
'
somehow,'
'
somewhere,'
or
'
per-
chance,'
as ei
7r&>5,
r)
TTOV,
and
TTJU with a
negative
only
(in
the
earlier
Attic),
nondum,
as distinct from
ovtceri,
iam
non,
'no
longer,'
are
simple
in
their
uses,
and
require
no
special
illustration.
But
TTW?
and
oTrto?,
besides their
uses
in
asking
a
direct
or
(as
in
Nut.
690)
a
repeated
question
and
in
expressing
indirectly
means
how
and
purpose,
with
the
future,
subjunctive,
or
optative,
have
several
other
idiomatic
meanings.
As
Troi
or TTOV
7/79
often
occurs,
so we find
TT&J?
vfj,vetas
e^eis,
'
how
are
they
disposed
towards
you
?
'
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64
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
Similarly
OTTW?
TTO&WV,
6Vo)9
ra^ov?,
'
with all
speed,'
Aesch.
Suppl. 816,
Plat.
Gorg.
p.
507,
D,
where
there
is
an
ellipse
of
e^et,
or
some
tense
of
it.
A
wish is often
expressed
by
TTW?
av
with
the
optative,
'
how
could
I
do
it
?
'
meaning
virtually
'
I
should be
lad if I could do it.'
av
Bpocrepas
aVo
KaOapwv
v8d,Ta>v
TTCO/X'
a
'
that
from a
dewy
spring
I
could take a
draught
of clear
water
'
Hippol.
208.
w
ZeO,
7r&)9
av
TOV
aifMV\cararov
oXecrcra9
Odvoipi; Aj.
387.
7r
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AND
THEIR
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where the
sense
is
OVTIS
eartv
ov
t
or
OVK
ea-riv
ovriva,
&c.
We
find
oi>x
OTT&)?
in
the
sense
of
'
so
far
from/
as
v%
OTTCO?
ae
fravcrofiev.
Soph.
El
796.
TtuvSe Se
ov^
O7T&)?
/cwXurat
e\6pwv
OVTOJV
yevr
d\\a Ka\
BvvafAiv
7rpoa\a/3eiv
jrepiorfyecrde.
Thuc. i.
35.
With
the
ellipse
of
a-KOTret
we not
unfrequently
find
with
a
future
in
the
sense
of
cura
ut,
or
ccuve Tie.
firj
cravTov
ot/criet?
Trore. Aesch.
Prom.
68.
vs
8'
OTTW?
/^^
TTCV^O?
etVot'uet
So^tot?.
Eur.
^w?cA.
367.
Trapecret
poi
KOI
av
rea
ra
Ar.
^r.
131.
A
usage
more
difficult to
explain,
but
depending
probably
on
the attraction
and
assimilation of
moods
and
tenses,
is
the
occurrence
of
O7r&>9
and other
particles
of
purpose,
to?
or
'iva,
in
the sense
'
in which
case
it
would
have
been,'
or
'
that
so it
might
have been.'
TI
S?}T'
e/iol
ffiv
/cepSo?,
a\V
OVK
e'f
rjV rrjcrS'
CLTTO
(TTVv
irdvTwv
TTOVCOV
'
why
do
I
not
throw
myself
at once from
this
rocky
crag,
that
so I
may
be
rid
of
all
my
troubles ?
'
Aesch. Prom. 766.
F
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66
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
wvqv
evpov,
d
ovcra
,u
'
for
then
I
should
not
have
been
agitated
by
two
thoughts.'
Oho.
187.
e3ov\6fj,r)v
fj,ev
erepov
av
rwv
rjdd
Xeyeiv
ra
/3e\Ti
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AND
THEIR COMBINATIONS.
67
TTOV
%pr)
rldea-Oai
ravra,
TTOV
S'
alveiv,
orav
evpco
KCIKOV
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R8
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
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AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
69
ov
Tav
eXoWe? avdi
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AND
THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
71
I8p(i)
ye
TO/
viv
TTCLV
KaTacrrd^et
Se/za?.
Phil.
823.
aXX'
eu
ye
rot
roS
:
ropa$
ye
rot
(f>66vrjcn
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72
THE
GREEK
PARTICLES
a>9
S6\oicri
Med.
783.
eV
avrofyatpw
Trpecrfivv
o>9
e^ov#'
e\ot,
viz.
TO
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AND THEIR
COMBINATIONS.
73
el
Trdvra
8'
o>9
Trpdffa-oifM
av,
eiiOapa-rjs
ey(o.
Agam.
903.
(/)
o>9
often
signifies
'when'
in the
sense
of
eVe/,
and
very
often
'
since.'
(f)dayav
J
rj
f3po%ov Seprj,
o>9
Set \iirelv
ere
(iyos.
Orest.
953.
o>9 Se
airrols
7T/J09
eu^u9
rjvrofjLoXtja-av.
Thuc. iii
77.
In
this
sense of
'
when
'
OTTO)
9
also is used
in
Antig.
253, 407,
Track.
917.
(#)
Both
0)9
ai>
and
OTTO)?
av
with
the
subjunctive
mean
'
accordin
as.'
o>9
av
7rotj;9
and
O7ro>9
are
used
as
the
Romans use
quam
maxime,
&c.
fuUvet
9
a\7
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74 THE
GREEK
PARTICLES.
(i)
With
genitive
absolute,
w?
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I
X D
E
X.
PAGE
dAAi saltern
1,2
ou
yap
dXAd
3,
52
OVK dAA
T)
51
in
expostulation
2
oXAo
yap,
oAA.' ou
yap
2,
51
d\\'
ij
29
oAAa
p-fiv
40
aAA' ou5e
uTJy
40
aA\'
ou
yap
51
d\X'
o?r
yt
54-5
oAA' o?y 54-5
&v
with
relative
and
subjunctive
.
3
inseparable
from
relative word
3,
4
with
optative expressing
condition
and
result
......
4
no
Latin
nor
English
equivalent
.
,
4
expresses
differently
would,
should,
and
shall,
will ....
5
with
past
indicative,
would
have
5
does
not
in itself
govern
subjunctive
5
position
after
emphatic
word,
and
early
in
a
sentence ...
6
repeated
6
separated
from relative word
by
ptv,
8,
yap
6
expresses
frequent
occurrence
in
past
time
7
with
infinitive
or
participle
7.
*
with
optative
and
relative
in indirect
past
narrative
.... 9
with
fl
hardly
in use
9
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76
INDEX.
PACK
&
v
rarely
used
with
future
9
with
pluperfect
10
with
els and
forces
10
naturally
adheres
to
ftirus
H
with
optative
expressing
command
11
with
optative
expressing
wish
,64
consopitum
.,....,.,, 34
pa,
root
of
,
11
primary
meaning
.
H
cipa,
Sp'
ov
12
Spa
^
12
after
tl,
fy,
&y
12
with
imperfect,
ty
&pa,
&c
13
e/ieAAoy
ctpa
13
apa
in
strong
affirmation
14
&pa
with
ty
fi-fj
14
ye
used
in
irony
14
assent
15
emphasis
15
'at
least'
15,
18
with
'6s
and
SCTTIS,
quippe
qui
15
with
jj.ev
lighter
than
fj.ev
yap
16
following
p.'f]
in
expostulation
16
follows
8e
17
follows
el
and
tirei
18
ye
ju?)j/
tamen
36
never
a
mere
supplement
18
ye
fiLfv
8^
37
7
ntvroi
37
yovv
55
ye TOI,
ye
roi
8^
70
tie in
apodosis
35
in
questions
35
STJ
strong
form
of
8e
18
St, $t
18
8^
8e
19
Sijirou
27
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INDEX.
77
PACK
81)
r6rt,
Hy-roTf
19
with
relatives,
is
8^,
&c
19
with
superlatives
20
with
ToAAi
20
with
imperatives,
&yt
Sri,
&c
21
with
finite verbs
21
after
KOI,
in
assumption
21
after
icai,
in
other senses
22
with
y,
in
irony
23
t
with
special emphasis
on
person
69
SriOer,
8i)0e
27-7
STjra,
with a
word
repeated
25
with
Koi
preceding
25
with
od in
indignant
denial
25-6
8'
o3r
55,
57
iral,
Kal fl
31
ou
48
8'
ovv
56
efxcp,
siquidem
61
efrep
yf
61
tlrus
63
C'TCI
rot Kal
69
3
STJ
27
if
TOU,
STJTOU
27,
63
^
Sijra
28
3
iroAAck,
^
itipra
28-9
3
-yip
29-30
3
frwfy
30
^
pn'r
38,
39
r)f
8' oSr
56-7
Tvo**r
10
TKO,
'
in
which
case,'
&c
65,
6
teat
tir,
KO.V
34
nal
re,
re icai
30
Kai
yap
32
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78
INDEX.
PAGE
Kal
yap
o$i>
60
Kal 5e
32
ml
94
21-3
Kal
7TWS,
Kal
TIJ,
&C
33
Kal
5r)
8e5eyfj.cu
66
teal
el
31-2
Kal
Srj
Kal
24
Kal
vvv
34
Kal
/j.j)i> yf
36
Kal
/uijV
39,
40
Ka'nrfp
not used
with
finite verb
61
Katroi
ye
68
jueV
not
always
followed
by
8e
35
fj.ev
olv
in
assent
52
'
nay
ratlier
'
52
fiivroi
68
U.-TIV,
'
but
'
35
with
ye,
ov
^rjv 76
36-7
^7;',
how
different
from
ov
41
with indefinite
relatives
41
with
relatives
of
purpose,
&c
47
with &a rf
41
^
ov
43
/AT/
with
participle
=
el
^
45
fn.^1
ov
with
Se'Soi/cet
implied
46
ftyfiev
for
ri)
jUTjSej/
47
JUT/
in
direct
questions
47
indirect
questions
48
with
indie,
after
Se'Souca
48
JUT;
with
participle
representing
infinitive
49
implying
condition
49
JUT;
with
participle
and
preceding
imperative
49
U.-/I,
anomalous
uses of
49,
50
with
deliberate
subjunctive
50
/HTJ
in
strong
asseveration
with
fut.
indie
50
f.iri
yap
oiiv
60
JUT)
Tt
WOT'
60
IJL&V,
/J.TJ
ovv
num
48
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80
INDEX.
PAGE
TTpWTOV
fJLV
tireiTO. 35
7TWS 63
ircDs
&V expressing
wish
64
irias
KCL\,
Kai
TTOJS
33
Subjunctive
always
future
3
o-ir 5' ofo
56
re
with
iy,
ofos &c
31
ri
Srj
24
rb
ju?f
&ffre
p-fi
47
TOI,
primary meaning
of
67
=
epic
re
67
in
sententious remarks
68
with
Kal
and
fj.tv
68
in
crasis,
r&pa.
and
rUv
68
with
tiret
and
ita.1
69
in
calling
special
attention
69
rolyap, Toiyapovv,
-rolvvv
70
with
^
in
alternatives
70
TOI
8rf
70
us,
various
uses
of
71
&s,
sic
72
Strirep
oSi/
58
u5
63
ws,
'
in
which
case
'
&c
65
us &/
'
according
as
'
73
THE
END.
LONDON
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AND
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STREET
BILL,
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